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Definitions

• TRPA1 modulators with transient receptor potential ankyrin1 (TRPA1) activity.
• TRP channels or receptors are pain receptors. They have been classified into seven subfamilies: TRPC (canonical), TRPV (vanilloid), TRPM (melastatin), TRPP (polycystin), TRPML (mucolipin), TRPA (ankyrin, ANKTM1) and TRPN (NOMPC) families.
• TRPC canonical
• TRPV vanilloid
• TRPM melastatin
• TRPP polycystin
• TRPML mucolipin
• TRPA ankyrin, ANKTM1
• TRPN nuclear factor-associated phosphate
• TRPC family can be divided into 4 subfamilies (i) TRPC 1 (ii) TRPC2 (iii) TRPC3, TRPC6, TRPC7 and (iv) TRPC4, TRPC5 based on sequence functional similarities.
• TRPC can be divided into 4 subfamilies (i) TRPC 1 (ii) TRPC2 (iii) TRPC3, TRPC6, TRPC7
• TRPV5 and TRPV6 are more closely related to each other than to TRPV1, TRPV2, TRPV3 or TRPV4.
• TRPA1 is most closely related to TRPV3 and is more closely related to TRPV1 and TRPV2 than to TRPV5 and TRPV6.
• the TRPM family has 8 members.
• Constituents include the following: the founding member TRPM1 (melastatin or LTRPC1), TRPM3 (KIAA1616 or LTRPC3), TRPM7 (TRP-PLIK, ChaK(1), LTRPC7), TRPM6 (ChaK2), TRPM2 (TRPC7 or LTRPC2), TRPM8 (TRP-p8 or CMR1), TRPM5 (MTR1 or LTRPC5) and TRPM4 (F1120041 or LTRPC4).
• TRPM1 melastatin or LTRPC1
• TRPM3 KAA1616 or LTRPC3
• TRPM7 TRP-PLIK, ChaK(1), LTRPC7
• TRPM6 ChoK2
• TRPM2 TRPC7 or LTRPC2
• TRPM8 TRP-p8 or CMR1
• TRPM5 MTR1 or LTRPC5
• TRPM4 F1120041 or LTRPC4
• TRPP family consists of two groups of channels: those predicted to have six transmembrane domains and those that have eleven.
• TRPP2 (PKD2)
• TRPP3 (PKD2L1)
• TRPP5 (PKD2L2)
• TRPP1 (PKD1, PC1)
• PKD-REJ PKD-1L1
• ANKTM1 The sole mammalian member of the TRPA family is ANKTM1.
• TRPA1 is expressed in nociceptive neurons. Nociceptive neurons of the nervous system sense the peripheral damage and transmit pain signals. TRPA1 is membrane bound and most likely acts as a heterodimeric voltage gated channel. It is believed to have a particular secondary structure, its N-terminus is lined with a large number of ankyrin repeats which are believed to form a spring-like edifice. TRPA1 is activated by a variety of noxious stimuli, including cold temperatures (activated at 17° C.), pungent natural compounds (e.g., mustard, cinnamon and garlic) and environmental irritants (MacPherson, L. J. et al., Nature, 2007, 445; 541-545).
• cold temperatures activated at 17° C.
• pungent natural compounds e.g., mustard, cinnamon and garlic
• environmental irritants MacPherson, L. J. et al., Nature, 2007, 445; 541-545.
• TRPA1 ion channels through covalent modification of cysteines to form covalently linked adducts.
• variety of endogenous molecules produced during tissue inflammation/injury have been identified as pathological activators of TRPA1 receptor. These include hydrogen peroxide which is produced due to oxidative stress generated during inflammation, alkenyl aldehyde 4-HNE—an intracellular lipid peroxidation product and cyclopentenone prostaglandin 15dPGJ2 which is produced from PGD2 during inflammation/allergic response.
• TRPA1 is also activated in receptor dependant fashion by Bradykinin (BK) which is released during tissue injury at peripheral terminals
• TRPA1 and other TRP receptors The difference between TRPA1 and other TRP receptors is that TRPA1 ligand binding persists for hours due to which the physiological response (e.g., pain) is greatly prolonged. Hence to dissociate the electrophile, an effective antagonist is required.
