US20130071835A1 - Qualitative and Quantitative Analytical Method for Analyzing the Activity Type of an Enzyme that is Activated by Proteolysis - Google Patents

Qualitative and Quantitative Analytical Method for Analyzing the Activity Type of an Enzyme that is Activated by Proteolysis Download PDF

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US20130071835A1
US20130071835A1 US13/699,868 US201113699868A US2013071835A1 US 20130071835 A1 US20130071835 A1 US 20130071835A1 US 201113699868 A US201113699868 A US 201113699868A US 2013071835 A1 US2013071835 A1 US 2013071835A1
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enzyme
active form
agent
binding
coagulation factor
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Chang Seop Lee
Seong Soo Alexander An
Min O. Kang
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Nanoentek Inc
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Nanoentek Inc
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
    • G01N33/573—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor for enzymes or isoenzymes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/25—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving enzymes not classifiable in groups C12Q1/26 - C12Q1/66
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/34—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving hydrolase
    • C12Q1/37—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving hydrolase involving peptidase or proteinase
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
    • G01N33/531—Production of immunochemical test materials
    • G01N33/532—Production of labelled immunochemicals
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/68—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2500/00—Screening for compounds of potential therapeutic value
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2800/00—Detection or diagnosis of diseases
    • G01N2800/52—Predicting or monitoring the response to treatment, e.g. for selection of therapy based on assay results in personalised medicine; Prognosis

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to methods for analyzing an active form of an enzyme activated by proteolytic cleavage in a qualitative or quantitative manner.
  • Proteins are known to use one or more regulatory pathways for their diverse functions. To this end, various methods have been utilized in the regulator pathways, for example including cleavage, deletion or addition at a specific position in an amino acid sequence of a protein, convert or modification of its side chain, and so forth.
  • an enzyme activity has been specifically regulated through numerous mechanisms: first, a feedback regulation that the enzyme activity is regulated by a final product; second, an allosteric control including an interaction of O 2 , H + and CO 2 in hemoglobin or a regulation mechanism of ATCase (aspartate transcarbamoylase) activity in E.
  • a regulatory protein such as a regulation activating other enzymes by sensing cellular concentration of Ca 2+ via calmodulin, a regulation enhancing a blood coagulation rate by activating a serine protease activity through an antihemophilic factor or a regulation of a kinase activity by eliminating an inhibitory subunit of a protein kinase A using cyclic AMP
  • fourth a regulation mechanism to activate an enzyme through addition of a phosphoryl group from ATP to the enzyme by a protein kinase and a reversible inactivation modification of a covalent bond by hydrolyzing a phosphoryl group from an enzyme activated by a protein phosphatase
  • a irreversible enzyme activity regulation mechanism using hydrolysis of peptide bonds in zymogens or proenzymes.
  • a conversion of proenzymes to their active forms via proteolytic cleavage is an irreversible enzyme activity regulation mechanism which peptide bonds of zymogens or proenzymes are hydrolyzed to convert them to their active forms.
  • the active form of the enzyme by proteolytic cleavage has been known to include its active form such as Lp-PLA 2 (Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase 2), thrombin, urokinase, trypsin, chemotrypsin, elastase and subtilisin.
  • lock and key hypothesis is a hypothesis that the binding of an enzyme inhibitor to the active form of the enzyme exerts no influence on the structural conformation change in the active form of the enzyme
  • a induced fit hypothesis is a hypothesis that the binding of an enzyme inhibitor to the active form of the enzyme induces the structural conformation change in the active form of the enzyme.
  • Lp-PLA 2 is an enzyme activated by proteolytic cleavage of prophosphatase A2 encoded by PLA2G7 gene in human, which is a protein with a molecular weight of 45 kDa consisting of 441 amino acids.
  • a human mRNA full-length sequence and protein sequence of Lp-PLA 2 correspond to GenBank accession number NM — 005084 and NP — 005075, respectively.
  • Lp-PLA 2 is PAF (platelet-activating factor), and is known to catalyze degradation of PAF to biologically inactivated products, LYSO-PAF and acetate, via hydrolysis of acetyl group.
  • Lp-PLA 2 is moved with LDL (low-density lipoprotein) in blood and about 20% of is related to HDL (high-density lipoprotein).
