US20130009119A1 - Wavelength selective sers nanotags - Google Patents

Wavelength selective sers nanotags Download PDF

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US20130009119A1
US20130009119A1 US13/635,559 US201113635559A US2013009119A1 US 20130009119 A1 US20130009119 A1 US 20130009119A1 US 201113635559 A US201113635559 A US 201113635559A US 2013009119 A1 US2013009119 A1 US 2013009119A1
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sers
particles
wavelength
wavelength selective
nanotag
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Michael J. Natan
Richard G. Freeman
William E. Doering
Marcelo E. Piotti
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SICPA Holding SA
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Cabot Security Materials Inc
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
    • G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
    • G01N21/65—Raman scattering
    • G01N21/658—Raman scattering enhancement Raman, e.g. surface plasmons
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/30—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range using scattering effects, e.g. stimulated Brillouin or Raman effects
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y20/00—Nanooptics, e.g. quantum optics or photonic crystals
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2201/00—Features of devices classified in G01N21/00
    • G01N2201/06—Illumination; Optics
    • G01N2201/061—Sources
    • G01N2201/06113—Coherent sources; lasers
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S977/00—Nanotechnology
    • Y10S977/70—Nanostructure
    • Y10S977/81—Of specified metal or metal alloy composition
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S977/00—Nanotechnology
    • Y10S977/70—Nanostructure
    • Y10S977/832—Nanostructure having specified property, e.g. lattice-constant, thermal expansion coefficient
    • Y10S977/834—Optical properties of nanomaterial, e.g. specified transparency, opacity, or index of refraction

Definitions

  • SERS nanotags have proved useful for marking objects for identification and tracking.
  • SERS nanotags are nanoparticulate optical detection tags which function through surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS).
  • SERS is a laser-based optical spectroscopy that, for molecules or other materials, generates a fingerprint-like vibrational spectrum with features that are much narrower than typical fluorescence.
  • a SERS active molecule associated with a tag is excited by laser light at a specific excitation wavelength.
  • Many SERS active molecules can be excited at several alternative wavelengths with each wavelength causing the emission of a characteristic SERS spectrum.
  • marking uses the ability of a known SERS nanotag to be interrogated at multiple suitable interrogation wavelengths is an advantage.
  • the ability to excite a SERS nanotag at multiple wavelengths is potentially a disadvantage, since this makes covert tags easier to detect by third parties. It is difficult however to manufacture a SERS nanotag that can be interrogated at a limited number of otherwise suitable wavelengths with conventional SERS reporter molecules.
  • Selected embodiments include wavelength selective particles such as SERS nanotags modified as described.
  • a wavelength selective particle is one which cannot be effectively excited or interrogated at one or more wavelengths where a reporter molecule associated with the particle would normally produce a SERS spectrum.
  • a wavelength selective SERS nanotag might be SERS active when using a 1064 nm excitation wavelength but inactive at 785 nm, where activity at 785 nm would otherwise be expected based upon the reporter molecule present in the SERS nanotag or the plasmonic properties of the metal nanoparticle.
  • SERS nanotag which is wavelength selective includes a SERS enhancing core and a SERS active reporter molecule associated with the core.
  • the wavelength selective SERS tag also includes an encapsulant surrounding the core/reporter association.
  • Wavelength selectivity may be imparted by a blocking material associated with the encapsulant which fully or partially blocks the passage of light energy at a specific wavelength to the reporter molecule and plasmonic particle.
  • the blocking material could wholly or partially block the radiation of light energy at a selected wavelength from the reporter molecule or plasmonic particle.
  • the blocking material could be a nanorod, for example, a gold nanorod associated with the encapsulant.
  • the blocking material could be a molecule of any type which serves to selectively block a relevant wavelength.
  • the blocking material could be an organic or inorganic dye or a quantum dot particle.
  • the blocking material could be a metal oxide, metal sulfide, metal nitride, or other similar material.
  • the nanorod may be electrostaticly associated with the encapsulant.
  • the nanorod may be coated with a charged polymer and the SERS nanotag coated with an oppositely charged polymer.
  • the nanorod may be covalent attached to the encapsulant.
  • an increased quantity of blocking material may be associated with the encapsulant by forming the encapsulant as a porous or mesoporous surface.
  • An alternative embodiment includes a SERS nanotag as described above with a masking material associated with the encapsulant.
  • a masking material will wholly or partially mask light energy emitted at a given wavelength by the reporter molecule.
  • the reporter associated with the SERS nanotag will still emit a Raman spectrum when excited but the emission is masked or otherwise made undetectable.
  • a fluorescent molecule associated with the SERS nanotag may be selected to fluoresce at a particular wavelength, thus masking the SERS spectrum at that wavelength.
  • Alternative embodiments include methods of manufacturing a wavelength selective SERS nanotag as described above.
  • Alternative methods also include using a wavelength selective SERS nanotag to mark or tag an item, substance, document or article, such that the tag may be detected at fewer interrogation frequencies than would be expected based upon the nature of the reporter molecule used with the SERS nanotag.
  • FIG. 1 is a graphic representation of the SERS activity and absorbance of the mixture of SERS nanotags and Au nanorods of Example 1.
  • FIG. 2 is a composite of multiple TEM images of the particles of Example 2 featuring Au nanorods electrostaticly associated with SERS nanotags.
