US20120231739A1 - Cooperative communications in cellular networks - Google Patents

Cooperative communications in cellular networks Download PDF

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Publication number
US20120231739A1
US20120231739A1 US13/511,185 US200913511185A US2012231739A1 US 20120231739 A1 US20120231739 A1 US 20120231739A1 US 200913511185 A US200913511185 A US 200913511185A US 2012231739 A1 US2012231739 A1 US 2012231739A1
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mobile station
cluster
station
mobile
mobile stations
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Yu Chen
Bijun Zhang
Thorsten Wild
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Alcatel Lucent SAS
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/06—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
    • H04B7/0686—Hybrid systems, i.e. switching and simultaneous transmission
    • H04B7/0689—Hybrid systems, i.e. switching and simultaneous transmission using different transmission schemes, at least one of them being a diversity transmission scheme
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/022—Site diversity; Macro-diversity
    • H04B7/026—Co-operative diversity, e.g. using fixed or mobile stations as relays
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/0413—MIMO systems
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/08—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the receiving station
    • H04B7/0837—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the receiving station using pre-detection combining
    • H04B7/0842—Weighted combining
    • H04B7/086—Weighted combining using weights depending on external parameters, e.g. direction of arrival [DOA], predetermined weights or beamforming
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L25/00—Baseband systems
    • H04L25/02—Details ; arrangements for supplying electrical power along data transmission lines
    • H04L25/0202—Channel estimation
    • H04L25/0224—Channel estimation using sounding signals
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L25/00—Baseband systems
    • H04L25/02—Details ; arrangements for supplying electrical power along data transmission lines
    • H04L25/03—Shaping networks in transmitter or receiver, e.g. adaptive shaping networks
    • H04L25/03006—Arrangements for removing intersymbol interference
    • H04L25/03343—Arrangements at the transmitter end
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
    • H04L27/26—Systems using multi-frequency codes
    • H04L27/2601—Multicarrier modulation systems
    • H04L27/2647—Arrangements specific to the receiver only
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
    • H04L5/003—Arrangements for allocating sub-channels of the transmission path
    • H04L5/0032—Distributed allocation, i.e. involving a plurality of allocating devices, each making partial allocation
    • H04L5/0035—Resource allocation in a cooperative multipoint environment
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W56/00—Synchronisation arrangements
    • H04W56/001—Synchronization between nodes

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the field of telecommunications, and, more specifically, to cooperative communications between mobile stations adapted to perform wireless communications with at least one base station.
  • the basic concept of cooperative communications is that two or more nodes, e.g. mobile terminals, may relay data mutually, the cooperative communications between the mobile terminals, being typically based on an air interface relay.
  • the data received from the relay node may be taken as if transmitted from another base station.
  • cooperative communications may cause security issues as, typically, it is assumed that there is no restriction of partnership between the cooperating mobile terminals.
  • the wireless system typically has to allocate twice the resources, namely one time for the communication of the base station with the mobile station(s), and a second time for the communications between the mobile stations.
  • cooperative communications operate at the cost of high occupation of resources.
  • the spectral efficiency, the cell border throughput, and the range of cells in a cellular mobile communications system depend on the number of antennas at both ends of a wireless link between base station and mobile station. More antennas in the link allow for better capabilities in increasing the quality of the useful signal and suppressing unwanted signals (interference). However, the number of antennas of the mobile terminals is limited due to form factor, cost of RF chains, etc.
  • the present invention is directed to addressing the effects of one or more of the problems set forth above.
  • the following presents a simplified summary of the invention in order to provide a basic understanding of some aspects of the invention. This summary is not an exhaustive overview of the invention. It is not intended to identify key or critical elements of the invention or to delineate the scope of the invention. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is discussed later.
  • One aspect of the invention relates to a method for communications in a cellular network comprising a plurality of mobile stations adapted for performing wireless communications with at least one base station using a first transmission technology, the method comprising: forming a cooperating cluster comprising two or more of the mobile stations, and performing short-range communications between the mobile stations of the cooperating cluster using a second transmission technology being different from the first transmission technology for improving, for at least one mobile station of the cluster, the performance of the wireless communications with the base station, preferably by using MIMO techniques for at least one of interference suppression and cancellation, in particular using at least one of transmit pre-coding for uplink transmissions and receive antenna weighting for downlink reception.
