US20100313507A1 - Building structures containing external vapor permeable foam insulation - Google Patents
Building structures containing external vapor permeable foam insulation Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20100313507A1 US20100313507A1 US12/809,655 US80965509A US2010313507A1 US 20100313507 A1 US20100313507 A1 US 20100313507A1 US 80965509 A US80965509 A US 80965509A US 2010313507 A1 US2010313507 A1 US 2010313507A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- foam
- building structure
- thermoplastic polymer
- polymer foam
- support members
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 195
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 41
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 72
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 58
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 24
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 abstract description 19
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 21
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 20
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000004604 Blowing Agent Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 6
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 5
- -1 aliphatic alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000003063 flame retardant Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 5
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 4
- RWRIWBAIICGTTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N difluoromethane Chemical compound FCF RWRIWBAIICGTTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- NNPPMTNAJDCUHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N isobutane Chemical compound CC(C)C NNPPMTNAJDCUHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 229920000638 styrene acrylonitrile Polymers 0.000 description 4
- DEIGXXQKDWULML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecane Chemical compound BrC1CCC(Br)C(Br)CCC(Br)C(Br)CCC1Br DEIGXXQKDWULML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000005187 foaming Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920001519 homopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011490 mineral wool Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000009423 ventilation Methods 0.000 description 3
- YFMFNYKEUDLDTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(F)C(F)(F)F YFMFNYKEUDLDTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LVGUZGTVOIAKKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane Chemical compound FCC(F)(F)F LVGUZGTVOIAKKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WZLFPVPRZGTCKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane Chemical compound CC(F)(F)CC(F)(F)F WZLFPVPRZGTCKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UJPMYEOUBPIPHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1-trifluoroethane Chemical compound CC(F)(F)F UJPMYEOUBPIPHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WXGNWUVNYMJENI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane Chemical compound FC(F)C(F)F WXGNWUVNYMJENI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RNFJDJUURJAICM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,4,4,6,6-hexaphenoxy-1,3,5-triaza-2$l^{5},4$l^{5},6$l^{5}-triphosphacyclohexa-1,3,5-triene Chemical compound N=1P(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=NP(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=NP=1(OC=1C=CC=CC=1)OC1=CC=CC=C1 RNFJDJUURJAICM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IKHGUXGNUITLKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetaldehyde Chemical compound CC=O IKHGUXGNUITLKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RGSFGYAAUTVSQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclopentane Chemical compound C1CCCC1 RGSFGYAAUTVSQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethyl ether Chemical compound COC LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pentane Chemical compound CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium bicarbonate Chemical compound [Na+].OC([O-])=O UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- AGXUVMPSUKZYDT-UHFFFAOYSA-L barium(2+);octadecanoate Chemical compound [Ba+2].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O AGXUVMPSUKZYDT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011152 fibreglass Substances 0.000 description 2
- UHCBBWUQDAVSMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoroethane Chemical compound CCF UHCBBWUQDAVSMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000001282 iso-butane Substances 0.000 description 2
- QWTDNUCVQCZILF-UHFFFAOYSA-N isopentane Chemical compound CCC(C)C QWTDNUCVQCZILF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- TZIHFWKZFHZASV-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl formate Chemical compound COC=O TZIHFWKZFHZASV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- CRSOQBOWXPBRES-UHFFFAOYSA-N neopentane Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C CRSOQBOWXPBRES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GTLACDSXYULKMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentafluoroethane Chemical compound FC(F)C(F)(F)F GTLACDSXYULKMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MSSNHSVIGIHOJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentafluoropropane Chemical compound FC(F)CC(F)(F)F MSSNHSVIGIHOJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000012466 permeate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011505 plaster Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920006327 polystyrene foam Polymers 0.000 description 2
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FQENQNTWSFEDLI-UHFFFAOYSA-J sodium diphosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]P([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=O FQENQNTWSFEDLI-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 2
- 235000019818 tetrasodium diphosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000011800 void material Substances 0.000 description 2
- HGTUJZTUQFXBIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N (2,3-dimethyl-3-phenylbutan-2-yl)benzene Chemical group C=1C=CC=CC=1C(C)(C)C(C)(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 HGTUJZTUQFXBIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CZGWDPMDAIPURF-UHFFFAOYSA-N (4,6-dihydrazinyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)hydrazine Chemical compound NNC1=NC(NN)=NC(NN)=N1 CZGWDPMDAIPURF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ASRMWYDEZPXXBA-UHFFFAOYSA-N (sulfonylamino)urea Chemical compound NC(=O)NN=S(=O)=O ASRMWYDEZPXXBA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KDWQLICBSFIDRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1-trifluoropropane Chemical compound CCC(F)(F)F KDWQLICBSFIDRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NPNPZTNLOVBDOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-difluoroethane Chemical compound CC(F)F NPNPZTNLOVBDOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YUAPUIKGYCAHGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-dibromo-3-(2,3-dibromopropoxy)propane Chemical compound BrCC(Br)COCC(Br)CBr YUAPUIKGYCAHGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CQSQUYVFNGIECQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-n,4-n-dimethyl-1-n,4-n-dinitrosobenzene-1,4-dicarboxamide Chemical compound O=NN(C)C(=O)C1=CC=C(C(=O)N(C)N=O)C=C1 CQSQUYVFNGIECQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YZXSQDNPKVBDOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2-difluoropropane Chemical compound CC(C)(F)F YZXSQDNPKVBDOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OZAIFHULBGXAKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-cyanopropan-2-yldiazenyl)-2-methylpropanenitrile Chemical compound N#CC(C)(C)N=NC(C)(C)C#N OZAIFHULBGXAKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanone Chemical compound CCC(C)=O ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VEORPZCZECFIRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,3',5,5'-tetrabromobisphenol A Chemical compound C=1C(Br)=C(O)C(Br)=CC=1C(C)(C)C1=CC(Br)=C(O)C(Br)=C1 VEORPZCZECFIRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylonitrile Chemical compound C=CC#N NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004156 Azodicarbonamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PMPVIKIVABFJJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclobutane Chemical compound C1CCC1 PMPVIKIVABFJJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethane Chemical compound CC OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000238631 Hexapoda Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000004594 Masterbatch (MB) Substances 0.000 description 1
- XOBKSJJDNFUZPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methoxyethane Chemical compound CCOC XOBKSJJDNFUZPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M Propionate Chemical compound CCC([O-])=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- VRFNYSYURHAPFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N [(4-methylphenyl)sulfonylamino]urea Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(S(=O)(=O)NNC(N)=O)C=C1 VRFNYSYURHAPFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002745 absorbent Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002250 absorbent Substances 0.000 description 1
- KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid trimethyl ester Natural products COC(C)=O KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000001338 aliphatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003674 animal food additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- XOZUGNYVDXMRKW-AATRIKPKSA-N azodicarbonamide Chemical compound NC(=O)\N=N\C(N)=O XOZUGNYVDXMRKW-AATRIKPKSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019399 azodicarbonamide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VJRITMATACIYAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzenesulfonohydrazide Chemical compound NNS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 VJRITMATACIYAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CJZGTCYPCWQAJB-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium stearate Chemical compound [Ca+2].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O CJZGTCYPCWQAJB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000008116 calcium stearate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013539 calcium stearate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002915 carbonyl group Chemical group [*:2]C([*:1])=O 0.000 description 1
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002666 chemical blowing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- UHZZMRAGKVHANO-UHFFFAOYSA-M chlormequat chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C[N+](C)(C)CCCl UHZZMRAGKVHANO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000753 cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- GUJOJGAPFQRJSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N dialuminum;dioxosilane;oxygen(2-);hydrate Chemical compound O.[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3].O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O GUJOJGAPFQRJSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AFABGHUZZDYHJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl butane Natural products CCCC(C)C AFABGHUZZDYHJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- DMEGYFMYUHOHGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N heptamethylene Natural products C1CCCCCC1 DMEGYFMYUHOHGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WMIYKQLTONQJES-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexafluoroethane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)F WMIYKQLTONQJES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydridophosphorus(.) (triplet) Chemical compound [PH] BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001872 inorganic gas Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 description 1
- NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaolin Chemical compound O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052622 kaolinite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004620 low density foam Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 1
- HCWCAKKEBCNQJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium orthosilicate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Mg+2].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] HCWCAKKEBCNQJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium oxide Inorganic materials [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000391 magnesium silicate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052919 magnesium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019792 magnesium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Mg+2] AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052901 montmorillonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butane Chemical compound CCCC IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002667 nucleating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- IEQIEDJGQAUEQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phthalocyanine Chemical compound N1C(N=C2C3=CC=CC=C3C(N=C3C4=CC=CC=C4C(=N4)N3)=N2)=C(C=CC=C2)C2=C1N=C1C2=CC=CC=C2C4=N1 IEQIEDJGQAUEQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002285 poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000030 sodium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000017557 sodium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000454 talc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052623 talc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoromethane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)F TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- XZZNDPSIHUTMOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenyl phosphate Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1OP(OC=1C=CC=CC=1)(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1 XZZNDPSIHUTMOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
- E04B1/26—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons the supporting parts consisting of wood
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
- E04B2/56—Load-bearing walls of framework or pillarwork; Walls incorporating load-bearing elongated members
- E04B2/70—Load-bearing walls of framework or pillarwork; Walls incorporating load-bearing elongated members with elongated members of wood
- E04B2/706—Load-bearing walls of framework or pillarwork; Walls incorporating load-bearing elongated members with elongated members of wood with supporting function
- E04B2/707—Load-bearing walls of framework or pillarwork; Walls incorporating load-bearing elongated members with elongated members of wood with supporting function obturation by means of panels
Definitions
- the present invention relates to vapor permeable foam, methods of using such foam for insulation in buildings and building structures containing such insulation.
- the European Energy saving directive of 2002 requires increasing insulation values of many building structures in European member states to lower energy consumption. However, it is critical to add insulation to these building structures without increasing the likelihood of vapor condensation within the building structures. Vapor condensation within a building structure can cause mold, mildew and decomposition of building structure components. Therefore, addition of any insulation to existing houses should have necessary vapor permeability.
- additional insulation it is further desirable for additional insulation to have a high compressive strength while simultaneously having a desired level of vapor permeability.
- Installation of additional insulation to existing building structures advantageously involves applying the insulation to the outside of the building structures, particularly roof structures so as to not disrupt the ability to occupy the building structure. Therefore, the insulation will desirably have enough permeability to avoid vapor condensation in the building structure while at the same time have sufficient compressive strength to support the weight of materials and workers applying the insulation without damage.
- United States patent application US2005/0055973 discloses an insulated structure with studs, inner and outer sheathing and an insulation component between the studs.
- the outer sheathing can be a foam.
- the insulation between the studs can also be a foam and that is, preferably, highly vapor permeable with a vapor permeance of between about 7 and 13 perms 565 ng/(Pa*s*m 2 ) for a five inch (127 mm) thick section.
- a vapor permeability corresponds to a permeance relative to air of about 2.1-3.8 mu.
- U.S. Pat. No. 5,996,289 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,145,255 disclose soffit ventilation systems that can include an open cell foam in order to allow for ventilation while preventing egress of insects into an attic space. It is unclear whether the foam of these patents is rigid or flexible. Moreover, a foam in such a soffit applications desirably would have high thermal conductivity (low insulating value) to prevent trapping of heat in an attic space.
- Great Britain patent (GB) 1396182 and GB 1396582 disclose open cell foam structures suitable for applications requiring vapor transmission.
- the foams are prepared from a solution by dissolving a polymer into a solvent.
- GB 1396182 achieves an example having a 95% void volume (and a density of approximately 50 kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m 3 ) assuming the polymer composition has a specific gravity of approximately one gram per cubic centimeter) that is “tough”.
- another example having 98% void volume is “soft and compressible”. Therefore, it is clear that decreasing the density of these foams reduces their compressive strength.
- compressive strength a foam having a density of less than 48 kg/m 3 will have.
- thermal conductivity or a measure of vapor permeability for these foams.
- Australian patent application AU2006203389 discloses a perforated foam sheet suitable for insulation where moisture permeability is desirable.
- the reference discloses several embodiments of a foam that differ in cell size and, likely, other properties.
- One type of foam has a cell structure whose cells are cylindrical in shape with a diameter between about eight millimeters and 25 millimeters. A foam with such a large cell size will have poor thermal insulating properties due to high convection of heat through the cells.