  • Lp-PLA 2 is produced by inflammatory cells, and hydrolyzes phospholipids oxidized in LDL. More specifically, Lp-PLA 2 hydrolyzes lipolipids of LDL to lysoPC (lysophosphatidylcholine) and oxNEFA (xidized nonesterified fatty acids), and then oxidized LDL penetrates an arterial endothelial layer and is absorbed into macrophage, resulting in foam cell formation. The foam cells are lysed by lymphocytes and their remnants are gradually enhanced, leading to narrow blood vessel. As a result, the remnants are release into arterial blood vessel to block blood vessel or to induce inflammation.
  • lysoPC lysophosphatidylcholine
  • oxNEFA xidized nonesterified fatty acids
  • Lp-PLA 2 activity assay requires a luminescent or radio-active Lp-PLA 2 substrate and a counter. More practically, Lp-PLA 2 activity assay using a luminescent or fluorescent Lp-PLA 2 substrate needs two washing steps and particular concentration of Lp-PLA 2 for specificity because the substrate is not specific to Lp-PLA 2 .
  • Lp-PLA 2 activity assay using a radio-active Lp-PLA 2 substrate has the problems such as: (a) addition of BSA (bovine serum albumin) and centrifugation to precipitate a non-cutting or cutting radio-active Lp-PLA 2 substrate; (b) optimization of a chemicals and a buffer using metal ions for substrate precipitation; (c) requirement of a scintillation counter for measuring enzyme activity; and (d) complexity of POCT (Point of Care Testing).
  • BSA bovine serum albumin
  • the present inventors have made intensive studies to develop a qualitative or quantitative method for analyzing an active form of an enzyme activated by proteolytic cleavage in a rapid manner. As results, we have discovered that the presence or absence of the active form of the enzyme, or the amount thereof was determined in a quick and accurate manner using an enzyme inhibitor and a binding agent specifically bound to the active form of the enzyme.
  • a method for analyzing an active form of an enzyme activated by proteolytic cleavage in a qualitative or quantitative manner comprising:
  • step (b) forming a capturing agent-active form-detecting agent complex by contacting to the resultant of the step (a) a binding agent as a detecting agent capable of binding to the enzyme, the active form of the enzyme or both;
  • the present inventors have made intensive studies to develop a qualitative or quantitative method for analyzing an active form of an enzyme activated by proteolytic cleavage in a rapid manner. As results, we have discovered that the presence or absence of the active form of the enzyme, or the amount thereof was determined in a quick and accurate manner using an enzyme inhibitor and a binding agent specifically bound to the active form of the enzyme.
  • the present invention is a method capable of qualitatively or quantitatively analyzing an active form of an enzyme activated by proteolytic cleavage in a specific and rapid manner.
  • the term “qualitative analysis” used herein in an active form of an enzyme refers to analyze the presence or absence of the active form of the target enzyme in a sample.
  • the term “quantitative analysis” used herein in an active form of an enzyme means analyze the amount of the active form of the target enzyme (for example, concentration) in a sample.
  • an enzyme inhibitor for an active form of an enzyme is bound to the active form of the enzyme by contacting the active form of the enzyme in a sample of interest to the enzyme inhibitor as a capturing agent.
  • the active form of the enzyme capable of qualitatively or quantitatively analyzing in the present invention includes the active form of the enzyme activated by all type of proteolytic cleavages which have been found in naturally-occurring organisms.
  • an active form of an enzyme or an active enzyme form means a form or structure of an enzyme capable of having an enzyme activity in itself by proteolytic cleavage.
  • the active form of the enzyme utilized in the present invention includes preferably Lp-PLA 2 (lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A 2 ), TAFIa (activated thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor), blood coagulation factor V, coagulation factor VII, coagulation factor IX, coagulation factor X, coagulation factor XI, coagulation factor XII, thrombin, trypsin, chemotrypsin, plasmin, u-PA (urokinase-type plasminogen activator), tPA (tissue plasminogen activator), elastase, subtilisin, kallikrein, cathepsin G, collagen, concanavalin A, TPA (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13 acetate) or TGF- ⁇ (transforming growth factor- ⁇ ), more preferably Lp-PLA 2 (lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A 2 ), TAFIa (activated
  • an enzyme inhibitor for an active form of an enzyme is utilized as a capturing agent.
  • enzyme inhibitor refers to a molecule reducing an enzyme activity through binding to an enzyme.
  • the enzyme inhibitor binds to an active site of an enzyme, thereby blocking an interaction of the enzyme with a substrate and may be bound to the enzyme in a reversible or irreversible manner.