  • the present inventors propose to use the built-in capabilities of some of today's mobile devices to perform short-range communications using a transmission technology which is different from the transmission technology for communicating with the base station in order to improve the performance of the communications of the mobile stations with the base station.
  • a cooperating cluster of mobile stations is formed, allowing to exchange data as well as channel state information between the mobile stations of the cluster without the need of allocating additional resources which have to be provided by the first transmission technology.
  • MIMO techniques in particular (linear) pre-coding and spatial multiplexing, the problem that only a limited number of antennas can be deployed in a single mobile station can be mitigated.
  • the transmission technology for the short-range communications may be a wireless or wire-line technology (cabling).
  • the communications may be performed using an out-of-band frequency range, i.e. in a frequency range being different from that used for communications with the base station.
  • technologies such as Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN 802.11x) technology or Bluetooth technology may be used.
  • WLAN 802.11x Wireless Local Area Network
  • Bluetooth technology may be used.
  • overlay technology which may cover the frequency range used for the communication with the base station, such as Ultra Wide Band technology.
  • At least one mobile station requests cooperation with (i.e. sends a cooperation request to) at least one further mobile station, the further mobile station accepting or rejecting the request, preferably based on at least one of an approval or disapproval of a user of the further mobile station, a battery status of the further mobile station, or a velocity of the further mobile station.
  • a user who has turned on the clustering option may benefit for its own data transmission/reception from the cluster but also has to help other users by assisting the communications within the cluster.
  • a further step for reducing the battery power consumption may be to reduce the processing of assisting mobiles only to a required minimum. This can be done by informing the assisting mobiles in the cluster via short-range communications when they have to “wake up” for processing.
  • the mobile stations may relatively quickly leave the range in which short-range transmissions with the other mobile stations of the cluster are possible, such that the number of mobiles in the cluster may vary rapidly.
  • mobile stations which have a velocity which exceeds a certain level should typically not be allowed to join the cluster.
  • the short-range communications may be performed using a cooperation protocol defirting one mobile station of the cluster as a master station, and at least one further mobile station of the cluster as a slave station.
  • the assignment master/slave may depend on the contents which are transmitted in the cluster. For instance, in an application such as Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services (MBMS) for distributing a plurality of Mobile TV channels, one mobile station may be a master station for a certain channel, and for another channel, the same mobile station may be a slave station.
  • MBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services
  • a dedicated cooperation protocol may be used, e.g., for configuring the physical layer of the slave terminal, in particular the resource blocks received and the Modulation and Coding Schemes (MCS).
  • MCS Modulation and Coding Schemes
  • the benefits are considerable, as in general, the capacity can be doubled, as the received SNR may improve by several dB in the multi-path channel, thus allowing to speed up the communications. This may also be advantageously used for long-distance communications (possibly leading to significant coverage extension).
  • mobile stations at the cell edge will also be able to receive enhanced layer (High definition) Mobile TV when a scalable codec is used.
  • the second transmission technology is implemented using the same transceiver (e.g. when an overlay technology such as UWB is used) or cabling, the mobile station needs only one transceiver, but enjoys the performance of a dual receiver.
  • the antennas may have some correlation which may undermine the channel capacity.
  • One benefit of using antennas of different mobile stations for the reception is that the mutual distance of the antennas will be at least several tens of the wavelength, such that the antennas will become decorrelated.
  • the short-range communications are performed for transmitting at least one of data, channel state information, and antenna weights from at least one mobile station of the cluster to at least one further mobile station of the cluster, the data being preferably transmitted in the form of time-domain IQ samples, frequency domain IQ samples, soft bits, or decoded data.
  • all data intended for one mobile station may be collected by the whole cluster, i.e. by all mobile stations of the cluster. Then, this information has to be transported via short-range mobile-to-mobile communications to the targeted mobile station.
  • the targeted mobile station may treat this information as just having extra antenna branches, doing channel estimation, demodulating the symbols, combining the antennas using MIMO receive algorithms, e.g. Minimum Mean-Square Error (MMSE) reception, optionally with successive interference cancellation, and decoding of the received data.
