US20100258263A1 - Oxygen heat exchanger - Google Patents

Oxygen heat exchanger Download PDF

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Publication number
US20100258263A1
US20100258263A1 US12/599,580 US59958008A US2010258263A1 US 20100258263 A1 US20100258263 A1 US 20100258263A1 US 59958008 A US59958008 A US 59958008A US 2010258263 A1 US2010258263 A1 US 2010258263A1
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
oxygen
exchanger according
exchanger
gas
temperature
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US12/599,580
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English (en)
Inventor
Olivier Douxchamps
Eric Baudelet
Bertrand Leroux
Gabriel Constantin
Remi Tsiava
Bruno Symoens
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
AGC Glass Europe SA
LAir Liquide SA pour lEtude et lExploitation des Procedes Georges Claude
Original Assignee
AGC Glass Europe SA
LAir Liquide SA pour lEtude et lExploitation des Procedes Georges Claude
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by AGC Glass Europe SA, LAir Liquide SA pour lEtude et lExploitation des Procedes Georges Claude filed Critical AGC Glass Europe SA
Assigned to L'AIR LIQUIDE SOCIETE ANONYME POUR L'ETUDE ET L'EXPLOITATION DES PROCEDES GEORGES CLAUDE, AGC FLAT GLASS EUROPE SA reassignment L'AIR LIQUIDE SOCIETE ANONYME POUR L'ETUDE ET L'EXPLOITATION DES PROCEDES GEORGES CLAUDE ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BAUDELET, ERIC, DOUXCHAMPS, OLIVIER, SYMOENS, BRUNO, CONSTANTIN, GABRIEL, TSIAVA, REMI, LEROUX, BERTRAND
Publication of US20100258263A1 publication Critical patent/US20100258263A1/en
Priority to US15/488,171 priority Critical patent/US10422529B2/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23L—SUPPLYING AIR OR NON-COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS OR GASES TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS IN GENERAL ; VALVES OR DAMPERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR CONTROLLING AIR SUPPLY OR DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; INDUCING DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; TOPS FOR CHIMNEYS OR VENTILATING SHAFTS; TERMINALS FOR FLUES
    • F23L15/00—Heating of air supplied for combustion
    • F23L15/04—Arrangements of recuperators
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B5/00—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture
    • C03B5/16—Special features of the melting process; Auxiliary means specially adapted for glass-melting furnaces
    • C03B5/235—Heating the glass
    • C03B5/2353—Heating the glass by combustion with pure oxygen or oxygen-enriched air, e.g. using oxy-fuel burners or oxygen lances
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D7/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
    • F28D7/16—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits being arranged in parallel spaced relation
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F19/00—Preventing the formation of deposits or corrosion, e.g. by using filters or scrapers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F21/00—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials
    • F28F21/08—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials of metal
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
    • Y02E20/34—Indirect CO2mitigation, i.e. by acting on non CO2directly related matters of the process, e.g. pre-heating or heat recovery
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P40/00—Technologies relating to the processing of minerals
    • Y02P40/50—Glass production, e.g. reusing waste heat during processing or shaping

