US20130056193A1 - Heat transfer interface - Google Patents
Heat transfer interface Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20130056193A1 US20130056193A1 US13/521,879 US201113521879A US2013056193A1 US 20130056193 A1 US20130056193 A1 US 20130056193A1 US 201113521879 A US201113521879 A US 201113521879A US 2013056193 A1 US2013056193 A1 US 2013056193A1
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- United States
- Prior art keywords
- heat
- heat transfer
- transfer medium
- kcal
- temperature
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D20/00—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00
- F28D20/02—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00 using latent heat
- F28D20/023—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00 using latent heat the latent heat storage material being enclosed in granular particles or dispersed in a porous, fibrous or cellular structure
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
- C09K5/02—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used
- C09K5/06—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to solid or vice versa
- C09K5/063—Materials absorbing or liberating heat during crystallisation; Heat storage materials
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
- C09K5/16—Materials undergoing chemical reactions when used
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D20/00—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00
- F28D20/003—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00 using thermochemical reactions
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D21/00—Heat-exchange apparatus not covered by any of the groups F28D1/00 - F28D20/00
- F28D21/0001—Recuperative heat exchangers
- F28D21/0003—Recuperative heat exchangers the heat being recuperated from exhaust gases
- F28D21/001—Recuperative heat exchangers the heat being recuperated from exhaust gases for thermal power plants or industrial processes
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D21/00—Heat-exchange apparatus not covered by any of the groups F28D1/00 - F28D20/00
- F28D2021/0019—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for
- F28D2021/0059—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for for petrochemical plants
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/14—Thermal energy storage
Definitions
- This invention relates to the field of heat management.
- embodiments of the invention relate to systems and methods of storing heat from industrial operations, and recovering such heat at constant temperature over long periods of time.
- Molten salt systems have been developed to store heat at high temperatures, and are used primarily with solar concentrators. Such systems rely on the heat of melting which is typically much larger than the specific heat per unit of mass, and are able to release that heat continuously upon solidification or freezing. Sodium metal is also used for heat storage at higher temperatures, although in the case of sodium heat storage occurs mainly by heating the liquid sodium to higher temperature.
- Conventional molten salt systems and molten sodium systems suffer from two major problems: what to do when there is a system failure and the salt or sodium freezes, and the need for pumping a semi-viscous media at high temperatures.
- phase change materials that are primarily salts, and many employ eutectic compositions of various salts, but they are seldom encapsulated, and thus they share the problem of freezing upon solidification.
- Some technologies relate to energy storage systems based on phase change materials, and employ heat pipes in connection with such heat storage systems that include heat exchangers.
- Others employ phase change materials that are compacted in powder form and encapsulated by a rolling process.
- the normal problems encountered with the use of heat exchangers using molten salts are exacerbated, and the encapsulation methods employed involve expensive manufacturing and are restricted to simple shapes.
- Some technologies involve the use of crystallization inhibitors, so as to depress the temperature of solidification of phase change materials, while others employ similar systems that use a separate crystal nucleator.
- phase change salt materials relate to methods of storing heat within a broad range of temperatures by using various phase change salt materials and a porous support structure.
- phase change systems a common difficulty in all such phase change systems is the lack of flowability, that is, the fact that as the phase change material freezes, it stops flowing.
- Embodiments of the present invention provide an improved method for heat management, one that allows for the rapid capture of heat at temperatures in the range of 120° C. to 1,300° C. from a variety of heat sources, and the subsequent release of such heat at constant temperature for a long period of time.
- the system can include an inner heat transfer medium encapsulated in an outer container that can cylindrical, spherical, or other shape, and that is inert with respect to the heat source.
- the heat transfer medium can include salts, metals, or ceramic compositions and is capable of removing heat by absorbing the heat of fusion from a heat source.
- the encapsulating container can include a metal, plastic, or ceramic composition that is non-reactive with respect to the heat source and non-reactive with respect to the heat transfer medium.
- the size and shape of the encapsulating container is determined by the nature and chemical characteristics of the heat source, and by the heat transfer requirements in terms of heat removal or release per unit volume and per unit of time.
- FIGS. 1 a and 1 b are elevation views of two embodiments of encapsulated heat transfer devices.
- FIGS. 2 a and 2 b are embodiments of heat transfer devices with inner coatings.
- FIGS. 3 a and 3 B are elevation views of heat transfer devices with inner and outer coatings.
- FIGS. 4 a and 4 b show two possible embodiments of heat transfer devices inside different heat transfer reactor configurations.
- FIG. 5 a is a schematic diagram of a double-walled petrochemical reactor chamber.