  • MIMO receive algorithms e.g. Minimum Mean-Square Error (MMSE) reception, optionally with successive interference cancellation, and decoding of the received data.
  • MMSE Minimum Mean-Square Error
  • Forwarding time-domain IQ-samples to all cluster neighbors will consume huge bandwidths for the short-range mobile-to-mobile links.
  • the bandwidth may be reduced by just forwarding frequency regions (resource blocks) which contain scheduled data for the targeted cluster mobile.
  • Further options regarding the format of the data transmission include forwarding of soft bits or decoded data.
  • open-loop MIMO techniques may be used (e.g. space-time-frequency-block coding or BLAST).
  • MIMO techniques using channel state information are recommended. For instance, in a network using Time Division Duplex, TDD, mobile stations of the cluster listening to the downlink pilot symbols shall forward the channel state information to their cluster partners, which may exploit the channel reciprocity for transmit weight calculation in the uplink.
  • a mobile When a mobile wants to transmit uplink data, it may distribute data plus linear precoding transmit weight to its neighbors. Again, like in the downlink, there are several options how to do this: Using time-domain IQ-samples, frequency domain IQ-samples, data symbols plus weights, data bits plus weights etc.
  • the design of the linear precoder may now fulfill several objectives at once, e.g. maximizing the total receive power at the desired serving cell while minimizing interference in neighboring cells.
  • a cluster of 12 single-transceiver-antenna mobiles using linear precoding may maximize the receive power of a 4-antenna base station sector at each receiver antenna and additionally null out (or suppress) interference at two neighboring cells (each with 4 receiver antennas).
  • the mobile stations of the cluster use the short-range communications to perform coordinated wireless communications with the base station to act as a single virtual mobile station.
  • the cluster may appear transparent to the base station, acting as one virtual mobile.
  • the mobile stations of the cluster are time synchronized, preferably using at least one of a time synchronization protocol, in particular a Precision Time Protocol, PTP (IEEE 1588), a Global Positioning System, GPS, and a synchronization mechanism inherent to the first and/or the second transmission technology.
  • a time synchronization protocol in particular a Precision Time Protocol, PTP (IEEE 1588), a Global Positioning System, GPS, and a synchronization mechanism inherent to the first and/or the second transmission technology.
  • PTP Precision Time Protocol
  • GPS Global Positioning System
  • a synchronization mechanism inherent to the first and/or the second transmission technology for the coordinated communication, a dedicated time synchronization protocol may be used, or synchronization mechanisms/protocols which are inherent to the first/second transmission technology may be employed.
  • a common time reference e.g. provided by a GPS system, may be used. It will be understood that in general, all mobile stations of the cluster have to be synchronized to the cellular network and therefore have to listen to pilot symbols
  • a further aspect of the invention relates to a mobile station, adapted for performing wireless communications with at least one base station of a cellular network using a first transmission technology, and being further adapted for performing short-range communications with other mobile stations of a cooperating cluster of mobile stations using a second transmission technology being different from the first transmission technology, the short-range communications being used for improving the performance of the wireless communications of the mobile station with the base station, preferably by using MIMO techniques for at least one of interference suppression and cancellation, in particular using at least one of transmit pre-coding for uplink transmissions and receive antenna weighting for downlink reception.
  • the built-in capabilities of some of today's mobile stations to perform short-range communications using a transmission technology which is different from the transmission technology used for communicating with the base station may be used for performing cooperative communications without having to rely on the resources which have to be provided by the first transmission system, respectively by the base station.
  • the transmission technology for the short-range communications is selected from the group consisting of: Wireless Local Area Network technology, Bluetooth technology, Ultra Wide Band technology, and wire-line technology. These and other short-range communication techniques may be used for forming a cooperating cluster.
  • the mobile station is adapted to perform the short-range communications for transmitting/receiving at least one of data, channel state information, and antenna weights to/from at least one further mobile station of the cluster, the data being preferably transmitted in the form of time-domain IQ samples, frequency domain IQ samples, soft bits, or decoded data.
  • the antenna weights may be exchanged for performing MIMO communications between the clustered mobile stations and the base station.