- the other type of foam in this reference is a closed-cell foam having an average cell size of less than 0.1 millimeters and that is flexible and capable of rolling up.
- the present invention is the result of surprisingly discovering a foam that is especially well suited for insulating a building structure, particularly retro-insulating a building structure, because the foam concomitantly has a vapor permeability sufficiently high to allow water vapor to escape the building structure while also having a low enough thermal conductivity to serve as a thermal insulator and a compressive strength sufficient to support materials and workers during installation.
- the present invention is a building structure comprising: (a) multiple support members spaced apart from one another so that two neighboring support members have a space between them and each support member having opposing inside and outside surfaces; and (b) a thermoplastic polymer foam spanning the space between two neighboring support members and attached to the outside surface of two or more of the support members; wherein, the thermoplastic polymer foam: (i) has a resistance to water vapor permeability value that is less than 50 according to EN 12086; (ii) a thermal conductivity that is less than 40 milliWatts per meter*Kelvin as measured according to EN12667; (iii) a compressive strength greater than 80 kilopascals as measured according to EN 826; and (iv) a density of 48 kilograms per cubic meter or less according to EN 1602.
- Embodiments of the first aspect of the present invention may have any one or any combination of more than one of the following characteristics: the thermoplastic polymer foam has a continuous polymer phase comprising an alkenyl aromatic polymer; the building structure is free of a vapor barrier component having a water vapor permeability value higher than 50 as measured according to EN12086 and that extends across two or more support members spanned by the thermoplastic polymer foam; the thermoplastic polymer foam has a resistance to water vapor permeability of 10 or more; the thermoplastic polymer foam is further characterized by having a density of 24-48 kilograms per cubic meter according to ISO 845-95; the thermoplastic polymer foam is further characterized by having an open cell content of 40% or more and 100% or less according to ASTM D2856; the thermoplastic polymer foam is further characterized by having a thickness of 50 millimeters or more; the building structure is one or more structure selected from a group consisting of roof structures and wall structures; the building structure is a timber frame wall structure; the building structure is
- the present invention is a method for insulating a building structure comprising the following steps: (a) providing multiple support members spaced apart from one another so that two neighboring support members have a space between them and each having opposing inside and outside surfaces; (b) providing a thermoplastic polymer foam that has a resistance to water vapor permeability that is less than 50 as measured according to EN12086, a thermal conductivity that is less than 40 milliWatts per meter*Kelvin as measured according to EN 12667, a compressive strength that is greater than 80 kilopascals as measured according to EN 826, and a density of 48 kilograms per cubic meter or less according to EN 1602; and (c) attaching the thermoplastic polymer foam to two or more of the support members such that the foam spans the space between two neighboring support members.
- Embodiments of the second aspect can have any one or any combination of more than one of the following characteristics: the thermoplastic polymer foam has a continuous polymer phase comprising an alkenyl aromatic polymer; the thermoplastic polymer foam has a resistance to water vapor permeability value of 10 or more; the thermoplastic polymer foam is further characterized by having a density of 24-48 kilograms per cubic meter according to EN 1602; the thermoplastic polymer foam is further characterized by having an open cell content of 40% or more and 100% or less according to ASTM D2856; the thermoplastic polymer foam is further characterized by having a thickness of 50 millimeters or more; the building structure is one or more structure selected from a group consisting of roof structures and wall structures; the building structure is a timber frame wall structure; and the building structure is a pitched roof structure.
- the present invention has particular utility in insulating building structures by either building new or by adding insulation to existing structures in order to meet higher thermal insulting requirements and demands while avoiding hazards associated with retaining water within a building structure.
- Multiple means two or more.
- ASTM refers to American Society for Testing and Materials. ASTM test methods refer to the test method of the year noted by the hyphenated suffix after the test method number or the most recent test method prior to filing this application.
- Internal and “inside” refer to a side that is most proximate to a space defined by (hence, within) a building structure. In a home structure, the “inside” or “internal” side is the side facing the dwelling side of the structure that is typically heated in cold portions of the year.
- External or outside refers to a side that is opposite the internal or inside and that is most remote from a space defined by a building structure. The external or outside portion of a building element is most proximate to the natural environment in which the building structure is built.
