US20120282189A1 - Improved Medicinal Aerosol Formulations - Google Patents

Improved Medicinal Aerosol Formulations Download PDF

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US20120282189A1
US20120282189A1 US13/503,245 US201013503245A US2012282189A1 US 20120282189 A1 US20120282189 A1 US 20120282189A1 US 201013503245 A US201013503245 A US 201013503245A US 2012282189 A1 US2012282189 A1 US 2012282189A1
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weight
suspension formulation
formulation
propellant
medicinal aerosol
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Rudi Mueller-Walz
Lise-Marie Fueg
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Jagotec AG
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/56—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids
    • A61K31/58—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids containing heterocyclic rings, e.g. danazol, stanozolol, pancuronium or digitogenin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/13—Amines
    • A61K31/135—Amines having aromatic rings, e.g. ketamine, nortriptyline
    • A61K31/137—Arylalkylamines, e.g. amphetamine, epinephrine, salbutamol, ephedrine or methadone
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/16—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids
    • A61K31/165—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids having aromatic rings, e.g. colchicine, atenolol, progabide
    • A61K31/167—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids having aromatic rings, e.g. colchicine, atenolol, progabide having the nitrogen of a carboxamide group directly attached to the aromatic ring, e.g. lidocaine, paracetamol
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/56—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
    • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
    • A61K47/08—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing oxygen, e.g. ethers, acetals, ketones, quinones, aldehydes, peroxides
    • A61K47/10—Alcohols; Phenols; Salts thereof, e.g. glycerol; Polyethylene glycols [PEG]; Poloxamers; PEG/POE alkyl ethers
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
    • A61K47/22—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. ascorbic acid, tocopherol or pyrrolidones
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/007—Pulmonary tract; Aromatherapy
    • A61K9/0073—Sprays or powders for inhalation; Aerolised or nebulised preparations generated by other means than thermal energy
    • A61K9/008—Sprays or powders for inhalation; Aerolised or nebulised preparations generated by other means than thermal energy comprising drug dissolved or suspended in liquid propellant for inhalation via a pressurized metered dose inhaler [MDI]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/10—Dispersions; Emulsions
    • A61K9/12—Aerosols; Foams
    • A61K9/124—Aerosols; Foams characterised by the propellant
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
    • A61P11/02—Nasal agents, e.g. decongestants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
    • A61P11/06—Antiasthmatics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
    • A61P11/08—Bronchodilators
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
    • A61P11/14—Antitussive agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/02—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for peripheral neuropathies
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A61P37/08—Antiallergic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to medicinal aerosol formulations for use with pressurised metered dose inhalers (abbreviated pMDI or MDI), and especially improved medicinal aerosol formulations suitable for aerosol administration.
  • pMDI pressurised metered dose inhalers
  • Drugs for the treatment of respiratory diseases and disorders are frequently administered directly to the lungs via inhalation.
  • Administration via inhalation can increase the therapeutic index and reduce side effects of the drugs compared to administration by other routes, such as orally or intravenously.
  • Administration by inhalation can be in the form of either dry powders or aerosol formulations which are inhaled by the patient either through use of an inhalation device or as a spray.
  • MDIs are known devices for the administration of aerosol medicinal formulations to the respiratory tract through inhalation by the patient.
  • the term MDI is used to describe a metered dose inhaler, of which a standard unit comprises a canister filled with the medicinal formulation, a drug metering valve and a mouthpiece.
  • the MDI may be selectively activated by the user to deliver successive individual doses of drug by actuation of the metering valve, such that an accurately metered dose of the formulation is expelled via the actuator mouthpiece for delivery into the patient's respiratory tract.
  • MDI formulations are an advantageous delivery method for many reasons, including that they deliver the drug instantaneously and do not rely on the inhalation capacity of the user. This is particularly important when considering the type of condition to be treated with the drug, such as an asthma attack. Since MDI devices usually contain a sufficient amount of the medicinal formulation for multiple unit doses, it is important that the formulation is such that it may be successfully and repeatedly used with a MDI device. The formulation must be delivered in a reliable manner and in the correctly calculated dose. The formulation must also comply with the requirements for pharmaceutical quality, stability and robustness set out by regulatory bodies.