  • a further aspect of the invention relates to a cooperating cluster for a cellular network, comprising at least two mobile stations as described above. Due to its multi-antenna capability, such a cluster of mobile terminals is able to transmit several data streams at once using the same time-frequency resources, i.e. doing MIMO spatial multiplexing.
  • the current LTE standard only supports one transmit antenna (probably 2 in future releases) and thus has to be extended when a larger number of spatial streams has to be supported in the uplink.
  • the cluster of mobile stations is able to suppress interference from neighboring cells (e.g. by using optimum combining/interference rejection combining/MMSE etc.).
  • interference to neighboring cells may be spatially suppressed by proper design of cluster transmit weights.
  • a cluster which is formed close to the border of two or more cells is also able to transmit to multiple cells at the same time, thus creating large opportunities for coordinated multi-point transmission (COMP).
  • COMP coordinated multi-point transmission
  • the mobile stations of the cooperating cluster are adapted to perform short-range communications using a cooperation protocol defining one mobile station as a master station, and at least one further mobile station as a slave station.
  • the cooperation protocol may in particular configure the data format for the transfer from the slave station to the master station and may activate/indicate to the terminal that there is response from its partner.
  • the cooperation protocol may also configure the cooperation level, e.g. if float or integer data has to be transferred.
  • the cooperation protocol may be used for generating/processing requests for cooperation of one mobile station to another mobile station.
  • the mobile stations are time synchronized, preferably using at least one of a time synchronization protocol, in particular a Precision Time Protocol, PTP, a Global Positioning System, GPS, and a synchronization mechanism inherent to the first and/or the second transmission technology.
  • a time synchronization protocol in particular a Precision Time Protocol, PTP, a Global Positioning System, GPS, and a synchronization mechanism inherent to the first and/or the second transmission technology.
  • the mobile stations are adapted to use the short-range communications to perform coordinated wireless communications with the base station to act as a single virtual mobile station.
  • the cluster may appear transparent to the base station, the cluster acting as one virtual mobile.
  • a final aspect of the invention is implemented in a cellular network comprising at least one cooperating cluster of the type described above.
  • the performance of the communications between the base station and the mobile stations of the cluster can be enhanced by using the short-range communications, leading to an improvement of the overall network performance.
  • the receive signal strength of a serving cell may be maximized and, at the same time, interference to neighboring cells may be suppressed.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a cellular network with a cooperating cluster performing downlink transmissions
  • FIG. 2 shows a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a cellular network with a cooperating cluster performing uplink transmissions
  • FIG. 3 shows a schematic diagram of a data transfer process using a cooperation protocol between two mobile stations of a cluster.
  • processors may be provided through the use of dedicated hardware as well as hardware capable of executing software in association with appropriate software.
  • the functions may be provided' by a single dedicated processor, by a single shared processor, or by a plurality of individual processors, some of which may be shared.
  • explicit use of the term ‘processor’ or ‘controller’ should not be construed to refer exclusively to hardware capable of executing software, and may implicitly include, without limitation, digital signal processor (DSP) hardware, network processor, application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), field programmable gate array (FPGA), read only memory (ROM) for storing software, random access memory (RAM), and non volatile storage.
  • DSP digital signal processor
  • ASIC application specific integrated circuit
  • FPGA field programmable gate array
  • ROM read only memory
  • RAM random access memory
  • any switches shown in the Figures are conceptual only. Their function may be carried out through the operation of program logic, through dedicated logic, through the interaction of program control and dedicated logic, or even manually, the particular technique being selectable by the implementer as more specifically understood from the context.
  • FIG. 1 shows a simplified example of a cell of a cellular network 1 , in the present example being in compliance with the Long-Term Evolution, LTE, standard, the LTE cell having a single base station BS spanning an area of radio coverage (not shown).
  • Three mobile stations MS 1 to MS 3 are served by the base station BS of the LTE cell.
  • the first and second of the mobile stations MS 1 , MS 2 form a cooperating cluster C, whereas the third mobile station MS 3 does not participate in the cluster C.
  • the communications of the mobile stations MS 1 , MS 2 to the base station BS are performed according to the LTE standard, whereas the communications between the mobile stations MS 1 , MS 2 are short-range communications using a different wireless technology, in the present case a WLAN technology, being out of the frequency band used for the communications with the base station BS.