- “Span” means to extend all the way across. To span a space between two support members means to extend from one support member across the space to the other support member.
- Resistance to water vapor permeability is in adimensional units of “mu” or “ ⁇ ”. Each unit of mu is equal to the resistance of water vapor permeability through standing air. Determine mu for a given material according to the general procedure of EN 12086-95.
- Thermoplastic polymer foam for use in the present invention can be any type of foam, including expanded polymer bead foam or extruded polymer foam.
- an expandable polymer bead process prepare a foamable composition by incorporating a blowing agent into granules of polymer composition (for example, imbibing granules of polymer composition with a blowing agent under pressure). Subsequently, expand the granules in a mold to obtain a foam composition comprising a multitude of expanded foam beads (granules) that adhere to one another to form a “bead foam”. The granules can experience some level of foaming prior to expansion within a mold to form a bead foam. Alternatively, expand the beads apart from a mold and then fuse them together thermally or with an adhesive within a mold. Bead foam has a characteristic continuous network of polymer skin corresponding to the surface of each individual bead extending throughout the foam.
- Foams made from expandable foam bead processes have a network of polymer skins (bead skins) that define and enclose groups of cells within the foam. Such skins are residual skins from each foam bead that expanded to form the foam. The bead skins coalesce together to form a foam structure comprising multiple expanded foam beads. Bead foams tend to be more friable than extruded foam because they can fracture along the bead skin network. Moreover, the bead skin network provides a continuous thermal short from any one side of the foam to an opposing side, which is undesirable in a thermal insulating material.
- Extruded foams are continuous, seamless structures free from having, for example, the network of bead skins characteristic of expanded bead foam.
- An extruded foam can be a “strand foam”. That is, the extruded foam may comprise multiple extruded strands of foam that are fused together.
- a strand foam has a polymer network skin extending along the extrusion direction of the foam but not in a direction perpendicular to the extrusion direction.
- a strand foam is free of a continuous polymer skin (which can cause a thermal short) extending all the way through the strand foam in a direction perpendicular to the extrusion direction as there is in an expanded bead foam.
- it is most desirable that the extruded foam be a continuous, seamless structure as opposed to a bead foam structure or other composition comprising multiple individual foams that are assembled together in order to maximize structural integrity and thermal insulating capability.
- a foamable composition by mixing a thermoplastic polymer composition and, optionally, additives in an extruder at a temperature sufficiently high to soften the polymer composition, and then mixing in a blowing agent at an addition pressure sufficient to preclude appreciable expansion of the polymer composition. It is acceptable to either feed additives directly into the extruder or to pre-mix additives with a polymer prior to addition to an extruder (i.e., compound it or create a masterbatch). It is desirable to then cool the foamable composition to a foaming temperature and then expel the foamable composition through a die into an environment of lower pressure than the addition pressure. As the foamable composition enters the environment of lower pressure it expands into a polymer foam.
- Blowing agents are typically present in a combined concentration of 0.001 mole per 100 grams of polymer to 0.5 mole per 100 gram of polymer.
- Suitable blowing agents for use in an extrusion foaming process include one or more of the following: inorganic gases such as carbon dioxide, argon, nitrogen, and air; organic blowing agents such as water, aliphatic and cyclic hydrocarbons having from one to nine carbons including methane, ethane, propane, n-butane, isobutane, n-pentane, isopentane, neopentane, cyclobutane, and cyclopentane; fully and partially halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons having from one to five carbons, preferably that are chlorine-free (e.g., difluoromethane (HFC-32), perfluoromethane, ethyl fluoride (HFC-161), 1,1,-difluoroethane (HFC-152a), 1,
- the polymer foam may contain any individual or combination of the following additives: infrared attenuating agents (for example, carbon black, graphite, metal flake, titanium dioxide); clays such as natural absorbent clays (for example, kaolinite and montmorillonite) and synthetic clays; nucleating agents (for example, talc and magnesium silicate); flame retardants (for example, brominated flame retardants such as hexabromocyclododecane, phosphorous flame retardants such as triphenylphosphate, and flame retardant packages that may including synergists such as, or example, dicumyl and polycumyl); lubricants (for example, calcium stearate and barium stearate); and acid scavengers (for example, magnesium oxide and tetrasodium pyrophosphate).
