Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G25/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils in the absence of hydrogen, with solid sorbents
  • C10G25/003—Specific sorbent material, not covered by C10G25/02 or C10G25/03
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C7/00—Purification; Separation; Use of additives
  • C07C7/11—Purification; Separation; Use of additives by absorption, i.e. purification or separation of gaseous hydrocarbons with the aid of liquids
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D15/00—Separating processes involving the treatment of liquids with solid sorbents; Apparatus therefor
  • B01D15/08—Selective adsorption, e.g. chromatography
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
  • B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
  • B01J20/0203—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising compounds of metals not provided for in B01J20/04
  • B01J20/0233—Compounds of Cu, Ag, Au
  • B01J20/0237—Compounds of Cu
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
  • B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
  • B01J20/04—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising compounds of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals or magnesium
  • B01J20/041—Oxides or hydroxides
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
  • B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
  • B01J20/06—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising oxides or hydroxides of metals not provided for in group B01J20/04
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
  • B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
  • B01J20/06—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising oxides or hydroxides of metals not provided for in group B01J20/04
  • B01J20/08—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising oxides or hydroxides of metals not provided for in group B01J20/04 comprising aluminium oxide or hydroxide; comprising bauxite
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
  • B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
  • B01J20/10—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising silica or silicate
  • B01J20/103—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising silica or silicate comprising silica
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
  • B01J20/30—Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
  • B01J20/32—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating
  • B01J20/3202—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating characterised by the carrier, support or substrate used for impregnation or coating
  • B01J20/3204—Inorganic carriers, supports or substrates
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
  • B01J20/30—Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
  • B01J20/32—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating
  • B01J20/3231—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating characterised by the coating or impregnating layer
  • B01J20/3234—Inorganic material layers
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
  • B01J20/30—Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
  • B01J20/32—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating
  • B01J20/3231—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating characterised by the coating or impregnating layer
  • B01J20/3234—Inorganic material layers
  • B01J20/3236—Inorganic material layers containing metal, other than zeolites, e.g. oxides, hydroxides, sulphides or salts
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
  • B01J20/30—Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
  • B01J20/34—Regenerating or reactivating
  • B01J20/345—Regenerating or reactivating using a particular desorbing compound or mixture
  • B01J20/3458—Regenerating or reactivating using a particular desorbing compound or mixture in the gas phase
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
  • B01J20/30—Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
  • B01J20/34—Regenerating or reactivating
  • B01J20/3483—Regenerating or reactivating by thermal treatment not covered by groups B01J20/3441 - B01J20/3475, e.g. by heating or cooling
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
  • B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
  • B01J23/76—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
  • B01J23/84—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
  • B01J23/85—Chromium, molybdenum or tungsten
  • B01J23/86—Chromium
  • B01J23/868—Chromium copper and chromium
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G45/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds
  • C10G45/02—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds to eliminate hetero atoms without changing the skeleton of the hydrocarbon involved and without cracking into lower boiling hydrocarbons; Hydrofinishing
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2251/00—Reactants
  • B01D2251/20—Reductants
  • B01D2251/202—Hydrogen
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2253/00—Adsorbents used in seperation treatment of gases and vapours
  • B01D2253/10—Inorganic adsorbents
  • B01D2253/112—Metals or metal compounds not provided for in B01D2253/104 or B01D2253/106
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2257/00—Components to be removed
  • B01D2257/60—Heavy metals or heavy metal compounds
  • B01D2257/602—Mercury or mercury compounds
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2220/00—Aspects relating to sorbent materials
  • B01J2220/50—Aspects relating to the use of sorbent or filter aid materials
  • B01J2220/56—Use in the form of a bed
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
  • B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
  • B01J23/72—Copper