  • enzyme inhibitor for an active form of an enzyme means a molecule reducing an enzyme activity via binding to an active form of an enzyme.
  • An enzyme inhibitor for an active form of an enzyme utilized in the present invention includes an enzyme inhibitor capable of binding to an active form of an enzyme, or to both a proenzyme and an active form of an enzyme.
  • the enzyme inhibitor for an active form of an enzyme utilized in the present invention is an enzyme inhibitor specifically binding to only the active form of the enzyme.
  • a variety of commercially accessible drug molecules include enzyme inhibitors.
  • An enzyme inhibitor for an active form of an enzyme useful in the present invention includes a natural inhibitor, for example Apo C-III against Lp-PLA 2 .
  • an enzyme inhibitor for an active form of an enzyme useful in the present invention includes a non-natural inhibitor, for example a synthetic inhibitor.
  • Darapladib may be useful in the present invention as a synthetic inhibitor to Lp-PLA 2 .
  • the inhibitor utilized in this invention includes proteins (fragment, antibody, domain, etc.), peptides (for example, L- or D-amino acid oligopeptide), DNA aptamer, RNA aptamer, PNA (Peptide Nucleic acids) and organic compounds.
  • proteins fragment, antibody, domain, etc.
  • peptides for example, L- or D-amino acid oligopeptide
  • DNA aptamer for example, L- or D-amino acid oligopeptide
  • RNA aptamer for example, RNA aptamer
  • PNA Peptide Nucleic acids
  • the inhibitor utilized in this invention refers to a substance that may inhibit a function of an active form of an enzyme through modification or non-modification of structure in the active enzyme form via binding to the active form of the enzyme.
  • the inhibitor utilized in this invention includes an inhibitor capable of inhibiting a function of an active form of an enzyme without modification of structure in the active enzyme form via binding to the active form of the enzyme.
  • the inhibitor useful in the present invention includes an inhibitor capable of competitive or uncompetitive binding with a substrate to a substrate binding site in the active form of the enzyme.
  • the inhibitor useful in the present invention includes an inhibitor capable of competitive binding with a substrate to a substrate binding site in the active form of the enzyme.
  • the capturing agent in step (a) of this invention may be bound to an active form of an enzyme directly or under the condition linked on solid substrate.
  • the capturing agent in step (a) of this invention may specifically bind to an active form of an enzyme under the condition linked on solid substrate
  • the solid substrate capable of utilizing in the present invention includes various solid substrates known in the art, for example including a solid substrate consisting of glass, gold, silver, aluminum, chrome, silicon, germanium, gallium arsenide, gargeum, SiN 4 , modified silicon nitrocellulose, polyvinyliden fluoride, polystyrene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polycarbonate, nylon or fiber.
  • a solid substrate consisting of glass, gold, silver, aluminum, chrome, silicon, germanium, gallium arsenide, gargeum, SiN 4 , modified silicon nitrocellulose, polyvinyliden fluoride, polystyrene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polycarbonate, nylon or fiber.
  • the capturing agent is immobilized on a plate with flat surface.
  • the capturing agent is preferable to be immobilized on a bead or particle.
  • the detecting agent contacts a resultant of the step (a), leading to a capturing agent-active form of the enzyme-detecting agent complex.
  • the detecting agent would exhibit no specificity against an active form of an enzyme, and a binding agent capable of binding to an enzyme, an active enzyme form, or both may be utilized as a detecting agent.
  • the detecting agent binds to the active form of the enzyme bound to enzyme inhibitor thereof in the step (a).
  • the detecting agent may be utilized as a form bound to a bead (for example, microbead) or particle (for example, microparticle or nanoparticle).
  • a bead or particle for example, microparticle or nanoparticle.
  • the bead or particle preferably includes a metal bead or particle, for example including magnetic bead, magnetic particle, gold bead or gold particle.
  • the binding agent useful in the present invention includes a binding agent capable of binding to an enzyme or an active enzyme form.
  • the binding agent of this invention includes a binding agent capable of binding to an active enzyme form or both an enzyme and an active enzyme form, and more preferably, a binding agent capable of specifically binding to an active enzyme form.