• WO 2009/158719, WO 2009/002933, WO 2008/0949099, WO 2007/073505, WO 2004/055054 and WO 2005/089206 describe the TRP channels as the targets for the treatment of pain and related conditions.
• the present invention relates to compounds of the formula (I):
• R 1 and R 2 which may be the same or different, are independently selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, arylalkyl, (CR x R Y ) n OR x , COR x , COOR x , CONR x R y , (CH 2 ) n NR x R y , (CH 2 ) n CHR x R y , (CH 2 ) n NR x R y and (CH 2 ) n NHCOR x ;
• R 3 is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl and cycloalkenyl;
• Z 1 and Z 2 are independently oxygen or CR a ; with a proviso that one of Z 1 or Z 2 is always oxygen and other is CR a ;
• L is a linker selected from —(CR x R y ) n —, —O—(CR x R y ) n —, —C(O)—, —NR x —, —S(O) m NR x —, —NR x (CR x R y ) n — and —S(O) m NR x (CR x R y ) n ;
• R a is selected from hydrogen, cyano, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, biaryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclic ring, heterocyclylalkyl, OR x , (CR x R y ) n OR x , COR x , COOR x , CONR x R y , S(O) m NR x R y , NR x R y , NR x (CR x R y ) n OR x , (CH 2 ) n NR x R Y , (CH 2 ) n CHR x R y , NR x (CR x R Y ) n CONR x R Y , (CH 2 ) n NHCOR x , (CH 2 )
• U is selected from —(CR x R y ) n —, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted five membered heterocycles selected from the group consisting of thiazole, isothiazole, oxazole, isoxazole, thiadiazole, oxadiazole, pyrazole, imidazole, furan, thiophene, pyrroles, 1,2,3-triazoles and 1,2,4-triazole, or substituted or unsubstituted six membered heterocycle selected from the group consisting of pyrimidine, pyridine and pyridazine;
• V is selected from hydrogen, cyano, nitro, —NR x R y , halogen, hydroxyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkenyl, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, cycloalkylalkoxy, aryl, arylalkyl, biaryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclic ring and heterocyclylalkyl, —C(O)OR x , —OR x ,
• U and V together may form an optionally substituted 3 to 7 membered saturated or unsaturated cyclic ring that may optionally include one or more heteroatoms selected from O, S and N;
• R x and R y are independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclic ring and heterocyclylalkyl; and
• ‘m’ and ‘n’ are independently selected from 0 to 2, both inclusive.
• R 1 and R 2 which may be the same or different, are independently selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, arylalkyl, (CR x R y ) n OR x , COR x , COOR x , CONR x R y , (CH 2 ) n NR x R y , (CH 2 ) n CHR x R y , (CH 2 ) n NR x R y and (CH 2 ) n NHCOR x ;
• R a is selected from hydrogen, cyano, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, biaryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclic ring, heterocyclylalkyl, OR x , (CR x R y ) n OR x , COR x , COOR x , CONR x R y , S(O) m NR x R y , NR x R y , NR x (CR x R y ) n OR x , (CH 2 ) n NR x R y , (CH 2 ) n CHR x R y , NR x (CR x R y ) n CONR x R y , (CH 2 ) n NHCOR x , (CH 2 )
• U is selected from —(CR x R y ) n —, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted five membered heterocycles selected from the group consisting of thiazole, isothiazole, oxazole, isoxazole, thiadiazole, oxadiazole, pyrazole, imidazole, furan, thiophene, pyrroles, 1,2,3-triazoles and 1,2,4-triazole, or substituted or unsubstituted six membered heterocycle selected from the group consisting of pyrimidine, pyridine and pyridazine;
• V is selected from hydrogen, cyano, nitro, —NR x R y , halogen, hydroxyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkenyl, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, cycloalkylalkoxy, aryl, arylalkyl, biaryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclic ring and heterocyclylalkyl, —C(O)OR x , —OR x ,
• U and V together may form an optionally substituted 3 to 7 membered saturated or unsaturated cyclic ring that may optionally include one or more heteroatoms selected from O, S and N;
• R x and R y are independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclic ring and heterocyclylalkyl; and
• ‘m’ and ‘n’ are independently selected from 0 to 2, both inclusive.