  • FIG. 3 is a graphic representation of UV-visible light extinction characteristics and normalized SERS responses at selected wavelengths of the particles of Example 2.
  • FIG. 4 is a composite of multiple SEM images of the particles of Example 3.
  • FIG. 5 is a graphic representation of UV-visible light extinction characteristics and SERS activity at selected wavelengths for the particles of Example 3.
  • FIG. 6 is a graphic representation of the SERS activity of the particles of Example 4.
  • FIG. 7 is a SEM image of the particles of Example 4.
  • FIG. 8 is a graphic representation of SERS activity of the particles of Example 5.
  • FIG. 9 is a graphic representation of SERS activity at selected wavelengths for the particles of Example 6.
  • FIG. 10 is an SEM image of SERS nanotags featuring a mesoporous silica encapsulant as described in Example 7.
  • FIG. 11 is a graphic representation of the Ramen spectra at selected wavelengths of SERS nanotags after mixture with a fluorescent masking agent as Described in Example 8.
  • the embodiments disclosed herein relate to particles that are spectroscopically active.
  • the disclosed particles and methods are surface-enhanced spectroscopy (SES) active.
  • Representative SES techniques include but are not limited to SERS, SERRS and others.
  • Surface enhancement in various other spectroscopy methods or systems has been observed. The most widely studied have been surface-enhanced Raman scattering and surface-enhanced fluorescence (SEF).
  • SEHRS surface-enhanced hyper Raman scattering
  • SEHRRS surface-enhanced hyper Raman resonance scattering
  • SHG surface-enhanced second harmonic generation
  • SEIRA surface-enhanced infrared absorption reflectance
  • SEIRA surface-enhanced laser desorption ionization
  • plasmon enhancement or plasmon-enhanced spectroscopy which in addition to the phenomena mentioned above includes surface plasmon enhanced emission (such as SPASERS—surface plasmon amplification of spontaneous emission of radiation), plasmon enhanced diffraction, and plasmon enhanced optical transmission.
  • Plasmon enhancement is also a method to increase the efficiency of solar cells.
  • SES includes the above listed and any related or similar spectroscopic technique.
  • taggants are materials, substances, molecules, ions, polymers, nanoparticles, microparticles, or other matter, incorporated into, onto or otherwise associated with objects for the purposes of identification or quantitation. More specifically, taggants are used in activities and products including but not limited to detection, analysis, and/or quantification measurements related to brand security, brand protection, trademark protection, product security, product identification, brand diversion, bar-coding, grey market remediation, friend-or-foe analysis, product life cycle analysis, counterfeiting, anti-counterfeiting, forensic analysis of authenticity, authentication, biometrics, object tracking, chain-of-custody analysis, product tampering, anti-smuggling, smuggling detection, supply-chain tracking, product tracking, lost revenue recovery, product serialization, serialized authentication, freshness tracking, sell-by date tracking, use-by date tracking, and standoff detection/identification.
  • Taggants can be added to all forms of matter, including but not limited to solids, liquids, gases, gels, foams, semi-solids, glasses, plasmas, liquid crystals, amorphous and magnetically-ordered solids, superconductors, superfluids, Bose-Einstein condensates, and supersolids.
  • SES surface-enhanced spectroscopy
  • suitable materials fall in two categories: nano/microscale and macroscopic.
  • nano/microscale For example, certain sizes and shapes of Ag and Au nanoparticles, and aggregates thereof, are known to support SERS.
  • macroscopic SERS substrates have been described in the literature, including electrodes, evaporated films, Langmuir-Blodgett films, 2-dimensional planar arrays, and so forth.
  • Known prior art tagging methods which utilize SERS-active tags typically include a reporter molecule or dye with known SERS-active characteristics.
  • a known SERS-active chemical can be added as a dye to mark fuel and a subsequent SERS spectrum obtained when the SERS-active dye is associated with a SERS-active metal particle or substrate. Only a limited number of SERS active chemicals are known.
  • SES surface-enhanced spectroscopy
  • SEHRS surface-enhanced hyper Raman scattering
  • SEHRRS surface-enhanced hyper Raman resonance scattering
  • SHG surface-enhanced second harmonic generation
  • SEIRA surface-enhanced infrared absorption reflectance
  • SETDI surface-enhanced laser desorption ionization
  • Plasmon enhancement is also a method to increase the efficiency of solar cells.
  • SES includes the above listed and any related or similar spectroscopic technique.
  • SERS-active particles are useful in a variety of applications.
  • One interesting application is anti-counterfeiting, and more specifically to verify the authenticity, source, age, and/or distribution path of banknotes, tax stamps, banderols, passports, identification cards, driver's licenses, work permits, fiduciary documents, stock and bond certificates, and other valuable documents that contain ink.
  • SERS-active particles can be used for similar purposes to mark or tag a variety of other materials that contain print or lettering composed of ink or lacquer, including but not limited to software, machine parts such as airplane parts or automobile parts, instrumentation, pharmaceutical and diagnostic products, medical devices, luxury goods, fast-moving consumer goods, CD's, DVD's and other electronic storage components, and so forth.
  • any ink- or lacquer-containing packaging for any type of product is a viable location for introduction of SERS-active particles for anti-counterfeiting, or authentication purposes.
