US20110223483A1 - Lithium manganate particles for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, process for producing the same, and nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery - Google Patents

Lithium manganate particles for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, process for producing the same, and nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery Download PDF

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US20110223483A1
US20110223483A1 US13/121,229 US200913121229A US2011223483A1 US 20110223483 A1 US20110223483 A1 US 20110223483A1 US 200913121229 A US200913121229 A US 200913121229A US 2011223483 A1 US2011223483 A1 US 2011223483A1
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lithium manganate
particles
manganate particles
secondary battery
lithium
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Kazumichi Koga
Masayuki Uegami
Hioraki Masukuni
Kazutoshi Matsumoto
Kazutoshi Ishizaki
Hideaki Sadamura
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Toda Kogyo Corp
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Publication of US20110223483A1 publication Critical patent/US20110223483A1/en
Priority to US15/147,023 priority Critical patent/US10056612B2/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
    • H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
    • H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
    • C01G45/00—Compounds of manganese
    • C01G45/02—Oxides; Hydroxides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
    • C01G45/00—Compounds of manganese
    • C01G45/12—Manganates manganites or permanganates
    • C01G45/1221—Manganates or manganites with a manganese oxidation state of Mn(III), Mn(IV) or mixtures thereof
    • C01G45/1242—Manganates or manganites with a manganese oxidation state of Mn(III), Mn(IV) or mixtures thereof of the type [Mn2O4]-, e.g. LiMn2O4, Li[MxMn2-x]O4
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
    • H01B1/06—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances
    • H01B1/08—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances oxides
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
    • H01M4/0471—Processes of manufacture in general involving thermal treatment, e.g. firing, sintering, backing particulate active material, thermal decomposition, pyrolysis
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
    • H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
    • C01P2002/50—Solid solutions
    • C01P2002/52—Solid solutions containing elements as dopants
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
    • C01P2002/70—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data
    • C01P2002/77—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data by unit-cell parameters, atom positions or structure diagrams
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
    • C01P2004/01—Particle morphology depicted by an image
    • C01P2004/03—Particle morphology depicted by an image obtained by SEM
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
    • C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
    • C01P2004/61—Micrometer sized, i.e. from 1-100 micrometer
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
    • C01P2006/12—Surface area
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
    • C01P2006/80—Compositional purity
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
    • H01M4/46—Alloys based on magnesium or aluminium
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to lithium manganate particles capable of exhibiting a high output and an excellent high-temperature stability.
  • LiMn 2 O 4 having a spinel structure and LiMnO 2 , LiCoO 2 , LiCo 1 ⁇ x Ni x O 2 and LiNiO 2 having a rock-salt type structure, or the like.
  • LiCoO 2 is more excellent because of a high voltage and a high capacity thereof, but has the problems such as a high production cost due to a less amount of a cobalt raw material supplied, and a low environmental safety upon disposal of batteries obtained therefrom.
  • the lithium manganate particles may be obtained by mixing a manganese compound and a lithium compound at a predetermined mixing ratio and then calcining the resulting mixture at a temperature of 700 to 1000° C.
  • the resulting secondary batteries When using the lithium manganate particles as a positive electrode active material for lithium ion secondary batteries, the resulting secondary batteries have a high output voltage and a high energy density. However, the secondary batteries tend to be deteriorated in charge/discharge cycle characteristics. The reason therefor is considered to be that when charge/discharge cycles are repeated, the crystal lattice is expanded and contracted owing to desorption and insertion behavior of lithium ions in the crystal structure to thereby cause change in volume of the crystal, which results in occurrence of breakage of the crystal lattice or dissolution of manganese in an electrolyte solution.
  • the lithium ion secondary batteries using the lithium manganate particles it has been strongly required to suppress deterioration in charge/discharge capacity due to repeated charge/discharge cycles, and improve the charge/discharge cycle characteristics, in particular, under high-temperature and low-temperature conditions.
  • the positive electrode active material used therein which comprises the lithium manganate particles has an excellent packing property and an appropriate particle size, and further is free from elution of manganese therefrom.