• R a is hydrogen or (C 1 -C 4 ) alkyl.
• phenyl may be one or more and are independently selected from halogen (for example F, Cl or Br), cyano, alkyl (for example iso-butyl or tert-butyl), haloalkyl (for example CF 3 ), alkoxy (for example OCH 3 , OCH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , OCH 2 C(CH 3 ) 3 or OCH 2 CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 ), haloalkoxy (for example OCHF 2 , OCF 3 , OCH 2 CF 3 , or OCH 2 CH 2 CF 3 ) and cycloalkylalkoxy (for example cyclopropylmethoxy).
• halogen for example F, Cl or Br
• alkyl for example iso-butyl or tert-butyl
• haloalkyl for example CF 3
• alkoxy for example OCH 3 , OCH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , OCH 2 C(CH 3 )
• U, V, R 1 , R 2 and R a are as defined above.
• R a is hydrogen or (C 1 -C 4 ) alkyl.
• phenyl may be one or more and are independently selected from halogen (for example F, Cl or Br), alkyl (CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 ), haloalkyl (for example CF 3 ) and haloalkoxy (for example OCHF 2 , OCF 3 or OCH 2 CF 3 ).
• halogen for example F, Cl or Br
• alkyl CH(CH 3 ) 2
• haloalkyl for example CF 3
• haloalkoxy for example OCHF 2 , OCF 3 or OCH 2 CF 3
• R 1 , R 2 and R a which may be the same or different, are each independently hydrogen or (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl;
• R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 and R 9 which may be same or different, are each independently selected from the group comprising of hydrogen, halogen, cyano, hydroxyl, nitro, amino, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkoxy, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkylalkoxy, aryl, arylalkyl, biaryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclic ring and heterocyclylalkyl.
• R a is hydrogen or (C 1 -C 4 ) alkyl, for example methyl.
• R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 are independently selected from hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, bromo, iso-butyl, 2,2-dimethylpropoxy, iso-butoxy, 3-methylbutoxy, difluoromethxy, trifluoromethyl trifluoromethoxy, trifluoroethoxy, trifluoropropoxy, and cyclopropylmetoxy.
• R 9 is hydrogen or (C 1 -C 4 ) alkyl.
• Particularly contemplated are compounds of the formulas (I), (Ia), (Ib) and (Ic), which possess IC 50 of less than 250 nM, preferably, less than 100 nM, more preferably, less than 50 nM with respect to TRPA1 activity as measured by method as described in the present patent application.
• TRPA1 modulator is used herein because it is more selective for one TRP isoform than others, e.g., 2-fold, 5-fold, 10-fold, and more preferably at least 20, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, or at least 100- or even 1000-fold more selective for TRPA1 over one or more of TRPC6, TRPV5, TRPV6, TRPM8, TRPV1, TRPV2, TRPV4 and/or TRPV3.
• the present patent application provides a pharmaceutical composition that includes at least one compound described herein and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient (such as a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent).
• the pharmaceutical composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound described herein.
• the compounds described in the present patent application may be associated with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient (such as a carrier or a diluent) or be diluted by a carrier, or enclosed within a carrier which can be in the form of a capsule, sachet, paper or other container.
• the compounds of the present invention can be administered as pharmaceutical composition containing, for example, 0.1 to 99.5% (more preferably, 0.5 to 90%) of active ingredient in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for example, 0.1 to 99.5% (more preferably, 0.5 to 90%) of active ingredient in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the ultimate dose will depend on the condition being treated, the route of administration and the age, weight and condition of the patient and will be the doctor's discretion.
• Compounds of the present invention may be used in the manufacture of medicaments for the treatment of any diseases disclosed herein.
• the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions described herein are useful for modulating TRPA1 receptors, wherein modulation is believed to be related to a variety of disease states.
• the compound of the present invention can be administered alone or in combination with other therapeutic agents.
• the TRPA1 modulator is administered conjointly with one or more of an anti-inflammatory agent, anti-acne agent, anti-wrinkle agent, anti-scarring agent, anti-psoriatic agent, anti-proliferative agent, anti-fungal agent, anti-viral agent, anti-septic agent, anti-migraine agent, keratolytic agent, or a hair growth inhibitor
• the present patent application further provides a method of inhibiting TRPA1 receptors in a subject in need thereof by administering to the subject one or more compounds described herein in the amount effective to cause inhibition of such receptor.