  • the binding agent useful in the present invention includes an oligopeptide, an antibody (for example, monoclonal antibody, polyclonal antibody or chimeric antibody), a ligand, an oligonucleotide, a PNA (Peptide nucleic acid) or an aptamer (Bock L C et al., Nature 355(6360):564-6 (1992); Hoppe-Seyler F, Butz K, J Mol Med. 78(8):426-30 (2000); Cohen B A, Colas P, Brent R., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 95(24):14272-7 (1998)), more preferably an antibody, and much more preferably, a monoclonal antibody.
  • the present invention may be performed not only through the steps consisting of (a) binding of an active enzyme form to a capturing agent; (b) binding of a capturing agent-active enzyme form to a binding agent; and (c) detecting a signal, but also through the steps consisting of (a) simultaneous binding of an active enzyme form to both a capturing agent and a binding agent; and (b) detecting a signal.
  • the present invention may be carried out by simultaneous binding of an active enzyme form to both a capturing agent and a binding agent.
  • a capturing agent-active enzyme form-detecting agent complex is detected.
  • the detection of the complex represents the existence of the active form of the enzyme in the sample of interest.
  • the detection of the capturing agent-active enzyme form-detecting agent complex may be carried out using a variety of methods.
  • the detection of the complex may be completed using the detecting agent linked with a detectable signal generating label which generates a signal.
  • the detection of the complex may be carried out by an anti-detecting agent antibody bound to the label capable of generating the detectable signal (for example, secondary antibody in ELISA).
  • the detecting agent includes the label capable of generating the detectable signal, and the step (c) may be performed by detecting the signal generated from the label linked to the detecting agent.
  • the step (c) is carried out by adding the anti-detecting agent antibody bound to the label capable of generating the detectable signal and then detecting the signal therefrom.
  • a detectable signal generating label linked to a detecting agent or an anti-detecting agent antibody includes chemical labels (e.g., biotin), enzyme labels (e.g., alkaline phosphatase, peroxidase, ⁇ -galactosidase and ⁇ -glucosidase), radio-labels (e.g., I 123 and C 14 ), fluorescent labels (e.g., fluorescein, TAMRA, Cy5, Cy3, HEX, TET, Dabsyl and FAM), luminescent labels, chemiluminescent labels, FRET (fluorescence resonance energy transfer) labels or metal labels (e.g., gold and silver), more preferably enzyme labels, fluorescent labels or luminescent labels, and most preferably, fluorescent labels.
  • chemical labels e.g., biotin
  • enzyme labels e.g., alkaline phosphatase, peroxidase, ⁇ -galactosidase and ⁇ -glucosidase
  • the conventional methods to detect a target proenzyme or an active enzyme form have utilized a method to detect a signal after direct binding of a signal label to a target proenzyme or an active enzyme form or adding of a signal label-bound antibody.
  • these methods require long time consumable and numerous instruments to detect a target proenzyme or an active enzyme form due to complicated procedures (diverse reagents and multiple washing steps).
  • the present invention is a method capable of specifically detecting an active form of a target enzyme using both an enzyme inhibitor for an active enzyme form and a signal-labeled binding agent, contributing to not only a convenient and quick detection but also outstanding detection accuracy to an active form of a target enzyme.
  • the step (c) in this invention may be carried out by measuring the signal generated from the label of the detecting agent linked to the active form of the enzyme.
  • Final analysis in the step (c) of the present invention may be carried out using an automated device well-known in the art such as “reader” or “scanner”.
  • the step (c) in this invention may be performed using an optical sensor, an optical detector equipped with a light source and a light detector, an optical detector measuring absorbance or fluorescence, a UV detector, a radiation detector, a confocal microscope detector, a CCD (charge-coupled device) camera or a microplate reader, and more preferably, an optical sensor, an optical detector equipped with a light source and a light detector, an optical detector measuring absorbance or fluorescence or a microplate reader.
  • an optical sensor an optical detector equipped with a light source and a light detector, an optical detector measuring absorbance or fluorescence or a microplate reader.
  • the present invention further includes a step washing a resultant of the step (b) between the step (b) and the step (c).
  • the substrate may include a chromogenic substrate such as bromochloroindolylphosphate (BCIP), nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT), naphthol-AS-B1-phosphate and ECF (enhanced chemifluorescence), and in a horseradish peroxidase, the substrate may include a substrate such as chloronaphtol, aminoethylcarbazol, diaminobenzidine, D-luciferin, lucigenin (bis-N-methylacridinium nitrate), resorufin benzyl ether, luminol, Amplex Red reagent (10-acetyl-3,7-dihydroxyphenoxazine), HYR (p-phenylenediamine-HCl and pyrocatechol), TMB (tetramethylbenzidine), ABTS (2,2′-Azin
  • BCIP bromochloroindolylphosphate
  • NBT nitro blue tetrazol
  • the present invention is a method capable of determining an active form of an enzyme in a sample activated by proteolytic cleavage in a qualitative and/or quantitative manner.