- infrared attenuating agents for example, carbon black, graphite, metal flake, titanium dioxide
- clays such as natural absorbent clays (for example,
- a preferred flame retardant package includes a combination of hexahalocyclododecane (for example, hexabromocyclododecane) and tetrabromobisphenol A bis (2,3-dibromopropyl ether.
- the polymer foam has a thermal conductivity of 40 milliWatts per meter*Kelvin (mW/m*K) or less, preferably, 35 mW/m*K or less. Lower thermal conductivity values are desirable to maximize thermal insulating capability for the foam. The lower the thermal conductivity of a foam, the less thickness is necessary to achieve a given measure of thermal insulation. Measure thermal conductivity at 10° C. mean temperature according to test method EN 8301-91.
- the polymer foam has a compressive strength greater than 80 kilopascals (kPa), preferably 120 kPa or more, more preferably 170 kPa or more, still more preferably 200 kPa or more.
- Measure compressive strength according to ASTM D-1621-04. Higher compressive strengths are desirable in an insulating foam over lower compressive strengths in order to provide durability during handling, installation and use.
- the compressive strength of present thermoplastic polymer foams renders them rigid foams.
- flexible foams are not suitable alternatives to the thermoplastic polymer foams for use in the present invention. Flexible foams necessarily have an undesirably low compressive strength in order to flex and, therefore, cannot sustain loads in a roofing application without deformation or inhibit racking in walls like the present thermoplastic polymer foam.
- the polymer foams of the present invention have properties that surprisingly balance conflicting effects of achieving a low thermal conductivity and high compressive strength (typically achieved using a closed-cell foam with low permeability) with achieving vapor permeability through the foam that is high enough provide for more water vapor to permeate through the foam than is retained from permeating through the foam.
- Polymer foams of the present invention have a resistance to water vapor permeability (“mu” or “ ⁇ ”) of 50 or less, preferably 40 or less more preferably 30 or less as measured according to EN 12086-95.
- the foam can have a mu value of 20 or less. Higher mu values correspond to foams having lower water vapor permeability.
- the mu value is greater than 50 the polymer foam generally will have too low of a water vapor transmission capability and water condensate will likely build up proximate to a building structure on which the foam resides.
- it is desirable for the foam to have a mu value of 10 or more.
- the polymer foam desirably has an open cell content of 40% or more, preferably 50% or more, more preferably 60% or more. Measure open cell content according to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) method D2856. Increasing open cell content increases water vapor permeability. However, too high of an open cell content can detrimentally raise thermal conductivity and lower compressive strength. Typically the polymer foam has an open cell content of 100% or less, more typically 80% or less.
- the polymer foam can have an open cell content below 40%, even below 30% or 20% or even 10%.
- the polymer foam can have an open cell content of 0%.
- the foam must undergo perforation so as to provide perforations though the foam to increase water vapor permeability.
- the thermoplastic foams are not perforated but rather have an inherent open cell structure (that is, an open cell structure resulting from expansion of the cells during manufacture).
- Inherently open cell foams have a torturous path through the cell structures from one side to the other of the foam without a linear paths through from one side to the other.
- perforated foams have linear paths through the foam from one side to the other where perforating needles penetrate through the foam.
- the perforation are preferably 2 millimeters or less in diameter in order to minimize detrimental effect on (that is, increase in) thermal conductivity.
- the perforations are 2 millimeters or less in diameter, airflow does not occur extensively enough to effect thermal conductivity. Nonetheless, water vapor can still permeate effectively through the perforations.
- the polymer foam has a density of 64 kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m 3 ) or less, preferably 40 kg/m 3 or less, more preferably 30 kg/m 3 or less. Measure foam density according to ISO 845-95. Lower density foams are desirable because they contribute less weight to building structures, and weight can be a particular concern for roof structures. Low density foams are also desirable for easier handling and shipping. Typically, the polymer foam has a density of 20 kg/m 3 or more in order to ensure sufficient compressive strength and durability.
- the foam desirably has a thickness of at least 15 millimeters, preferably at least 30 millimeters and more preferably at least 50 millimeters in order to provide optimal insulating value and also provide structural integrity to the building structure (for example, to provide stability against racking in timber frame structures).
