US20130156707A1 - Plant extracts made of sideritis and use thereof to boost cognitive performance - Google Patents

Plant extracts made of sideritis and use thereof to boost cognitive performance Download PDF

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US20130156707A1
US20130156707A1 US13/818,655 US201113818655A US2013156707A1 US 20130156707 A1 US20130156707 A1 US 20130156707A1 US 201113818655 A US201113818655 A US 201113818655A US 2013156707 A1 US2013156707 A1 US 2013156707A1
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sideritis
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Björn Feistel
Bernd Walbroel
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
    • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
    • A61K36/185—Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
    • A61K36/53—Lamiaceae or Labiatae (Mint family), e.g. thyme, rosemary or lavender
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
    • A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
    • A23L33/105—Plant extracts, their artificial duplicates or their derivatives
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/13—Amines
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/21—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates
    • A61K31/27—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carbamic or thiocarbamic acids, meprobamate, carbachol, neostigmine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/40—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
    • A61K31/4015—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil having oxo groups directly attached to the heterocyclic ring, e.g. piracetam, ethosuximide
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/445—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/47—Quinolines; Isoquinolines
    • A61K31/473—Quinolines; Isoquinolines ortho- or peri-condensed with carbocyclic ring systems, e.g. acridines, phenanthridines
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/47—Quinolines; Isoquinolines
    • A61K31/48—Ergoline derivatives, e.g. lysergic acid, ergotamine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/4985—Pyrazines or piperazines ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/55—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having seven-membered rings, e.g. azelastine, pentylenetetrazole
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
    • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
    • A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs

Definitions

  • Sideritis is a genus of plants belonging to the Lamiaceae family. This genus contains some 140 species, which may be subdivided into roughly 320 subspecies, ecotypes and cultivars. It is composed of annual or perennial herbaceous plants and small shrubs. Several species are used as tisanes and are sold as Greek mountain tea. The geographical area of the genus stretches from the Atlantic islands of Western Europe and North-West Africa (Macaronesia), to the Mediterranean region and Russia, Cambodia and Western China. The centre of origin is in the west of the area [Ramón Morales: Sideritis L, In: Flora Ibérica, vol. 12].
  • the mountain tea is usually made from Sideritis species whose botanical classification is at times difficult. Depending on the region, they have widely different names and some of them only a local meaning. Just in Turkey there are 46 and in Spain 45 species of Sideritis , many of which are endemic. In addition to their species diversity, what they all have in common is that they belong to the Lamiaceae family and can easily be mistaken for sage. The rural population often pick Sideritis plants on the mountain slopes and dry them for their own use. The aromatic tea then frequently consists of several Sideritis species. It is brewed with boiling water, drunk either hot or cold and can be sweetened with sugar or honey. Drinking such teas is a part of everyday life in many Mediterranean countries; its healthy effect tends to be of minor importance.
  • Cold teas can also be used for gargling to alleviate inflammations in the mouth (throat and gums) and to help them heal more quickly. And drunk hot, the teas traditionally serve to prevent coughs and colds and in particular to fight respiratory diseases.
  • the Sideritis species are also rich in essential oils but free from stimulating caffeine. Most varieties contain monoterpenes, which are regarded as an important raw material for many naturopathic medicines with only slight side effects.
  • Various scientific studies have provided evidence of the therapeutic effects of many essential oils of the Sideritis species in the last few decades (e.g. stress-reducing).
  • Cognition is a term not used uniformly referring to people and other systems processing information. What is often meant by “cognition” is thinking in a broad sense. Even if many cognitive processes in humans are conscious, “cognition” and “consciousness” do not mean the same thing. Certain processes in humans can be unconscious and yet cognitive, for example, one instance of this being unconscious learning.
  • the cognitive abilities of a human being include attention, memory, learning, creativity, planning, orientation, imagination, reasoning, introspection, will, belief and quite a few more. Cognitive abilities are studied by various disciplines, such as psychiatry, psychology, philosophy and the neurosciences.
  • Cognitive performance is thus a complex process which can be quantified on brain power with measurable parameters.
  • the ability to learn includes not only committing something to memory (duration and quantity of the input retained) but also the influence on the reaction speed, the ability to carry out logical operations (quickly and correctly), and spatial intellectual powers, such as during a period of orientation under new or changed conditions.
  • Dysfunctions in this cognitive capacity are described with, inter alia, the syndrome MCI (Mild Cognitive Impairment).
