US20110056479A1 - Variable ventilation method and system - Google Patents

Variable ventilation method and system Download PDF

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Publication number
US20110056479A1
US20110056479A1 US12/877,814 US87781410A US2011056479A1 US 20110056479 A1 US20110056479 A1 US 20110056479A1 US 87781410 A US87781410 A US 87781410A US 2011056479 A1 US2011056479 A1 US 2011056479A1
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Prior art keywords
cooking
level
ventilation
appliance
event monitor
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Abandoned
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US12/877,814
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English (en)
Inventor
Christopher Thompson
Alan Dean Greer
Eric W. Scheidemantel
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Franke Technology and Trademark Ltd
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Niro Plan AG
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Priority to US12/877,814 priority Critical patent/US20110056479A1/en
Assigned to NIRO-PLAN AG. reassignment NIRO-PLAN AG. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: SCHEIDEMANTEL, ERIC W., GREER, ALAN DEAN, THOMPSON, CHRISTOPHER
Publication of US20110056479A1 publication Critical patent/US20110056479A1/en
Assigned to FRANKE TECHNOLOGY AND TRADEMARK LTD reassignment FRANKE TECHNOLOGY AND TRADEMARK LTD CHANGE OF NAME (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: NIRO-PLAN AG
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24C—DOMESTIC STOVES OR RANGES ; DETAILS OF DOMESTIC STOVES OR RANGES, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F24C15/00—Details
    • F24C15/20—Removing cooking fumes
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F11/00—Control or safety arrangements
    • F24F11/0001—Control or safety arrangements for ventilation

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to a variable ventilation system. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to a variable ventilation system for a kitchen wherein exhaust rates are determined based upon the current operation of one or more kitchen appliances.
  • Ventilation systems such as those in most restaurants, serve several purposes. Primarily, ventilation systems are configured to draw air away from one or more appliances, thereby dissipating excess heat created by various kitchen appliances, removing any smoke or air-borne particulate created during a cooking process, and eliminating any odors or smells produced during the cooking process.
  • Typical kitchen ventilation systems include one or more hoods positioned above one or more kitchen appliances, ducting connecting the hoods to one or more exhaust fans, and the exhaust fans which regulate the amount of air sucked through the hoods, thereby determining the amount of ventilation.
  • air may also be removed from the restaurant by the ventilation system. Any air removed from the kitchen and/or restaurant must be replaced or a low pressure vacuum is created, causing potential problems such as difficulty in opening doors in the restaurant area. Thus, air must be replaced in volume substantially equal to the volume of air removed by the ventilation system. Typically, depending on the climate in which the kitchen/restaurant is located, this air must be conditioned before being returned to the restaurant. For example, in cooler climates during winter, the air must be heated before being returned to the kitchen and/or restaurant as “make-up air.” Similarly, in warmer climates in the summer, air must be cooled before being returned to the kitchen and/or restaurant.
  • Conditioning the make-up air can be a great expense to a restaurant. Thus, money is lost when conditioned air is unnecessarily exhausted.
  • the ventilation system may be running at too high of a level, thereby sucking conditioned air from the restaurant that does not need to be ventilated.
  • Variable ventilation systems have been designed to address this drawback.
  • Variable ventilation systems use various techniques to provide multiple ventilating levels. The simplest approach is to use a multi-speed exhaust fan with manual controls. The manual control allows an operator to set the individual exhaust fans speeds. This has inherent drawbacks however as an operator must monitor the kitchen appliance use and determine an appropriate ventilation level. If the operator does not adjust the ventilation system when one or more additional appliances are turned on, the ventilation system may not be able to handle the heat, smoke and/or odor produced by the increased number of cooking events or appliances operating.
  • Another approach is to use a sensor system to determine the temperature of the air, the temperature of any appliances, and the level of smoke or air-borne particulates. Based upon these levels, the ventilation level may be determined. However, these are gross approximations as to the overall condition of the kitchen as only the environments directly around the sensors are determined. Thus, these gross approaches can still lead to conditioned air being wastefully ventilated.
  • the embodiments disclose a system for providing variable ventilation for a cooking environment.
