US20100029942A1 - Process for the preparation of benzoimidazol-2-yl pyrimidine derivatives - Google Patents

Process for the preparation of benzoimidazol-2-yl pyrimidine derivatives Download PDF

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US20100029942A1
US20100029942A1 US12/459,224 US45922409A US2010029942A1 US 20100029942 A1 US20100029942 A1 US 20100029942A1 US 45922409 A US45922409 A US 45922409A US 2010029942 A1 US2010029942 A1 US 2010029942A1
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compound
formula
range
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Sergio Cesco-Cancian
Jeffrey S. Grimm
Neelakandha S. Mani
Christopher M. Mapes
David C. Palmer
Daniel J. Pippel
Tong Xiao
Diego Broggini
Susanne Lochner
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Janssen Pharmaceutica NV
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Priority to US12/459,224 priority Critical patent/US20100029942A1/en
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Assigned to JANSSEN PHARMACEUTICA NV reassignment JANSSEN PHARMACEUTICA NV ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: XIAO, TONG
Assigned to JANSSEN PHARMACEUTICAL NV reassignment JANSSEN PHARMACEUTICAL NV ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: MANI, NEELAKANDHA S., MAPES, CHRISTOPHER M., PIPPEL, DANEIL J.
Assigned to JANSSEN PHARMACEUTICA NV reassignment JANSSEN PHARMACEUTICA NV ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: GRIMM, JEFFREY S.
Assigned to JANSSEN PHARMACEUTICA NV reassignment JANSSEN PHARMACEUTICA NV ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: CESCO-CANCIAN, SERGIO
Assigned to JANSSEN PHARMACEUTICA NV reassignment JANSSEN PHARMACEUTICA NV ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: PALMER, DAVID C.
Assigned to JANSSEN PHARMACEUTICA NV reassignment JANSSEN PHARMACEUTICA NV ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BROGGINI, DIEGO, LOCHNER, SUSANNE
Publication of US20100029942A1 publication Critical patent/US20100029942A1/en
Priority to US13/427,767 priority patent/US8835633B2/en
Priority to US13/427,798 priority patent/US8921550B2/en
Priority to US14/460,243 priority patent/US9371311B2/en
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Definitions

  • the present invention is directed to benzoimidazol-2-yl pyrimidine derivatives useful as histamine H 4 receptor modulators and processes for the preparation of such compounds.
  • the present invention is directed to a process for the preparation of compounds of formula (I)
  • each of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1-4 alkyl, C 2-4 alkenyl, C 2-4 alkynyl, phenyl, —CF 3 , —OCF 3 , —CN, halo, —NO 2 , —OC 1-4 alkyl, —SC 1-4 alkyl, —S(O)C 1-4 alkyl, —SO 2 C 1-4 alkyl, —C(O)C 1-4 alkyl, —C(O)phenyl, —C(O)NR a R b , —CO 2 C 1-4 alkyl, —CO 2 H, —C(O)NR a R b , and —NR a R b ; wherein R a and R b are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1-4 alkyl, and C 3-7 cycloalkyl;
  • X 1 is C—R C ; wherein R c is selected from the group consisting of H, methyl, hydroxymethyl, dimethylaminomethyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, —CF 3 , cyclopropyl, and cyclobutyl; and X 2 is N;
  • n 1 or 2;
  • Z is selected from the group consisting of N, CH, and C(C 1-4 alkyl);
  • R 6 is selected from the group consisting of H, C 1-6 alkyl, and a monocyclic cycloalkyl
  • R 8 is selected from the group consisting of H and C 1-4 alkyl
  • R 9 , R 10 and R 11 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H and C 1-4 alkyl;
  • the present invention is directed to a process for the preparation of a compound of formula (I-A)
  • the present invention is directed to a process for the preparation of a compound of formula (I-B)
  • the present invention is directed to a product prepared according to any of the processes described herein.
  • the present invention is further directed to a crystalline hemi-tartrate of compound of formula (I-A).
  • the present invention is further directed to a process for the preparation of a hemi-tartrate of compound of formula (I-A).
  • the present invention is further directed to a process for the recrystallization of the hemi-tartrate of compound of formula (I-A).
  • compositions each comprising: (a) an effective amount of at least one agent selected from compounds of Formula (I), prepared according to the process as described herein; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs, and pharmaceutically active metabolites thereof; and (b) a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • the invention is directed to a method of treating a subject suffering from or diagnosed with a disease, disorder, or medical condition mediated by histamine H 4 receptor activity, comprising administering to the subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of at least one compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, or pharmaceutically active metabolite of such compound, wherein compound of formula (I), pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug or metabolite thereof is prepared according to the process as described herein.
  • the disease, disorder, or medical condition is inflammation. Inflammation herein refers to the response that develops as a consequence of histamine release, which in turn is caused by at least one stimulus. Examples of such stimuli are immunological stimuli and non-immunological stimuli.
  • the invention is directed to a method for modulating histamine H 4 receptor activity, comprising exposing histamine H 4 receptor to an effective amount of at least one of a compound of Formula (I) and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug or metabolite thereof; wherein compound of formula (I), pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug or metabolite thereof is prepared according to the process as described herein.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern for a crystalline hemi-tartrate of compound of formula (I-A).
  • XRD powder X-ray diffraction
  • the present invention is directed to a process for the preparation of compound of formula (I)
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , X 1 , X 2 , R 6 , R 8 , Z, n, R 9 , R 10 and R 11 are as herein defined.
  • Embodiments of compounds of the present invention are useful as histamine H 4 receptor modulators.
  • compound of formula (I) is selected from the group consisting of a compound of formula (I-A)
  • each of R 1-4 is independently H, methyl, tert-butyl, methoxy, —CF 3 , —CN, fluoro, chloro, methoxycarbonyl, or benzoyl.
  • X 2 is N.
  • X 1 is N.
  • R c is H, methyl, ethyl, CF 3 , cyclopropyl, or cyclobutyl.
  • R c is H or methyl.