• halogen or “halo” includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine.
• alkyl refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain radical consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, containing no unsaturation, having from one to eight carbon atoms, and which is attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond, e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, 1-methylethyl (isopropyl), n-butyl, n-pentyl and 1,1-dimethylethyl (tert-butyl).
• C 1-6 alkyl refers to an alkyl chain having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Unless set forth or recited to the contrary, all alkyl groups described herein may be straight chain or branched, substituted or unsubstituted
• alkenyl refers to an aliphatic hydrocarbon group containing a carbon-carbon double bond and which may be a straight or branched chain having 2 to about 10 carbon atoms, e.g., ethenyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl (allyl), iso-propenyl, 2-methyl-1-propenyl, 1-butenyl and 2-butenyl. Unless set forth or recited to the contrary, all alkenyl groups described herein may be straight chain or branched, substituted or unsubstituted.
• alkynyl refers to a straight or branched chain hydrocarbyl radical having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond and having 2 to about 12 carbon atoms (with radicals having 2 to about 10 carbon atoms being preferred) e.g., ethynyl, propynyl and butynyl. Unless set forth or recited to the contrary, all alkynyl groups described herein may be straight chain or branched, substituted or unsubstituted.
• alkoxy refers to a straight or branched, saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon radical bonded to an oxygen atom that is attached to a core structure.
• alkoxy groups include but are not limited to methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, isobutoxy, tert-butoxy, pentoxy, 3-methyl butoxy and the like. Unless set forth or recited to the contrary, all alkoxy groups described herein may be straight chain or branched, substituted or unsubstituted.
• haloalkyl and haloalkoxy means alkyl or alkoxy, as the case may be, substituted with one or more halogen atoms, where alkyl and alkoxy groups are as defined above.
• halo is used herein interchangeably with the term “halogen” means F, Cl, Br or I.
• haloalkyl examples include but are not limited to trifluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, pentafluoroethyl, pentachloroethyl 4,4,4-trifluorobutyl, 4,4-difluorocyclohexyl, chloromethyl, dichloromethyl, trichloromethyl, 1-bromoethyl and the like.
• haloalkoxy examples include but are not limited to fluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy, pentafluoroethoxy, pentachloroethoxy, chloromethoxy, dichlorormethoxy, trichloromethoxy, 1-bromoethoxy and the like. Unless set forth or recited to the contrary, all “haloalkyl” and “haloalkoxy” groups described herein may be straight chain or branched, substituted or unsubstituted.
• cycloalkyl denotes a non-aromatic mono or multicyclic ring system of 3 to about 12 carbon atoms, such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl.
• multicyclic cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, perhydronapththyl, adamantyl and norbornyl groups, bridged cyclic groups or sprirobicyclic groups, e.g., spiro(4,4) non-2-yl. Unless set forth or recited to the contrary, all cycloalkyl groups described herein may be substituted or unsubstituted.
• cycloalkylalkyl refers to a cyclic ring-containing radical having 3 to about 8 carbon atoms directly attached to an alkyl group.
• the cycloalkylalkyl group may be attached to the main structure at any carbon atom in the alkyl group that results in the creation of a stable structure.
• Non-limiting examples of such groups include cyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutylethyl and cyclopentylethyl. Unless set forth or recited to the contrary, all cycloalkylalkyl groups described herein may be substituted or unsubstituted.
• cycloalkylalkoxy is used to denote alkoxy substituted with cycloalkyl, wherein ‘alkoxy’ and ‘cycloalkyl’ are as defined above (either in the broadest aspect or a preferred aspect).