  • SERS-active particles include: brand security, brand protection, trademark protection, product security, product identification, brand diversion, barcoding, grey market remediation, friend-or-foe analysis, product life cycle analysis, counterfeiting, forensic analysis of authenticity, biometrics, document tracking, chain-of-custody analysis, product tampering, anti-smuggling, smuggling detection, supply-chain tracking, product tracking, lost revenue recovery, product serialization, serialized authentication, freshness tracking, sell-by date tracking, use-by date tracking, object tracking, standoff detection, and/or standoff identification.
  • SERS-active particles can be used for combinations of these applications, including but not limited to a combination of authentication and sell-by-date tracking. Collectively, these applications are referred to as Industrial Security.
  • SERS nanotag also referred to as a SERS tag.
  • SERS nanotags are nanoparticulate optical detection tags which function through surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS).
  • SERS is a laser-based optical spectroscopy that, for molecules, generates a fingerprint-like vibrational spectrum with features that are much narrower than typical fluorescence.
  • a typical SERS nanotag includes a metal nanoparticle core and a SiO 2 (glass) or other silicon containing encapsulant. Other materials including but not limited to various types of polymers may also be used as an encapsulant or shell. Details concerning the use, manufacture and characteristics of a typical SERS nanotag are included in U.S. Pat. No. 6,514,767, entitled “Surface Enhanced Spectroscopy-Active Composite Nanoparticles;” U.S. Pat. No. 7,192,778, entitled “Surface Enhanced Spectroscopy-Active Composite Nanoparticles;” U.S. Pat. No. 7,443,489, entitled “Surface Enhanced Spectroscopy-Active Composite Nanoparticles;” and U.S. Published Patent Application No. US 2006-0054506, entitled “Surface Enhanced Spectrometry-Active Composite Nanoparticles;” each of which patents and publications is incorporated herein by reference for all matters disclosed therein.
  • nanoparticle core clusters or aggregates may be used in the preparation of SERS nanotags.
  • Methods for the preparation of clusters of aggregates of metal colloids are known to those skilled in the art.
  • sandwich-type particles as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,861,263 entitled “Surface Enhanced Spectroscopy-Active Sandwich Nanoparticles” is also contemplated, which patent is incorporated herein by reference for all matters disclosed therein.
  • the nanoparticle core may be of any material known to be Raman-enhancing, via plasmonic (electromagnetic) factors, chemical factors or a combination of factors.
  • the nanoparticle cores may be isotropic or anisotropic.
  • Nanoparticles suitable to be the core of a SERS nanotag include colloidal metal, hollow or filled nanobars, magnetic, paramagnetic, conductive or insulating nanoparticles, synthetic particles, hydrogels (colloids or bars), and the like.
  • the nanoparticles can exist as single nanoparticles, or as clusters or aggregates of the nanoparticles.
  • Nanoparticles can exist in a variety of shapes, including but not limited to spheroids, rods, disks, pyramids, cubes, cylinders, nanohelixes, nanosprings, nanorings, rod-shaped nanoparticles, arrow-shaped nanoparticles, teardrop-shaped nanoparticles, tetrapod-shaped nanoparticles, prism-shaped nanoparticles, and a plurality of other geometric and non-geometric shapes.
  • Another class of nanoparticles that has been described includes those with internal surface area. These include hollow particles and porous or semi-porous particles.
  • a nanoparticle as defined herein also includes a nanoparticle in which the metal portion includes an additional component, such as in a core-shell particle.
  • Each SERS nanotag is typically encoded with one or multiple unique reporters, comprising an organic or inorganic molecule or an organic or inorganic material at the interface between the nanoparticle core and shell of glass or other suitable encapsulant.
  • This approach to detection tags leverages the strengths of Raman scattering as a high-resolution molecular spectroscopy tool and the enhancements associated with SERS, while bypassing the shortcomings often encountered when making stand-alone SERS substrates such as difficult reproducibility and lack of selectivity.
  • SERS nanotags exhibit intense spectra (enhancement factors in excess of 10 6 ) at 633 nm, 785 nm, 1064 nm or other suitable excitation wavelengths, which wavelengths can be selected to avoid intrinsic background fluorescence in biological samples such as whole blood and in matrices like glass and plastic.
  • the encapsulant which is essentially SERS-inactive or relatively weakly SERS-active, stabilizes the particles against aggregation, prevents the reporter from diffusing away, prevents competitive adsorption of unwanted species, and provides an exceptionally well-established surface.
  • Glass, silica, silicates or other silicon-containing species are well suited as encapsulants.
  • Typical SERS nanotags do not exhibit wavelength dependent response.
  • known tags will return an identifiable spectrum when excited at one of several excitation wavelengths.
  • a known tag might be excitable and return a detectable SERS spectrum at both 785 nm and 1064 nm excitation wavelengths.
  • a wavelength selective tag would be useful for many purposes, including but not limited to covert marking of materials or documents.
  • a wavelength selective particle is one which cannot be effectively excited or interrogated at one or more wavelengths where the selected reporter molecule/metal nanoparticle combination would normally produce a SERS spectrum.
  • a wavelength selective SERS nanotag might be SERS active when using a 1064 nm excitation wavelength but inactive at 785 nm, where activity at 785 nm would be expected based upon the reporter. It is important to note that many of the examples discussed herein feature tags which would not be SERS-active at 785 nm, but would be easily recognized using 1064 nm excitation. This particular wavelength selectivity is representative only. The disclosed or similar methods might be used to fabricate the reverse tag, showing a spectrum at 785 nm but none at 1064 nm. In addition the methods and materials described may be adaptable to other suitable wavelengths. Moreover, combinations of effects (or materials) can be used to generate more complex wavelength-response profiles.