  • n is 1.
  • Z is N or CH. In further embodiments, Z is CH.
  • R 6 is H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, or cyclobutyl. In further embodiments, R 6 is H or methyl. In some embodiments, R 8 is H. In some embodiments, R 9 and R 10 are each independently H or methyl. In further embodiments, R 9 and R 10 are both H. In some embodiments, R 11 is H or methyl. In further embodiments, R 11 is methyl.
  • the present invention is directed to a process for the preparation of compounds of formula (I)
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , X 1 , X 2 , R 6 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R 11 and n are as herein defined; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs, and pharmaceutically active metabolites thereof; comprising
  • the present invention is directed to a process for the preparation of a compound of formula (I-A)
  • the present invention is directed to a process for the preparation of a compound of formula (I-B)
  • halogen and “halo” represents chlorine, fluorine, bromine, or iodine.
  • halo represents chloro, fluoro, bromo, or iodo.
  • alkyl refers to a straight- or branched-chain alkyl group having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms in the chain.
  • alkyl groups include methyl (Me, which also may be structurally depicted by the symbol “/”), ethyl (Et), n-propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl (tBu), pentyl, isopentyl, tert-pentyl, hexyl, isohexyl, and groups that in light of the ordinary skill in the art and the teachings provided herein would be considered equivalent to any one of the foregoing examples.
  • alkenyl refers to a straight- or branched-chain alkenyl group having from 2 to 12 carbon atoms in the chain. (The double bond of the alkenyl group is formed by two sp 2 hybridized carbon atoms.)
  • Illustrative alkenyl groups include prop-2-enyl, but-2-enyl, but-3-enyl, 2-methylprop-2-enyl, hex-2-enyl, and groups that in light of the ordinary skill in the art and the teachings provided herein would be considered equivalent to any one of the foregoing examples.
  • cycloalkyl refers to a saturated or partially saturated, monocyclic, fused polycyclic, or spiro polycyclic carbocycle having from 3 to 12 ring atoms per carbocycle.
  • Illustrative examples of cycloalkyl groups include the following entities, in the form of properly bonded moieties:
  • substituents e.g., from one to five substituents, or from one to three substituents, or one to two substituents, independently selected from the list of substituents.
  • any formula given herein is intended to represent compounds having structures depicted by the structural formula as well as certain variations or forms.
  • compounds of any formula given herein may have asymmetric centers and therefore exist in different enantiomeric forms. All optical isomers and stereoisomers of the compounds of the general formula, and mixtures thereof, are considered within the scope of the formula.
  • any formula given herein is intended to represent a racemate, one or more enantiomeric forms, one or more diastereomeric forms, one or more atropisomeric forms, and mixtures thereof.
  • references to a chemical entity herein stands for a reference to any one of: (a) the actually recited form of such chemical entity, and (b) any of the forms of such chemical entity in the medium in which the compound is being considered when named.
  • reference herein to a compound such as R—COOH encompasses reference to any one of, for example, R—COOH(s), R—COOH (sol) , and R—COO ⁇ (sol) .
  • R—COOH(s) refers to the solid compound, as it could be for example in a tablet or some other solid pharmaceutical composition or preparation
  • R—COOH (sol) refers to the undissociated form of the compound in a solvent
  • R—COO ⁇ (sol) refers to the dissociated form of the compound in a solvent, such as the dissociated form of the compound in an aqueous environment, whether such dissociated form derives from R—COOH, from a salt thereof, or from any other entity that yields R—COO ⁇ upon dissociation in the medium being considered.
  • an expression such as “exposing an entity to compound of formula R—COOH” refers to the exposure of such entity to the form, or forms, of the compound R—COOH that exists, or exist, in the medium in which such exposure takes place.
  • entity is for example in an aqueous environment, it is understood that the compound R—COOH is in such same medium, and therefore the entity is being exposed to species such as R—COOH (aq) and/or R—COO ⁇ (aq) , where the subscript “(aq)” stands for “aqueous” according to its conventional meaning in chemistry and biochemistry.
  • a carboxylic acid functional group has been chosen in these nomenclature examples; this choice is not intended, however, as a limitation but it is merely an illustration. It is understood that analogous examples can be provided in terms of other functional groups, including but not limited to hydroxyl, basic nitrogen members, such as those in amines, and any other group that interacts or transforms according to known manners in the medium that contains the compound. Such interactions and transformations include, but are not limited to, dissociation, association, tautomerism, solvolysis, including hydrolysis, solvation, including hydration, protonation, and deprotonation.
  • a zwitterionic compound is encompassed herein by referring to a compound that is known to form a zwitterions, even if it is not explicitly named in its zwitterionic form.
  • Terms such as zwitterion, zwitterions, and their synonyms zwitterionic compound(s) are standard IUPAC-endorsed names that are well known and part of standard sets of defined scientific names.
  • the name zwitterion is assigned the name identification CHEBI:27369 by the Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI) dictionary of molecular entities. (See, for example its on line version at http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/init.do).
  • a zwitterion or zwitterionic compound is a neutral compound that has formal unit charges of opposite sign. Sometimes these compounds are referred to by the term “inner salts”. Other sources refer to these compounds as “dipolar ions”, although the latter term is regarded by still other sources as a misnomer.
  • aminoethanoic acid the amino acid glycine
  • H 2 NCH 2 COOH the amino acid glycine
  • it exists in some media in this case in neutral media in the form of the zwitterion + H 3 NCH 2 COO ⁇ .
  • Zwitterions, zwitterionic compounds, inner salts and dipolar ions in the known and well established meanings of these terms are within the scope of this invention, as would in any case be so appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art. Because there is no need to name each and every embodiment that would be recognized by those of ordinary skill in the art, no structures of the zwitterionic compounds that are associated with the compounds of this invention are given explicitly herein. They are, however, part of the embodiments of this invention when compounds referred to herein can form zwitterions. No further examples in this regard are provided herein because these interactions and transformations in a given medium are known by any one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • any formula given herein is also intended to represent unlabeled forms as well as isotopically labeled forms of the compounds.