• Examples of cycloalkylalkoxy groups include cyclopropylmethoxy, 1- or 2-cyclopropylethoxy, 1-, 2- or 3-cyclopropylpropoxy, 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-cyclopropyl-butoxy, cyclobutylmethoxy, 1- or 2-cyclobutylethoxy, 1-, 2- or 3-cyclobutylpropoxy, 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-cyclobutylbutoxy, cyclopentylmethoxy, 1- or 2-cyclopentylethoxy, 1-, 2- or 3-cyclopentylpropoxy, 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-cyclopentylbutoxy, cyclohexylmethoxy, 1- or 2-cyclohexylethoxy and 1-, 2- or 3-cyclohe
• cycloalkylalkoxy is (C 3-6 )cycloalkyl-(C 1-6 )alkoxy. Unless set forth or recited to the contrary, all cycloalkylalkoxy groups described herein may be substituted or unsubstituted.
• cycloalkenyl refers to a cyclic ring-containing radical having 3 to about 8 carbon atoms with at least one carbon-carbon double bond, such as cyclopropenyl, cyclobutenyl and cyclopentenyl. Unless set forth or recited to the contrary, all cycloalkenyl groups described herein may be substituted or unsubstituted.
• aryl means a carbocyclic aromatic system containing one, two or three rings wherein such rings may be fused. If the rings are fused, one of the rings must be fully unsaturated and the fused ring(s) may be fully saturated, partially unsaturated or fully unsaturated.
• fused means that a second ring is present (ie, attached or formed) by having two adjacent atoms in common (i.e., shared) with the first ring.
• fused is equivalent to the term “condensed”.
• aryl embraces aromatic radicals such as phenyl, naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, indane and biphenyl. Unless set forth or recited to the contrary, all aryl groups described herein may be substituted or unsubstituted.
• arylalkyl refers to an aryl group as defined above directly bonded to an alkyl group as defined above, e.g., —CH 2 C 6 H 5 or —C 2 H 4 C 6 H 5 . Unless set forth or recited to the contrary, all arylalkyl groups described herein may be substituted or unsubstituted.
• heterocyclic ring refers to a stable 3- to 15-membered ring radical which consists of carbon atoms and from one to five heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen and sulfur.
• the heterocyclic ring radical may be a monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic ring system, which may include fused, bridged or spiro ring systems and the nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon, oxygen or sulfur atoms in the heterocyclic ring radical may be optionally oxidized to various oxidation states.
• the nitrogen atom may be optionally quaternized; and the ring radical may be partially or fully saturated (i.e., heterocyclic or heteroaryl).
• heterocyclic ring radicals include, but are not limited to, azetidinyl, acridinyl, benzodioxolyl, benzodioxanyl, benzofuranyl, carbazolyl, cinnolinyl, dioxolanyl, indolizinyl, naphthyridinyl, perhydroazepinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl, phthalazinyl, pyridyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, tetrazolyl, imidazolyl, tetrahydroisoqinolyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, 2-oxopiperazinyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, 2-oxopyrrolidinyl
• heterocyclic ring radical may be attached to the main structure at any heteroatom or carbon atom that results in the creation of a stable structure. Unless set forth or recited to the contrary, all heterocyclic ring described herein may be substituted or unsubstituted.
• heterocyclyl refers to a heterocyclic ring radical as defined above.
• the heterocyclyl ring radical may be attached to the main structure at any heteroatom or carbon atom that results in the creation of a stable structure. Unless set forth or recited to the contrary, all heterocyclyl groups described herein may be substituted or unsubstituted.
• heterocyclylalkyl refers to a heterocyclic ring radical directly bonded to an alkyl group.
• the heterocyclylalkyl radical may be attached to the main structure at any carbon atom in the alkyl group that results in the creation of a stable structure. Unless set forth or recited to the contrary, all heterocyclylalkyl groups described herein may be substituted or unsubstituted.
• heteroaryl refers to an aromatic heterocyclic ring radical.
• the heteroaryl ring radical may be attached to the main structure at any heteroatom or carbon atom that results in the creation of a stable structure. Unless set forth or recited to the contrary, all heteroaryl groups described herein may be substituted or unsubstituted.
• heteroarylalkyl refers to a heteroaryl ring radical directly bonded to an alkyl group.
• the heteroarylalkyl radical may be attached to the main structure at any carbon atom in the alkyl group that results in the creation of a stable structure. Unless set forth or recited to the contrary, all heteroarylalkyl groups described herein may be substituted or unsubstituted.