  • the system includes a plurality of cooking appliances, wherein each appliance has various operating parameters indicative of a cooking level of each appliance; a cooking event monitor operably connected to each of the cooking appliances and configured to: (1) determine a level of ventilation for each of the plurality of appliances based upon the cooking level of each appliance, (2) determine a control signal based upon the determined level of ventilation, and (3) transmit the control signal; a motor speed controller operably connected to the cooking event monitor and configured to receive the control signal; and at least one exhaust fan operably connected to the motor speed controller, wherein the motor speed controller adjusts a speed of the exhaust fan based upon the control signal.
  • the embodiments disclose a system for providing variable ventilation for a cooking environment.
  • the system includes a cooking event monitor configured to be operably connected to each of a plurality of cooking appliances and configured to: (1) query a database stored on a computer readable medium operably connected to the cooking event monitor to determine a cooking level of each appliance based upon one or more operating parameters of each appliance, wherein each operating parameter is indicative of a cooking level of the appliance, (2) query the database to determine a level of ventilation for each appliance based upon the determined cooking level of each appliance, (3) determine a control signal based upon the determined level of ventilation, and (4) transmit the control signal; and a motor speed controller operably connected to the cooking event monitor and configured to receive the control signal, wherein the motor speed controller is further configured to adjust the speed of an exhaust fan based upon the control signal.
  • the embodiments disclose a method for providing variable ventilation for a cooking environment.
  • the method includes determining, at a cooking event monitor, one or more operating parameters for each of a plurality of appliances operably connected to the cooking event monitor; querying, by the cooking event monitor, a database stored on a computer readable medium operably connected to the cooking event monitor to determine a cooking level of each appliance based upon the operating parameters of each appliance; querying, by the cooking event monitor, the database to determine a level of ventilation for each appliance based upon the determined cooking level of each appliance; transmitting, by the cooking event monitor, a control signal based upon the determined level of ventilation; receiving, at a motor speed controller operably connected to the cooking event monitor, the control signal; and adjusting, by the motor speed controller, a speed of at least one exhaust fan operably connected to the motor speed controller based upon the control signal.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a variable exhaust ventilation system.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary process for determining a ventilation level according to an embodiment.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a variable exhaust ventilation system.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates various embodiments of a computing device for implementing various methods and processes described herein.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary variable exhaust ventilation (VEV) system 100 .
  • a cooking event monitor 102 may measure one or more aspects of operation that may be used to determine the various operating parameters of one or more appliances 104 .
  • the cooking event monitor 102 may include a memory and software/firmware configured to measure and/or calculate one or more operating parameters of the appliances 104 based upon one or more measured characteristics of the appliances. For example, if the appliance 104 is a multi-vat deep fryer, the cooking event monitor 102 may detect how much current the multi-vat deep fryer is using via a current sensor integrated into the electrical connection of the multi-vat deep fryer. Based upon this detected current level, the cooking event monitor 102 may determine how many of the vats of the deep fryer are currently cooking. The cooking event monitor may then determine what level of ventilation is required for the deep fryer.
  • VEV variable exhaust ventilation
  • the manufacturer of the fryer may provide a recommended ventilation level.
  • An exemplary fryer may require a ventilation level of 1000 cubic feet per minute (CFM) of air flow for proper ventilation at full capacity (i.e., all three vats of the deep fryer cooking a product).
  • CFM cubic feet per minute
  • the three-vat deep fryer may be tested with various food products at various cooking levels.
  • the three-vat deep fryer may be tested with only one vat cooking, two vats cooking, and all three vats cooking. During these tests, multiple ventilation levels may be used to determine adequate ventilation levels for each cooking level.
  • vats cooking may require 60% of the manufacturer's recommended level of ventilation at full capacity (e.g., 600 CFM).
  • Two vats cooking may require 80% of the manufacturer's recommended level of ventilation (e.g., 800 CFM), and three vats cooking may require 100% of the manufacturer's recommended level of ventilation (e.g., 1000 CFM).
  • a database or other data structure like a linked list, may be produced or supplemented to include cooking level indicators such as current usage patterns at various cooking levels, as well as proper ventilation levels for the three-vat deep fryer corresponding to the various cooking levels.