- FIG. 5 b is a simplified petrochemical reactor with randomly dispersed heat transfer devices.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a steel basic oxygen converter with a heat recovery chamber.
- FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a two-pass boiler system with a heat recovery chamber.
- FIGS. 8 a and 8 b are elevation and plant views of a coaxial heat recovery double chamber with heat transfer devices.
- Embodiments of the invention include systems, methods, and apparatus for heat management, recovery and recycling from a variety of industrial operations.
- Preferred embodiments provide a broad spectrum of heat absorption chambers that operate within the temperature range of 120° C. and 1,300° C., and that provide for fully automated heat recovery at temperatures similar to that range over several hours, days or months without user intervention.
- systems disclosed herein can run without user control or intervention for 2, 4, 6, 8, months, or longer.
- the systems can run automatically for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 years, or more.
- Embodiments of the invention provide for encapsulated heat transfer devices of various shapes and sizes to enter and exit heat transfer chambers at a rate commensurate with the amount of waste heat available and its temperature.
- the encapsulation of heat transfer devices into rigid, impervious enclosures allows such devices to flow either propelled by gravity of mechanical systems regardless of the state of the enclosed material, which typically is a salt or mixture of salts, thus providing for flowability.
- heat is available, it is readily absorbed by the phase change material being encapsulated, which first heats until reaching it melting point, and then continues to absorb the heat of fusion until all of the encapsulated material becomes molten.
- the encapsulated material is transferred to another heat transfer chamber where the molten phase change material begins to solidify, thus releasing the same heat of fusion that was previously absorbed.
- Heat transfer chambers can be of any shape and size that is compatible with the amount of heat available, the length of time such heat is available, and its temperature. Those three variables determine the size and shape of the heat transfer devices being used, so that they will have a residence time in the transfer chamber equal to that of heat being available, and their mass of phase change material will be adequate to the amount of heat and temperature available.
- heat transfer chambers allow the movement of heat transfer devices in and out of such chamber, such as by gravity flow, although other forms of mechanical transport may be employed.
- heat transfer devices are that they be durable, inexpensive to fabricate, and thermally effective. Durability requires lack of chemical interaction between the enclosure material of the device and the inner phase change material. Inexpensive manufacture requires that the enclosed phase change material be encapsulated in impervious containers that are easy to fabricate, such as crimped metal cylinders, metallic or ceramic spheres, and the like. Thermal effectiveness requires that the thickness of the enclosing material be small and thermally conductive, and that it will not react chemically to either the external environment providing the heat, or the internal environment of the phase change material.
- the heat transfer device ( 1 ) consists of a cylinder or sphere comprising enclosing material ( 2 ) or similar shape that is filled with phase change material ( 3 ) that may be an inorganic salt or a mixture of salts.
- the cylinder or sphere is made of a metal, such as copper or aluminum, or similar inexpensive metal.
- the enclosing material ( 2 ) may be a thin ceramic or polymer material that is made thermally conducting by incorporating metallic powders or shavings.
- the enclosing material ( 2 ) consists of a crimped aluminum, copper or similar metal tube, a welded tube, or a tube or similar shape fitted with a screw cap.
- FIGS. 2 a and 2 b illustrate an alternative embodiment of a heat transfer device ( 1 ) in which the inner surface of the enclosing material is coated with an inert substance ( 21 ) that is chemically non-reactive with the enclosing materials ( 2 ) or with the phase change material ( 3 ).
- inert substance 21
- phase change material 3
- “non-reactive” encompasses both completely non-reactive materials and materials that do react chemically, but in which the reaction is so slow or slight that it has no appreciable affect on the chemical properties of the materials or the structure of the heat transfer device.
- Suitable coatings include electrodeposited metals and alloys, paints, ceramic compositions, or polymers.
- Examples of inexpensive coatings on copper, aluminum and similar materials include carbides, nitrides, oxides.
- Examples of coating methods include chemical vapor deposition, electrostatic deposition, anodizing, electrolysis, and painting. Useful information relating to corrosion and coatings is provided in Handbook of Corrosion Engineering, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
- FIGS. 3 a and 3 b illustrate alternative embodiments of a heat transfer device ( 1 ) in which both the inner and outer surfaces of the enclosing material ( 2 ) are coated with inert substances ( 21 ) and ( 31 ) that are chemically non-reactive with either the enclosing material ( 2 ), the phase change material ( 3 ), or the external environment in which the heat transfer device is operating.
- Suitable coatings include electrodeposited metals and alloys, paints, ceramic compositions, or polymers. Examples of inexpensive coatings on copper, aluminum and similar materials include carbides, nitrides, oxides. Examples of coating methods include chemical vapor deposition, electrostatic deposition, anodizing, electrolysis, and painting.