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to heat exchangers intended to heat oxygen or a gas rich in oxygen for the purpose of supplying the burners of glass melting furnaces.
  • Glass melting furnaces including those with the highest production capacity, i.e. the furnaces supplying the “floats” producing flat glass, are mostly equipped with burners that operate with fossil fuels and air. The choice of this type of energy is driven by economic reasons, considering the importance of energy consumption. As an indication, usual melting furnaces producing between 600 and 900 tonnes of glass per day require an available power in the order of 50 to 80 megawatts.
  • regenerators are towers lined with refractory materials, into which the combustion gases are passed to heat the refractory materials in a first phase and into which the air used in the combustion is passed for reheating in a second phase.
  • the alternation of these phases results in a highly specific furnace structure.
  • the burners are thus on either side of the melting bath as are the regenerators associated with them that are generally located on the opposite side to the active burners.
  • regenerators it is not possible to use regenerators to reheat the oxygen. Generators are commonly the receptacle for deposits of particles carried by the combustion gases, even if these have been subjected to a dust removal operation beforehand. Contact of the hot oxygen with these deposits is not without risk. Moreover, it is difficult to guarantee a perfect seal of these regenerators. The passage of air and possible leaks are not dangerous, but this is not the case with respect to oxygen.
  • the aim of the invention is to propose solutions that encourage the use of oxygen or hot gases rich in oxygen in the burners of glass melting furnaces, and in particular in large-capacity furnaces.
  • the invention also proposes to provide solutions that make this use sufficiently safe despite the special technical requirements associated with the use of oxygen at high temperature.
  • the above considerations relating to the use of hot oxygen also apply to gas mixtures, in particular with air, in which the oxygen content is sufficiently high.
  • their oxygen content should not be less than 50%. This condition applies to the invention presented below.
  • the invention preferably applies to gas mixtures with an oxygen content of at least 80%.
  • the heating of oxygen or gas rich in oxygen for supplying the burners of the furnace is conducted in exchangers, in which the exchange power is deliberately reduced without minimising the temperature to which the oxygen or gas rich in oxygen is brought.
  • the temperature of the oxygen or gas rich in oxygen at the outlet of the exchanger is not less than 300° C. and preferably not less than 400° C.
  • the power exchanged in the exchanger to bring the oxygen to these temperatures according to the invention lies between 20 and 300 kW, preferably between 40 and 250 kW and particularly preferred between 80 and 170 kW.
  • the burners used In traditional glass melting furnaces, at least those of large capacity, the burners used generate significant power levels in the order of 1 to 6 MW resulting in an oxygen consumption in the order of 200 to 1200 Nm 3 of oxygen per hour.
  • the exchangers according to the invention are only associated with a small number of burners.
  • Each exchanger advantageously only supplies at most three separate burners simultaneously with hot oxygen or gas rich in oxygen, wherein each burner can have several injection to nozzles, depending on the specifications, such as those presented, for example, in EP 1 194 719.
  • exchangers according to the invention must preferably result in limited dimensions, which involves a quite specific mode of operation and in particular allows the required power to be generated while also keeping the exchange area as small as possible.
  • the exchangers for heating the oxygen or gas rich in oxygen advantageously have a power per unit area of contact of the oxygen with the exchange walls in the range of between 5 and 15 kW/m 2 , and preferably between 7 and 12 kW/m 2 .
  • the area in question is that of the wall separating the oxygen or gas rich in oxygen from the heat transfer gas.
  • the exchangers used according to the invention must provide as simple a structure as possible to prevent risks of erosion and leakage as a result of the aggressiveness of hot oxygen towards materials used.
  • the exchangers according to the invention are preferably tubular, wherein the oxygen or gas rich in oxygen circulates in a bank of tubes with the heat transfer gas circulating on the outside of these.
  • a first way to benefit this exchange consists of increasing the circulation rate of the gases and in particular the oxygen or gas rich in oxygen.
  • the increase in circulation rate is a risk factor.
  • the risk is all the more significant as hot oxygen is likely to entrain particles that can react with the oxygen and/or whose impact on the walls promotes rapid erosion in addition to that resulting from the friction of the oxygen itself.
  • the dimensions of the elements of the exchanger are advantageously defined so that in order to obtain the necessary power level, the circulation rate of the oxygen or gas rich in oxygen is not higher than 120 m/s at any point in the exchanger, and preferably is not higher than 100 m/s.
  • a high pressure at the level of the injection nozzle or nozzles of the burner to maintain an adequate delivery rate would result in the opening of this or these nozzles to be reduced. This is not desirable because of the risk of fouling and/or wear of these nozzles, which would quickly lead to defective operation.
  • the exchangers according to the invention are also dimensioned such that for the power levels sought, the pressure of the oxygen or gas rich in oxygen in the exchanger does not exceed 3 bar, preferably not 2 bar and particularly preferred 1.5 bar.