  • the sample containing an active form of an enzyme is derived from mammals, birds, reptiles or amphibians, more preferably mammals, and most preferably, human.
  • the sample includes blood, plasma, serum, saliva, urine, mother's milk, sweat, tissue extract, tumor extract, joint fluid, spinal fluid, seminal fluid or vaginal discharge of mammals, still much more preferably blood, plasma, serum, tissue extract or tumor extract of mammals, and most preferably, blood, plasma or serum of mammals.
  • the present invention may be utilized for detecting and determining various active enzyme forms associated with a disease or disorder.
  • the present method may be applied to detect an active enzyme form which causes a disease or disorder through conversion of a proenzyme to an active form of an enzyme.
  • the active enzyme form of interest in this invention includes an active enzyme form associated with arteriosclerosis, more preferably atherosclerosis, arteriolosclerosis, mediasclerosis, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular dementia, transient ischemic attack of brain, ischemic stroke, hemorrhage, stroke, cerebral thrombosis, cerebral embolism or peripheral arterial obstructive disease.
  • the above-mentioned method of the present invention may be carried out using two kinds of format: (i) a two-dimensional format; and (ii) a three-dimensional format.
  • a capturing agent is bound on a solid substrate such as a plate, whereas a capturing agent is lined to a bead or particle in the three-dimensional format.
  • the two-dimensional format is described above in detail, and shown in FIG. 1 a and FIG. 2 b.
  • the three-dimensional format utilizes a capturing agent bound to a bead or particle.
  • a capturing agent bound to a bead or particle For example, where Apo C-III to be an active Lp-PLA 2 inhibitor is utilized as a capturing agent, and an antibody bound to an active Lp-PLA 2 as a detecting agent, a magnetic particle-conjugated Apo C-III and a label-bound Lp-PLA 2 antibody are simultaneously reacted with a sample. After termination, the resultant is subjected to a magnetic field, leading to separation of Apo C-III-magnetic particle-active Lp-PLA 2 form-Lp-PLA 2 antibody complex. Subsequently, the signal from the label is detected to analyze an active Lp-PLA 2 form in a sample in a qualitative and/or quantitative manner.
  • a method for analyzing an active form of an enzyme activated by proteolytic cleavage in a qualitative or quantitative manner comprising:
  • step (b) forming a capturing agent-active form-detecting agent complex by contacting to the resultant of the step (a) an inhibitor as a detecting agent capable of binding to the active form of the enzyme;
  • each binding agent and detecting agent is utilized as a capturing agent and an enzyme inhibitor, the common descriptions between them are omitted in order to avoid undue redundancy leading to the complexity of this specification.
  • kits for analyzing an active form of an enzyme activated by proteolytic cleavage in a qualitative or quantitative manner comprising: (a) an inhibitor to the active form of the enzyme activated by proteolytic cleavage as a capturing agent; and (b) a binding agent capable of binding to the enzyme, the active form of the enzyme or both.
  • kits for analyzing an active form of an enzyme activated by proteolytic cleavage in a qualitative or quantitative manner comprising: (a) a binding agent bound to the enzyme, the active form of the enzyme or both; and (b) an inhibitor capable of binding to the active form of the enzyme as a detecting agent.
  • the detecting agent includes a label capable of generating a detectable signal.
  • the kit further includes an anti-detecting agent antibody bound to the label capable of generating the detectable signal.
  • the inhibitor for the active form of the enzyme inhibits a binding of a substrate by competitive binding to a substrate binding site of the active form of the enzyme.
  • the capturing agent is bound to a solid substrate.
  • the binding agent is an antibody.