- the thermoplastic polymer foam has a continuous polymer phase that desirably comprises or consists of one or more than one alkenyl aromatic polymer.
- the continuous polymer phase includes all polymers present in the thermoplastic foam at a concentration greater than 20 wt % based on the thermoplastic polymer foam weight. Polymers present at a concentration less than 20 wt % of the thermoplastic polymer foam are considered additives in the continuous polymer phase as opposed to part of the continuous polymer phase.
- a continuous polymer phase may “consist of” styrenic polymers even though there are non-styrenic polymer additives present at a concentration less than 20 wt % of the thermoplastic polymer foam weight.
- An alkenyl aromatic polymer contains polymerized alkenyl aromatic monomer units and includes homopolymers and copolymers containing alkenyl aromatic monomer units (i.e., made from monomers that include alkenyl aromatic monomers).
- Polystyrene (PS) based polymers that is, PS homopolymer and copolymers
- PS homopolymer and copolymers are one particularly preferred class of alkenyl aromatic polymers.
- Particularly desirable PS polymers are PS homopolymer and PS copolymer with acrylonitrile (styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN)).
- the present thermoplastic polymer foam is free of a continuous polymer phase that consists of polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) or a combination of PE and PP.
- PE polyethylene
- PP polypropylene
- the modulus of most PE and PP polymers is too low to provide a thermoplastic polymer foam having a combination of vapor permeability, compressive strength and thermal conductivity of the present thermoplastic polymer foam.
- the present thermoplastic foam typically has an average cell size that is greater than 50 microns, preferably greater than 70 microns, and is more preferably 100 microns or larger, still more preferably 200 microns or larger.
- the average cell size is desirably 2000 microns or smaller, preferably 1000 microns or smaller, more preferably 500 microns or smaller.
- thermal conductivity and density tend to increase undesirably due a large amount of polymer in a given through the foam's cross section.
- thermal conductivity tends to begin to increase due to convention through the foam. Measure average cell size according to American Society for Testing and Materials method D-3576.
- thermoplastic polymer foam is useful for insulating building structures.
- the thermoplastic polymer foam offers advantages over other insulating foam when applied to the outside of a building where thermal insulation needs to be permeable to water vapor in order to allow vapor to escape to the atmosphere from between the insulating foam and building structure.
- thermal insulation needs to be permeable to water vapor in order to allow vapor to escape to the atmosphere from between the insulating foam and building structure.
- insulating foam applied to the outside to prevent water vapor build-up and condensation between the insulating foam and building structure.
- thermoplastic polymeric foam is particularly useful for applying to structure from the outside because it allows water vapor to escape from the structural elements/insulation within the structure. Therefore the present thermoplastic polymeric foam is especially suited for modifying existing structures to increase insulation (that is, “retro-insulating” existing structures).
- thermoplastic foam can be applied onto any building structure in any manner. However, it is particularly useful for spanning two or more (“multiple”) support members of a building structure that are spaced apart from one another. For example, roof rafters and wall joists are examples of support members of a building structure.
- the high compressive strength of the present thermoplastic foams make the present thermoplastic foams well suited for supporting loads even between support members without breaking.
- an insulating thermoplastic foam having a high vapor permeability like the present foam does not have sufficient compressive strength to support loads between support members.
- insulated building structures comprising multiple support members spaced apart from one another such that two neighboring support members have a space between them and each support member having opposing inside and outside surfaces with the present thermoplastic foam spanning the space between two neighboring support members and attached to the outside surface of two or more of the support members is unique and offers a desirable structure having a combination of high insulating ability, high compressive strength and vapor permeability.
- the thermoplastic foam is useful for insulating, particularly retro-insulating, pitched roofs on building structures such as houses by attaching to outside surfaces of roof structural elements.
- Roof structures typically comprise spaced apart structural elements such as rafters or furring strips spanning rafters. These elements have opposing inside surfaces and outside surfaces with the inside surfaces most proximate to the attic or inside of the building structure.
- ventilation is sufficient through the roof and any insulation between the rafters (for example, mineral wool) to allow water vapor to pass through from the inside to the outside of the roof structure.
- Other foam insulation such as close-celled polymer foam and insulation having vapor impermeable facers are not suitable for such an application because they would trap moisture within the attic.