  • a SERS tag might excitable at 633, 785, and 1064 nm.
  • the particle is then coated with materials that adsorb light strongly at 633 and 1064 nm, but not 785 nm. Excitation at either of the former frequencies would not yield a spectrum, but excitation at the latter would.
  • the profile could be reversed so that SERS spectra are obtainable at 633 nm and 1064 nm excitation but not at 785 nm excitation. All permutations of wavelength selectivity are within the scope of this disclosure.
  • One method of imparting wavelength selectivity to an otherwise non-selective tag is to add a coating to a tag which blocks light that would otherwise cause excitation.
  • the coating of a typical SERS nanotag as described above may be supplemented with Au nanorods that block light at 785 nm, but not at 1064 nm. This method is more fully discussed in Examples 1-5 below.
  • An similar approach to tuning the wavelength selectivity of a SERS tag in an authentication application is to overcoat a layer of SERS nanotags with a second layer of material that blocks absorption at a given wavelength. For example, if a SERS tag that is responsive to 785 and 1064 nm excitation is placed into a varnish and coated on to a piece of paper, interrogation at either wavelength will yield a SERS spectrum. If, however, a layer of black ink that absorbs strongly at 785 nm but transmits completely at 1064 nm is applied over the SERS tag coating, no SERS spectrum will be seen at 785 nm excitation but a normal spectrum will be seen at 1064 nm excitation.
  • Another approach is to use a reporter that has non-zero extinction at the excitation wavelength, giving rise to surface enhanced Resonance Raman spectroscopy (SERRS). While it is true that larger absorbances of the reporter molecule at the excitation wavelength give rise to greater resonant enhancements, it is also true that greater absorbances also lead necessarily to increased likelihood of irreversible deactivation processes from the excited state, which could lead to decreased tag stability.
  • SERRS surface enhanced Resonance Raman spectroscopy
  • Example 1 While the results obtained in Example 1 demonstrate that the first disclosed method of imparting wavelength selectivity is conceptually sound, the adsorption of an adequate amount of Au nanorods to the nanotags is challenging. Compelling progress has been made toward overcoming the adsorption challenge by using electrostatic methods to bind nanorods to the glass-encapsulated nanotags.
  • the enhanced adsorption technique involves associating a charged coating with the nanorods and an oppositely charged coating with the SERS nanotags.
  • the nanorods used in Example 1 may be stabilized by a positively-charged bilayer of CTAB (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide). However, removal of excess CTAB (which hinders adsorption) can destabilize the rods and cause aggregation. Coating the nanorods with negatively charged polymers, allows more complete cleaning. To fully implement this method, the SERS nanotags must be coated with a positively charged polymer, as well.
  • CTAB cetyltrimethylammonium bromide
  • electrostatic combination methods may be enhanced by association of the nanorods with another molecule.
  • the nanorods were mixed with a small amount of a resonant SERS reporter, identified as SERS-817. Subsequently, the nanorods were stabilized by a negatively charged polymer and cleaned extensively. A physical mixture was prepared with SERS nanotags that had previously been coated with a positively charged polymer, promoting some adsorption of rods to SERS particles. After a sufficient incubation period, the mixture was stabilized by addition of an excess of negatively charged polymer (‘encapsulating’ the nanotag/nanorod assemblies and allowing them to be more easily cleaned).
  • the assemblies were briefly cleaned to remove the majority of unbound nanorods and excess polymers, after which they were encapsulated in glass.
  • the resulting particle assemblies are shown in the TEM images of FIG. 2 .
  • the particles are observed to be quite clumpy and do not exhibit a particularly strong SERS signal at 1064 nm.
  • these particles do however have distinct and unique signatures at 785 (graph trace 302 ) and 1064 nm (graph trace 304 ), with the 1064 nm signature corresponding to the BPE reporter on the SERS nanotags and with the 785 spectrum corresponding to the SERS spectrum of the reporter SERS-817 which was added to the nanorods in an initial step.
  • this result as illustrated in FIG. 3 demonstrates that at 785 nm, photons are not reaching the inner core or inner reporter molecule. If 785 nm excitation light were reaching the core of the SERS nanotags, an intense spectrum of the BPE reporter would be present.
  • the adsorption characteristics of nanorods associated with SERS nanotags may be improved to enhance the wavelength selectivity of the resulting particles.
  • the TEM images of FIG. 4 are of a nanotag sample that was coated with nanorods (via electrostatic adsorption, as previously described). This sample however, utilized nanorods that because of the nanorod shape, size or aspect ratio are inherently better suited to blocking 785 nm excitation energy. Accordingly, as shown in FIG. 5 , the SERS nanotags of Example 3 display significantly lower SERS response at 785 nm than the original tags (See graph trace 502 ). All data in FIG. 5 was acquired at a gold concentration of 12.5 ⁇ g/mL. The observed reduction in signal is about ten times less than the unmodified tags.
  • the plasmonic properties of nanorods associated with the SERS nanotags may be stabilized prior to association with the SERS nanotags to prevent changes in the plasmonic properties caused by nanorod-nanorod interactions.