  • the method of suitably controlling a particle size and a particle size distribution of the lithium manganate particles the method of obtaining the lithium manganate particles having a high crystallinity by controlling a calcination temperature thereof; the method of adding different kinds of elements to the lithium manganate particles to strengthen a bonding force of the crystals; the method of subjecting the lithium manganate particles to surface treatment or adding additives thereto to suppress elution of manganese therefrom; or the like.
  • Patent Document 1 aluminum is incorporated in the lithium manganate particles.
  • a sintering aid such as boron oxide, boric acid, lithium borate and ammonium borate is added upon production of lithium manganate to attain effects by addition of the sintering aid (Patent Document 2).
  • Patent Document 3 a content of sulfur in lithium manganate is reduced.
  • Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (KOAKI) No. 2001-146425
  • Patent Document 2 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (KOAKI) No. 2001-48547
  • Patent Document 3 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (KOAKI) No. 2002-198047
  • lithium manganate as a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery which is improved in output characteristics and high-temperature characteristics.
  • the lithium manganate capable of fully satisfying these requirements has not been obtained until now.
  • Patent Documents 1 to 3 there are respectively described the lithium manganate in which a part of manganese as a metal element is substituted with an Al element, the lithium manganate to which a small amount of a sintering aid is added, and the lithium manganate whose sulfur content is reduced.
  • these lithium manganates have failed to provide batteries capable of exhibiting satisfactory high-temperature characteristics and, therefore, tend to be still insufficient for practical use.
  • an object or technical task of the present invention is to provide lithium manganate which has a high output and is excellent in high-temperature stability (high-temperature storage characteristics).
  • lithium manganate particles having a composition represented by the following chemical formula 1,
  • lithium manganate particles have a sulfur content of 1 to 100 ppm and an average secondary particle diameter (D 50 ) of 1 to 15 ⁇ m, and have such properties that when measuring characteristics of a secondary battery produced by using the lithium manganate particles as a positive electrode active material, a high temperature cycle retention rate of the secondary battery is not less than 92%, and a capacity recovery rate of the secondary battery is not less than 95% (Invention 1).
  • Y is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Al and Mg;
  • A is a sintering aid element having a melting point of not higher than 850° C.;
  • x and y satisfy 0.03 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.15 and 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.20, respectively;
  • z is in the range of 0 to 2.5 mol % based on Mn.
  • the lithium manganate particles as described in the above Invention 1, wherein the lithium manganate particles have a lattice constant of 0.818 to 0.822 nm (Invention 2).
  • the lithium manganate particles as described in the above Invention 1 or 2 wherein when measuring charge/discharge capacities of the secondary battery produced by using the lithium manganate particles as a positive electrode active material, an initial discharge capacity of the secondary battery is not less than 80 mAh/g and not more than 120 mAh/g (Invention 3).
  • a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery comprising a positive electrode active material a part or whole of which is formed from the lithium manganese particles as described in any one of the above inventions 1 to 3 (Invention 7).
  • the lithium manganate particles according to the present invention exhibit a high output and are excellent in high-temperature stability, and, therefore, can be suitably used as a positive electrode active material (cathode active material) for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
  • FIG. 1 is an SEM image of lithium manganate obtained in Example 1.
  • FIG. 2 is a graphic view showing a relationship between a sulfur content and a high-temperature retention rate.
  • FIG. 3 is a graphic view showing a relationship between a sulfur content and a capacity recovery rate.
  • the lithium manganate particles according to the present invention have a sulfur content of not more than 100 ppm and an average secondary particle diameter (D 50 ) of 1 to 15 ⁇ m, as well as a high temperature cycle retention rate of not less than 92% and a capacity recovery rate of not less than 95% as measured with respect to a secondary battery produced by using the lithium manganate particles.
  • the lithium manganate particles according to the present invention have a composition represented by the chemical formula: Li 1+x Mn 2 ⁇ x ⁇ y Y y O 4 +zA.
  • Y is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Al and Mg; x is 0.03 to 0.15 and y is 0 to 0.20; and z is in the range of 0 to 2.5 mol % based on Mn.