• substituted refers to substitution with any one or more or any combination of the following substituents: hydroxy, halogen, carboxyl, cyano, nitro, oxo ( ⁇ O), thio ( ⁇ S), substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted haloalkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkenylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted amino, substituted or unsubstituted amino, substituted or unsubstituted
• treating or “treatment” of a state, disorder or condition includes; (a) preventing or delaying the appearance of clinical symptoms of the state, disorder or condition developing in a subject that may be afflicted with or predisposed to the state, disorder or condition but does not yet experience or display clinical or subclinical symptoms of the state, disorder or condition; (b) inhibiting the state, disorder or condition, i.e., arresting or reducing the development of the disease or at least one clinical or subclinical symptom thereof; or (c) relieving the disease, i.e., causing regression of the state, disorder or condition or at least one of its clinical or subclinical symptoms.
• subject includes mammals (especially humans) and other animals, such as domestic animals (e.g., household pets including cats and dogs) and non-domestic animals (such as wildlife).
• domestic animals e.g., household pets including cats and dogs
• non-domestic animals such as wildlife.
• a “therapeutically effective amount” means the amount of a compound that, when administered to a subject for treating a state, disorder or condition, is sufficient to effect such treatment.
• the “therapeutically effective amount” will vary depending on the compound, the disease and its severity and the age, weight, physical condition and responsiveness of the subject to be treated.
• Non-limiting examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts forming part of this patent application include salts derived from inorganic bases salts of organic bases, salts of chiral bases, salts of natural amino acids and salts of non-natural amino acids.
• Certain compounds of the present invention including compounds of formula (I), (Ia), (Ib) and (Ic) are capable of existing in stereoisomeric forms (e.g. diastereomers and enantiomers).
• the present invention includes these stereoisomeric forms (including diastereomers and enantiomers) and mixtures of them.
• the various stereoisomeric forms of the compounds of the present invention may be separated from one another by methods known in the art or a given isomer may be obtained by stereospecific or asymmetric synthesis. Tautomeric forms and mixtures of compounds described herein are also contemplated.
• the pharmaceutical composition of the present patent application includes at least one compound described herein and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient (such as a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent).
• the pharmaceutical composition includes the compound(s) described herein in an amount sufficient to inhibit TRPA1 in a subject (e.g., a human).
• the inhibitory activity of compounds falling within the formulas (I), (Ia), (Ib) and (Ic) may be measured by an assay provided below.
• the compound of the present invention may be associated with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient (such as a carrier or a diluent) or be diluted by a carrier, or enclosed within a carrier which can be in the form of a capsule, sachet, paper or other container.
• a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient such as a carrier or a diluent
• the pharmaceutical compositions may be prepared by techniques known in the art.
• the active compound can be mixed with a carrier, or diluted by a carrier, or enclosed within a carrier, which may be in the form of an ampoule, capsule, sachet, paper, or other container.
• a carrier which may be in the form of an ampoule, capsule, sachet, paper, or other container.
• the carrier serves as a diluent, it may be a solid, semi-solid, or liquid material that acts as a vehicle, excipient, or medium for the active compound.
• the active compound can be adsorbed on a granular solid container, for example, in a sachet.
• compositions may be in conventional forms, for example, capsules, tablets, aerosols, solutions, suspensions or products for topical application.
• the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be administered to treat any disorder, condition, or disease treatable by inhibition of TRPA1.
• the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention are suitable for treatment or prophylaxis of the following diseases, conditions and disorders mediated or associated with the activity of TRPA1 receptors: pain, chronic pain, complex regional pain syndrome, neuropathic pain, postoperative pain, rheumatoid arthritic pain, osteoarthritic pain, back pain, visceral pain, cancer pain, algesia, neuralgia, migraine, neuropathies, chemotherapy-induced neuropathies, eye-irritation, bronchial-irritation, skin-irritation (atopic dermatitis), Frost-bites (cold-bite), spasticity, catatonia, catalepsy, parkinsons, diabetic neuropathy, sciatica, HIV-related neuropathy, post-herpetic neuralgia, fibromyalgia, nerve injury, ischaemia, neurodegeneration, stroke, post stroke pain, multiple sclerosis
• TRPA1 The connection between therapeutic effect and inhibition of TRPA1 is illustrated, for example, in Story, G. M. et al. Cell, 2003, 112, 819-829; McMahon, S. B. and Wood, J. N., Cell, 2006, 124, 1123-1125; Voorhoeve, P. M. et al. Cell, 2006, 124 1169-1181; Horbach, U, Niemeyer, B. A. and Flockerzi, V. Biology of the Cell, 2004, 96, 47-54; and the references cited therein.