  • gold nanorods were first coated with a thin glass shell. This glass shell prevents plasmonic changes caused by aggregation or coalescence of the nanorods before or during their adsorption to the SERS nanotags. Thus, the optical properties of the gold nanorods are preserved and a much more specific wavelength response is observed.
  • the glass-coated nanorods can then be readily adsorbed directly to the SERS nanotags using electrostatic methods.
  • FIG. 6 shows Raman spectra of SERS nanotags before and after treatment with silica-coated nanorods. The SERS intensity at 785 nm versus 1064 nm is reduced by approximately 8-fold after the treatment.
  • FIG. 7 shows an SEM of the nanorod-nanotag composite particles.
  • Core-shell structures with dielectric cores surrounded by nanoscale metallic shells can be engineered to have plasmon resonances in the near-IR. See for example the Absorbance spectrum of a silica-AG core shell particle of FIG. 8 .
  • the relative dimensions of the core and shell can be designed to yield a plasmon resonance around 785 nm.
  • Such a structure would attenuate the SERS response of a SERS nanotag embedded within the structure since the plasmon resonance of the shell would prevent light from the excitation laser to reach the nanotag, and also prevent Raman scattered light from escaping. Since the plasmon resonance can be designed to absorb minimally at 1064 nm, the particle geometry can be adjusted to minimally impact the SERS signal of the nanotag at 1064 nm.
  • Molecular absorbers may be utilized to block a selected wavelength, for example either the 785 nm (or other wavelength) excitation source, or the resultant SERS emission.
  • the cross section of typical chemical absorbers will be much smaller than that of Au nanorods, thus requiring significantly more of the molecule to be present. This may, however, be advantageous as many of these molecular absorbers exhibit weak fluorescence. At high concentrations, this fluorescence can be quenched, resulting in a particle with minimal, featureless emission.
  • One method that may provide for high doping levels is to create a porous glass shell that has a very high surface area. If near IR absorbers can be physically adsorbed to the glass, the entire particle could be capped with an additional silica layer. The presence of surfactants in the glass growth process can lead to mesoporous coatings, with very high surface areas. Moreover, pseudomorphic transformation methods may allow already prepared SERS nanotags to be converted into tags with mesoporous shells. The pores may then, optionally, be capped to prevent the escape of the dye or blocking molecule.
  • an absorber can be covalently linked to the silica surface of a SERS Nanotag via a silane reagent such as 3-aminopropytrimethoxysilane (APTMS) or any other coupling agent.
  • a silane reagent such as 3-aminopropytrimethoxysilane (APTMS) or any other coupling agent.
  • ATMS 3-aminopropytrimethoxysilane
  • the molecules can be incorporated throughout the silica as thicker glass shells are formed.
  • tags may be incorporation into an ink that absorbs at the desired wavelength.
  • the data represented in FIG. 9 demonstrates that molecular absorbers can be used to mask the signal from a SERS Nanotag using 785 nm excitation, while leaving the signal from 1064 nm excitation unaltered.
  • SERS Nanotags were suspended in aqueous solutions containing no molecular absorber, and 10 and 100 ⁇ g/mL of a molecular absorber identified as IRA-800. The concentration of SERS Nanotags was the same in all cases. At 10 ⁇ g/mL of the molecular absorber, the SERS signal at 785 nm from the SERS Nanotag is not readily apparent, although weak fluorescence from the molecular absorber is observed.
  • Example 7 feature an additional glass coating done in the presence of a surfactant, CTAB, to prepare a mesoporous encapsulant as described above. Although it is difficult to determine if the glass is truly porous, as shown in FIG. 10 the coating definitely appears different than the smooth coatings that are obtained from typical SERS nanotag encapsulating processes. These pores are expected to be ⁇ 5 nm in size.
  • An alternative method to impart wavelength selectivity to a SERS nanotag is to produce enhancing tags with inherently better response at 1064 nm than at 785 nm (for example). This tuning may be accomplished by judicious choice of tag material, shape, size or degree of aggregation.
  • Molecules with absorption features near 1064 nm can provide resonance enhancement.
  • the dye IR-1048 Sigma-aldrich
  • the dye IR-27 has a maximum absorbance at 988 nm.
  • azopyridine various AZP/benzocinnoline (specifically molecules better at 1064 nm than 785 nm), Fluorophores/metal complexes, Photochromic/thermochromic molecules (spiropyrans) and others.
  • Certain examples detailed above impart wavelength selectivity to a SERS nanotag by blocking the incidence of an excitation wavelength or blocking the emission of a SERS spectrum caused by excitation at the selected wavelength.
  • the SERS signal of a SERS nanotag may be generated, but effectively masked prior to detection.
  • a molecule or material may be associated with an encapsulant which is strongly fluorescent using 785 nm excitation. SERS detection may then occur with 1064 nm excitation.
  • FIG. 11 shows two spectra obtained from a mixture containing the dye IR-140 (100 nM) and a sample of SERS tags.
  • IR-140 100 nM
  • SERS tags When excited at 785 nm a strong fluorescence emission spectrum 1102 is observed due to IR-140 and the presence of the SERS tag cannot be detected. The fluorescence effectively masks the fact that a Raman label is present.
  • the Raman spectrum from the SERS tag 1104 is detected. This result was obtained by physical mixing of the two substances.
  • a fluorescent material could be incorporated into the structure of the SERS tag.
  • Alternate read-out methods may be used to impart wavelength selectivity to SERS nanotags.