- FIG. 4 a illustrates one possible embodiment of a heat transfer chamber ( 4 ) that consists of a cylindrical configuration containing a plurality of heat transfer devices ( 1 ) that are arranged randomly so as to provide for sufficient porosity to the flow of a fluid media containing heat.
- FIG. 4 b illustrates another embodiment of a heat transfer chamber ( 4 ) that consists of a rectangular configuration containing a plurality of heat transfer devices ( 1 ) that are arranged randomly so as to provide for sufficient porosity to the flow of a fluid media containing heat.
- Other geometrical shapes used to contain the heat transfer devices are also possible. Those skilled in the art will recognize that cylindrical or rectangular shapes are exemplary only, and that other shapes may be utilized to fit space restrictions imposed by the type of heat source in different industrial applications.
- FIG. 5 a is a simplified diagram of a double-walled petrochemical reactor, typical of catalytic processes involving exothermic reactions.
- the reactor ( 6 ) consists of two concentric cylindrical tanks that allow cooling water to enter through ports ( 62 ) and exit through ports ( 63 ), so as to provide cooling for the exothermic heat generated in the reactor volume ( 61 ).
- Such reactors are used extensively to control reaction temperatures in the chemical industry, and are notorious for requiring large volumes of cooling water and extensive use of pumps.
- FIG. 5 b illustrates a simplified reactor configuration that consists of a reactor ( 6 ) comprising a single tank and a plurality of heat transfer devices ( 1 ) that provide for more efficient cooling of exothermic reactions.
- FIG. 6 illustrates heat recovery from a basic oxygen furnace ( 7 ) in a steel plant.
- those furnaces are lined with special refractories ( 71 ) and are initially charged with molten iron ( 72 ) from a blast furnace, some fluxes and some steel scrap ( 73 ) that serves to cool the molten iron.
- an oxygen lance ( 74 ) blows oxygen into the molten iron so as to oxidize the excessive amount of carbon in the molten iron, and create steel.
- the reaction of oxygen with the dissolved carbon in the molten iron is a highly exothermic reaction that raises the temperature of the molten charge and creates large volumes of very hot gases at temperatures that normally exceed 1,500° C.
- the hot gases which consist largely of CO 2 exit the furnace at the top and are collected in a hood ( 75 ).
- the hot gases carry an enormous amount of heat that is largely captured by the heat transfer devices ( 1 ) that are flowing inside a heat transfer chamber ( 5 ) such that the residence time inside the chamber precisely balances the amount of heat being produced by the hot gases.
- FIG. 7 illustrates heat recovery from an industrial boiler ( 8 ).
- a burner ( 81 ) provides the necessary heat by burning a fuel in the fire box.
- the hot combustion gases initially transfer heat to a plurality of high-pressure steam tubes ( 82 ), and subsequently to a plurality of water boiling tubes ( 83 ), and a pre-heater chamber ( 84 ), and exit through chimney ( 85 ).
- FIGS. 8 a and 8 b illustrate an elevation and a plant view of a system ( 9 ) for recovering useful heat from the heat transfer devices ( 1 ).
- two concentric chambers ( 91 ) and ( 92 ) allow high temperature heat transfer devices ( 11 ) at very high temperature to transfer heat to lower temperature heat transfer devices ( 12 ), so as to prolong the period of heat recovery at lower temperatures.
- heat that has been captured at very high temperature but for limited amounts of time becomes available on a continuous basis at lower temperature.
- different configurations can be used for transferring heat from high to low temperatures, and other shapes than cylindrical or rectangular chambers may be used.
- the heat transfer devices can be made of any suitable material.
- Exemplary materials for enclosing the phase change media include but are not limited to metal, glass, composites, ceramics, plastics, stone, cellulosic materials, fibrous materials and the like. A mixture of materials can be used if desired.
- One of skill in the art will be able to determine a suitable material for each specific purpose.
- the chosen material will preferable be capable of standing up to long term high temperature use without significant cracking, breaking, other damage, or leaching toxic materials into the environment.
- the differently sized devices can be made of different materials.
- the enclosures for high-temperature heat transfer devices can be made of metals such as steel, titanium, or various alloys, and the phase change media can consist of salts that have high melting points.
- the chosen material can preferably be resistant to breakage, rust, or cracking due to the heating process. Table 1 lists several metals with their melting points and their heat of fusion to facilitate selection of suitable enclosure materials.
- Table 2 lists several salts and provides melting points arranged in ascending order, as well as the corresponding heat of fusion. The information in Table 2 serves to select suitable phase change media for different industrial applications and heat recoveries at various temperatures.