  • the resulting particles When the value of x is less than 0.03, the resulting particles have a high capacity, but tends to be considerably deteriorated in high-temperature characteristics. When the value of x is more than 0.15, the resulting particles exhibit improved high-temperature characteristics, but tend to be considerably deteriorated in capacity or tend to cause increase in resistance owing to formation of Li-rich phase therein.
  • the value of x is preferably 0.05 to 0.15.
  • the value of y is preferably 0.01 to 0.18 and more preferably 0.05 to 0.15.
  • the value of z is preferably in the range of 0 to 0.2 mol % and more preferably 0.1 to 1.8 mol % based Mn.
  • the lithium manganate particles according to the present invention have a sulfur content of not more than 100 ppm.
  • the sulfur content of the lithium manganate particles is more than 100 ppm, the particles tend to suffer from accelerated local sintering upon calcination thereof, and localized aggregation of the particles tends to be caused, so that the resulting calcined product tends to have non-uniform distribution of soft portions and hard portions.
  • the obtained battery tends to suffer from short circuit, for example, owing to formation of a sulfur compound with impurities such as Fe.
  • the sulfur content of the lithium manganate particles is preferably not more than 80 ppm and more preferably 1 to 60 ppm.
  • the raw manganese material having a less sulfur compound content with the Li compound, Y compound and A compound having a less sulfate content, it is possible to obtain lithium manganate particles whose sulfur content is reduced.
  • the lithium manganate particles according to the present invention preferably have a lattice constant of 0.818 to 0.822 nm.
  • the lattice constant of the lithium manganate particles is less than 0.818 nm, the secondary battery obtained by using the particles tends to cause deterioration in capacity.
  • the lattice constant of the lithium manganate particles is more than 0.822 nm, the secondary battery obtained by using the particles tends to cause deterioration in stability.
  • the lattice constant of the lithium manganate particles is more preferably 0.819 to 0.821 nm.
  • the lithium manganate particles according to the present invention preferably have an average primary particle diameter of 0.5 to 10 ⁇ m.
  • the average primary particle diameter of the lithium manganate particles is less than 0.5 ⁇ m, the secondary battery obtained by using the particles tends to be deteriorated in stability.
  • the average primary particle diameter of the lithium manganate particles is more than 10 ⁇ m, the secondary battery obtained by using the particles tends to be deteriorated in output.
  • the average primary particle diameter of the lithium manganate particles is more preferably 1.0 to 8.0 ⁇ m.
  • the lithium manganate particles according to the present invention have an average secondary particle diameter (D 50 ) of not less than 1.0 ⁇ m and not more than 15 ⁇ m.
  • the average secondary particle diameter (D 50 ) of the lithium manganate particles is less than 1 ⁇ m, the secondary battery obtained by using the particles tends to be deteriorated in stability.
  • the average secondary particle diameter (D 50 ) of the lithium manganate particles is more than 15 ⁇ m, the secondary battery obtained by using the particles tends to be deteriorated in output.
  • the average secondary particle diameter (D 50 ) of the lithium manganate particles is preferably 2.0 to 12.0 ⁇ m.
  • the lithium manganate primary particles according to the present invention are preferably constituted of substantially a single crystal.
  • the lithium manganate particles are constituted of a polycrystal, a large number of lattice-unconformity planes which act as a resistance component against desorption and insertion of lithium in the particles tend to be present in the crystals, so that it may be sometimes difficult to allow the secondary battery obtained by using the particles to generate a sufficient output.
  • the BET specific surface area of the lithium manganate particles according to the present invention is preferably not more than 1.0 m 2 /g and more preferably 0.1 to 0.8 m 2 /g.
  • the lithium manganate particles according to the present invention can be produced by mixing manganese oxide formed of Mn 3 O 4 and a lithium compound, if required, together with a Y element compound and/or a sintering aid having a melting point of not higher than 850° C., and then calcining the resulting mixture at a temperature of 800° C. to 1050° C.