  • Raman scattering occurs on the picosecond time scale while fluorescence occurs at the fastest occurs in the nanosecond regime and other luminescent processes can be much slower. Because of this difference in temporal behavior it is possible to detect Raman scattering even when luminescence is occurring at the same wavelengths.
  • Time resolved detection can be used by exciting both Raman scattering and luminescence with pulses of light which are much shorter than the luminescent lifetime. Time-gated detection can then be used to measure the Raman scattering while rejecting most of the luminescence.
  • the amplitude of the excitation source may be modulated at high frequency. In this fashion, processes with rapid response (i.e.
  • Raman scattering follow the modulation frequency and can be detected with a frequency and phase sensitive detector. The signal from processes with slower response may be rejected by the frequency sensitive detector. Thus, material that possesses both spectrally unresolved fluorescence and Raman scattering may be used as a Raman tag.
  • Alternative methods also include using a wavelength selective SERS nanotag to mark or tag an item, substance, document or article, such that the tag may be detected at fewer interrogation frequencies than would be expected based upon the nature of the reporter molecule used with the SERS nanotag.
  • the tagging methods comprise providing a SERS active particle as described above and associating the particle with a material or object of interest.
  • the method of tagging may further include obtaining a SERS spectrum and other identification information from the particle in association with the material of interest and thereby identifying the marked object or substance. Supplemental identification information can be associated with the tag or the object, as described herein.
  • the small, robust, non-toxic, and easily-attachable nature of the particles disclosed herein allows their use for tagging virtually any desired object.
  • the tagged object can be made of solid, liquid, or gas phase material or any combination of phases.
  • the material can be a discrete solid object, such as a container, pill, or piece of jewelry, or a continuous or granular material, such as paint, ink, fuel, or extended piece of, e.g., textile, paper, or plastic, in which case the particles are typically distributed throughout the material.
  • Examples of specific materials or objects that can be tagged with the particles disclosed herein, or into which the particles can be incorporated include, but are not limited to:
  • the particles disclosed herein can be associated with the material in any way that maintains their association, at least until the particles are read. Depending upon the material to be tagged, the particles can be incorporated during production or associated with a finished product. Because they are so small, the particles are unlikely to have a detrimental effect on either the manufacturing process or the finished product.
  • the particles can be associated with or attached to the material via any chemical or physical means that does not inherently interfere with particle functionality. For example, particles can be mixed with and distributed throughout a liquid-based substance such as paint, oil, or ink and then applied to a surface. They can be wound within fibers of a textile, paper, or other fibrous or woven product, or trapped between layers of a multi-layer label.
  • the particles can be incorporated during production of a polymeric or slurried material and bound during polymerization or drying of the material. Additionally, the surfaces of the particles can be chemically derivatized with functional groups of any desired characteristic, for covalent or non-covalent attachment to the material.
  • the particles can be applied manually by, e.g., a pipette, or automatically by a pipette, spray nozzle, or the like. Particles can be applied in solution in a suitable solvent (e.g., ethanol), which then evaporates.
  • a suitable solvent e.g., ethanol
  • the particles may be applied to a document or other item in an ink or other marking material.
  • Inks include, but are not limited to flexographic ink, lithographic ink, silkscreen ink, gravure ink, bleeding ink, coin reactive ink, erasable ink, pen reactive ink, heat reactive ink, visible infrared ink, optically variable ink, and penetrating ink. photochromic ink, solvent/chemical reactive ink, thermochromic ink, and water fugitive ink.
  • a particle may also be applied in electrophotographic and ink jet printing machines and other systems including offset lithography, letterpress, gravure, heliogravure, xerography, photography, silk-screening systems, systems for imagewise deposition of discrete quantities of a marking material on a substrate surface, such as paint, chemical, and film deposition systems; and systems for integration of colorant materials in an exposed surface of a fibrous substrate, such as textile printing systems.
  • tags may be included or utilized along with the disclosed tags for a particular item or documents.
  • One such additional security feature may be a separate security ink, such as bleeding ink, coin reactive ink, erasable ink, pen reactive ink, heat reactive ink, visible infrared ink, optically variable ink, penetrating ink. photochromic ink, solvent/chemical reactive ink, thermochromic ink or water fugitive ink.
  • the tags may be applied as part of the ink, or in a separate step.
  • non-ink based security features which may be utilized in addition to the disclosed tags for document or item marking include the use of an ascending serial number (horizontal and/or vertical format), bar code and numerals, colored fibers, embedded security thread, face-back optical registration design (transparent register), foil imprints, holograms, latent impressions, micro printing, optical variable devices (OVD), planchettes, raised marks, segmented security threads, and watermarks.
  • the disclosed particles may be applied by coating an image, including but not limited to a hologram image, made with toner or ink compositions known in the art, as with an overcoat varnish, or a starch overcoat.
  • an image including but not limited to a hologram image, made with toner or ink compositions known in the art, as with an overcoat varnish, or a starch overcoat.
  • the particles may be applied to additional feature, such as the thread or the foil.
  • Single tags may be considered to represent a bit of data that may be changeable according to the methods described herein.
  • groups of distinguishable particles disclosed herein may be applied to constitute an “alphabet” and combined as words or encoded information, which may be selectively variable, or variable over time.
  • the particles disclosed herein can be identified using a conventional spectrometer, for example a Raman spectrometer.
  • a Raman spectrometer for example a Raman spectrometer.