Definitions

• the invention relates to a method of removing mercury and/or arsenic from a mercury-comprising hydrocarbon stream.
• Mercury is present as impurity in numerous streams of materials which are obtained or processed in the chemical or petrochemical industry. These are often streams which are obtained in the processing or thermal utilization of fossil raw materials such as petroleum, natural gas or coal and in the utilization of wastes, since these raw materials or wastes comprise traces of mercury in elemental form or in chemically bound form. Streams comprising mercury as impurity are also obtained in processes in which mercury or mercury-comprising substances are used as reagent or catalyst. An example which may be mentioned is the electrolysis hydrogen obtained in the production of chlorine by the amalgam process. Because of the high toxicity of mercury, it is in most cases necessary to separate off this metal or compounds comprising this metal from the streams obtained in the processes concerned.
• mercury has the property of attacking apparatuses comprising aluminum by amalgam formation with destruction of the oxide layer on the surface of the aluminum, so that streams which pass through apparatuses or vessels made of aluminum have to be virtually mercury-free.
• catalysts comprising noble metals, as are used, for example, in petrochemical processes, are poisoned by traces of mercury.
• EP-A 0 761 830 discloses a simple, purely mechanical method in which finely divided mercury is collected by coalescence to form larger droplets of mercury which are easy to separate off.
• WO 2004/048624 describes a method of removing mercury by filtration through electrographite.
• DE-A 26 43 478 describes the separation of mercury from liquids by adsorption on activated carbon having a specific surface area of at least 250 m 2 /g.
• Carbon-based adsorbents are used, inter alia, for the removal of mercury from streams of materials, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,755,989.
• U.S. Pat. No. 4,500,327 describes sulfur-impregnated activated carbon for removing mercury from gaseous streams, while JP 52-53793 describes the use of iodide-comprising activated carbon for removing mercury from liquid streams.
• EP-A 0 385 742 describes a process for removing mercury from liquid hydrocarbon streams comprising hydrocarbons having up to 8 carbon atoms by bringing the streams into contact with metallic copper or copper compounds present on a support.
• DE-A 21 02 039 discloses a process for removing mercury from gases, in which the mercury-comprising gases are brought into contact with a composition comprising copper on a porous aluminum oxide support.
• U.S. Pat. No. 4,230,486 discloses a process for removing mercury from liquids by passing the liquids over an absorbent comprising metallic silver on a porous support such as activated carbon or a ceramic support.
• DE-A 42 21 207 teaches a process for removing mercury from alkaline metal hydroxide solution or alkaline metal alkoxide solution by passing the solutions over silver-coated fibers.
• DE-A 41 16 890 discloses absorbents for removing mercury, which comprise, in particular, Cu, Ag, Fe and Bi, or else Au, Sn, Zn and Pd and also mixtures of the metals mentioned in metallic or oxidic or sulfidic form on an activated carbon support having a BET surface area of from 300 to 1000 m 2 /g.
• U.S. Pat. No. 4,911,825 describes the removal of mercury and arsenic from hydrocarbon streams by bringing these into contact with a catalyst comprising nickel and palladium on aluminum oxide in the presence of hydrogen in a first step and into contact with an absorbent comprising sulfur or a metal sulfide, preferably copper sulfide or a combination of copper sulfide and silver sulfide, on a support in a second step.
• the process can also be carried out in a single stage over a mixture of the catalyst and the absorbent.
• FR-A 2 310 795 describes the removal of mercury from a gaseous natural gas stream using an absorbent comprising metallic gold, silver, copper or nickel on a support composed of silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide or an aluminosilicate having a BET surface area of from 40 to 250 m 2 /g.
• WO 91/15559 discloses a method of removing mercury from liquid hydrocarbon streams by bringing them into contact with an absorbent produced by mixing of a pulverulent oxide, preferably an oxide selected from among nickel oxide, copper oxide and cobalt oxide, with a porous support material such as aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, zeolites or clays and subsequent reduction.
• This object is achieved by a method of removing mercury from a mercury-comprising hydrocarbon stream, in which the hydrocarbon stream is brought into contact with an absorbent comprising copper on a porous oxidic support material, wherein the hydrocarbon stream is brought into contact with the absorbent in the presence of hydrogen.
• the absorbent used according to the invention comprises copper, preferably in reduced form, on a porous support material.
• the absorbent used according to the invention is effective as hydrogenation catalyst.
• Suitable porous support materials are amorphous and crystalline aluminosilicates, aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, clays and metal oxides.
• Suitable clays are, for example, attapulgite, kaolin, bentonite, Fuller's earth.
• Suitable metal oxides are, for example, aluminum oxides and silicon dioxide and also magnesium oxide, zirconium dioxide, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, chromium(III) oxide, barium oxide and mixtures thereof.
• a preferred aluminum oxide is ⁇ -aluminum oxide.
• the copper comprising hydrogenation-active absorbents used according to the invention can be obtained by mixing of copper oxide with a support material and subsequent conversion of copper into the metallic form by reduction, preferably in a stream of hydrogen.
• the absorbents used according to the invention can also be produced by impregnation of the support material with an aqueous solution of a copper salt, drying, if appropriate calcination and conversion of the copper into the metallic form by reduction, preferably by means of a hydrogen-comprising gas stream, although it is also possible to use a reducing agent such as hydrazine.