  • the manganese compound used as a starting material of the lithium manganate particles according to the present invention is preferably Mn 3 O 4 .
  • Mn 3 O 4 may be produced by a wet reaction with a less amount of impurities unlike electrolytic MnO 2 , and can provide particles substantially in the form of a single crystal.
  • Mn 3 O 4 may be produced by the following methods: (1) the method for producing trimanganese tetraoxide particles by reacting an aqueous manganese salt solution with an aqueous alkali solution to prepare a water suspension comprising manganese hydroxide; subjecting the resulting water suspension to oxidation reaction as a primary reaction at a temperature of 60 to 100° C.
  • trimanganese tetraoxide core particles for obtaining trimanganese tetraoxide core particles; adding an aqueous manganese salt solution to a reaction solution obtained after the primary reaction; and then subjecting the obtained mixture to oxidation reaction as a secondary reaction for conducting a growth reaction of the trimanganese tetraoxide core particles, thereby obtaining trimanganese tetraoxide particles, wherein a concentration of manganese used in the primary reaction is adjusted to not more than 1.5 mol/L, and an amount of manganese added to the secondary reaction is adjusted to not more than an equal mol of the concentration of manganese used in the primary reaction, (2) the above method for producing the trimanganese tetraoxide particles in which after changing an atmosphere of the reaction solution obtained after the primary reaction to a non-oxidative atmosphere, an aqueous manganese salt solution is added to the reaction solution, and then the resulting mixture is aged within 3 hr, (3) the above method for producing the trimanganes
  • the trimanganese tetraoxide (Mn 3 O 4 ) used in the present invention preferably has an average secondary particle diameter (D 50 ) of 1.0 to 8.0 ⁇ m, an average primary particle diameter of not less than 0.5 ⁇ m and more preferably 1.0 to 8.0 ⁇ m, a BET specific surface area of 0.5 to 15 m 2 /g, and a sulfur content of 1 to 60 ppm and more preferably 1 to 50 ppm.
  • the trimanganese tetraoxide (Mn 3 O 4 ) is preferably substantially in the form of a single crystal.
  • the Y element (Al/Mg) in the lithium manganate particles when the Y element compound is formed into finely divided particles, it is possible to enhance a reactivity of the Y element compound with the manganese compound, so that the Y element can be uniformly dispersed within the obtained particles.
  • the particle diameter of the Y element compound is preferably controlled such that an average secondary particle diameter (D 50 ) thereof is 1.0 to 20 ⁇ m.
  • the lithium manganese particles may be calcined after adding a sintering aid having a melting point of not higher than 800° C. thereto.
  • the melting point of the sintering aid is preferably not higher than 600° C.
  • the sintering aid having a melting point of not higher than 800° C. is preferably a boron compound.
  • the boron compound include boric acid, lithium tetraborate, boron oxide and ammonium borate. Among these boron compounds, the use of boric acid is especially preferred.
  • the manganese oxide and the lithium compound are mixed, if required, together with the Y element compound and/or the A element compound, at a predetermined mixing ratio, and then the resulting mixture is subjected to calcination solid state reaction to thereby obtain lithium manganate.
  • the calcination temperature must be not lower than 800° C. When the calcination temperature is lower than 800° C., it may be difficult to uniformly disperse the Y element compound within the particles.
  • Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (KOKAI) No. 2001-146425
  • a homogeneously distributed condition of Al has been confirmed by EPMA analysis of an appearance of the respective particles.
  • a result will also be attained even when Al is localized only on the surface of the particles.
  • the calcination temperature is preferably 850 to 1050° C.
  • a conducting agent and a binder are added to and mixed with the positive electrode active material by an ordinary method.
  • the preferred conducting agent include acetylene black, carbon black and graphite.
  • the preferred binder include polytetrafluoroethylene and polyvinylidene fluoride.
  • the secondary battery produced by using the positive electrode active material according to the present invention comprises the above positive electrode, a negative electrode and an electrolyte.
  • Examples of a negative electrode active material which may be used for obtaining the negative electrode include metallic lithium, lithium/aluminum alloys, lithium/tin alloys, and graphite or black lead.