  • one benefit of using SERS particles is the versatility of excitation sources and detection instrumentation that can be employed for Raman spectroscopy. Visible or near-IR lasers of varying sizes and configurations can be used to generate Raman spectra. Portable, handheld, and briefcase-sized instruments are commonplace.
  • more sophisticated monochromators with greater spectral resolving power allow an increase in the number of unique taggants that can be employed within a given spectral region. For example, the capability to distinguish between two Raman peaks whose maxima differ by only 3 cm ⁇ 1 is routine.
  • the excitation source and detector can be physically remote from the object being verified.
  • a suitable waveguide e.g., optical fiber
  • the excitation source and detector can be physically remote from the object being verified.
  • the nature of Raman scattering and laser-based monochromatic excitation is such that it is not necessary to place the excitation source in close proximity to the Raman-active species.
  • the particles disclosed herein are amenable for use with all known forms of Raman spectrometers, including some more recent implementations, including spatially offset Raman, Raman absorption spectrometers, instruments to measure Raman optical activity, and so forth.
  • Another characteristic of the disclosed particles is that the measurement of their spectra does not need to be strictly confined to “line of sight” detection, as with, e.g., fluorescent tags. Thus their spectrum can be acquired without removing the particles from the tagged object, provided that the material is partially transparent to both the excitation wavelength and the Raman photon. For example, water has negligible Raman activity and does not absorb visible radiation, allowing the particles disclosed herein in water to be detected.
  • the particles can also be detected when embedded in, e.g., clear plastic, paper, or certain inks.
  • the disclosed particles also allow for quantitative verification, because the signal intensity is an approximately linear function of the number of analyte molecules.
  • the measured signal intensity reflects the number or density of particles. If the particles are added at a known concentration, the measured signal intensity can be used to detect undesired dilution of liquid or granular materials.
  • SERS particles in tagged items are detected with an instrument capable of measuring inelastically scattered light and determining the identity of the SERS particles and by extension the tagged item.
  • the instrument requires an excitation source that illuminates the tagged item.
  • the inelastically scattered light from the SERS particles is collected.
  • the spectrum of scattered light is analyzed and the identity of the particles, and hence the item, is determined
  • the reader may be a Raman Spectrometer.
  • the instrument to collect and analyze the Raman spectrum (the reader) can be as small as 1 cubic millimeter and as large as 1000 cubic meters.
  • the light source used to excite the particles may be a monochromatic light from a laser operating in the solid state, in gas or in liquid.
  • the laser can be continuous or pulsed.
  • a continuous laser can have powers from 01. femtowatt up to 1 megawatt.
  • a pulsed laser can have similar total power with pulses as short as less than 1 femtosecond, and with a pulse repetition rate up to 1 terahertz.
  • multiple light sources can be used.
  • multiple separate excitation wavelengths are used to determine the presence or absence of wavelength selective particles as described above or to compensate for detectors that have low photon-to-electron conversion efficiencies in certain spectral regions, using one excitation wavelength to cover a certain portion of the Raman shift window (e.g. 100-1800 cm ⁇ 1 ), and the second to cover another (e.g. 1801-3600 cm ⁇ 1 ).
  • the light can come from an electroluminescent material such as a light emitting diode.
  • the excitation light can come from an incandescent or fluorescent light source.
  • the excitation wavelength range can be from 100 nm to 100 microns.
  • the excitation light can be spectrally filtered with discrete filters or spatially dispersing elements.
  • the monochromatic light spectral width is less than 0.5 nm. In other embodiments, the spectral width is from 0.01 nm bandwidth to 100 nm bandwidth.
  • the excitation and collected light may be steered to and from the item under interrogation with lenses, mirrors, light pipes, gratings, waveguides, optical fiber or any other component. All optical and mechanical elements can, but need not be, integrated into a single platform.
  • the excitation source and collection system are connected to the sample delivery optics with light pipes or optical fibers.
  • discrete optical elements connect the excitation source and detection element.
  • the discrete optics include lenses, mirrors or other waveguides.
  • the excitation source, the collection spectrometer or all items are made using micro-manufacturing techniques such as LIGA, molding, etching, MEMS, NEMS, lithography, photolithography, or other monolithic methods.
  • the illuminated spot from the excitation source may be larger than 100 microns in diameter. In other embodiments, the illuminated spot may be as small as 100 square nanometers and as large as 1 square meter.
  • the collected light is analyzed by a spectrometer.
  • the spectrometer uses a grating to disperse the collected light onto an area array detector, preferably a Charge Coupled Device (CCD).
  • CCD Charge Coupled Device
  • the CCD divides the spectrum into bins, with each bin corresponding to a given wavelength range.
  • the number of bins used can range from 1 bin to many thousands of bins. In one embodiment, the number of bins is more than 20.
  • the optics of the spectrometer typically has a specific spectral resolution.
  • the resolution may be less than 10 nm or between 1 nm to 4 nm. In other embodiments, the resolution is from 0.01 nm to 5000 nm.
  • the selected resolution can be 0.01 cm ⁇ 1 to 40000 cm ⁇ 1 expressed as wave numbers.
  • the method of optically separating light into bins uses any form of light dispersion with a prism, grating or any spatially dispersing element.
  • a digital micro mirror array is used to spatially disperse light.