  • transmission technologies may also be used for the communication between the mobile stations MS 1 , MS 2 of the cluster C, for instance (but not limited to) Bluetooth technology, Ultra Wide Band technology, or wire-line technology (cabling).
  • the first mobile station MS 1 has sent a coordination request to the second mobile station MS 2 which has been accepted by a user of the second mobile station MS 2 .
  • the first mobile station MS 1 has also sent a coordination request to the third mobile station MS 3 , the latter does not participate in the cluster C. In the present case, this is due to non-approval of participation to the cluster by the user of the third mobile station MS 3 .
  • Other causes for preventing a mobile station from joining the cluster C may be (but are not limited to): a) low battery, as part of the power of the participating mobiles is used for assisting other mobiles of the cluster in transmitting data, b) the fact that the third mobile station is out of the range of short-range WLAN transmissions, or c) too high velocity of the mobile station.
  • the second/third mobile station MS 2 , MS 3 themselves (e.g. a suitable software or hardware implemented thereon) may automatically accept or reject coordination requests based on the settings of a certain user. For instance, the settings may be such that all users which are part of a certain “community” will be automatically accepted based on an identification process, except for cases in which there are additional hurdles like the ones mentioned above (under a), b), c)).
  • the first mobile station MS 1 wants to receive data from the base station BS, and the second mobile station MS 2 is assisting.
  • the second mobile station MS 2 is synchronized to the base station BS and reads the control channel in order to find the resource blocks intended for the first mobile station MS 1 .
  • the second mobile station MS 2 receives the time domain IQ-samples, performs a Fast-Fourier-Transform FFT and removes the cyclic prefix, CP. Then, the second mobile station MS 2 selects the complex frequency domain resource element symbols which are targeted to the first mobile station MS 1 . The second mobile station MS 2 then transmits those symbols via WLAN to the first mobile station MS 1 .
  • the first mobile station MS 1 also performs the FFT and CP removal of the data received from the base station BS and thus obtains its own frequency-domain resource element symbols. Those symbols together with the ones received from the second mobile station MS 2 can now be treated as if the first mobile station MS 1 had four instead of two receive antennas. Channel estimation and receive combining and equalization is then performed for four receive antennas and the data can be decoded with higher quality (thus lower block error rate) as compared to the case when only the two receiver antennas of the first mobile station MS 1 are used.
  • the first mobile station MS 1 knowing that the cluster C will improve its receive Signal-to-Interference-Noise-Ratio, SINR, can now also report higher supported modulation and coding schemes (MCS) to the base station BS. This will improve the throughput for the first mobile station MS 1 and thus of the overall LTE cell.
  • MCS modulation and coding schemes
  • FIG. 2 shows a second example of a communications network 1 with a cooperating cluster C of two mobile stations MS 1 , MS 2 , each having two transmit and receive antennas (as is the case, e.g. in an LIE-advanced system).
  • the two mobile stations MS 1 , MS 2 are served by a first base station BS 1 of the communications network 1 , a second base station BS 2 which does not serve the mobile stations MS 1 , MS 2 being also present in the communications network 1 .
  • the first mobile station MS 1 wants to transmit uplink data
  • the second mobile station MS 2 is assisting. Both the first and the second mobile stations MS 1 , MS 2 measure the channel to the first base station BS 1 based on downlink (DL) reference symbols. Additionally, the first and second mobile station MS 1 , MS 2 also listen to the channel of the base station BS 2 which spans a neighboring cell. The second mobile station MS 2 transfers its channel knowledge using short-range communications (WLAN) to the first mobile station MS 1 . Due to the channel reciprocity when using the Time Division Duplex (TDD) mode (as long as high velocities for the mobile stations MS 1 , MS 2 are avoided), those downlink measurements can be used as an uplink channel knowledge/estimation.
  • TDD Time Division Duplex
  • the first mobile station MS 1 may calculate a joint preceding vector for the cluster C, being a function of the measured joint channels of the cluster C.
  • a first set of antenna weights w 11 and w 12 are used for the two transmit antennas of the first mobile station MS 1 .
  • the weights w 21 and w 22 are intended for the second mobile station MS 2 and are transferred to the second mobile station MS 2 together with the data symbols via the WLAN link between the first and second mobile station MS 1 , MS 2 .