  • the energy supply to heat the oxygen or gas rich in oxygen comes from the combustion gases either directly by circulation in the exchanger or preferably indirectly by means of a fluid that has itself been reheated beforehand by an exchange with the combustion gases.
  • the intermediate gas is advantageously inert with respect to oxygen.
  • This is preferably air, nitrogen, CO 2 , steam or a mixture of these gases.
  • the intermediate gas can be formed from a mixture of the inert gases indicated above and a portion of the combustion gases that have undergone dust separation beforehand.
  • the temperature of the fumes can increase to 1550° C. and most frequently lies between 1250° and 1450° C. and is higher than the temperatures, to which oxygen can be brought without too severely degrading the material of the walls with which it comes into contact.
  • the temperature of this latter after being reheated by the combustion gases is preferably in the range of between 450° and 1000° C. and particularly preferred between 600° and 800° C.
  • the temperature of the hot oxygen or gases rich in oxygen as results from the heat exchanges remains within the limits where the choice of materials made according to the invention can prevent excessive corrosion of the installation.
  • This temperature does not ordinarily exceed 900° C. and preferably is not higher than 700° C.
  • the materials forming the exchanger and primarily those in contact with the hot oxygen, must be selected in order to assure a good resistance to oxidation by the gases and in particular the oxygen in these temperature conditions.
  • the selection of materials not only includes consideration of resistance to the highest temperatures reached in these installations, but also a good resistance to temperatures that are lower, but are also known to cause a change in state of the material which will make it particularly sensitive to possible degradations. During an increase in temperature, some steels in particular pass through transition temperature zones that will cause embrittlement of the metal.
  • the exchanger that must receive gases containing at least 50% oxygen at a temperature not less than 300° C. is made, at least in the case of the walls directly in contact with these gases, of a metal alloy that complies with the following test protocol.
  • a sample of metal alloy according to the invention placed in an atmosphere corresponding to the gas rich in oxygen that has to circulate in the installation and at the most elevated temperature encountered in the installation does not exhibit a weight gain of more than 0.1 mg/cm 2 of surface exposed after 1000 cycles each including maintaining the anticipated maximum temperature for 1 hour, each phase at this temperature being followed by a return to ambient temperature.
  • the burners of the glass furnaces are preferably supplied with a gas with an oxygen content that is preferably higher than 80% and can reach 100%, the test indicated above must advantageously be passed for these oxygen contents.
  • the chosen metal alloy goes through the same test, but here the control temperature is at least 500° C., and to meet the envisaged extreme conditions, the alloy went through the test in which the most elevated test temperature is at least 600° C., and can pass this test even at temperatures of 800° C.
  • the alloys most suitable for forming the exchanger according to the invention resist this combustion at least up to pressures of 3 bar and preferably at least up to pressures of 10 bar.
  • Those alloys advantageously used and having a positive response to the corrosion test when used in temperature ranges above 550° C. include ferritic type non-oxidising alloys, in which the Cr content is in the range of between 12 and 30% by weight and which simultaneously contain Al at the rate of 1 to 8%.
  • Ferritic alloys are subject to embrittlement when in temperature ranges between 400° and 500° C. For these reasons, the use of these alloys must take into account the considered factors and conditions, in particular temperature conditions, prevailing in the exchanger.
  • the parts of the exchanger exposed to hot oxygen can also be made from alloys rich in Ni and Cr having Ni contents higher than 25% by weight and simultaneously containing 10 to 30% Cr.
  • the Ni content can rise to 75% or more.
  • alloys differ from one another in particular in their mechanical properties. Moreover, their selection must possibly take into account any limitations specific to the envisaged use. While alloys with a high Ni content work well in flat glass production installations, it is important to take into consideration the risk posed by the presence of Ni, as any entrainment of particles by the Ni must be carefully avoided because of the risk of nickel sulphide forming in the glass sheets that generates fractures.
  • alloys have a good resistance to corrosion at elevated temperature due to the formation of a protective film of chromium or aluminium oxide.
  • the chromium content of the alloy must be sufficiently high in order to prevent the formation of nickel oxide nodules that increase rapidly and, if entrained, would be capable of forming nickel sulphide in the glass sheets that generates fractures.
  • alloys in which the chromium content is only 10 to 20%, particularly preferred between 10 and 16% are in particular those usually referred to by the names Inconel 600H, 600L, Incoloy 800H.
  • alloys in which the chromium content is higher than 16%, particularly preferred between 20 and 30% are in particular those usually referred to by the names Inconel 600H, 600L, 601, 617, 625, Incoloy 800H and 800HT.
  • the circulation rate of the highly oxidising gases at elevated temperature is a risk factor with respect to erosion, this can be increased by particles carried by these gases.
  • the gases are substantially free of solid particles, but these can come from the installation itself.
  • the walls of the ducts and the heat exchangers exposed to corrosion by these gases can in fact release particles, which as they impact the elements downstream also generate erosion and to a much higher degree, as the flow rate of the gases increases.