- a vapor barrier is typically present proximate to the inside of the structural elements so applying an insulation component on the outside that is impermeable to water vapor would serve to undesirably trap moisture between the insulation and building structural elements.
- Pitched roof structures of the present invention may comprise, in addition to the structural elements and present thermoplastic foam, at least one of the following additional elements: a breathable membrane and finishing elements (such as shingles, battens and tiles) with the thermoplastic foam between the additional element or elements and the structural elements.
- additional element or elements are desirably attached to the thermoplastic foam, which is attached to the structural element such that the thermoplastic foam is between the additional element(s) and the structural elements.
- the present thermoplastic polymer foam is ideally suited for insulating wall structures from the outside, which is particularly desirable in retro-insulating building structures.
- the vapor permeability of the present thermoplastic polymer foam allows moisture to escape.
- the compressive strength of the present thermoplastic polymer foam strengthens the wall structure against deformation by, for example, racking.
- inter-joist or inter-rafter cavities may contain mineral wool or fiberglass or other fibrous insulation while the present thermoplastic polymer foam spans the outside surface of the joists, rafters, or other structural elements defining the cavity.
- Prepare building structures of the present invent by providing multiple support members spaced apart from one another so to form a space between them and each having opposing inside and outside surfaces, providing a present thermoplastic polymer foam and attaching the thermoplastic polymer foam to two or more of the support members such that the foam spans the space between two support members.
- a single foam may span the space between more than one pair of neighboring support members.
- the support members can be of any composition, with common materials being wood (for example, lumber joists and studs) and metal (for example, metal joists and studs). Attach the present thermoplastic foam to the support members by any means including screws, nails, adhesives or any combination thereof. The present thermoplastic foam may directly contact the support member or may be separated from the support member by anything that has a vapor permeability no less than that of the present thermoplastic polymer foam.
- pph weight-parts per hundred weight parts copolymer
- pph 0.25 pph polyethylene
- 0.20 pph copper blue phthalocyanine 0.12 pph tetrasodium pyrophosphate
- Table 1 also identifies properties for Sample 2, a polystyrene foam.
- a roofing structure having spaced apart rafters, optionally containing fiberglass or mineral wool insulation between the rafters, optionally containing a batten structure affixed on the inside of the roof structure that provides a level surface for plaster or plaster boards to be affixed as the substructure for the inside walls of the structure. Battens are also affixed to the outer surface of the structure to which roofing material such as tiles or shingles are attached.
- this roofing structure increases the insulation of this roofing structure by first removing the roofing material (for example, tiles or shingles) and battens on the outside of the rafters. Affix by means of an adhesive or mechanical fastener (for example, nails or screws) to multiple rafters a styrene-based polymer foam board (for example, either of Sample 1 or Sample 2) that has a resistance to water vapor permeability that is less than 50 as measured according to EN12086, a thermal conductivity that is less than 40 milliWatts per meter*Kelvin a measured according to EN 12667, a compressive strength that is greater than 80 kilopascals as measured according to EN 826 and a density of 48 kilograms per cubic meter or less according to EN 1602 so that the polymer foam board entirely spans two or more rafters.
- a styrene-based polymer foam board for example, either of Sample 1 or Sample 2 that has a resistance to water vapor permeability that is less than 50 as measured according
- rafters are covered with polymeric foam and there is no spacing between polymeric foam boards.
- roofing materials such as tiles, shingles or metal sheet over the battens.
Priority Applications (1)
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PCT/US2009/031038 WO2009094280A2 (en) | 2008-01-23 | 2009-01-15 | Building structures containing external vapour permeable foam insulation and method for insulating a building structure |
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US11186927B2 (en) | 2014-06-06 | 2021-11-30 | Kimberly Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Hollow porous fibers |
US11286362B2 (en) | 2013-06-12 | 2022-03-29 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Polymeric material for use in thermal insulation |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2011510199A (ja) | 2011-03-31 |
CN101925708B (zh) | 2012-02-22 |
EP2238301A2 (en) | 2010-10-13 |
WO2009094280A3 (en) | 2009-10-01 |
CN101925708A (zh) | 2010-12-22 |
WO2009094280A2 (en) | 2009-07-30 |
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