  • MDIs typically use a propellant to expel droplets or particles of the formulation as an aerosol, containing the drug, to the respiratory tract.
  • the propellant gases used were fluorochlorohydrocarbons which are commonly called Freons or CFCs, such as CCl 3 F (Freon 11 or CFC-11), CCl 2 F 2 (Freon 12 of CFC-12), and CCClF 2 -CClF 2 (Freon 114 of CFC-114).
  • CFCs fluorochlorohydrocarbons which are commonly called Freons or CFCs
  • CCl 3 F Freon 11 or CFC-11
  • CCl 2 F 2 Freon 12 of CFC-12
  • CCClF 2 -CClF 2 Freon 114 of CFC-114
  • Hydrofluoroalkanes also known as hydro-fluorocarbons (HFCs)
  • HFCs hydro-fluorocarbons
  • HFA 134a 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane
  • HFA 227 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane
  • Formulations administered via MDIs can be in the form of solutions or suspensions.
  • suspension formulations the drug is manufactured as a fine particle powder which is then suspended in a liquefied propellant or propellant blend.
  • the suspension formulation can be stored in a sealed canister with sufficient pressure to maintain the propellant in liquid form.
  • the vapour pressure for a HFA227 formulation may typically be around 1.96 bar at 0° C., 3.90 bar at 20° C. and 7.03 bar at 40° C.
  • the drug is solubilised in the liquefied propellant phase. When the metering valve is actuated, a dose is delivered in rapidly deployed fine droplets.
  • Suspension formulations are usually preferred because of generally improved chemical stability of the suspended particles in comparison to solubilised drugs. Stability problems associated with the chemical degradation of solubilised drug compounds are known in the art.
  • the particle size of the deployed aerosol must be small enough that it can be inhaled into the lungs of the users, be that a grown adult, child or elderly/infirm person. Therefore, the particles of the suspension formulation need to be microfine with a mean aerodynamic particle diameter (measured as Mass Median Aerodynamic Diameter (MMAD)) of about 1 to 10 ⁇ m, and preferably 1 to 6 ⁇ m. Micronised particles of this size can be obtained by various methods known in the art, for example mechanical grinding or spray drying.
  • MMAD Mass Median Aerodynamic Diameter
  • the amount of active drug deployed in fine, inhalable particles is called the fine particle dose (FPD) or the fine particle fraction (FPF), which is defined as the percentage of the fine particle dose relative to the total amount of released active compound. Both are determined by the measurement of the aerodynamic particle size distribution with a cascade impactor or liquid impingers. These are routine tests for which the methods and apparatus are described in the pharmacopoeias. For example, formulations of the present invention meet the requirement set out in Chapter ⁇ 601> of the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) 32 or in the inhalants monograph 2.9.18 of the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.), 6 th edition 2009.
  • Microfine particles for use in suspension formulations do, however, have some associated drawbacks. They have a large surface area and therefore an unfavourable ratio of surface area to volume or mass. This ratio results in strong interaction forces between the particles and undesirable powder cohesion and adhesion tendencies. This in turn can lead to difficult handling due to poor flow rate of the powdered drug during manufacture and poor suspension properties of the MDI formulation. Such powders are therefore difficult to formulate for use with a MDI device, difficult to handle and are strongly influenced by electrostatic charge, processing methods, humidity, etc.
  • Formoterol fumarate dihydrate (hereafter called formoterol) is a long acting ⁇ 2 -agonist bronchodilator ( ⁇ -sympathomimetic) commonly used for the relief of asthma symptoms.
  • Fluticasone propionate (hereafter called fluticasone) is a potent synthetic corticosteroid which is also often prescribed as a treatment for asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and allergic rhinitis. Both are examples of drugs which can be individually delivered via a MDI product.