  • MCI constitutes a special condition of an age-related reduction in cognitive functions and abilities. This syndrome is not only characterised by the subjective loss of the powers of memory; other cognitive mechanisms are generally affected too (e.g. attention, executive functions). Testing healthy people for MCI can be regarded as a pre-indicator for later forms of dementia. The final stage of losing cognitive faculties then results in absolute disorientation, both spatially and with regard to time (e.g. Alzheimer's disease).
  • Electroencephalography is a method used in medical diagnostics to measure the totalised electrical activity of the brain by recording the voltage fluctuations on the scalp.
  • the electroencephalogram (abbreviated to EEG) provides a visual trace of these fluctuations and is a standard technique in neurology.
  • EEG electroencephalogram
  • the cause of these potential differences are physiological processes in individual brain cells which through changes in their electrical state affect how the brain processes information.
  • the potentials produced by individual neurons add up and changes in potential over the entire head can be measured. Recordings in at least twelve channels of different combinations of electrodes are needed for clinical evaluation.
  • the spatial resolution of the usual EEG is several centimetres.
  • EEG electrocorticogram
  • a common mathematical method for analysing an EEG is the Fourier transformation of the data from the time domain (i.e. the usual way of showing changes in voltage over time) to the so-called frequency domain. The picture this produces enables rhythmic activity to be quickly determined.
  • the signal is digitised and usually evaluated by the neurologist or psychiatrist on their screen.
  • the macroscopically visible electrical brain activity may exhibit motifs which closely resemble rhythmic activity.
  • the EEG does resemble the frequency-dependent noise (pink or 1/f noise), however, and does not contain any long-lasting oscillations.
  • Various levels of awareness are accompanied by changes in the frequency spectrum of the EEG signals. Vague statements on the state of consciousness can thus be made by analysing the voltage waveforms measured.
  • the EEG is frequently divided into frequency bands (so-called EEG bands), although the number of bands and also their precise division are at times given differently. There are historical reasons for how the frequency bands are divided and their ranges; they are not all congruent with ranges which are regarded as appropriate on the basis of more recent studies.
  • the theta band for instance, has been divided into a theta 1 and theta 2 range to allow for the different meanings of the subranges.
  • EEG evaluation is traditionally done by trained evaluators recognising patterns. It is especially for long-term and sleep EEGs that software algorithms designed to reproduce this pattern recognition are also used for assisted or automatic evaluation. This proves to be easier for the EEG bands defined mainly in the frequency range but it is somewhat more difficult for other typical patterns in the EEG.
  • a highly asynchronous pattern of all frequency bands suggests strong emotional stress or loss of voluntary control while increasingly slow waves coupled with few fast waves indicate a state of sleep or dozing.
  • Delta waves have a low frequency of 1 to 4 Hz. They are typical for the dreamless, slow-wave sleep period (deep sleep). Delta waves are influenced by intervention in the cholinergic system.
  • a signal in the frequency range between 4 and 7 Hz is known as a theta wave. They occur with increasing frequency in the light stages of sleep and one only reacts to important or powerful stimuli from the environment. Theta waves are changed by interactions with the noradrenergic alpha-2 receptor.
  • a signal in the frequency range between 8 and 13 Hz is known as an alpha wave.
  • An increase in the number of alpha waves is associated with light relaxation or relaxed wakefulness with the eyes closed.
  • Alpha waves mainly appear when the eyes are closed and then change to the beta range when the eyes are opened. The same effect can be achieved with the eyes closed if a person begins to solve a simple arithmetical problem in his head, for example.
  • alpha-1 and alpha-2 waves Alpha-1 waves appear to be under serotonergic control; alpha-2 waves change with changes in the activity of the dopaminergic system.
  • Beta waves occupy a range between 14 and 30 Hz. There are various meanings attached to the occurrence of beta waves and reasons for them; beta waves are found in some 8% of all people, for instance, as normal EEG variants. Beta waves also appear in REM sleep. ⁇ -oscillations also occur physiologically when holding a constant force, for example. A signal in the frequency range above 30 Hz is known as a gamma wave. Hard concentration causes them to appear, for example, or learning processes. More recent research has shown the significance of the gamma range with regard to the so-called top-down regulation and synchronisation of various areas of the brain for integrating different qualities of a stimulus. A distinction is made in an EEG between changes primarily in the beta-1 and beta-2 waves. Changes in the beta-1 waves can be observed when there are interventions in the glutamatergic system. Drugs which intervene in the GABA-ergic system produce changes in the beta-2 waves.