  • the surface condition of the walls of the exchanger can affect the resistance to corrosion. The more pronounced the surface irregularities are, the more the alloy is corroded with otherwise identical conditions. For this reason, the surfaces of the walls of the exchanger according to the invention that come into contact with the gases rich in oxygen are polished and have a roughness of not more than 6 micrometres ( ⁇ ). The roughness is preferably less than 4 ⁇ and most advantageously is at most equal to 2 ⁇ .
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic sectional illustration of a gas exchanger usable according to the invention to reheat oxygen or gas rich in oxygen;
  • FIG. 2 is a partially enlarged view of the end of the exchanger shown in FIG. 1 ;
  • FIG. 3 shows a detail of part-section A taken from FIG. 2 .
  • the general structure of the exchanger is the conventional type for gas exchangers. It comprises a chamber 1 enclosing a bank of tubes 2 . The tubes are secured inside the chamber by plates 3 , 4 .
  • the plates form a sealed wall delimiting the zone of the chamber 1 , in which the heat transfer gas circulates.
  • the chamber is closed at its ends by two covers 5 , 6 . These covers are tightly secured to the chamber by means of flanges 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 and seals. These flanges can be removed to give access to the ends of the tubes 2 , where necessary.
  • the circulation of the heat transfer gas and the oxygen or gas rich in oxygen is advantageously conducted in reverse flow.
  • the hot heat transfer gas passes into the chamber through conduit and exits through conduit 12 after having passed through the circuit created by the baffles 13 , 14 , 15 inside the chamber.
  • the oxygen or gas rich in oxygen circulates in the tubes 2 along a substantially rectilinear course. It passes cold through end 16 and exits hot at end 17 to be conducted to the burners.
  • these tubes terminate with a widened section.
  • This arrangement facilitates the flow of oxygen and its expansion and subsequently some deceleration. This widening is in the shape of a truncated cone in the figure with an angle of opening ⁇ .
  • the covers, and above all cover 6 arranged at the oxygen outlet are located at a distance from the ends of the tubes 2 . In this way, the flow rate of the oxygen along the walls of the cover is substantially reduced in relation to that at the outlet of the tubes.
  • this cover 6 is also chosen so that the advance of the hot oxygen encounters the wall of the cover at a low incidence, thus minimising impact.
  • the wall of the cover is at an angle of about 20 to 30 degrees relative to the direction of the tubes 2 .
  • the profile of the cover decreases progressively up to the connection with the outlet duct.
  • the dimensioning of the tubes and their distribution are such that the flow rate and pressure conditions indicated above are met by the delivery rates implemented.
  • the exchanger Since the exchanger must operate continuously over very long periods, it may eventuate that a tube no longer has the necessary tightness in spite of precautions taken to prevent wear of the elements of the exchanger.
  • the assembly of the exchanger is such that the defective tube can be blocked at these two ends. The operation requires that the covers be removed. After the defective tube has been taken out of service, the exchanger is once again usable with an efficiency that is little changed in proportion to the remaining active tubes.
  • the tightness at the level of the flanges of the covers 9 , 10 of the exchanger or at the connection of these covers with the oxygen intake or outlet ducts is advantageously obtained by means of a metal annular seal 18 lined with a material 19 , 20 resistant to oxygen.
  • the material in question is mica or a compressible mineral material, for example. Seals of this type are produced in particular by Garlock under the brand name “Vitaflex”.
  • the samples are formed from 2 mm thick plates of metal alloy measuring 20 ⁇ 20 mm.
  • composition by weight of the samples of alloys tested is specified in the following table:
  • the above measurements at the same time include the oxidation of the two faces of the sample. Since only one face is polished, the oxidation measurement obtained is thus higher than that which would be observed in practice when the surface in contact with the oxygen is polished.
  • the relatively low thickness of the walls of the tubes of the exchanger benefits the heat transfer and therefore increases the available power for the same exchange area.
  • an exchanger according to the invention is configured in the following manner. It is formed by a bank of 40 tubes of Inconel 600. The outside diameter of the tubes is 17.2 mm and the thickness of the wall is 2.3 mm. The tubes have a length of 4000 mm.
  • the exchange area in contact with the oxygen is therefore 8.4 m 2 .
  • the heat transfer gas (air with dust extracted) enters the exchanger at a temperature of 650° C.
  • the delivery rate of the heat transfer gas is set at 750 Nm 3 /h.
  • the delivery rate of oxygen is 400 Nm 3 /h. As it enters at ambient temperature the oxygen is heated to 550° C.
  • the flow rate of the oxygen in the ducts is 67 m/s and the load loss in the exchanger is less than 0.15 bar.
  • a safety system comprising a pressure controller maintains the pressure in the exchanger at less than 1 bar.
  • the nominal power of the exchanger is 84 kW and per unit area is set at 9.7 kW/m 2 .
  • the exchanger supplies a burner of a glass melting furnace with a power of 2 MW with oxygen.
  • the full furnace is supplied with oxygen by 10 similarly dimensioned exchangers.
  • the power of each of these exchangers is adjusted to better distribute the total power necessary to operate the furnace.
US12/599,580 2007-05-10 2008-05-07 Oxygen heat exchanger Abandoned US20100258263A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US15/488,171 US10422529B2 (en) 2007-05-10 2017-04-14 Oxygen heat exchanger