• the sensation of pain can be triggered by any number of physical or chemical stimuli and the sensory neurons which mediate the response to this harmful stimulus are termed as “nociceptors”.
• Nociceptors are primary sensory afferent (C and A ⁇ fibers) neurons that are activated by a wide variety of noxious stimuli including chemical, mechanical, thermal and proton (pH ⁇ 6) modalities. Nociceptors are the nerves which sense and respond to parts of the body which suffer from damage. They signal tissue irritation, impending injury, or actual injury. When activated, they transmit pain signals (via the peripheral nerves as well as the spinal cord) to the brain
• Nociceptive pain includes tissue injury-induced pain and inflammatory pain such as that associated with arthritis.
• Neuropathic pain is caused by damage to the sensory nerves of the peripheral or central nervous system and is maintained by aberrant somatosensory processing. The pain is typically well localized, constant and often with an aching or throbbing quality.
• Visceral pain is the subtype of nociceptive pain that involves the internal organs. It tends to be episodic and poorly localized.
• Nociceptive pain is usually time limited, meaning when the tissue damage heals, the pain typically resolves (arthritis is a notable exception in that it is not time limited).
• Furo[2,3-d]pyrimidinetrione compounds of formula (7) was converted into furo[2,3-d]pyrimidinedione ester of compounds of general formula (8) by reaction with the lithium salt of ethyl acetate (generated from dry ethyl acetate and Lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide [LHMDS]) followed by dehydration and isomerization under acidic conditions.
• Lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide [LHMDS] Lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide
• compounds of the general formula (Ia) can be prepared in two steps by hydrolysis of (8) under basic conditions to give the carboxylic acid (9) followed by coupling with amine of the general formula (2) using a suitable coupling agents [e.g., N-ethyl-N′-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDCI), benzotriazol-1-yloxytris (dimethylamino) phosphonium hexafluorophosphate [BOP] in suitable solvent or mixture of solvents (e.g., N,N-dimethyl formamide, tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane etc. to give compounds of the general formula (Ia).
• a suitable coupling agents e.g., N-ethyl-N′-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDCI), benzotriazol-1-yloxytris (dimethylamino) phospho
• the carboxylic acid intermediate of the general formula (9) can be prepared as described in scheme 3.
• reaction of cyanomethyl lithium with furo[2,3-d]pyrimidinetrione of formula (7) (where R a is hydrogen or alkyl) in a suitable solvent gives furo[2,3-d]pyrimidinyl acetonitrile of the formula (10).
• This intermediate on hydrolysis under acidic conditions gives intermediates of the formula (9) required for the synthesis of compounds of the general formula (Ia).
• Furo[2,3-d]pyrimidinedione ester of the formula (8a) where R a is hydrogen or alkyl can also be prepared through a Wittig reaction on intermediate (7) as shown in Scheme 4.
• reaction of intermediate (7) with trimethyl phosphonoacetate in the presence of a suitable base such as sodium hydride, potassium tert-butoxide or n-butyl lithium in suitable solvent gives ester of the formula (11).
• the ester (11) is then isomerized under acidic conditions to give intermediates of the formula (8a) useful for the preparation of compounds of the present invention represented by the formula (Ia).
• compounds of the general formula (Ic) can be prepared in two steps by hydrolysis of (8) under basic conditions to give the carboxylic acid (9) followed by its coupling with amine of the general formula (23) using a suitable coupling agents [e.g., N-ethyl-N′-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDCI), benzotriazol-1-yloxytris (dimethylamino) phosphonium hexafluorophosphate [BOP]) in suitable solvent or mixture of solvents (e.g., N,N-dimethyl formamide, tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane etc. to give compounds of the general formula (Ic).