  • a solvent for the electrolyte solution there may be used combination of ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate, as well as an organic solvent comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of carbonates such as propylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate, and ethers such as dimethoxyethane.
  • the electrolyte there may be used a solution prepared by dissolving, in addition to lithium phosphate hexafluoride, at least one lithium salt selected from the group consisting of lithium perchlorate and lithium borate tetrafluoride in the above solvent.
  • the secondary battery produced by using the lithium manganate particles according to the present invention has an initial discharge capacity of 80 to 120 mAh/g, a rate characteristic of preferably not less than 80% and more preferably not less than 90%, a high-temperature cycle retention rate of not less than 92% and a capacity recovery rate of not less than 95%. Meanwhile, the high-temperature cycle retention rate and the capacity recovery rate may be determined by the measuring methods described in the following Examples.
  • the average secondary particle diameter (D 50 ) of the particles was a volume median particle diameter thereof as measured by a wet laser method using a laser type particle size distribution measuring apparatus “MICROTRACK HRA” manufactured by Nikkiso Co., Ltd.
  • the average primary particle diameter of the particles was expressed by an average value of diameters of the particles which were observed using a scanning electron microscope “SEM-EDX” equipped with an energy disperse type X-ray analyzer manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies Corp., and read out from a micrograph thereof.
  • the composition of the particles was determined in the following manner. That is, 0.2 g of a sample was dissolved under heating in 25 mL of a 20% hydrochloric acid solution. The resulting solution was cooled and then charged into a measuring flask together with pure water to prepare a sample solution. The resulting sample solution was subjected to the measurement using ICAP “SPS-400” manufactured by Seiko Denshi Kogyo Co., Ltd., to quantitatively determine amounts of the respective elements therein.
  • the sulfur content of the particles was the value measured by burning 5 g of a sample in an oxygen flow using a combustion furnace of a carbon/sulfur analyzer “EMIA-520FA” manufactured by Horiba Seisakusho Co., Ltd.
  • the X-ray diffraction of a sample was measured using “RAD-IIA” manufactured by Rigaku Co., Ltd.
  • the lattice constant of the particles was calculated from the results of the above powder X-ray diffraction by a Rietveld method.
  • the coin cell produced by the following method using the lithium manganate particles was subjected to evaluation for initial charge/discharge characteristics and high-temperature storage characteristics.
  • a metallic lithium blanked into 16 mm ⁇ was used as a negative electrode, and a solution prepared by mixing EC and DEC in which 1 mol/L of LiPF 6 was dissolved, with each other at a volume ratio of 3:7, was used as an electrolyte solution, thereby producing a coin cell of a CR2032 type.
  • the initial charge/discharge characteristics of the coin cell were determined as follows. That is, the coin cell was charged at 25° C. at a current density of 0.1 C until reaching 4.3 V and then subjected to constant voltage charge for 90 min, and further discharged at a current density of 0.1 C until reaching 3.0 V, to thereby measure an initial charge capacity, an initial discharge capacity and an initial charge/discharge efficiency of the coin cell.
  • the coin cell was subjected to charging and discharging cycles in a constant temperature oven held at 60° C. in a voltage range of 3.0 to 4.3 V in which at the 1st, 11th, 21st and 31st cycles, the cell was charged and discharged at a current density of 0.1 C (the charging was conducted in a constant current-90 min constant voltage charge mode), whereas at the other cycles, the coin cell was subjected to repeated charging and discharging at a current density of 1 C (the charging was conducted in a constant current-90 min constant voltage charge mode).
  • the coin cell was subjected to charging and discharging cycles at 25° C. in a voltage range of 3.0 to 4.3 V in which the charging was conducted at a current density of 0.1 C, whereas the discharging was conducted at a current density of 0.1 C, 0.2 C, 0.5 C, 1 C, 2 C and 5 C.
  • the value of (discharge capacity at 5 C/discharge capacity at 0.1 C) ⁇ 100 was determined as a “rate characteristic” of the coin cell.