  • Formoterol and fluticasone are each notoriously difficult compounds to be formulated for use with MDIs.
  • One reason for this is because the potency of these drugs means that only a very small dose should be delivered in each case and the concentration of the drug within the HFA formulation is therefore very low. This exacerbates the problems highlighted above with regard to the manufacture of the aerosol formulation and the pharmaceutical quality, stability and robustness of the aerosol formulation, as required by the regulatory authorities, can therefore be compromised.
  • Robustness of the formulation may be determined when handled by the patient, under different conditions of use, upon prolonged storage or upon storage under stress conditions (e.g. freeze-thaw cycles). Due to the low concentration of drug present within the formulation, fluctuations in the local homogeneity of the drug suspended in the propellant (i.e., in a volume range of about 50 ⁇ L) can result in deviation in the delivered dose.
  • HFA formulations are particularly a problem when bronchodilator ⁇ 2 -agonists, such as formoterol, are used owing to their susceptibility to oxidative and hydrolytic conditions.
  • Hydrolysis is one of the major identified factors affecting degradation of formoterol under stress conditions (e.g. 40° C./75% relative humidity) because such formulations are usually sensitive to moisture and are susceptible to the ingress of moisture from the surrounding air.
  • This reduction may be caused by strong adsorption of drug particles to internal surfaces of the container closure system (canister and metering valve) and by agglomeration of microfine particles as a result of imperfect suspension stability. It is found that water molecules, which may accumulate in the MDI formulation during long term storage and use, are particularly detrimental to the suspension since they interact with the polar drug particles and result in a stronger binding between the particles.
  • Cromolyn sodium is an excellent internal moisture scavenger and a suspension enabler. It has been used for administration via the inhalation route and has been demonstrated to be clinically safe. However, it has been shown that cromolyn sodium itself has a biological pharmacological effect and so its use in the HFA formulations described above has previously been avoided so that an effect over and above that of the fluticasone and formoterol is not seen.
  • the type of propellant used also has an effect on the actuation of the metered dose inhaler.
  • the use of HFA propellants instead of CFC propellants has led to a further problem with the fine particles of suspended drug. This is because the HFA propellants have a higher polarity than the CFC propellants previously used, which causes the HFA suspension formulations to be comparatively more susceptible to physical stability problems.
  • active agents When active agents are used that have a density lower than that of the liquid in which they are placed then they have a tendency to float and cream which can lead to an irregularity in the dosage delivered.
  • the drugs also frequently adhere to the inside surface of the device and the dosage mechanism.
  • This deposition on the walls of the metering valve has been found to be significantly increased compared to the CFC propellant. This deposition can lead to a reduction in the actual dose dispensed. This adherence can also lead to the device failing owing to a clogging of the internal mechanisms of the canister or blockage of the metering valve.
  • Coating the internal surfaces of the containers to prevent adsorption also causes problems with regard to the use of certain metals for the canister.
  • the most commonly used metals for the canister are aluminum alloys.
  • the plastics coating must undergo heat treatment in order to be cured which results in the strength of the container being compromised because the metal canister layer becomes softer and malleable from the heat.
  • the plastics coating material itself can also lead to contamination of the medicinal formulation because there is the potential for leachable compounds to find their way into the formulation contained within the canister. Such leachable compounds can lead to degradation of the drug compound within the medicinal formulation and a less effective and less robust product. The shelf-life of the product may also be compromised with degradation of the active ingredients upon storage.
  • the present application seeks to alleviate at east some of the aforementioned problems with the prior art.
  • a first aspect of the present invention is directed to a medicinal aerosol suspension formulation for MDI administration, comprising (a) a micronised ⁇ 2 -agonist, (b) a micronised corticosteroid, (c) a sub-therapeutic quantity of a moisture-scavenger excipient, and (d) a HFA propellant wherein (a), (b) and (c) and their respective relative amounts are selected such that they associate to form floccules having a density substantially the same as that of the HFA propellant.
  • floccules also known as flocs, flocculi or flocculates.