  • the cooking event monitor may reference this database to determine (1) the current cooking level of the three-vat deep fryer (i.e., how many vats are cooking product) and (2) the corresponding ventilation level for the three-vat deep fryer as determined based upon the current cooking level.
  • the cooking event monitor 102 may detect the position of a solenoid on a gas supply line, thus approximating the amount of gas being supplied to a multi-vat deep fryer. Based upon this approximation, the cooking event monitor 102 may reference the database to determine at what cooking level the multi-vat deep fryer is operating and, accordingly, the level of ventilation for that individual multi-vat deep fryer. Similar approaches may be used for other appliances 104 .
  • the cooking event monitor may detect a level of current being used by a multi-platen grill via a current sensor integrated into the electrical connection of the multi-platen grill. Current usage or patterns of use may indicate whether an individual platen is being used to cook a food product.
  • current sensing may be used to determine the position of individual platens on a multi-platen grill to determine whether an individual platen is positioned down in a cooking position or up in a non-cooking position. Based upon a monitored current usage pattern, the cooking event monitor may reference the database to determine how many platens of the multi-platen grill are currently cooking as well as a proper level of ventilation for that multi-platen grill.
  • the multi-platen grill may be tested during installation to determine proper levels of ventilation for each level of cooking as compared to the manufacturer's recommended level of ventilation for full capacity.
  • the manufacturer of the three-platen grill may provide a recommended ventilation level.
  • An exemplary three-platen grill may require a ventilation level of 1500 CFM of air flow for proper ventilation at full capacity (i.e., all three platens of the grill cooking a product).
  • the three-platen grill may be tested with various food products at various cooking levels. For example, the three-platen grill may be tested with only one platen cooking, two platens cooking, and all three platens cooking. During these tests, multiple ventilation levels may be used to determine adequate ventilation levels for each cooking level.
  • zero or one platens cooking may require 60% of the manufacturer's recommended level of ventilation at full capacity (e.g., 900 CFM).
  • Two platens cooking may require 80% of the manufacturer's recommended level of ventilation (e.g., 1200 CFM), and three platens cooking may require 100% of the manufacturer's recommended level of ventilation (e.g., 1500 CFM).
  • the database may be updated to include cooking level indicators such as current usage patterns at various cooking levels, as well as proper ventilation levels for the three-platen grill corresponding to the various cooking levels.
  • the cooking event monitor may reference the database to determine (1) the current cooking level of the three-platen grill (i.e., how many platens are cooking product) and (2) the corresponding ventilation level for the three-platen grill as determined based upon the current cooking level.
  • an appliance may include a built-in timer that is started when a cooking cycle begins.
  • the cooking event monitor 102 may monitor the activity of the timer to determine when an appliance has changed its cooking level (e.g., when a vat of a deep fryer begins a cooking cycle).
  • the cooking event monitor 102 may determine what ventilation level is required for each appliance based upon the present cooking level of that appliance.
  • the VEV system 100 may also include one or more intelligent or “smart” appliances 104 .
  • a smart appliance may include one or more microprocessors that monitor and record activity and current operating parameters such as cooking level for the appliance.
  • the smart appliance may be operably connected to the cooking event monitor 102 via a data network.
  • the smart appliance may be capable of transmitting various operating parameters to the cooking event monitor 102 such as cooking status, cooking temperature, time since transitioning to cooking mode, and other related information.
  • a smart appliance may eliminate any sensors used to monitor the operating parameters and cooking level of an individual appliance. Rather, the one or more microprocessors of the smart appliance may communicate directly with the cooking event monitor, thereby directly transmitting the operating parameters and cooking level of the smart appliance.
  • the VEV system 100 may include all conventional appliances 104 , all smart appliances, or a combination of both types of appliances.
  • the cooking event monitor 102 and the corresponding database may be pre-programmed for a specific collection of appliances 104 that are located in a cooking area such as a kitchen or restaurant section.
  • the cooking event monitor 102 may be programmed in firmware with various information related to that common set of appliances such as heat and amount of smoke produced during standard operation, maximum required level of ventilation, warm-up and cool-down times, and other operational information.
  • the cooking event monitor 102 may be programmed via software on-site for a unique collection of appliances 104 . Both alternatives, however, may share common algorithms for determining appliance operating parameters and related ventilation levels. Exemplary algorithms, along with an exemplary process for determining ventilation levels, are discussed below with respect to FIG. 2 .