  • the thus obtained manganese oxide particles were Mn 3 O 4 and had a granular shape, an average primary particle diameter of 4.8 ⁇ m, a BET specific surface area of 0.6 m 2 /g and a sulfur content of 8 ppm.
  • the above Mn 3 O 4 particles, lithium carbonate and aluminum hydroxide were mixed with each other for 1 hr such that a ratio of Li:Mn:Al was 1.072:1.828:0.10, thereby obtaining a uniform mixture.
  • the aluminum hydroxide used above had an average secondary particle diameter (D 50 ) of 10 ⁇ m. Fifty grams of the thus obtained mixture were placed in an alumina crucible, and held therein in atmospheric air at 960° C. for 3 hr, thereby obtaining lithium manganate particles. Thus, the lithium manganate particles were produced.
  • lithium manganate particles had a composition of Li 1+x Mn 2 ⁇ x ⁇ y Y1 y O 4 in which x is 0.072 and y is 0.10, an average primary particle diameter of 5.0 ⁇ m, an average secondary particle diameter (D 50 ) of 7.3 ⁇ m, a BET specific surface area of 0.45 m 2 /g, a lattice constant of 0.8198 nm and a sulfur content of 12 ppm.
  • the coin cell produced by using a positive electrode active material comprising the thus obtained lithium manganate particles had an initial discharge capacity of 105 mAh/g, a capacity recovery rate of 96% as measured after preserving the coin cell at 60° C. for one week, a high-temperature cycle retention rate of 95% and a rate characteristic of 96%.
  • Example 2 The same procedure as defined in Example 1 was conducted except that the kind of manganese oxide used was changed, the Mn 3 O 4 particles, lithium carbonate and aluminum hydroxide were mixed simultaneously with boric acid to prepare a composition as shown in Table 1, and further the calcination temperature was changed as shown in Table 1, thereby obtaining lithium manganate particles.
  • the lithium manganate particles obtained in Example 2 were kneaded with a resin, and the particles in the resulting kneaded material were cut using a cross-section polisher.
  • the condition of distribution of Mn and Al on a section of each of the thus cut particles was determined from the results of EPMA mapping thereof. As a result, it was confirmed that Al was also uniformly distributed over the section of each particle similarly to Mn.
  • Example 2 The same procedure as defined in Example 1 was conducted except that the kind of Y (Al, Mg), the amount of Y added, and calcination conditions, were changed variously, thereby obtaining lithium manganate particles.
  • Electrolytic manganese oxide (MnO 2 ; average primary particle diameter: 15.1 ⁇ m), aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH) 3 ) and lithium carbonate were mixed with each other, and then the resulting mixture was calcined at 960° C., thereby obtaining lithium manganate particles.
  • Manganese oxide particles formed of Mn 3 O 4 which had a granular particle shape and an average primary particle diameter of 4.8 ⁇ m were used.
  • a water suspension comprising the above manganese oxide particles was washed with water in an amount of 5 times the amount of the water suspension using a filter press, and then subjected to deaggregation to adjust a concentration of the manganese oxide particles in the water suspension to 10% by weight.
  • a 0.2 mol/L sodium aluminate aqueous solution was continuously fed to the suspension in a reaction vessel such that a molar ratio of Mn:Al in the resulting mixture was 95:5.
  • the contents of the reaction vessel were always kept stirred by a stirrer and, at the same time, a 0.2 mol/L sulfuric acid aqueous solution was automatically supplied thereto so as to control the pH value of the reaction solution in the reaction vessel to 8 ⁇ 0.5, thereby obtaining a suspension comprising the manganese oxide particles whose surface was coated with aluminum hydroxide.
  • the resulting suspension was washed with water in an amount of 10 times the weight of the manganese oxide particles in the suspension using a filter press, and then dried, thereby obtaining the manganese oxide particles whose surface was coated with aluminum hydroxide and which had a molar ratio of Mn:Al of 95:5 and an average secondary particle diameter of 4.8 ⁇ m.
  • the resulting manganese oxide particles had a sulfur content of 237 ppm.