  • Floccules comprise a loosely held mass or aggregation of discrete fine particles held together in a network-like fragile structure, suspended in solution.
  • the aggregates formed by the floccules tend to break up easily under the application of small amounts of sheer stress, such as gentle agitation of the canister, and reform an extended network of particles after the force is removed.
  • Flocculation therefore, imparts a structure to the suspension with virtually no increase in viscosity.
  • the floccules will settle rapidly, usually to a high sediment volume and may be easily re-suspended even after standing for prolonged periods of storage, for example after 3, 6, 9 or 12, 18 months or longer.
  • the floccules of the present formulation have a density to match that of the density of the propellant in which they are placed. This gives the floccules the ability to remain in suspension without the tendency to cream, float or sink.
  • the suspension formulation of the present invention may therefore remain in a viable formulation for an extended period of time and results in a robust product with an extended shelf life and improved reliability of the end product.
  • the tendency to faun these floccules may provide enhanced uniformity in the suspension and less fluctuation in the local homogeneity which then results in a product which may have reduced deviation in the delivered dose.
  • the floccules afford an increased stability to the suspension formulation.
  • This increased stability of the suspension means that the ingredients associate together in preference to associating with the internal surfaces of the canister or metering valve of the inhaler. Therefore there is a reduced tendency to adhere to the inside of the container or the metering valve of the canister through which the suspension formulation must pass. This may lead to an increase in the reliability of the delivered dose.
  • suspension formulations especially MDI suspension formulations using HFA propellants are inherently physically unstable.
  • the formulations form two phases, a liquid propellant phase and a suspended particulate phase, which segregate as a result of gravitational force.
  • areas having different concentrations of suspended particles may also exist as a result of small temperature fluctuations inside the canister which leads to thermal motion of particles.
  • the tendency of formulations according to the present invention to associate to form floccules results in all the active ingredients remaining associated right up until the moment they are dispensed from the MDI and enter the patient's respiratory system. This provides for a formulation with an improved quality and improved ability to adhere to a calculated dose.
  • HFA propellant is HFA 227.
  • HFA 227 is an inert propellant with low toxicity and is suitable for use in metered-dose inhalers.
  • HFA 227 propellant, when combined with a small amount of ethanol to form the liquid propellant phase has a calculated density, over a range of temperatures, as follows:
  • the average density of the floccules (comprising the micronised ⁇ 2 -agonist, micronised corticosteroid and moisture-scavenger excipient) is substantially the same as the density of the propellant ⁇ 0.2 g/cm 3 , preferably ⁇ 0.1 gcm 3 , more preferably ⁇ 0.05 g/cm 3 of the propellant.
  • the average density of the floccules may be calculated using any standard technique, for example by determining the true particle density of each solid component by helium pycnometry.
  • the density of the floccules may therefore substantially match that of the density of the propellant over a range of temperatures of 10° C. to 30° C. under which a MDI would usually be operated by a user.
  • the corticosteroid is fluticasone propionate or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the corticosteroid is advantageously present in an amount of 0.01-0.6% by weight; preferably between 0.02-0.5% by weight; and more preferably 0.03-0.4% by weight, based on the total weight of the formulation. This is the advantageous amount in order to be effective in use and also to form the correct density of floccules for suspension in the propellant.
  • the corticosteroid preferably has a defined particle size of less than 10 ⁇ m for 100%, less than 6 ⁇ m for 90%, less than 3 ⁇ m for 50%, and less than 2 ⁇ m for 10% of the particles.
  • the ⁇ 2 -agonist is formoterol fumarate dihydrate or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or derivative thereof.
  • the ⁇ 2 -agonist is preferably present in an amount of 0.003-0.04% by weight; preferably 0.004-0.03% by weight; and more preferably 0.005-0.02% by weight, based on the total weight of the formulation.
  • formoterol fumarate dihydrate may be employed in an amount of 0.003-0.008% by weight, based on the total weight of the formulation.