  • Other tunable spectral filters are used including acousto-optic tunable filters, electro-optics tunable filters, liquid crystal tunable filters. Any form of scanning spectral analysis can be used as well such as Fourier Transform correlation spectroscopy.
  • a single detection element or an array of detection elements may is used. The spectrum is analyzed with discrete optical filters or with the other aforementioned spectral filtering methods
  • the detector element is a CCD or photodiode array made from silicon, InGAs, or any other semiconductor. Recently, detectors made from organic materials (e.g. conducting polymers) and from carbon-based composites have been described. In other embodiments, the detection element is any element that converts electromagnetic energy, i.e. photons into electrons or other electrical energy or thermal energy or sound energy.
  • the converted electrical energy is analyzed by an electrical circuit.
  • the circuit will typically, if required convert the analog signal from the detector to a digital signal that is stored in or analyzed by a computer.
  • the digital signal can be analyzed to determine the presence of the tag.
  • the digital signal can be a discrete signal level or a stream of signal levels corresponding to a spectrum.
  • the circuit can use analog logic elements to determine the signal level of the tag and whether the item is tagged or not.
  • the acquired spectrum is analyzed by a computer to determine the presence of the SERS particles after accounting for the presence of other materials contributing to the spectrum, i.e other inks, materials soiling etc.
  • the SERS particles with a commercially available Raman Spectrometer, such as the Delta Nu Reporter.
  • the Raman spectrometer may be controlled by a small computer in a phone or other personal data assistant.
  • the small computer may communicate with the Raman Spectrometer over a wireless connection, either blue tooth or wi-fi or other wireless protocol.
  • the small computer may receive the acquired spectrum from the Raman Spectrometer, analyzes the spectrum and identifies the item.
  • the reader system is part of another machine.
  • the reader uses a signal from the machine to start detection of the tag and perform classification all in real time.
  • the machine contains a central processor that identifies the tagged item and makes a decision on the item whether it is real or not and or whether the tag is correct.
  • the machine can be one used in the processing, issuing, sorting, counting, screening, tracking, or authentication of banknotes or currency, or for any other industrial security application, and where the tagged items could be pills, bullets, items of clothing, machine parts, software, food, beverages, or any other item to which SERS particles are applied.
  • the machine is a currency or stamp or document printing press or inkjet printer or digital printer or any other type of printing instrumentation where the reader is used for process monitoring.
  • the machine is part of a final packaging or labeling line where the taggants are checked as a final step.
  • the instrumentation or reader can perform other functions.
  • the instrument can measure both elastic and inelastic light scattering.
  • the instrument can acquire an optical image of an item as well as a spectral signature.
  • the instrument can measure a fluorescence spectrum in one spectral window and a Raman spectrum in another spectral window.
  • the spectrum can be analyzed for spectral peaks, widths, heights, and positions, numbers of peaks, ratios of peaks, or combinations thereof
  • the spectrum can be analyzed by any number of mathematical methods, including but not limited to wavelet analysis, principal component analysis, linear and non-linear regression, or combinations thereof
  • Fourier transform, Laplace transforms, Hildebrand transforms, Hadamard transforms or any other mathematical method, i.e. first to higher order derivatives, first or higher order integrals or any other analysis, can be used to manipulate the spectral information.
  • All of the above methods can be used to remove any interfering or extraneous or unwanted signals, including but not limited to (a) standard interferences, including but not limited to daylight, impurities, paper, ink, thread, fiber, metal, liquids, solids, solvents, moisture, (b) use-related signals, including that from dirt, stains (e.g. coffee, beer, skin fluids), dust, charcoal, trace drugs (e.g. cocaine), and (c) interfering optical signals, including but not limited to fluorescence, luminescence, absorbance, scattering, phosphorescence, and chemiluminescence.
  • standard interferences including but not limited to daylight, impurities, paper, ink, thread, fiber, metal, liquids, solids, solvents, moisture
  • use-related signals including that from dirt, stains (e.g. coffee, beer, skin fluids), dust, charcoal, trace drugs (e.g. cocaine)
  • interfering optical signals including but not limited to fluorescence, luminescence, absorbance, scattering,
  • wavelength selective SERS particles are used on their own or in combinations to make codes.
  • Tag and their combinations are organized in a database which can be correlated to products, lot numbers or other attributes.
  • Libraries of know tag spectra can be used to find the wanted tag spectra. Libraries can include all other compounds, spoofs or any other anticipated material.
  • Backgrounds and other components can be separated using the same methods. Backgrounds and other contaminants can be modeled synthetically by using a polynomial or other mathematical function, rolling circle subtraction and spectral filtering
  • the database information can be stored on the detection device or stored on a remote computer.
  • the remote computer could be part of a cellular phone or other mobile device that is linked to a single or multiple instruments.
  • the remote computer could be a personal computer, laptop, or central computing cloud that communicates with a range of instruments, from 1 to 2 million, over the internet connection or other communication protocol.
  • the instruments and computers can be linked through a wireless network
  • attributes of the SERS particles can be used to determine the identity of a marked item. These attributes include the amount of material and the quality of the spectrum, the amount of the material relative to another material, the spectra relative to other spectra.
  • the classification of a code or combination of SERS particles can be performed using statistical methods, such as Bayesian methods. These methods can be used to assign probabilities that the sample contains the code. In other methods a threshold is set for an attribute.

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US20150160136A1 (en) 2015-06-11
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DK2550513T3 (en) 2017-03-13

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