  • the latency of the short-range transmission technology in the present case the WLAN technology, has to be small enough that the first mobile station MS 1 and the second mobile station MS 2 are able to react simultaneously on the scheduling grant of the first base station BS 1 .
  • the data may already be transferred to the first mobile station MS 1 in advance, so that only the weights have to be transferred on time.
  • the weights may be transferred in advance—for example, when the first mobile station MS 1 does not know its assigned resource block, it may calculate preemptively weight sets for all possible resource blocks and transfer them to the second mobile station MS 2 before knowing the exact scheduled resources. It will be understood that this approach works best for mobile stations MS 1 , MS 2 having low mobility. Both mobile stations MS 1 , MS 2 may now transmit the same data symbols with individual precoding weights per antenna.
  • a dedicated time synchronization protocol may be used, or synchronization mechanisms/protocols which are inherent to the first/second transmission technology may be employed.
  • a common time reference e.g. provided by a GPS system, may be used. It will be understood that in general, all mobile stations MS 1 , MS 2 of the cluster C have to be synchronized to the cellular network 1 and therefore have to listen to pilot symbols in order to measure the channel state. In this way, even when some mobile stations of the cluster have no data to transmit, they may assist the data transmission for other mobile stations of the cluster C.
  • the joint precoding vector for the first and second mobile station MS 1 , MS 2 may now also take into account to spatially suppress interference caused at the two receiver antennas of the second base station BS 2 and additionally maximize the coherent superposition of the receive signal at the first base station BS 1 .
  • the cluster C may appear transparent to the first base station BS 1 , acting as a single virtual mobile station.
  • the mobile stations MS 1 , MS 2 of the cluster may also communicate with the second base station BS 2 , thus allowing to perform coordinated multi-point transmissions (COMP).
  • COMP coordinated multi-point transmissions
  • FIG. 3 shows an example for the data transfer between the first and second mobile stations MS 1 , MS 2 of the cooperating cluster C, using an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex, OFDM, modulation and coding scheme.
  • the first mobile station MS 1 is the targeted (master) station
  • the second mobile station MS 2 is assisting, acting as a slave station.
  • the slave terminal/station MS 2 receives the OFDM samples in an OFDM transceiver, does a FFT and removes the CP.
  • the slave terminal MS 2 may choose to transfer the OFDM symbols, possibly with channel estimation information and/or MIMO detector information. Of course, the slave station MS 2 may also choose to transfer decoded bits.
  • the slave station MS 2 transfers the received OFDM symbols to the first (master) station MS 1 by re-sampling, as the OFDM symbols are complex float numbers.
  • the input data from the second mobile station MS 2 will be sent to a channel estimation module and from there to a MIMO detection module.
  • the input stream of OFDM symbols from the second mobile station MS 2 will be processed together with the data received in an OFDM transceiver of the first (master) station MS 1 itself.
  • the master station MS 1 will do MRC in the MIMO detection module.
  • the data from the MIMO detection module is then multiplexed, decoded and transferred to an upper layer for further processing. It will be understood that as the mobile stations MS 1 , MS 2 are of identical construction, the second mobile station MS 2 may equally well be operated as a master station, the first mobile station MS 1 being used as a slave.
  • the CooP protocol has at least the following functions: One mobile station/terminal may request cooperation from another mobile station through the CooP.
  • the master station may configure the physical layer of the slave terminal, e.g. the resource blocks to receive and the MCS using the CooP.
  • the CooP may indicate to a mobile terminal that there is response from its partner.
  • the CooP may also configure the data format for the data transfer from the slave terminal to the master terminal.
  • the CooP may configure the cooperation level, e.g. transferring float data, integer data etc.
  • a localized cooperation cluster may be provided, which does not need the assistance of the base station.
  • the mobile stations as described herein are not necessarily moving objects, as the clustering may also be advantageously applied to static stations/terminals.
  • any block diagrams herein represent conceptual views of illustrative circuitry embodying the principles of the invention.
  • any flow charts, flow diagrams, state transition diagrams, pseudo code, and the like represent various processes which may be substantially represented in computer readable medium and so executed by a computer or processor, whether or not such computer or processor is explicitly shown.

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