  • brain waves can not only be measured; they can also be influenced. This may take place by stimulating sensory nerves (visual, acoustic or olfactory stimuli) or as neuro-feedback—a special form of bio-feedback—as a result of pharmacologically active substances, such as psychotropic drugs [Dimpfel W, et al. (1996) Source Density Analysis of Functional Topographical EEG: Monitoring of Cognitive Drug Action. Eur J Med Res 1: 283-290].
  • the evaluation is also referred to as an electropharmacogram. With neuro-feedback it is usual to subdivide the EEG bands more finely and to interpret them differently to the clinical EEG. An increased amplitude within the frequency ranges is correlated with certain mental states or activities.
  • Theta-2 waves can be associated with recollection and learning ability, concentration and/or creativity, for example. After extensive calibrations, conclusions can likewise be drawn about neurotransmitter-communicated CNS activities, which can be divided into dopaminergic, serotonergic, cholinergic or noradrenergic subgroups.
  • the aim of this invention is to provide additional uses of preparations and extracts of the Sideritis genus ( Sideritis ssp.).
  • the task is solved by the use as described in the invention of preparations and extracts of the genus Sideritis ( Sideritis ssp.) to boost cognitive performance, in particular the use of selected Sideritis species and/or their combination to produce aqueous or hydroalcoholic extracts.
  • Sideritis ssp. Sideritis ssp.
  • These extracts can be used in foodstuffs, nutritional supplements, supplementary balanced diets or pharmaceutical preparations.
  • Serotonergic neurotransmission being influenced is described for plants of the genus Sideritis in the patent application EP 1 634 602. This document unfortunately revealed no details whatsoever on the species used, however; nor was there any information on any influence the selection of the extraction medium may have had.
  • the experimental set-up described in paragraphs [0046] to [0054] for measuring serotonergic re-uptake rates was used for initial screening of suitable species for the tests.
  • the invention describes producing plant extracts from Sideritis ssp. and their use in boosting cognitive performance.
  • the situation creating strain in this case was produced by a stress situation but it could also have been triggered by a neurodegenerative disease.
  • the strain situation was triggered by learning stress, in particular in conjunction with new tasks in a special situation, e.g. suffering from examination nerves.
  • S. scardica a mixture of several subspecies is to be used, it is best to have a large proportion of S. scardica ; this should preferably be an S. scardica proportion of no less than a half, ideally at least 80%, however.
  • polar extractants such as water, monovalent and polyvalent alcohols or ketones which are suitable for the extraction process, especially alcohols or ketones having 1 to 4 C atoms and in particular their mixtures with water.
  • extractants may be regarded as particularly suitable: methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, propane-1,2-diol, propane-1,3-diol, glycerol, acetone and methyl ethyl ketone.
  • sugars monomers, dimers and oligomers
  • low-molecular polyethylene glycols as cosolvents is also conceivable.
  • Extraction is best carried out at temperatures no greater than 10° C. below the boiling point of the extractant so as to keep the system pressure as low as possible. Additionally, the best temperature for the aromas has been shown to be no higher than 100° C. In order that the extractants may flow with the lowest possible pressure, a flow temperature of at least room temperature, i.e. about 20° C., has proved to be the most suitable.
  • the extraction eluate is ideally enriched to over 50% dry matter content by removing the solvent.
  • Methods which are particularly gentle and energy-efficient for this are ones using vacuums at moderate temperatures of approximately 50° C.
  • Handling capabilities and storage stability are yet further improved by drying them to the greatest possible extent.
  • Today's state of the art usually sees this being done with the aid of freeze drying, spray drying, belt drying, vacuum drying, drum drying or a combination of these techniques.
  • the extract would then usually be converted into a form suitable for the user, such as a tablet, a capsule, a form which can be chewed or sucked, an effervescent tablet or powder, a granulate, a beverage or an instant mixture, especially an instant tea mixture.
  • a form suitable for the user such as a tablet, a capsule, a form which can be chewed or sucked, an effervescent tablet or powder, a granulate, a beverage or an instant mixture, especially an instant tea mixture.
  • Physiologically well-tolerated additives are commonly used to obtain the dosage required in such a form.