  • Isotopically labeled compounds have structures depicted by the formulas given herein except that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having a selected atomic mass or mass number.
  • isotopes that can be incorporated into compounds of the invention include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, fluorine, chlorine, and iodine, such as 2 H, 3 H, 11 C, 13 C, 14 C, 15 N, 18 O, 17 O, 31 P, 32 P, 35 S, 1 F, 38 Cl, 125 I, respectively.
  • Such isotopically labelled compounds are useful in metabolic studies (for example with 14 C), reaction kinetic studies (with, for example 2 H or 3 H), detection or imaging techniques [such as positron emission tomography (PET) or single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)] including drug or substrate tissue distribution assays, or in radioactive treatment of patients.
  • PET positron emission tomography
  • SPECT single-photon emission computed tomography
  • an 18 F or 11 C labeled compound may be particularly preferred for PET or SPECT studies.
  • substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium (i.e., 2 H) may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements.
  • Isotopically labeled compounds of this invention and prodrugs thereof can generally be prepared by carrying out the procedures disclosed in the schemes or in the examples and preparations described below by substituting a readily available isotopically labeled reagent for a non-isotopically labeled reagent.
  • embodiments of this invention comprise the various groupings that can be made from the listed assignments, taken independently, and equivalents thereof.
  • substituent S example is one of S 1 , S 2 , and S 3
  • this listing refers to embodiments of this invention for which S example is S 1 ; S example is S 2 ; S example is S 3 ; S example is one of S 1 and S 2 ; S example is one of S 1 and S 3 ; S example is one of S 2 and S 3 ; S example is one of S 1 , S 2 and S 3 ; and S example is any equivalent of each one of these choices.
  • C i-j when applied herein to a class of substituents, is meant to refer to embodiments of this invention for which each and every one of the number of carbon members, from i to j including i and j, is independently realized.
  • the term C 1-3 refers independently to embodiments that have one carbon member (C 1 ), embodiments that have two carbon members (C 2 ), and embodiments that have three carbon members (C 3 ).
  • C n-m alkyl refers to an aliphatic chain, whether straight or branched, with a total number N of carbon members in the chain that satisfies n ⁇ N ⁇ m, with m>n.
  • any disubstituent referred to herein is meant to encompass the various attachment possibilities when more than one of such possibilities are allowed.
  • a “phenylC 1 -C 6 alkylaminocarbonylC 1 -C 6 alkyl” substituent refers to a group of the formula
  • DIBAL-H Diisobutylaluminum hydride
  • OXONE® Potassium monopersulphate triple salt
  • Red-AI Sodium bis(2-methoxyethoxy)aluminum hydride
  • TEMPO® [2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy free radical]
  • isolated form shall mean that the compound is present in a form which is separate from any solid mixture with another compound(s), solvent system or biological environment.
  • compound of formula (I) is prepared as an isolated form.
  • compound of formula (I-A) is prepared as an isolated form.
  • compound of formula (I-B) is prepared as an isolated form.
  • the term “substantially pure” shall mean that the mole percent of impurities in the isolated compound is less than about 5 mole percent, for example, at less than about 2 mole percent. In an embodiment, the mole percent of impurities is less than about 0.5 mole percent, for example, less than about 0.1 mole percent.
  • compound of formula (I) is prepared as a substantially pure compound. In another embodiment of the present invention, compound of formula (I-A) is prepared a substantially pure compound. In another embodiment of the present invention, compound of formula (I-B) is prepared a substantially pure compound.
  • the term “substantially free of a corresponding salt(s)” when used to described compound of formula (I) shall mean that mole percent of the corresponding salt form(s) in the isolated base of formula (I) is less than about 5 mole percent, for example, less than about 2 mole percent. In an embodiment, the mole percent of the corresponding salt form(s) is less than about 0.5 mole percent, for example, less than about 0.1 mole percent. In an embodiment of the present invention, compound of formula (I) is prepared in a form which is substantially free of corresponding salt. In another embodiment of the present invention, compound of formula (I-A) is prepared in a form which is substantially free of corresponding salt. In another embodiment of the present invention, compound of formula (I-B) is prepared in a form which is substantially free of corresponding salt.
  • the invention includes also pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds represented by Formula (I), for example those described above and of the specific compounds exemplified herein.
  • a “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” is intended to mean a salt of a free acid or base of a compound represented by Formula (I) that is non-toxic, biologically tolerable, or otherwise biologically suitable for administration to the subject. See, generally, S. M. Berge, et al., “Pharmaceutical Salts”, J. Pharm. Sci., 1977, 66:1-19, and Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts, Properties, Selection, and Use , Stahl and Wermuth, Eds., Wiley-VCH and VHCA, Zurich, 2002. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts are those that are pharmacologically effective and suitable for contact with the tissues of patients without undue toxicity, irritation, or allergic response.
  • a compound of Formula (I) may possess a sufficiently acidic group, a sufficiently basic group, or both types of functional groups, and accordingly react with a number of inorganic or organic bases, and inorganic and organic acids, to form a pharmaceutically acceptable salt.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts include sulfates, pyrosulfates, bisulfates, sulfites, bisulfites, phosphates, monohydrogen-phosphates, dihydrogenphosphates, metaphosphates, pyrophosphates, chlorides, bromides, iodides, acetates, propionates, decanoates, caprylates, acrylates, formates, isobutyrates, caproates, heptanoates, propiolates, oxalates, malonates, succinates, suberates, sebacates, fumarates, maleates, butyne-1,4-dioates, hexyne-1,6-dioates, benzoates,
  • the desired pharmaceutically acceptable salt may be prepared by any suitable method available in the art, for example, treatment of the free base with an inorganic acid, such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, sulfamic acid, nitric acid, boric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like, or with an organic acid, such as acetic acid, phenylacetic acid, propionic acid, stearic acid, lactic acid, ascorbic acid, maleic acid, hydroxymaleic acid, isethionic acid, succinic acid, valeric acid, fumaric acid, malonic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, glycolic acid, salicylic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, lauric acid, a pyranosidyl acid, such as glucuronic acid or galacturonic acid, an alpha-hydroxy acid, such as mandelic acid, citric acid, or tartaric acid, an amino
  • the desired pharmaceutically acceptable salt may be prepared by any suitable method, for example, treatment of the free acid with an inorganic or organic base, such as an amine (primary, secondary or tertiary), an alkali metal hydroxide, alkaline earth metal hydroxide, any compatible mixture of bases such as those given as examples herein, and any other base and mixture thereof that are regarded as equivalents or acceptable substitutes in light of the ordinary level of skill in this technology.