  • formoterol fumarate dihydrate may be employed in an amount of 0.01-0.04% by weight, based on the total weight of the formulation.
  • this is the advantageous amount of ⁇ 2 -agonist in order to be able to be effective in use and also to form the correct density of floccules for suspension in the propellant.
  • the ⁇ 2 -agonist preferably has a defined particle size of less than 10 ⁇ m for 100%, less than 6 ⁇ m for 90%, less than 3 ⁇ m for 50%, and less than 2 ⁇ m for 10% of the particles.
  • the moisture scavenger excipient is sodium cromolyn (DSCG) and is advantageously present at sub-therapeutic levels such that it does not exert a biological effect itself and is pharmaceutically inactive.
  • the moisture scavenger is therefore suitably present in an amount of 0.01-0.1% by weight; preferably 0.016-0.09% by weight; more preferably 0.02-0.08% by weight; more preferably 0.025-0.07% by weight; more preferably 0.03-0.05% by weight; more preferably 0.03-0.04% by weight, based on the total weight of the formulation.
  • the moisture scavenger preferably has a defined particle size of less than 10 ⁇ m for 100%, less than 6 ⁇ m for 90%, less than 3 ⁇ m for 50%, and less than 2 ⁇ m for 10% of the particles.
  • DSCG is an excellent suspension enabling agent when used in formulations including a HFA propellant.
  • DSCG itself consists of particles which encourage and allow the formation of heterogeneous floccules with the active agents.
  • DSCG acts to aid stabilisation of the formulation, particularly against hydrolysis by competitive water absorption.
  • DSCG exists as a single crystal form that is non-stoichiometric with regard to water content and adsorbs or desorbs water rapidly in response to changes in relative humidity.
  • DSCG crystals are universal in the extent of reversible water absorption without collapse of the crystal lattice and can absorb up to 9 molecules of water per mol, which is about 24% w/w.
  • the crystal structure analysis by X-ray diffraction reveals the existence of channels that are capable of reversibly accommodating a variable number of water molecules (depending on the ambient relative humidity) with only small dimensional changes within the lattice.
  • DSCG is not deliquescent (like, for example, sodium sulphate) but is solid in the range of 10 to 90% r.h.
  • DSCG acts to stabilize the fine particle fraction (FPF) in the formulation by competitively binding free (i.e. molecular dissolved) water present within the propellant phase.
  • there is a reduced tendency to adhere to surfaces which allows the medicinal formulation to be used with an uncoated canister instead of a canister which has its internal surfaces coated with a polymer.
  • the medicinal aerosol suspension formulation further comprises a wetting agent; more preferably the wetting agent is a dehydrated alcohol; and most preferably the wetting agent is ethanol which may be present in an amount of 0.01-3% by weight; preferably 0.05-2.5% by weight; and more preferably 1.0-2.0% by weight, based on the total weight of the formulation.
  • a wetting agent more preferably the wetting agent is a dehydrated alcohol; and most preferably the wetting agent is ethanol which may be present in an amount of 0.01-3% by weight; preferably 0.05-2.5% by weight; and more preferably 1.0-2.0% by weight, based on the total weight of the formulation.
  • a wetting agent facilitates the wetting of the active agents within the liquefied propellant and thus the suspension manufacture such that the active agents do not become partially solubilised.
  • the addition of such agents requires a delicate balancing act between allowing the active agents to become wetted without being partially solubilised and causing them to be partially solubilised such that Ostwald ripening, particle growth and, eventually, stability failures occur.
  • Ethanol can be added in small quantities as it also helps to prevent the deposition of the active agents on the walls of the canisters and mechanical parts.
  • the formulation of the present invention therefore comprises as pharmaceutically active ingredients formoterol and fluticasone and as pharmaceutically inactive ingredients sodium cromolyn, HFA 227 and ethanol.
  • a further aspect of the present invention is directed to a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising, 0.01-0.6% by weight of micronised corticosteroid; 0.003-0.04% by weight of micronised ⁇ 2 -agonist; and 0.01-0.1% by weight of sodium cromolyn.