  • carbohydrates such as starch breakdown products, e.g. maltodextrin, glucose syrup and sugar, but also cellulose and the corresponding carbohydrate derivatives.
  • starch breakdown products e.g. maltodextrin, glucose syrup and sugar
  • cellulose and the corresponding carbohydrate derivatives e.g. cellulose and the corresponding carbohydrate derivatives.
  • gum Arabic, gelatin and collagen hydrolysates from the group of the proteins are also used.
  • acetylcholinesterase inhibitors e.g. donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine, tacrine and their derivatives
  • GABA analogues e.g. piracetam and derivatives
  • ergot derivatives e.g. nicergoline, dihydroergotoxine and derivatives
  • NMDA antagonists memantine
  • a method comprising the following steps has proved to be particularly suitable for producing an extract from Sideritis ssp:
  • FIG. 1 shows the effect of the Sideritis dry extract as in example 5 in the EEG animal model; cf. example 7.
  • FIG. 2 shows the effect of the Sideritis dry extract as in example 5 a.
  • FIG. 3 shows a “brain map” after administering Sideritis dry extract; cf. example 9.
  • FIG. 4 shows the results in the Water Maze Test as in example 11.
  • FIG. 5 summarises the results from example 11.
  • FIG. 6 shows the effect of Sideritis extract as in example 12.
  • 50 g of the herbal drug is mixed twice with 15 times the quantity of boiling water and extracted with agitation. Both maceration extracts are allowed to stand at room temperature to cool down and combined. The two combined macerations are filtered off with a fluted filter and concentrated to a soft extract using a rotary evaporator. The extractive yields determined for the different species are shown below. In order to test for the serotonin absorption inhibition, the extracts were all weighed in at the same native content and assayed with a measuring concentration of 50 ⁇ g/ml in the test system according to EP 1 634 602.
  • a negative control with serotonin shows 0%; a positive control with (10 ⁇ m) of the reference substance fluvoxamine 100%.
  • the yields vary between approx. 16-26%, with high extract yields, such as with Sideritis vuralii , accompanied by a low activity.
  • the species S. scardica, S. raiseri and S. euboa with a relatively low yield are favoured vis-à-vis serotonin absorption inhibition.
  • a negative control with serotonin shows 0%; a positive control with (10 ⁇ m) of the reference substance fluvoxamine 100%.
  • the herb Sideritis scardica was harvested fresh and dried whole within 7 days by means of heated circulating air.
  • the residual moisture content was 10.2%.
  • the product obtained is packaged and used for making tea.
  • a cut herb product 2-5 cm long is generally used. Optimisation of the extractive content is expected of cut products (1 cm).
  • Destemming the Sideritis herb produces a special embodiment. Machines are used in this process to separate the leaves and flowers from the stems. Airstream sorting can then reduce the proportion of stems to less than 5%.
  • the two dry extracts a) and b) obtained were each ground to a homogeneous extract powder with the aid of a 1 mm screen.
  • the mixture of a Sideritis scardica dry extract (a) with a Sideritis euboa dry extract (b) in a ratio of 1:1 produces a preparation according to the invention.
  • the measuring model was used in the same way as the test set-up described in example 7 to measure the influence on the electropharmacogram with the Sideritis scardica dry extract from example 5 a prior to mixing.
  • the same dosing was chosen (50, 100, 200 mg/kg b.w. oral).
  • Each dose was again dissolved in water and administered once after one week “wash-out”.
  • a normal saline solution likewise served as a control experiment.
  • Capsules each containing 400 mg were filled from the test mixture (example 5), of which 3 capsules in each case form a single dose in the study.
  • the electroencephalogram of the test subjects was derived under relaxed conditions and while carrying out three different cognitive tests (electropsychogram). Changes in electrical activity compared with taking a placebo were measured both in the relaxed state and when carrying out the memory test. In the relaxed state there was a drop in the alpha waves (significant for alpha-2 waves in the last hour with p ⁇ 0.07). Changes in comparison with the placebo are shown in FIG. 3 as a “brain map”. An increase in the slow delta and theta waves was observed while carrying out the memory test, while there was a decrease in the faster alpha and beta waves.
  • the results of the neurophysiological data analysis provide an initial indication of a stimulating effect of the extract (suppression of the central alpha-2 activity) with changes in the electrical activity while carrying out the memory test, which may be interpreted as improved performance (increase in the frontal delta and theta waves, greater decrease in the central alpha-2 and beta-1 waves).