  • an inorganic or organic base such as an amine (primary, secondary or tertiary), an alkali metal hydroxide, alkaline earth metal hydroxide, any compatible mixture of bases such as those given as examples herein, and any other base and mixture thereof that are regarded as equivalents or acceptable substitutes in light of the ordinary level of skill in this technology.
  • suitable salts include organic salts derived from amino acids, such as glycine and arginine, ammonia, carbonates, bicarbonates, primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, and cyclic amines, such as pyrrolidines, piperidine, morpholine, and piperazine, and inorganic salts derived from sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc, aluminum, and lithium.
  • amino acids such as glycine and arginine
  • ammonia carbonates, bicarbonates, primary, secondary, and tertiary amines
  • cyclic amines such as pyrrolidines, piperidine, morpholine, and piperazine
  • inorganic salts derived from sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc, aluminum, and lithium.
  • the invention also relates to treatment methods employing pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs of compounds of Formula (I).
  • prodrug means a precursor of a designated compound that, following administration to a subject, yields the compound in vivo via a chemical or physiological process such as solvolysis or enzymatic cleavage, or under physiological conditions (e.g., a prodrug on being brought to physiological pH is converted to compound of Formula (I)).
  • a “pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug” is a prodrug that is not toxic, biologically intolerable, or otherwise biologically unsuitable for administration to the subject. Illustrative procedures for the selection and preparation of suitable prodrug derivatives are described, for example, in “Design of Prodrugs”, ed. H. Bundgaard, Elsevier, 1985.
  • prodrugs include compounds having an amino acid residue, or a polypeptide chain of two or more (e.g., two, three or four) amino acid residues, covalently joined through an amide or ester bond to a free amino, hydroxy, or carboxylic acid group of a compound of Formula (I).
  • amino acid residues include the twenty naturally occurring amino acids, commonly designated by three letter symbols, as well as 4-hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine, demosine, isodemosine, 3-methylhistidine, norvalin, beta-alanine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, citrulline, homocysteine, homoserine, ornithine and methionine sulfone.
  • amides include those derived from ammonia, primary C 1-6 alkyl amines and secondary di(C 1-6 alkyl) amines. Secondary amines include 5- or 6-membered heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl ring moieties. Examples of amides include those that are derived from ammonia, C 1-3 alkyl primary amines, and di(C 1-2 alkyl)amines.
  • esters of the invention include C 1-7 alkyl, C 5-7 cycloalkyl, phenyl, and phenyl(C 1-6 alkyl) esters.
  • Preferred esters include methyl esters.
  • Prodrugs may also be prepared by derivatizing free hydroxy groups using groups including hemisuccinates, phosphate esters, dimethylaminoacetates, and phosphoryloxymethyloxycarbonyls, following procedures such as those outlined in Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 1996, 19, 115. Carbamate derivatives of hydroxy and amino groups may also yield prodrugs. Carbonate derivatives, sulfonate esters, and sulfate esters of hydroxy groups may also provide prodrugs.
  • acyloxy groups as (acyloxy)methyl and (acyloxy)ethyl ethers, wherein the acyl group may be an alkyl ester, optionally substituted with one or more ether, amine, or carboxylic acid functionalities, or where the acyl group is an amino acid ester as described above, is also useful to yield prodrugs.
  • Prodrugs of this type may be prepared as described in J. Med. Chem. 1996, 39, 10. Free amines can also be derivatized as amides, sulfonamides or phosphonamides. All of these prodrug moieties may incorporate groups including ether, amine, and carboxylic acid functionalities.
  • Pharmaceutically active metabolites may also be used in the methods of the invention.
  • a “pharmaceutically active metabolite” means a pharmacologically active product of metabolism in the body of a compound of Formula (I) or salt thereof.
  • Prodrugs and active metabolites of a compound may be determined using routine techniques known or available in the art. See, e.g., Bertolini, et al., J. Med. Chem. 1997, 40, 2011-2016; Shan, et al., J. Pharm. Sci. 1997, 86 (7), 765-767; Bagshawe, Drug Dev. Res. 1995, 34, 220-230; Bodor, Adv. Drug Res.
  • the compounds of Formula (I) and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs, and pharmaceutically active metabolites (collectively, “agents”) of the present invention are useful as histamine H 4 receptor modulators in the methods of the invention.
  • the agents may be used in the inventive methods for the treatment or prevention of medical conditions, diseases, or disorders mediated through modulation of the histamine H 4 receptor, such as those described herein.
  • Agents according to the invention may therefore be used as an anti-inflammatory agents. Symptoms or disease states are intended to be included within the scope of “medical conditions, disorders, or diseases.”
  • the invention relates to methods of using the pharmaceutical agents described herein to treat subjects diagnosed with or suffering from a disease, disorder, or condition mediated through histamine H 4 receptor activity, such as inflammation.
  • an agent of the present invention is administered to treat inflammation.
  • Inflammation may be associated with various diseases, disorders, or conditions, such as inflammatory disorders, allergic disorders, dermatological disorders, autoimmune disease, lymphatic disorders, and immunodeficiency disorders, including the more specific conditions and diseases given below.
  • inflammatory diseases or inflammation-mediated diseases or conditions include, but are not limited to, acute inflammation, allergic inflammation, and chronic inflammation.