  • the database configured to store operating parameters and information related to cooking levels and the corresponding ventilation levels may be included on a computer readable medium integrated in or operably connected to the cooking event monitor.
  • the cooking event monitor 102 may be operably connected to a motor speed controller 106 .
  • the motor speed controller 106 may be operably connected to one or more exhaust fans 108 .
  • each appliance 104 may have a corresponding exhaust fan 108 .
  • An exhaust hood may be placed above the appliance 104 and ducting may be placed between the exhaust hood and the corresponding exhaust fan 108 such that any heat, smoke, odor or other by-product produced by the appliance is ventilated via the corresponding exhaust fan.
  • multiple appliances may share a single exhaust fan 108 .
  • a large appliance may be ventilated via multiple exhaust fans 108 .
  • the cooking event monitor 102 may be configured to communicate a control signal including a determined level of ventilation to the motor speed controller 106 .
  • the control signal may be a digital control signal including what exhaust fan 108 to adjust the speed of as well as a value for speed.
  • the control signal may read as “fan 001 at 80%.”
  • the motor speed controller 106 may adjust the speed of one or more of the exhaust fans 108 to achieve the desired level of ventilation for the current appliance use. To continue the above example, the motor speed controller 106 may adjust exhaust fan 001 to 80% of its rated speed.
  • the cooking event monitor 102 may detect the change based upon either a signal received from a smart appliance or based upon operating parameters monitored at the appliance (e.g., current usage patterns). Based upon this detected change in cooking level, the cooking event monitor 102 may determine an updated level of ventilation, and communicate a new control signal including the updated level of ventilation to the motor speed controller 106 . In response to receiving the updated level of ventilation, the motor speed controller 106 may adjust the speed of one or more of the exhaust fans 108 . To continue the above example, the cooking event monitor 102 may update the control signal to be “fan 001 at 60%.” Based upon this control signal, the motor speed controller 106 may adjust exhaust fan 001 to 60% of its rated speed.
  • exhaust fans 108 may be three phase fans, single phase fans, and may be single speed or multi-speed (e.g., high, medium, low and off) in operation.
  • the motor speed controller 106 may be a variable frequency drive (VFD) or similar circuit, such as a triac controller, configured to control the exhaust fans at variable speeds.
  • VFD variable frequency drive
  • triac controller a triac controller
  • the motor speed controller 106 may be configured such that all exhaust fans 108 are run at 100% when the VEV system 100 is initiated. Once cooking levels and corresponding ventilation levels for each appliance 104 is determined by the cooking event monitor 102 , the motor speed controller 106 may then reduce the ventilation levels of one or more exhaust fans 108 .
  • the VEV system 100 may include various other appliances 104 .
  • the appliances 104 may include a single-vat deep fryer or a single-platen grill.
  • the exhaust level may be set at 60% when the appliance is not cooking, and 100% when the appliance is cooking.
  • Various other appliances 104 may be include, and the above discussed appliances are included by way of example only.
  • the motor speed controller 106 may also be in communication with the make-up air system 110 , e.g., the air conditioning units. Based upon the level of ventilation being created by the exhaust fans 108 , the motor speed controller 106 may communicate to the make-up air system 110 what level of make-up air should be produced to maintain a constant pressure level in the cooking area and/or restaurant. For example, if the ventilation level for all exhaust fans is halved, the motor speed controller 106 may indicate to the make-up air system 110 to produce less conditioned make-up air, thus reducing the operating cost of the make-up air system while maintaining building air balance or pressure.
  • the make-up air system 110 e.g., the air conditioning units.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary process for determining the operating parameters and, thus, cooking level and corresponding ventilation levels for one or more appliances at a cooking event monitor (e.g., cooking event monitor 102 ), and adjusting the level of ventilation for each appliance accordingly.
  • the cooking event monitor may determine 202 one or more operating parameters for each appliance. Operating parameters may include, for example, cooking temperature, cooking time, amount of current being used by an appliance, amount of gas being used by an appliance, and other related information.
  • the operating parameters may be collected via one or more sensors such as current sensors, timer activation sensors, gas flow sensors, or other similar sensors.