  • An increase in memory performance can thus be detected after a single ingestion.
  • the extract was very well tolerated and there were no side effects.
  • mice are trained over a period of several days in a round pool filled with cloudy water and with visual cues (conspicuous markers) placed around the pool, to find on their own an invisible platform hidden below the surface of the water and to remember its spatial location.
  • the mice are placed into the water at a distance of approximately 30 cm from the edge, whereupon they try to reach the escape platform with swimming movements.
  • This measuring system has been known since the 1980s and its advantage over conventional simple mazes is that there are no local landmarks but only global ones and that there is a high motivation factor involved in the task because the animals want to escape.
  • the primary aim of the experiment is to test the (spatial) learning (recognition and memory) of the animals under conditions of stress and to measure the potential influences on this.
  • the parameters recorded are the time it takes to locate the platform, the distance covered up to that point and the relative time spent in the right quadrant of the pool. These parameters are influenced by the training effect: there is usually a reduction in the time taken to locate the platform and in the distance covered, for example, while the time spent in the quadrant increases.
  • the training effect can be influenced by different neurotransmitter concentrations [dissertation, Freiburg University 2004, Theresa Schweizer: 3,4-Diaminopyridin evo explorede Freier von Neurotransmittern aus Hirnroughen von Ratten/3,4-diaminopyridine evoked release of neurotransmitters of brain slices of the rat: Leten im Kortex und Hippocampus an alternative Ratten, Chris an Ratten mit serotonergen Läsionen hippocampaler Afferenzen und intrahippocampalen RaoireTransplantaten].
  • mice 4 groups of 6 mice each were tested in this experimental set-up.
  • the first control group consisted of transgenic animals treated with water (strain APPS1+/0) which on account of their genetic disposition manifest a high level of ⁇ -amyloid deposition within 50 days of their birth and develop Alzheimer's disease.
  • the second control group was formed by healthy reference mice (control strain APPPS1 0/0) without the particular gene mutation.
  • the third group was composed of transgenic animals (strain APPS1+/0) which received by gavage a Sideritis extract solution from example 5 from the fiftieth day of their life.
  • the fourth group was formed by transgenic animals (strain APPS1+/0) which were treated (fed by gavage) with an extract solution of Ginkgo biloba (produced according to the European Pharmacopoeia) of the same concentration from the fiftieth day of their life. This group was selected because Ginkgo biloba extracts are the most used medication in such cases.
  • Testing based on behavioural biology commences at the age of approx. 95 days using the Morris Water Maze (95-100 d).
  • the test comprises a daily early and late test/learning unit over four days.
  • the early unit begins with a run without a platform for 30 seconds and the time is recorded of how long the mouse spends in the quadrant in which the platform is usually located (target quadrant).
  • the other four runs are with an invisible platform and 4 different starting positions.
  • test set-up was again used to compare both test populations (d135- d150).
  • the verum population was treated again for 15 days with (12 g/kg b.w.) Sideritis extract (example 5).
  • the result was an escape latency of the verum population reduced by 53% on day 4 as well as an increase in the period of time spent in the target quadrant by over 30%.
  • aqueous tea extract in a slightly sweetened form as “school tea” in a classic tetrapack.
  • the dry extract equivalent should be between 0.2 g and 2 g per 100 ml tea beverage.
  • Suitable sweeteners are traditional sugars like fructose, glucose and sucrose, but also artificial sweeteners such as sodium saccharin, aspartame, sucralose, stevioside or the like. Increases in cognitive powers can be expected shortly after consumption because as seen in examples 9 and 10, the wave patterns are influenced in the EEG.
  • a typical composition for school tea is:
  • a soft extract of Sideritis scardica made according to the method described in example 6 is mixed with flavouring agents (250 g glucose, 10 g vitamin C, 1 g Sideritis liquid aroma, 0.8 g sucralose) and homogenised. The mixture is then spray-dried at an air intake temperature of 180° C. One measuring scoop of this powder can be dissolved in 150 ml cold water and can then be immediately drunk.
  • flavouring agents 250 g glucose, 10 g vitamin C, 1 g Sideritis liquid aroma, 0.8 g sucralose

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DE102015014473A1 (de) 2015-11-09 2017-05-11 Dr. Loges + Co. Gmbh Kombination von Bacopa monnieri und Sideritis ssp. zur Prophylaxe von Unruhezuständen und Schlafstörungen
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