- phase-change materials In addition to phase-change materials, chemical reactions involving reduction/oxidation (REDOX) can also provide heat storage and controlled heat release and, thus, can be used as media for heat transfer applications.
- the carbonate/bicarbonate reaction typically involves a chemical change that can be reversed upon minor changes in temperature.
- ammonium bicarbonate decomposes into ammonium carbonate when temperature changes a few degrees centigrade, and the heat of this reaction can either be absorbed or released, thereby providing a functionality similar to that of phase change materials.
- REDOX reactions include those in which one or more electrons are exchanged, and thus encompass a broader group of chemical reactions than simply those involving oxygen as an oxidant.
- the chemical reactions of interest in this application include those in which one of the reactants is an organic material.
- Such chemical reactions are characterized by heats of reaction that are sharply dependant on the temperature of the system
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Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US13/521,879 US20130056193A1 (en) | 2010-01-12 | 2011-01-12 | Heat transfer interface |
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US29439210P | 2010-01-12 | 2010-01-12 | |
PCT/US2011/021007 WO2011088132A1 (en) | 2010-01-12 | 2011-01-12 | Heat transfer interface |
US13/521,879 US20130056193A1 (en) | 2010-01-12 | 2011-01-12 | Heat transfer interface |
Publications (1)
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US20130056193A1 true US20130056193A1 (en) | 2013-03-07 |
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Family Applications (1)
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US13/521,879 Abandoned US20130056193A1 (en) | 2010-01-12 | 2011-01-12 | Heat transfer interface |
Country Status (11)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US20130056193A1 (es) |
EP (1) | EP2523752A4 (es) |
JP (2) | JP2013517451A (es) |
CN (1) | CN102844104A (es) |
AU (1) | AU2011205326B2 (es) |
CA (1) | CA2787219A1 (es) |
IN (1) | IN2012DN06402A (es) |
MX (1) | MX339872B (es) |
SG (1) | SG182455A1 (es) |
WO (1) | WO2011088132A1 (es) |
ZA (1) | ZA201205975B (es) |
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US20160282056A1 (en) * | 2014-11-10 | 2016-09-29 | Ngk Insulators, Ltd. | Heat storage material container |
US9969638B2 (en) | 2013-08-05 | 2018-05-15 | Gradiant Corporation | Water treatment systems and associated methods |
US10030186B2 (en) | 2016-08-29 | 2018-07-24 | Quantum Technology Group Limited | Heat transfer medium |
US20180224215A1 (en) * | 2014-08-25 | 2018-08-09 | Sylvan Source, Inc. | Heat capture, transfer and release for industrial applications |
CN109060495A (zh) * | 2018-09-11 | 2018-12-21 | 四川省机械研究设计院 | 可调节热阻的装置 |
IT201700073173A1 (it) * | 2017-06-29 | 2018-12-29 | Danieli Off Mecc | Dispositivo di accumulo energetico e relativo metodo di realizzazione |
US10167218B2 (en) | 2015-02-11 | 2019-01-01 | Gradiant Corporation | Production of ultra-high-density brines |
US10245555B2 (en) | 2015-08-14 | 2019-04-02 | Gradiant Corporation | Production of multivalent ion-rich process streams using multi-stage osmotic separation |
US10301198B2 (en) | 2015-08-14 | 2019-05-28 | Gradiant Corporation | Selective retention of multivalent ions |
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- 2011-01-12 CA CA2787219A patent/CA2787219A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2011-01-12 SG SG2012050951A patent/SG182455A1/en unknown
- 2011-01-12 EP EP11733325.2A patent/EP2523752A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2011-01-12 US US13/521,879 patent/US20130056193A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2011-01-12 CN CN201180010786XA patent/CN102844104A/zh active Pending
- 2011-01-12 AU AU2011205326A patent/AU2011205326B2/en not_active Ceased
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2013517451A (ja) | 2013-05-16 |
MX339872B (es) | 2016-06-15 |
WO2011088132A1 (en) | 2011-07-21 |
CN102844104A (zh) | 2012-12-26 |
EP2523752A4 (en) | 2015-09-30 |
EP2523752A1 (en) | 2012-11-21 |
MX2012008118A (es) | 2012-09-12 |
JP2016166735A (ja) | 2016-09-15 |
IN2012DN06402A (es) | 2015-10-02 |
ZA201205975B (en) | 2013-05-29 |
CA2787219A1 (en) | 2011-07-21 |
AU2011205326B2 (en) | 2015-08-20 |
AU2011205326A1 (en) | 2012-08-02 |
SG182455A1 (en) | 2012-08-30 |
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