  • the operating parameters may also be received directly from a microprocessor integrated into a smart appliance as discussed above.
  • the cooking event monitor may determine 204 a cooking level at each appliance. For example, the cooking event monitor may determine 202 that a current usage pattern for a specific appliance is spiking every 10 seconds to a particular level. The cooking event monitor may query the database of operational parameters, cooking levels and corresponding ventilation levels. The query may include this usage pattern and any additional monitored operating parameters. Based upon the query, the database may be searched and the cooking level for that appliance may be determined 204 . Based upon the determined 204 cooking level, the cooking event monitor may further query the database to determine 206 a corresponding ventilation level for the appliance. It should be noted that the determinations 204 and 206 of both the cooking level and corresponding ventilation level may be combined into a single query and are shown herein as two queries merely for exemplary purposes.
  • the cooking event monitor may determine 202 various operating parameters for a multi-vat deep fryer.
  • the operating parameters include a gas usage reading.
  • the cooking event monitor may query the database and determine 204 that one vat of the multi-vat deep fryer is being used to cook a product.
  • the cooking event monitor may further query the database to determine 206 the corresponding ventilation level for the multi-vat deep fryer when one vat is being used to cook.
  • a software routine may be run including a series of if-then statements.
  • a software routine for a three-vat fryer may include “if zero vats are cooking, ventilation equals 60%; if one vat is cooking, ventilation equals 60%; if two vats are cooking, ventilation equals 80%; if three vats are cooking, ventilation equals 100%.” Similar software programs may be written for other appliances. Likewise, the software may be updated throughout the life of the appliance to adjust the percentages or other values used as based upon historical operation data or the introduction of a new menu item.
  • the cooking event monitor may transmit 208 a control signal to a motor speed controller.
  • the control signal may be a digital signal indicating an exhaust fan and a speed adjustment value.
  • the motor speed control may adjust the speed of one or more exhaust fans based upon the control signal.
  • the cooking event monitor may continue to monitor the various appliances to determine 210 if there are any changes to the operating parameters for the appliances. If there are no changes, the cooking event monitor may continue to monitor 212 the appliances. If the cooking event monitor determines 210 there is a change to the operating parameters of one or more appliances, the cooking event monitor may determine 202 the new operating parameters and the process for determining a level of ventilation is repeated.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates an alternative exemplary VEV system 300 using a single, central exhaust fan 308 .
  • a cooking event monitor 302 may measure one or more aspects of operation that may be used to determine the various operating parameters of one or more appliances 304 . Based upon these various determinations, the cooking event monitor 302 may determine the cooking level at each appliance as well as the corresponding level of ventilation for each of the appliances 304 . This determination may include querying a database listing various operating parameters, cooking levels and corresponding ventilation levels for each appliance.
  • the cooking event monitor 302 may be operably connected to a motor speed controller 306 .
  • the motor speed controller 306 may be operably connected to the central exhaust fan 308 .
  • the central exhaust fan 308 may be operably connected to a manifold configured to receive ducts from each of the appliances 304 such that the central exhaust fan may ventilate each appliance simultaneously.
  • the cooking event monitor 302 may determine a level of ventilation for the entire kitchen. As a single central exhaust fan 308 may be used, the ventilation level at the central exhaust fan may be determined based upon the highest level of ventilation required by an individual appliance. Thus, the cooking event monitor 302 may use a “highest wins” logical algorithm to determine a ventilation level to send to the motor speed controller 306 . For example, the cooking event monitor 302 may determine based upon a database query that a multi-vat deep fryer is using two vats to cook, and thus requires 800 CFM, or 80% of the manufacturer's recommended ventilation level for a full cooking load.
  • the cooking event monitor 302 may also determine based upon a database query that a three-platen grill is using one platen to cook, and thus requires 900 CFM, or 60% of the manufacturer's recommended ventilation level for a full cooking load. Thus, the cooking event monitor 302 may determine the corresponding ventilation level for the kitchen as 900 CFM. However, if a third vat of the multi-vat deep fryer is being used to cook, the cooking event monitor may determine that the multi-vat deep fryer requires 1000 CFM, or 100% of the manufacturer's recommended ventilation level. Thus, the cooking event monitor 302 may determine the corresponding ventilation level for the kitchen as 1000 CFM.