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP07107942A EP1995543A1 (fr) 2007-05-10 2007-05-10 Echangeur de chaleur pour oxygène
EP07107942.0 2007-05-10
PCT/EP2008/055615 WO2008141939A2 (fr) 2007-05-10 2008-05-07 Échangeur de chaleur pour oxygène

Related Parent Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/EP2008/055615 A-371-Of-International WO2008141939A2 (fr) 2007-05-10 2008-05-07 Échangeur de chaleur pour oxygène

Related Child Applications (1)

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US13/730,727 Division US9803860B2 (en) 2007-05-10 2012-12-28 Oxygen heat exchanger

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US20100258263A1 true US20100258263A1 (en) 2010-10-14

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Family Applications (3)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US12/599,580 Abandoned US20100258263A1 (en) 2007-05-10 2008-05-07 Oxygen heat exchanger
US13/730,727 Active 2028-06-16 US9803860B2 (en) 2007-05-10 2012-12-28 Oxygen heat exchanger
US15/488,171 Active US10422529B2 (en) 2007-05-10 2017-04-14 Oxygen heat exchanger

Family Applications After (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US13/730,727 Active 2028-06-16 US9803860B2 (en) 2007-05-10 2012-12-28 Oxygen heat exchanger
US15/488,171 Active US10422529B2 (en) 2007-05-10 2017-04-14 Oxygen heat exchanger

Country Status (9)

Country Link
US (3) US20100258263A1 (zh)
EP (3) EP1995543A1 (zh)
JP (2) JP2010526979A (zh)
KR (1) KR101602966B1 (zh)
CN (2) CN101711338B (zh)
BR (1) BRPI0811149A2 (zh)
EA (1) EA018231B1 (zh)
MX (1) MX345767B (zh)
WO (1) WO2008141939A2 (zh)

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JP2016514079A (ja) * 2013-02-12 2016-05-19 レール・リキード−ソシエテ・アノニム・プール・レテュード・エ・レクスプロワタシオン・デ・プロセデ・ジョルジュ・クロード 熱回収による炉における燃焼の方法
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