  • the active form of the enzyme activated by proteolytic cleavage includes Lp-PLA 2 (lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A 2 ), TAFIa (activated thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor), blood coagulation factor V, coagulation factor VII, coagulation factor IX, coagulation factor X, coagulation factor XI, coagulation factor XII, thrombin, trypsin, chemotrypsin, plasmin, u-PA (urokinase-type plasminogen activator), tPA (tissue plasminogen activator), elastase, subtilisin, kallikrein, cathepsin G, collagen, concanavalin A, TPA (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13 acetate) or TGF- ⁇ (transforming growth factor- ⁇ ), more preferably Lp-PLA 2 , TAFIa, blood coagulation factor Va,
  • the inhibitor for the active form of the enzyme inhibits a binding of a substrate by competitive binding to a substrate binding site of the active form of the enzyme.
  • the inhibitor for the active form of the enzyme specifically binds to only the active form of the enzyme.
  • the present invention relates to a method to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze an active form of an enzyme activated by proteolytic cleavage.
  • the present invention has a merit of analyzing an active enzyme form in a sample of interest using an active enzyme inhibitor and a binding agent in much rapid and accurate manner compared with a method to determine an active enzyme form using a simple binding agent (e.g., antibody).
  • a simple binding agent e.g., antibody
  • the present invention may analyze an active enzyme form in a sample of interest using an uncomplicated instrument in a convenient and feasible manner compared with a method to determine an active enzyme form using a simple binding agent.
  • the present invention may determine a target enzyme or an active enzyme form by simultaneously using an inhibitor and a binding agent in a quick and specific manner, thereby screening drug in a high-throughput manner.
  • the present invention may be applied to POCT (Point of care testing) for efficacy and dose of drug to a subject (for example, animal or human) in a clinical monitoring.
  • POCT Point of care testing
  • FIGS. 1 a - 1 b schematically represent a procedure to analyze Lp-PLA 2 in a sample in a qualitative and quantitative manner.
  • FIG. 1 a schematically represents a procedure to analyze Lp-PLA 2 in a sample in a qualitative and quantitative manner using a Lp-PLA 2 inhibitor immobilized on a solid substrate and a signal label-conjugated Lp-PLA 2 binding agent (antibody).
  • FIG. 1 a schematically represents a procedure to analyze Lp-PLA 2 in a sample in a qualitative and quantitative manner using a Lp-PLA 2 inhibitor immobilized on a solid substrate and a signal label-conjugated Lp-PLA 2 binding agent (antibody).
  • FIG. 1 a schematically represents a procedure to analyze Lp-PLA 2 in a sample in a qualitative and quantitative manner using a Lp-PLA 2 inhibitor immobilized on a solid substrate and a signal label-conjugated Lp-PLA 2 binding agent (antibody).
  • FIG. 1 b schematically shows a procedure to analyze Lp-PLA 2 in a sample in a qualitative and quantitative manner using a Lp-PLA 2 inhibitor immobilized on a solid substrate and a signal label-conjugated Lp-PLA 2 binding agent (antibody), and where Lp-PLA 2 inhibitor is present in a sample, the signal is not detected since Lp-PLA 2 is bound to Lp-PLA 2 inhibitor, thereby no binding to the Lp-PLA 2 inhibitor immobilized on a solid substrate. Therefore, the present method may analyze both the presence of active Lp-PLA 2 in a sample and the amount of active Lp-PLA 2 .
  • FIGS. 2 a - 2 b represent a diagram about a procedure described in Example 2.
  • FIG. 2 c is a graph showing the results of Example 2.
  • Axis Y indicates absorbance (Ab 620 nm).
  • FIG. 3 a shows a result to analyze the amount of TAFIa and TAFIai in plasma of healthy subjects and sepsis patients according to the present method. Hatched bars indicate ELISA to measure the amount of TAFIa and TAFIai in plasma of a healthy subject and number 1-25 bars indicate ELISA to measure the amount of TAFIa and TAFIai in plasma of sepsis patients.
  • FIG. 3 b represents a result to analyze the amount of TAFIa and TAFIai in plasma of healthy subjects and cancer patients according to the present method. Hatched bars indicate ELISA to measure the amount of TAFIa and TAFIai in plasma of a healthy subject and dot bars indicate ELISA to measure the amount of TAFIa and TAFIai in plasma of cancer patients.
  • FIG. 3 c represents a result to analyze the amount of TAFIa and TAFIai in plasma of healthy subjects and hemodialysis patients according to the present method. Hatched bars indicate ELISA to measure the amount of TAFIa and TAFIai in plasma of a healthy subject and dot bars indicate ELISA to measure the amount of TAFIa and TAFIai in plasma of hemodialysis patients.