  • the cooking event monitor 302 may transmit a control signal including the determined level of ventilation received to the motor speed controller 306 .
  • the motor speed controller 306 may adjust the speed of the central exhaust fan 308 based upon the control signal received from the cooking event monitor 302 .
  • the cooking event monitor 302 may detect the change based upon either a signal received from a smart appliance or based upon operating parameters monitored at the appliance (e.g., current usage patterns). Based upon this detected change in cooking level, the cooking event monitor 302 may determine an updated level of ventilation, and communicate a new control signal including the updated level of ventilation to the motor speed controller 306 .
  • central exhaust fan 308 may be a three phase fan, a single phase fan, and may be single speed or multi-speed (e.g., high, medium, low and off) in operation.
  • the motor speed controller 306 may be a variable frequency drive (VFD) or similar circuit, such as a triac controller, configured to control the exhaust fans at variable speeds.
  • VFD variable frequency drive
  • triac controller such as a triac controller
  • the motor speed controller 306 may also be in communication with the make-up air system 310 , e.g., the air conditioning units. Based upon the level of ventilation being created by the central exhaust fan 308 , the motor speed controller 306 may communicate to the make-up air system 310 what level of make-up air should be produced to maintain a constant pressure level in the cooking area and/or restaurant.
  • both VEV systems 100 and 300 may include additional features not discussed herein.
  • a bypass device may be included that is operably connected to the motor speed controllers 106 and 306 .
  • the bypass device may permit a user of the VEV systems 100 and 300 to bypass the output of the cooking event monitors 102 and 302 and directly control the speed of the exhaust fans 108 and 308 .
  • the VEV systems 100 and 300 may include a failsafe device that monitors the various sensors on the appliances 104 and 304 to ensure the sensors are operating properly.
  • the failsafe device may also set the ventilation level of any exhaust fan to 100% in the event that a failed sensor is detected, or if communication between an appliance and a cooking event monitor is lost.
  • FIG. 4 depicts a block diagram of exemplary internal hardware that may be used to contain or implement the cooking event monitors 102 and 302 as discussed above.
  • a bus 400 serves as the main information highway interconnecting the other illustrated components of the hardware.
  • CPU 405 is the central processing unit of the system, performing calculations and logic operations required to execute a program.
  • CPU 405 is an exemplary processing device, computing device or processor as such terms are used within this disclosure.
  • Read only memory (ROM) 410 and random access memory (RAM) 415 constitute exemplary memory devices.
  • a controller 420 interfaces with one or more optional memory devices 425 to the system bus 400 .
  • These memory devices 425 may include, for example, an external or internal DVD drive, a CD ROM drive, a hard drive, flash memory, a USB drive or the like. As indicated previously, these various drives and controllers are optional devices. Additionally, the memory devices 425 may be configured to include individual files for storing any feedback information, common files for storing groups of feedback information, or one or more databases for storing the operation characteristic information as discussed above.
  • Program instructions, software or interactive modules for performing any querying or determining associated with the VEV systems 100 and 300 as discussed above may be stored in the ROM 410 and/or the RAM 415 .
  • the program instructions may be stored on a tangible computer readable medium such as a compact disk, a digital disk, flash memory, a memory card, a USB drive, an optical disc storage medium, such as a Blu-rayTM disc, and/or other recording medium.
  • An optional display interface 430 may permit information from the bus 400 to be displayed on the display 435 in audio, visual, graphic or alphanumeric format.
  • the information may include information related to the current operating status of a VEV system.
  • Communication with external devices may occur using various communication ports 440 .
  • An exemplary communication port 440 may be attached to a communications network, such as the Internet or an intranet.
  • the hardware may also include an interface 445 which allows for receipt of data from input devices such as a keyboard 450 or other input device 455 such as a mouse, a joystick, a touch screen, a remote control, a pointing device, a video input device and/or an audio input device.
  • input devices such as a keyboard 450 or other input device 455 such as a mouse, a joystick, a touch screen, a remote control, a pointing device, a video input device and/or an audio input device.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Ventilation (AREA)
  • Air Conditioning Control Device (AREA)
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