• a suitable coupling agents e.g., N-ethyl-N′-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDCI), benzotriazol-1-yloxytris (dimethylamino
• the intermediate of the formula (1) is treated with alkyl amine of the formula R 1 —NH 2 to give the urea derivative (14) through a ring opening reaction.
• Cyclisation of intermediate (14) using 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) in suitable solvent followed by alkylation with R 2 X in the presence of a suitable solvent gives 3,5-dialkylfuro[3,4-d]pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione of the formula (16) via intermediate (15).
• Intermediate (16) is deprotonated with a strong base such as sodium hydride or n-butyl lithium and reacted with dialkyl carbonate to give the ester (17).
• Coupling reaction of ester of the formula (17) with appropriate amines of formula (2) in the presence of a suitable base such as sodium hydride in the presence of suitable solvent such as dry toluene or xylene gives compounds of general formula (Ib).
• acetophenone derivative of formula (22) can be converted to 2-amino-4-aryl thiazole of the formula (23) in one step by its reaction with thiourea and iodine in refluxing ethanol (Carroll, K. et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1950, 3722 and Naik, S. J.; Halkar, U. P., ARKIVOC 2005, xiii, 141-149).
• work-up includes distribution of the reaction mixture between the organic and aqueous phase indicated within parentheses, separation of layers and drying the organic layer over sodium sulphate, filtration and evaporation of the solvent.
• Purification includes purification by silica gel chromatographic techniques, generally using ethyl acetate/petroleum ether mixture of a suitable polarity as the mobile phase. Use of a different eluent system is indicated within parentheses.
• DMSO-d 6 Hexadeuterodimethyl sulfoxide
• DMF N,N-dimethylformamide
• J Coupling constant in units of Hz
• RT or rt room temperature (22-26° C.);
• Aq. aqueous
• AcOEt ethyl acetate
• Step 1 Ethyl (2Z)-(1,3-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrofuro[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5(6H)-ylidene)acetate
• Ethyl (5-hydroxy-1,3-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydrofuro[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)acetate:
• Anhydrous THF (50.0 ml) was cooled to ⁇ 78° C.
• a solution of lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (LiHMDS) (1.0 M in THF, 4.692 g, 28.038 mmol) was added under nitrogen atmosphere.
• Step 2 Ethyl (1,3-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrofuro[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)acetate: A mixture of Step 1 intermediate (1.1 g, 4.131 mmol) and glacial acetic acid (20.0 ml) was refluxed for 4 h.
• the salt was then treated with saturated solution of NaHCO 3 to re-generate the amine.
• the mixture was extracted with dichloromethane (2 ⁇ 50 ml) and the combined organic extracts were washed with water and brine. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure to afford the 2-amino-4-aryl thiazole derivative.
• furopyrimindiedione acetamides with multiple fluorine substitutions can be prepared by coupling 2,4-dioxofuropyrimidinyl acetic acid or their ester with an appropriate fluorinated 2-amino-4-arylthiazole selected from Table 2.
• the illustrative examples of the present invention are screened for TRPA1 activity according to a modified procedure described in (a) Tóth, A. et al. Life Sciences, 2003, 73, 487-498. (b) McNamara C, R. et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 2007, 104, 13525-13530.
• the screening of the compounds can be carried out by other methods and procedures known to persons skilled in the art.
• TRPA1 receptor activation was measured as inhibition of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) induced cellular uptake of radioactive calcium.
• Test compounds were dissolved in 100% DMSO to prepare 10 mM stock and then diluted using plain medium with 0.1% BSA and 1.8 mM CaCl 2 to get the desired concentration. The final concentration of DMSO in the reaction was 0.5% (v/v).
• Human TRPA1 expressing CHO cells were grown in F-12 DMEM medium with 10% FBS, 1% penicillin-streptomycin solution, and 400 ⁇ g/ml of G-418.
• Rat TRPA1 expressing CHO cells were grown in F-12 DMEM medium with 10% FBS, 1% penicillin-streptomycin solution, and 400 ⁇ g/ml of Zeocin.
• Concentration response curves were plotted as a % of maximal response obtained in the absence of test antagonist.
• IC 50 values can be calculated from concentration response curve by nonlinear regression analysis using GraphPad PRISM software.

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