  • the corticosteroid is micronised fluticasone propionate.
  • the ⁇ 2 -agonist is micronised formoterol fumarate dihydrate.
  • the pharmaceutical composition further comprises a wetting agent, more preferably the wetting agent is a dehydrated alcohol, most preferably ethanol.
  • the wetting agent is present in an amount of 0.01-3% by weight; preferably 0.05-2.5% by weight; and more preferably 1.0-2.0% by weight, based on the total weight of the formulation.
  • a further aspect of the present invention is directed to a pharmaceutical suspension formulation comprising about 0.003-0.04% formoterol fumarate dihydrate, about 0.01-0.06% fluticasone propionate, about 0.01-0.1% suspension agent and about 0.01-3% dehydrated alcohol.
  • the suspension agent is sodium cromolyn (DCSG) which also allows the active agents to remain in the suspension state for a prolonged period of time. This improves the shelf-life of the product as it can be effective for a longer time after production.
  • DCSG sodium cromolyn
  • DSCG acts as a ‘bulking agent’, since its use increases the concentration of particles suspended in the formulation, therefore minimising inherent concentration changes in the suspension without the need for the addition of other excipients.
  • DSCG also provides the usual benefits of bulking agents, namely affording the preparation of a more homogeneous suspension, which leads to improved accuracy of the dose.
  • a further aspect of the present invention is directed to a product containing formoterol fumarate dihydrate, fluticasone propionate and sodium cromolyn as a combined preparation for separate, sequential or simultaneous use in the treatment of inflammation and preferably for the treatment of asthma and allergic rhinitis.
  • a further aspect of the present invention is directed to the use of sodium cromolyn in the preparation of a pharmaceutical suspension formulation in HFA propellant comprising fluticasone propionate and formoterol fumarate dihydrate microparticles for forming floccules of fluticasone propionate, formoterol fumarate dihydrate and sodium cromolyn having a density substantially the same as that of the HFA propellant.
  • a pharmaceutical suspension formulation in HFA propellant comprising 0.01 to 0.6% fluticasone propionate and 0.003 to 0.04% of formoterol fumarate dihydrate microparticles for forming floccules of fluticasone propionate, formoterol fumarate dihydrate and sodium cromolyn having a density substantially the same as that of the HFA propellant.
  • the average density of the floccules is substantially the same as the density of the HFA propellant ⁇ 0.2 g/cm 3 preferably ⁇ 0. 1 gcm 3 , more preferably ⁇ 0.05 g/cm 3 of the propellant.
  • the pharmaceutical suspension formulation additionally comprises a wetting agent, preferably a dehydrated alcohol, preferably ethanol.
  • a wetting agent preferably a dehydrated alcohol, preferably ethanol.
  • a method of increasing the stability of a medicinal aerosol suspension formulation of a micronised ⁇ 2 -agonist and a micronised corticosteroid in HFA propellant over a prolonged period of storage comprising the addition of a sub-therapeutic amount of sodium cromoglycate, wherein the respective relative amounts of the micronised ⁇ 2 -agonist, micronised corticosteroid and sodium cromoglycate are selected such that they associate to form floccules having a density substantially the same as that of the HFA propellant.
  • the prolonged storage is for 3, 6, 9, 12 or 18 months.
  • the water content of the suspension formulation after prolonged storage is in the range of 500 ppm to 800 ppm, preferably 600 ppm to 700 ppm.
  • FIG. 1 Aerodynamic particle size distribution for fluticasone and formoterol.
  • FIG. 2 Photographs of Suspension in Glass Vials at Different Time Points after Shaking.
  • the density of the liquid phase was determined based on the thermodynamic laws on ideal mixtures. However, in practice the liquid mixtures are likely to behave as non-ideal mixtures and the “true” densities may be slightly different to the calculated values.
  • the average density of the floccules was determined by measuring the true particle density of each solid component by helium pycometry.
  • each batch was 3.3 kg (approximately 300 units).