  • Illustrative types of inflammation treatable with a histamine H 4 receptor-modulating agent according to the invention include inflammation due to or associated with any one of a plurality of conditions such as allergy, asthma, dry eye, chronic obstructed pulmonary disease (COPD), atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel diseases (including colitis, Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis), psoriasis, pruritis, itchy skin, atopic dermatitis, urticaria (hives), ocular inflammation, conjunctivitis, nasal polyps, allergic rhinitis, nasal itch, scleroderma, autoimmune thyroid diseases, immune-mediated (also known as type 1) diabetes mellitus and lupus, which are characterized by excessive or prolonged inflammation at some stage of the disease.
  • COPD chronic obstructed pulmonary disease
  • COPD chronic obstructed pulmonary disease
  • atherosclerosis rheumatoid arthritis
  • autoimmune diseases that lead to inflammation include Myasthenia gravis, autoimmune neuropathies, such as Guillain-Barré, autoimmune uveitis, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, pernicious anemia, autoimmune thrombocytopenia, temporal arteritis, anti-phospholipid syndrome, vasculitides, such as Wegener's granulomatosis, Behcet's disease, dermatitis herpetiformis, pemphigus vulgaris, vitiligio, primary biliary cirrhosis, autoimmune hepatitis, autoimmune oophoritis and orchitis, autoimmune disease of the adrenal gland, polymyositis, dermatomyositis, spondyloarthropathies, such as ankylosing spondylitis, and Sjogren's syndrome.
  • autoimmune neuropathies such as Guillain-Barré, autoimmune uveitis, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, pernicious anemia, autoimmune
  • Pruritis with a histamine H 4 receptor-modulating agent includes that which is a symptom of allergic cutaneous diseases (such as atopic dermatitis and hives) and other metabolic disorders (such as chronic renal failure, hepatic cholestasis, and diabetes mellitus).
  • allergic cutaneous diseases such as atopic dermatitis and hives
  • other metabolic disorders such as chronic renal failure, hepatic cholestasis, and diabetes mellitus.
  • an agent of the present invention is administered to treat allergy, asthma, autoimmune diseases, or pruritis.
  • treat or “treating” as used herein is intended to refer to administration of an agent or composition of the invention to a subject for the purpose of effecting a therapeutic or prophylactic benefit through modulation of histamine H 4 receptor activity. Treating includes reversing, ameliorating, alleviating, inhibiting the progress of, lessening the severity of, or preventing a disease, disorder, or condition, or one or more symptoms of such disease, disorder or condition mediated through modulation of histamine H 4 receptor activity.
  • subject refers to a mammalian patient in need of such treatment, such as a human.
  • Modules include both inhibitors and activators, where “inhibitors” refer to compounds that decrease, prevent, inactivate, desensitize or down-regulate histamine H 4 receptor expression or activity, and “activators” are compounds that increase, activate, facilitate, sensitize, or up-regulate histamine H 4 receptor expression or activity.
  • an effective amount of at least one pharmaceutical agent according to the invention is administered to a subject suffering from or diagnosed as having such a disease, disorder, or condition.
  • An “effective amount” means an amount or dose sufficient to generally bring about the desired therapeutic or prophylactic benefit in patients in need of such treatment for the designated disease, disorder, or condition.
  • Effective amounts or doses of the agents of the present invention may be ascertained by routine methods such as modeling, dose escalation studies or clinical trials, and by taking into consideration routine factors, e.g., the mode or route of administration or drug delivery, the pharmacokinetics of the agent, the severity and course of the disease, disorder, or condition, the subject's previous or ongoing therapy, the subject's health status and response to drugs, and the judgment of the treating physician.
  • An example of a dose is in the range of from about 0.01 to about 200 mg of agent per kg of subject's body weight per day, or any range therein; for example about 0.05 to 100 mg/kg/day, or any range therein; or for example, about 1 to 35 mg/kg/day, or any range therein; in single or divided dosage units (e.g., BID, TID, QID).
  • an illustrative range for a suitable dosage amount is from about 0.05 to about 7 g/day, or any range therein; for example about 0.1 to about 2.5 g/day, or any range therein; for example 0.2 to about 1.0 g/day, or any range therein.
  • the dose may be adjusted for preventative or maintenance treatment.
  • the dosage or the frequency of administration, or both may be reduced as a function of the symptoms, to a level at which the desired therapeutic or prophylactic effect is maintained.
  • treatment may cease. Patients may, however, require intermittent treatment on a long-term basis upon any recurrence of symptoms.
  • the agents of the invention may be used in combination with additional active compounds in the treatment of the above conditions.
  • the additional compounds may be coadministered separately with an agent of Formula (I) or included with such an agent as an additional active ingredient in a pharmaceutical composition according to the invention.
  • additional active compounds are those that are known or discovered to be effective in the treatment of conditions, disorders, or diseases mediated by histamine H 4 receptor activity, such as another histamine H 4 receptor modulator or a compound active against another target associated with the particular condition, disorder, or disease.
  • the combination may serve to increase efficacy (e.g., by including in the combination a compound potentiating the potency or effectiveness of an agent according to the invention), decrease one or more side effects, or decrease the required dose of the agent according to the invention.
  • an “effective amount” means an amount sufficient to affect the activity of such receptor. Measuring the activity of the target receptor may be performed by routine analytical methods. Target receptor modulation is useful in a variety of settings, including assays.
  • the agents of the invention are used, alone or in combination with one or more other active ingredients, to formulate pharmaceutical compositions of the invention.
  • a pharmaceutical composition of the invention comprises an effective amount of at least one pharmaceutical agent in accordance with the invention.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is part of some embodiments of pharmaceutical compositions according to this invention.
  • a “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” refers to a substance that is not toxic, biologically intolerable, or otherwise biologically unsuitable for administration to a subject, such as an inert substance, added to a pharmacological composition or otherwise used as a vehicle, carrier, or diluent to facilitate administration of a pharmaceutical agent and that is compatible therewith.
  • excipients include calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, various sugars and types of starch, cellulose derivatives, gelatin, vegetable oils, and polyethylene glycols.