  • solid/solid, solid/liquid and liquid/liquid indicate (weight/weight) parts by weight or %, (weight/volume) parts by weight or %, and (volume/volume) parts by weight or %, respectively.
  • Apo C-III (Sigma, USA), LPL antibody (mouse anti-lipoprotein lipase monoclonal antibody, Unconjugated; Clonetech: Abcam, USA), Avidin (Sigma, USA), EDC (Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride; Thermo, USA), NHS (N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide sodium salt; Fluka, USA), Sulfo-NHS-biotin (EZ-Link Sulfo-NHS-LC-LC-Biotin; PIERCE, USA), Fluorescent particle (Fluor Spheres carbon/late-modified microspheres, 0.2 ⁇ m, dark red fluorescent (660/680), Molecular Probes), BSA (Bovine serum albumin; BOVOGEN, Australia), Dextran (Dextran from Leuconostoc sp., Fluka, USA), Tween-20 (Sigma, USA), Dialysis menbran (Spectra/
  • Apo C-III was diluted at a concentration of 1 mg/ml in PBS (phosphate buffered saline), and 10 mM biotin was prepared using distilled water. Afterwards, 1 ml Apo C-III (1 mg/ml) was mixed with 27 ⁇ l biotin (10 mM) and the mixture was incubated at room temperature with agitation. The solution was added to a dialysis membrane and then dialyzed in PBS. And then, the buffer was exchanged with 1 Liter PBS every 3 hrs (total 3 times). The absorbance in the dialyzed reactant was measured at 280 nm and the reactant was stored at 4° C.
  • PBS phosphate buffered saline
  • Anti-LPL antibody (1 mg/ml) was prepared with 50 mM MES buffer (pH 6.2). Each EDC and NHS was added to the anti-LPL antibody solution (1 mg/ml) corresponding to a concentration of 50 mM and 100 mM. The mixture was immediately mixed with 0.2 weight/volume % fluorescent particle and incubated with agitation at room temperature for 3 hrs. The reactant solution was centrifuged at 12,000 g for 15 min and then the supernatant was removed. The precipitates was resuspended in PBS and centrifuged at 12,000 g for 15 min, followed by removing the supernatant.
  • the biotinylated APO C-III-dotted slide was incubated at 37° C. incubator for 1.5 hrs. Afterwards, the slide was washed with PBS solution containing 1% BSA, 0.05% Tween 20 and 0.5% dextran, and then dried at room temperature. Anti-LPL antibody fluorescence conjugates (1.2 ⁇ l) was dotted in the slide and dried, which was adjusted at a concentration of 0.2 weight/volume % using 0.1 M Tris solution (pH 7.4) supplemented with 1% BSA, 0.01% Tween20 and 3% dextran. Other slide capable of inducing and controlling the flow of dried slide was conjugated, resulting in a testable chip.
  • Sample (30 ⁇ l; serum or plasma of patient with or without lipoprotein lipase) was dropped to an inlet part of the prepared chip. After 5 min, the testable chip was inserted into a FREND reader (Nanoentech, Inc.). The presence of LPL in sample was quantitatively indicated in the display screen of FREND reader after about 40 seconds, and this quantitative display refers to a degree of LPL activation.
  • Apo C-III (A3106, Sigma, USA), Lp-PLA 2 antibody (mouse anti-lipoprotein lipase monoclonal antibody, Clonetech 4B4, diaDexus, USA), Lp-PLA 2 (diaDexus, USA), Horse radish peroxidase conjugated Goat anti-mose IgG (Sigma, USA), Microplate (NUNC, Denmark), BSA (Bovine serum albumin; BOVOGEN, Australia), Tween-20 (Sigma, USA), Tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) (Sigma, USA), Incubator (HANBAEK, Republic of Korea), Infinit M200 (TECAN, Swiss)
  • Apo C-III was diluted with 100 mM carbonate buffer (pH 9.5) at a concentration of 2 ⁇ g/ml
  • the Apo C-III solution 100 ⁇ l was added to each well in a microplate, which was coated at 37° C. incubator for 2 hrs. And then, the Apo C-III solution was removed from each well and 200 ⁇ l PBS supplemented with 1% BSA was added to each well. After incubation at 37° C. incubator, the solution was removed from each well that was then dried.
  • Tween-20 (0.05%)-containing PBS buffer (pH 7.4) was used for dilution, reaction and washing buffer in the experiment.