• the absorbent used according to the invention copper is generally present in reduced, i.e. metallic (elemental), form finely dispersed on the support material.
• the absorbents used according to the invention comprise from 10 to 50% by weight of copper on an oxidic support material.
• suitable compositions on the basis of which the absorbents used according to the invention are obtained are compositions comprising copper oxide, zinc oxide and aluminum oxide or compositions comprising copper oxide, magnesium oxide, barium oxide, chromium(III) oxide, zinc oxide and silicon dioxide.
• Particular preference is given to a mixture of from 10 to 60% by weight of copper oxide, from 0 to 40% by weight of zinc oxide, from 0 to 20% by weight of aluminum oxide, from 5 to 25% by weight of magnesium oxide, from 10 to 40% by weight of silicon dioxide, from 0 to 5% by weight of chromium(III) oxide and from 0 to 10% by weight of barium oxide.
• Hydrocarbon streams from which mercury can be removed according to the invention are any hydrocarbon streams which can be contaminated with mercury. These generally comprise aliphatic, aromatic, alicyclic and/or heterocyclic hydrocarbons having from 1 to 14 carbon atoms.
• hydrocarbon mixtures which can be freed of mercury according to the invention are LNG (liquefied natural gas), LPG (liquefied petroleum gas), naphtha and kerosene.
• pure hydrocarbons which can be purified according to the invention are ethylene and propylene and also aliphatic hydrocarbons.
• the mercury content of the hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon mixtures before carrying out the method of the invention can be up to 100 ppm, but is generally up to 1 ppm of Hg.
• Mercury is generally present in the form of organomercury compounds.
• the method of the invention can be carried out in the suspension mode or the fixed-bed mode. If it is carried out in the fixed-bed mode, it can be carried out in the upflow or downflow mode.
• the hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon mixtures comprising mercury or arsenic can be used in gaseous or liquid form.
• the hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon mixtures are preferably used in liquid form.
• Hydrogen is introduced together with the gaseous or liquid hydrocarbon or hydrocarbon mixture into a suitable reaction vessel and passed, generally in cocurrent, over the particulate absorbent present in a fixed bed. This can be carried out in the upflow or downflow mode. However, hydrogen and hydrocarbon or hydrocarbon mixture can also be passed over the bed of absorbent in countercurrent.
• the absorbent can also be present in suspension in the hydrocarbon or hydrocarbon mixture.
• the method is carried out at a temperature of from 30 to 250° C., preferably from 60 to 180° C., and a hydrogen pressure of from 1 to 20 bar.
• the pressure is preferably selected so that the hydrocarbon or the hydrocarbon mixture is present as a liquid.
• the amount of hydrogen introduced generally corresponds to a space velocity of from 10 to 650 standard I per kg of absorbent and hour.
• the absorbent After the absorbent is exhausted, it can be thermally regenerated by heating it in a stream of inert gas or a hydrogen-comprising gas stream, in general at temperatures of from 180 to 400° C., for example from 200 to 220° C., and condensing out vaporized mercury.
• example 2 The procedure of example 1 was repeated, but the solution was maintained at 25° C. Samples were taken at regular intervals and their mercury content was determined. The results are shown in table 2.
• example 2 The procedure of example 1 was repeated. The temperature was thus 60° C. Samples were taken at regular intervals and their mercury content was determined. The results are shown in table 2.
• example 2 The procedure of example 1 was repeated, but the solution was heated to 100° C. Samples were taken at regular intervals and their mercury content was determined. The results are shown in table 2.
• Example 4 (25° C.) (60° C.) (100° C.) Time [h] Hg [ppm] Hg [ppm] Hg [ppm] 0 350 350 350 1 300 250 90 2 290 150 — 3 250 120 30 4 240 — — 5 220 72 — 6 205 51 2.3 7 — 37 — 8 — 28 — 22 80 — — 24 75 0.8 0.14 93 4.6 — —
• the experiments were carried out in a monoline reactor having an internal diameter of 6 mm and a total length of 5 m.
• the reactor comprised 4 segments connected to one another by means of a capillary.
• the reactor was operated in the downflow mode.
• the reactor segments were maintained at 60° C.
• the liquid hydrocarbon feed was mixed with hydrogen before the reactor inlet.
• the reactor output was cooled by means of a low-temperature condenser and the gas phase was separated from the liquid phase.
• the liquid phase was employed for determining the mercury content and the gas phase was disposed of via a mercury guard bed.
• a catalyst comprising 45% by weight of CuO, 16% by weight of MgO, 35% by weight of SiO 2 , 0.9% by weight of Cr 2 O 3 , 1.1% by weight of BaO and 0.6% by weight of ZnO in the form of 3 ⁇ 5 mm pellets were present in the reactor.
• a glass sphere having a diameter of 2 mm was present between each of the individual pellets.
• the catalyst was firstly activated in a stream of hydrogen at from 180 to 220° C.
• the reactor was subsequently cooled to 60° C. in a stream of hydrogen.
• the reactor was operated at atmospheric pressure.

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
• Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
• Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Thermal Sciences (AREA)
• Materials Engineering (AREA)
• Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
• Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
• Catalysts (AREA)

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• 2009
  • 2009-03-09 CN CN2009801084389A patent/CN101970614A/zh active Pending
  • 2009-03-09 KR KR1020107021637A patent/KR20100133394A/ko not_active Ceased
  • 2009-03-09 EP EP09720628A patent/EP2265695A1/de not_active Withdrawn
  • 2009-03-09 US US12/921,579 patent/US20110005975A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2009-03-09 JP JP2010550151A patent/JP5455939B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2009-03-09 WO PCT/EP2009/052693 patent/WO2009112440A1/de not_active Ceased

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