  • compositions containing one or more dosage units of the pharmaceutical agents may be prepared using suitable pharmaceutical excipients and compounding techniques known or that become available to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the compositions may be administered in the inventive methods by a suitable route of delivery, e.g., oral, parenteral, rectal, topical, or ocular routes, or by inhalation.
  • the preparation may be in the form of tablets, capsules, sachets, dragees, powders, granules, lozenges, powders for reconstitution, liquid preparations, or suppositories.
  • the compositions are formulated for intravenous infusion, topical administration, or oral administration.
  • the compounds of the invention can be provided in the form of tablets or capsules, or as a solution, emulsion, or suspension.
  • the agents may be formulated to yield a dosage of, e.g., from about 0.01 to about 200 mg/kg daily, or any range therein; for example from about 0.05 to about 100 mg/kg daily, or any range therein; or for example from about 0.05 to about 50 mg/kg daily, or any range therein; or for example from about 0.05 to about 25 mg/kg/day, or any range therein; or for example, from about 0.1 to about 10 mg/kg/day, or any range therein.
  • Oral tablets may include the agent and any other active ingredients mixed with compatible pharmaceutically acceptable excipients such as diluents, disintegrating agents, binding agents, lubricating agents, sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and preservative agents.
  • suitable inert fillers include sodium and calcium carbonate, sodium and calcium phosphate, lactose, starch, sugar, glucose, methyl cellulose, magnesium stearate, mannitol, sorbitol, and the like.
  • liquid oral excipients include ethanol, glycerol, water, and the like.
  • Starch, polyvinyl-pyrrolidone (PVP), sodium starch glycolate, microcrystalline cellulose, and alginic acid are examples of disintegrating agents.
  • Binding agents may include starch and gelatin.
  • the lubricating agent if present, may be magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc. If desired, the tablets may be coated with a material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate to delay absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, or may be coated with an enteric coating.
  • Capsules for oral administration include hard and soft gelatin capsules.
  • active ingredient may be mixed with a solid, semi-solid, or liquid diluent.
  • Soft gelatin capsules may be prepared by mixing the active ingredient with water, an oil such as peanut oil or olive oil, liquid paraffin, a mixture of mono and di-glycerides of short chain fatty acids, polyethylene glycol 400, or propylene glycol.
  • Liquids for oral administration may be in the form of suspensions, solutions, emulsions or syrups or may be lyophilized or presented as a dry product for reconstitution with water or other suitable vehicle before use.
  • Such liquid compositions may optionally contain: pharmaceutically-acceptable excipients such as suspending agents (for example, sorbitol, methyl cellulose, sodium alginate, gelatin, hydroxyethylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, aluminum stearate gel and the like); non-aqueous vehicles, e.g., oil (for example, almond oil or fractionated coconut oil), propylene glycol, ethyl alcohol, or water; preservatives (for example, methyl or propyl p-hydroxybenzoate or sorbic acid); wetting agents such as lecithin; and, if desired, flavoring or coloring agents.
  • suspending agents for example, sorbitol, methyl cellulose, sodium alginate, gelatin, hydroxyethylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose,
  • the active agents of this invention may also be administered by non-oral routes.
  • the compositions may be formulated for rectal administration as a suppository.
  • parenteral use including intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, or subcutaneous routes, the agents of the invention may be provided in sterile aqueous solutions or suspensions, buffered to an appropriate pH and isotonicity or in parenterally acceptable oil.
  • Suitable aqueous vehicles include Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride.
  • Such forms may be presented in unit-dose form such as ampules or disposable injection devices, in multi-dose forms such as vials from which the appropriate dose may be withdrawn, or in a solid form or pre-concentrate that can be used to prepare an injectable formulation.
  • Illustrative infusion doses range from about 1 to 1000 ⁇ g/kg/minute of agent, admixed with a pharmaceutical carrier over a period ranging from several minutes to several days.
  • the agents may be mixed with a pharmaceutical carrier at a concentration of about 0.1% to about 10% of drug to vehicle.
  • Another mode of administering the agents of the invention may utilize a patch formulation to affect transdermal delivery.
  • Agents may alternatively be administered in methods of this invention by inhalation, via the nasal or oral routes, e.g., in a spray formulation also containing a suitable carrier.
  • reaction step(s) is performed under suitable conditions, according to known methods, to provide the desired product.
  • a reagent or reagent class/type e.g., base, solvent, etc.
  • the individual reagents are independently selected for each reaction step and may be the same of different from each other.
  • the organic or inorganic base selected for the first step may be the same or different than the organic or inorganic base of the second step.
  • a reaction step of the present invention may be carried out in a variety of solvents or solvent systems, said reaction step may also be carried out in a mixture of the suitable solvents or solvent systems.
  • aprotic solvent shall mean any solvent that does not yield a proton. Suitable examples include, but are not limited to DMF, 1,4-dioxane, THF, acetonitrile, pyridine, dichloroethane, dichloromethane, MTBE, toluene and acetone.
  • the term “leaving group” shall mean a charged or uncharged atom or group which departs during a substitution or displacement reaction. Suitable examples include, but are not limited to, Br, Cl, I, mesylate, tosylate, cyano and triflate.
  • nitrogen protecting group shall mean a group which may be attached to a nitrogen atom to protect said nitrogen atom from participating in a reaction and which may be readily removed following the reaction.
  • suitable nitrogen protecting groups include, but are not limited to, carbamates (which are groups that contain a moiety —C(O)O—R, wherein R is for example methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, benzyl, phenylethyl, CH 2 ⁇ CH—CH 2 — and 2,2,2-trichloroethyl); amides (which are groups that contain a moiety —C(O)—R′, wherein R′ is for example methyl, phenyl, trifluoromethyl and t-butyl (pivalol)); N-sulfonyl derivatives (which are groups that contain a moiety —SO 2 —R′′, wherein R′′ is for example methyl, tolyl, phen
  • reaction step of the present invention may be carried out in a variety of solvents or solvent systems, said reaction step may also be carried out in a mixture of the suitable solvents or solvent systems.