  • Each 100 ⁇ l Lp-PLA 2 (1 ⁇ g/ml) was added to Apo C-III-coated microplate well ( FIG. 2 a ).
  • Lp-PLA 2 and Apo C-III was diluted at a final concentration of 1 ⁇ g/ml and 0.5 ⁇ g/ml, respectively, and the solution (100 ⁇ l) was added to Apo C-III-coated microplate well ( FIG. 2 b ).
  • Each reaction preparation was incubated at 37° C. incubator for 50 min, and then removed from the well, followed by washing 2 times.
  • Anti-Lp-PLA 2 antibody solution (100 ⁇ l) diluted to 5 ⁇ g/ml was added to the washed well and incubated at 37° C. incubator for 50 min. The solution was removed and each well was washed 2 times.
  • HRP-conjugated goat anti-mouse antibody solution (100 ⁇ l; 1:5,000 dilution) was added to each washed well and incubated at 37° C. incubator for 30 min. The solution was removed and each well was washed 3 times.
  • TMB solution 100 ⁇ l was added to each washed well and incubated at room temperature for 30 min. After 100 ⁇ l H 2 SO 4 (2 N) was added to each washed well, the absorbance was measured. The measurement of absorbance utilized TECAN Infinit M200: wavelength measurement, 450 nm; and calibration wavelength, 620 nm.
  • Apo C-III is coated on a microplate and has an inhibitory activity for Lp-PLA 2 .
  • Apo C-III is responsible for a capturing agent against Lp-PLA 2 .
  • Lp-PLA 2 may be not bound to Apo C-III coated on a microplate because it binds to free Apo C-III.
  • free Apo C-III and Apo C-III coated on a microplate competitively binds to Lp-PLA 2 .
  • HTS High-Throughput Screening
  • PTCI potato tuber carboxypeptidase inhibitor
  • sodium carbonate-bicarbonate buffer thereby adjusting to a concentration of 2 ⁇ g/ml.
  • the mixture 100 ⁇ l was added to a 96-well plate (Nunc Modules for Fluorescence) and then, the plate was kept to stand at 4° C. overnight.
  • the plate was washed 3 times with PBS (Phosphate buffered saline, pH 7.4; Sigma).
  • Blockace Snow brand milk products Co. Ltd., Japan
  • Blockace was mixed with distilled water at a concentration of 10 ⁇ g/ml
  • the mixture 150 ⁇ l was added to each well and incubated in a moisture chamber at room temperature for 4 hrs, followed by washing with PBS 3 times.
  • Each plasma was extracted from patients with sepsis, cancer and hemodialysis, and diluted up to 30 volume % by mixing TBST (Tris buffered saline, with Tween-20, pH 8.0; Sigma).
  • TBST Tris buffered saline, with Tween-20, pH 8.0; Sigma.
  • the plasma-containing solutions 100 ⁇ l were seeded on a prerequisite PTCI-coated plate and incubated at 37° C. for 1 hr, followed by washing 3 times with TBST.
  • each anti-TAFI antibody (Monoclonal mouse anti-TAFI, Hytest, 4TA1 — 16C5) and Blockace was diluted with TBST to a concentration of 1 ⁇ g/ml and 0.8 ⁇ g/ml, and the diluent (100 ⁇ l) was divided into a well, respectively.
  • the plate containing a dilution solution was incubated at 37° C. for 1 hr and washed with TBST 3 times.
  • the amount of TAFIa and TAFIai in plasma was assessed. After plasma in a healthy subject and sepsis patient was added to a PTCI-coated 96 multi-well plate, the concentration of TAFIa and TAFIai was measured using a HRP-conjugated secondary antibody. As a result, it could be appreciated that the amount of TAFIa and TAFIai as a TAFI isomer in the plasma of the systemic sepsis patient was enhanced much more remarkable than that in the healthy subject ( FIG. 3 a ).
  • the amount of TAFIa and TAFIai in plasma was analyzed in a cancer patient. As same as the sepsis patient, the amount of TAFIa and TAFIai in the plasma of the cancer patient was enhanced much more noticeable than that in the healthy subject ( FIG. 3 b ).
  • the amount of TAFIa and TAFIai in plasma was measured in a hemodialysis patient. As same as the sepsis patient, the amount of TAFIa and TAFIai in the plasma of the hemodialysis patient was enhanced much more significant than that in the healthy subject ( FIG. 3 c ).

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