  • Mn 3 O 4 particles whose surface was coated with aluminum hydroxide and lithium carbonate were dry-mixed with each other for 1 hr such that a molar ratio of Li:Mn:Al was 1.072:1.828:0.10, thereby obtaining a mixture.
  • Thirty grams of the thus obtained mixture were placed in an alumina crucible, and held therein in atmospheric air at 960° C. for 3 hr, thereby obtaining lithium manganate particles.
  • the manganese oxide particles whose surface was coated with aluminum hydroxide were obtained in the same manner as in Comparative Example 2 and then mixed with lithium carbonate and magnesium oxide, and the resulting mixture was calcined.
  • Example 2 The same procedure as defined in Example 1 was conducted except that the kind of Mn compound and the calcination conditions were changed variously, thereby obtaining lithium manganate particles.
  • Example 2 The same procedure as defined in Example 1 was conducted except that a Y element (Al, Mg) element compound having an average secondary particle diameter (D 50 ) of 80 ⁇ m which was 8 times that of the Y element compound used in Example 1 was used as the raw material, thereby obtaining lithium manganate particles.
  • a Y element (Al, Mg) element compound having an average secondary particle diameter (D 50 ) of 80 ⁇ m which was 8 times that of the Y element compound used in Example 1 was used as the raw material, thereby obtaining lithium manganate particles.
  • Example 1 Comp. Mn 3 O 4 7.8 — — 8
  • Example 5 Comp. Mn 3 O 4 4.8 — — 8
  • Example 6 Mixing Amount kind of Y Amount of Particle diam- Examples of Li element Y element eter of Y ele- and Comp. x dry-added added ment compound Examples (—) (—) (—) ( ⁇ m)
  • Example 1 0.072 Al(OH) 3 0.1 10
  • Example 2 0.079 Al(OH) 3 0.1 10
  • Example 3 0.138 — — —
  • Example 4 0.059 MgO 0.05 2
  • Example 5 0.039 Al(OH) 3 /MgO 0.1/0.05 10/2 Comp. 0.065 Al(OH) 3 0.1 10
  • Example 1 Comp. 0.072 — — —
  • Example 2 Comp.
  • Example 3 Comp. 0.039 MgO 0.05 2
  • Example 4 Comp. 0.072 Al(OH) 3 0.1 10
  • Example 5 Comp. 0.072 Al(OH) 3 0.1 80
  • Example 6 Mixing Calcination conditions Examples kind of A Amount of A Temperature and Comp. element element added in air Time Examples (—) (mol %) (° C.) (hr)
  • Example 1 — — 960 3
  • Example 2 B 1.3 910 3
  • Example 5 — — 870 3
  • Example 1 Comp. — — 960 3
  • Example 2 Comp. B 1.5 910 3
  • Example 3 Comp. — — 960 3
  • Example 4 Comp. — — 760 3
  • Example 5 Comp. — — 960 3
  • Example 6 Example 6
  • Example 1 105 96 95 96 Example 2 106 95 98 99 Example 3 91 93 93 96 Example 4 109 83 95 96 Example 5 106 95 98 98 Comp. 107 68 88 75 Example 1 Comp. 105 92 87 93 Example 2 Comp. 109 81 89 92 Example 3 Comp. 104 88 86 93 Example 4 Comp. 92 54 69 78 Example 5 Comp. 102 82 79 89 Example 6
  • the secondary battery obtained using the particles causes short circuit or becomes unstable when preserved under a high-temperature condition.
  • the reason therefor is considered to be that when mixing the manganese oxide and the lithium compound with each other and calcining the resulting mixture, sulfur is reacted with lithium so that the sulfur remains and is present in the resulting particles in the form of an Li—S compound.
  • an Li component which is to be inherently incorporated into the spinel structure becomes deficient, so that the resulting particles tend to suffer from deterioration in high-temperature characteristics such as elution of Mn therefrom under a high-temperature condition.
  • the lithium manganate particles according to the present invention have a reduced sulfur content and, therefore, can be suitably used as a positive electrode active material for a secondary battery having high output characteristics and excellent high-temperature storage characteristics.
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