  • the processes for the preparation of the compounds according to the invention give rise to mixture of stereoisomers
  • these isomers may be separated by conventional techniques such as preparative chromatography.
  • the compounds may be prepared in racemic form, or individual enantiomers may be prepared either by enantiospecific synthesis or by resolution.
  • the compounds may, for example, be resolved into their component enantiomers by standard techniques, such as the formation of diastereomeric pairs by salt formation with an optically active acid, such as ( ⁇ )-di-p-toluoyl-D-tartaric acid and/or (+)-di-p-toluoyl-L-tartaric acid followed by fractional crystallization and regeneration of the free base.
  • the compounds may also be resolved by formation of diastereomeric esters or amides, followed by chromatographic separation and removal of the chiral auxiliary. Alternatively, the compounds may be resolved using a chiral HPLC column.
  • any of the processes for preparation of the compounds of the present invention it may be necessary and/or desirable to protect sensitive or reactive groups on any of the molecules concerned. This may be achieved by means of conventional protecting groups, such as those described in Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry , ed. J. F. W. McOmie, Plenum Press, 1973; and P. G. M. Wuts & T. W. Greene Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis , John Wiley & Sons, 2007.
  • the protecting groups may be removed at a convenient subsequent stage using methods known from the art.
  • the present invention is directed to a process for the preparation of a compound of formula (I) as outlined in more detail in Scheme 1, below.
  • a suitably substituted compound of formula (V), a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, is reacted with a suitably selected reducing agent system such as DIBAL-H, RANEY® nickel in the presence of a source of hydrogen such as H 2 (g), formic acid, and any other source of hydrogen that behaves like H 2 (g) and formic acid under these conditions, Red-AI, sodium borohydride, cupric hydride or lithium triethylborohydride, to yield compound of formula (VI).
  • DIBAL-H or RANEY® nickel is used in the presence of a source of hydrogen.
  • the reducing agent system is present in an amount in the range of from about 1.0 to about 5.0 molar equivalents (relative to the moles of compound of formula (V). In some embodiments, in an amount in the range of from about 2.0 to about 3.0 molar equivalents. In other embodiments, at about 2.5 molar equivalent.
  • the reducing agent system is RANEY® nickel in the presence of a source of hydrogen and RANEY® nickel is present in an amount in the range of from about 1.0 to about 10.0 molar equivalents, for example at about 200% by weight.
  • the source of hydrogen is formic acid, and the formic acid is present in excess amount, for example at about 40 molar equivalents.
  • Suitable solvents include the following.
  • the reducing agent system is DIBAL-H
  • the reduction can be performed in an organic solvent, such as THF, toluene, 2-Me-THF, DME or MTBE.
  • organic solvent may be an anhydrous organic solvent, such as THF ortoluene.
  • the reducing agent system is RANEY® nickel and a source of hydrogen such as formic acid, in water.
  • the reaction temperature is in the range of from about 0° C. to about 25° C. In some embodiments, where the reducing agent system is DIBAL-H, the temperature is from about 5° C. to about 10° C. In other embodiments, where the reducing agent system is RANEY® nickel and a source of hydrogen such as formic acid, the temperature is about room temperature.
  • Compound of formula (VI) is reacted with a suitably substituted compound of formula (VII) to yield compound of formula (I), such compound of formula (VII) being present as a free base or as its corresponding salt form, a known compound or compound prepared by known methods.
  • Compound of formula (VII) is present in an amount in the range of from about 1.0 to about 1.25 molar equivalents, for example in an amount in the range of from about 1.0 to about 1.1 molar equivalents, for example at about 1.01 molar equivalents.
  • This reaction is performed in the presence of a suitably selected oxidizing agent or oxidizing agent system, such as Na 2 SO 3 /air, Na 2 S 2 O 5 /air, NaHSO 3 /air, DDQ, OXONE® or TEMPO® in combination with sodium hypochlorite, for example Na 2 SO 3 /air or Na 2 S 2 O 5 /air.
  • oxidizing agent system is herein used to generically refer to any such oxidizing agent or oxidizing agent system.
  • Such oxidizing agent or oxidizing agent system is present in an amount in the range of from about 0.90 to about 1.5 molar equivalents, for example in an amount in the range of from about 0.95 to about 1.3 molar equivalents, for example in an amount of about 1.3 molar equivalents, and still in another example in an amount of about 1.0 molar equivalents.
  • This reaction's medium is water in some embodiments or an organic solvent in other embodiments. Examples of such organic solvents include DMF, NMP, DMA, acetonitrile and ethanol. Some reaction media are DMF, and in other examples, they are water. This reaction is performed at a temperature in the range of from about 25° C. to about 100° C., for example at a temperature in the range of from about 55° C. to about 65° C.
  • compound of formula (VI) may alternatively be reacted with compound of formula (VII) as its corresponding salt form in water, in the presence of a suitably selected acid such as HCl, H 2 SO 4 , and any other acid that behaves like any of these acids in the present reaction conditions.
  • a suitably selected acid such as HCl, H 2 SO 4 , and any other acid that behaves like any of these acids in the present reaction conditions.
  • the present invention is directed to a process for the preparation of a compound of formula (I-A), as outlined in more detail in Scheme 2, below.
  • a suitably substituted compound of formula (V-S), a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, is reacted with a suitably selected reducing agent system to yield to yield compound of formula (VI-S).
  • reducing agent systems include DIBAL-H, RANEY® nickel in the presence of a source of hydrogen such as H 2 (g), formic acid, and any other hydrogen source that behaves under these conditions like hydrogen gas and formic acid, Red-AI, sodium borohydride, cupric hydride or lithium triethylborohydride.
  • the reducing agent system is DIBAL-H or RANEY® nickel in the presence of a source of hydrogen.