  • Ethanol 96.5% w/w (97.75% v/v) was used to challenge the formulation with a water level which was about similar to the amount contained in the formulation at the end of the envisaged shelf-life.
  • the water content of all raw materials except HFA 227 was determined by Karl-Fischer analysis prior to preparation of the suspension.
  • micronised active substances were weighed and transferred into the batching vessel.
  • the appropriate amount of sodium cromolyn, (DSCG) was added and the vessel closed.
  • the propellant mixture of HFA 227 (apaflurane) with 1.45% alcohol was made in a separate vessel and transferred into the batching vessel.
  • the solid materials were dispersed in the liquefied propellant by use of a rotor-stator homogenizer at 2900 rpm for 30 min. The homogeneous bulk suspension was cooled to 4° C., and re-circulated between the vessel and the Pamasol aerosol filling machine P2001.
  • Glass vials were filled in addition to the above canisters with the fluticasone/fomoterol formulations of Batch 1 and Batch 2 HFA-MDI to assess suspension stability visually and by time lapse photography, see FIG. 2 .
  • the glass vials were shaken and photographs were taken 15 seconds, 30 seconds, 45 seconds, 1 minute, 1 minute 30 seconds, 2 minutes, 3 minutes, 5 minutes and 2 hours after this agitation.
  • Table 7 shows the water content of the batches when ethanol 96.5% w/w was included in the formulation, thereby adding 500 ppm to the formulation in addition to the moisture typically present due to the manufacture process itself.
  • the slightly higher value for Batch 1 may have been due to the presence of DCSG.
  • the water level found in the two batches is that as would typically be expected after long-term storage of the product or after shorter term storage in humid conditions (e.g., 75% RH or higher).
  • Table 8 shows the results of testing dose delivery from 10 inhalers for each Batch.
  • the inclusion of DCSG within the formulation is shown to deliver a higher dose of both drugs (e.g. 92% with DCSG in comparison to 79% without for fluticasone).
  • FIG. 1 shows the aerodynamic particle size distribution results of tests performed on five inhalers for each batch. Similar to the dose delivery results in Tables 4 and 5, less fluticasone and formoterol were delivered from the actuator for Batch 2 in comparison to Batch 1.
  • FIG. 2 shows the results of time-lapse photography for glass vials containing formulations of the two batches. The glass vials were also visually examined and the following differences in suspension stability were found.
  • Batch 1 (with DSCG) exhibited large loose floccules soon after cessation of agitation (this result was different from that seen when the formulation is not challenged with water) while Batch 2 (without DSCG) remained more disperse and more homogeneous.
  • Fluticasone/formoterol formulation with DSCG (Batch 1) floccules more rapidly than the same formulation when not challenged by additional water, but remained homogeneous long enough to provide a satisfactory and consistent dose uniformity.
  • the formulation without DSCG prepared for comparison (Batch 2) creamed rapidly and resulted in drug deposition on the glass vial surface at the liquid-gas interface.
  • Fine particle dose [ ⁇ g, 2 102 (8.5%) 79.7 83.7 80.0 86.0 102.7 73.4 actuations] Fine particle fraction [% 52.0 46.1 43.7 43.3 42.2 54.3 42.2 based on delivered dose] Fine particle fraction [% 48.5 40.2 40.4 39.1 39.7 44.7 n.d. based on metered dose]
  • Formoterol Delivered dose [ ⁇ g, 2 9.5 (5.1%) 8.6 9.5 9.8 10.5 8.4 7.9 actuations] Metered dose [ ⁇ g, 2 10.9 (5.3%) 11.5 11.3 12.7 12.5 10.5 n.d.
  • Fine particle dose [ ⁇ g, 2 5.6 (8.3%) 5.3 5.7 5.6 6.0 5.4 3.8 actuations] Fine particle fraction [% 58.4 61.6 60.0 56.4 57.2 63.6 48.6 based on delivered dose] Fine particle fraction [% 51.1 46.0 50.6 43.6 47.8 51.3 n.d. based on metered dose]

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