  • the reducing agent system is a single agent such as DIBAL-H
  • the reducing agent system is present in an amount in the range of from about 1.0 to about 5.0 molar equivalents (relative to the moles of compound of formula (V-S). In other embodiments, in an amount in the range of from about 2.0 to about 3.0 molar equivalents. Still in other embodiments at about 2.5 molar equivalent.
  • the reducing agent system is RANEY® nickel in the presence of a source of hydrogen and RANEY® nickel is present in an amount in the range of from about 1.0 to about 10.0 molar equivalents, for example at about 200% by weight.
  • the source of hydrogen is formic acid, and the formic acid is present in excess amount, for example at about 40 molar equivalents.
  • solvents for this reaction include the following.
  • the organic solvent is an anhydrous organic solvent, for example in THF or toluene.
  • the reducing agent system RANEY® nickel and a source of hydrogen, such as formic acid the solvent is water.
  • the temperature is in the range of from about 0° C. to about 25° C. When the reducing agent system is DIBAL-H, then the temperature is from about 5 to about 10° C.
  • the reaction is performed at about room temperature.
  • Compound of formula (VI-S) is reacted with a suitably substituted compound of formula (VII-A), to yield compound of formula (I-A), wherein compound of formula (VII-A) may be present as a free base or as its corresponding salt form, a known compound or compound prepared by known methods.
  • Compound of formula (VII-A) is present in an amount in the range of from about 1.0 to about 1.25 molar equivalents. In some embodiments, it is present in an amount in the range of from about 1.0 to about 1.1 molar equivalents. In still other embodiments, at about 1.01 molar equivalents.
  • This reaction is performed in the presence of a suitably selected oxidizing agent or oxidizing agent system, such as Na 2 SO 3 /air, Na 2 S 2 O 5 /air, NaHSO 3 /airDDQ, OXONE® or TEMPO® in combination with sodium hypochlorite.
  • this oxidizing agent system is Na 2 SO 3 /air or Na 2 S 2 O 5 /air.
  • the oxidizing agent or oxidizing agent system is present in an amount in the range of from about 0.90 to about 1.5 molar equivalents. In some embodiments, in an amount in the range of from about 0.95 to about 1.3 molar equivalents.
  • the medium for this reaction is water or an organic solvent such as DMF, NMP, DMA, acetonitrile and ethanol. In some embodiments, the medium is DMF, and in other examples, it is water.
  • the reaction temperature is in the range of from about 25° C. to about 100° C. In some embodiments, the temperature is in the range of from about 55° C. to about 65° C.
  • compound of formula (VI-A) may alternatively be reacted with compound of formula (VII-A) as its corresponding salt form in water, in the presence of a suitably selected acid such as HCl, H 2 SO 4 , and any other acid that behaves like hydrochloric and sulfuric acids in these conditions.
  • a suitably selected acid such as HCl, H 2 SO 4 , and any other acid that behaves like hydrochloric and sulfuric acids in these conditions.
  • the present invention is directed to a process for the preparation of a compound of formula (I-B), as outlined in more detail in Scheme 3, below.
  • a suitably substituted compound of formula (V-S) is reacted with a suitably selected reducing agent system such as Dibal-H, RANEY® nickel in the presence of a source of hydrogen such as H 2 (g), formic acid, and any other hydrogen source that behaves under these conditions as hydrogen gas and formic acid do, Red-AI, sodium borohydride, cupric hydride or lithium triethylborohydride, to yield the compound of formula (VI-S).
  • the reducing agent system is Dibal-H or RANEY® nickel in the presence of a source of hydrogen.
  • the reducing agent system is a single agent, such as DIBAL-H
  • the reducing agent system is present in an amount in the range of from about 1.0 to about 5.0 molar equivalents (relative to the moles of compound of formula (V-S). In another embodiment, in an amount in the range of from about 2.0 to about 3.0 molar equivalents, and still in other embodiments, in an amount of about 2.5 molar equivalent.
  • RANEY® nickel is present in an amount in the range of from about 1.0 to about 10.0 molar equivalents, for example at about 200% by weight.
  • the source of hydrogen is formic acid, it is present in an excess amount, for example about 40 molar equivalents of formic acid.
  • solvents for this reaction are the following where the reducing agent system is DIBAL-H, the solvent is an organic solvent, such as THF, toluene, 2-Me-THF, DME and MTBE. Such organic solvent may in some embodiments be an anhydrous organic solvent, for example THF or toluene. Where the reducing agent system is RANEY® nickel and the source of hydrogen is formic acid, the solvent is typically water.
  • the reaction temperature is in the range of from about 0° C. to about 25° C. In some embodiments, where the reducing agent system is DIBAL-H, the temperature is from about 5° C. to about 10° C. In other embodiments, where the reducing agent system is RANEY® nickel with a source of hydrogen such as formic acid, the temperature is about room temperature.
  • Compound of formula (VI-S) is reacted with a suitably substituted compound of formula (VII-B), wherein compound of formula (VII-B) may be present as a free base or as its corresponding salt form, a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, to yield the compound of formula (I-B).
  • Compound of formula (VII-B) is present in an amount in the range of from about 1.0 to about 1.25 molar equivalents. In some embodiments, in an amount in the range of from about 1.0 to about 1.1 molar equivalents. In other embodiments, in an amount of about 1.01 molar equivalents.
  • This reaction takes place in the presence of a suitably selected oxidizing agent or oxidizing agent system, such as Na 2 SO 3 /air, Na 2 S 2 O 5 /air, NaHSO 3 /air, DDQ, OXONE® or TEMPO® in combination with sodium hypochlorite.
  • a suitably selected oxidizing agent or oxidizing agent system such as Na 2 SO 3 /air, Na 2 S 2 O 5 /air, NaHSO 3 /air, DDQ, OXONE® or TEMPO® in combination with sodium hypochlorite.
  • Na 2 SO 3 /air or Na 2 S 2 O 5 /air is used.
  • the oxidizing agent or oxidizing agent system is present in an amount in the range of from about 0.90 to about 1.5 molar equivalents. In some embodiments, in an amount in the range of from about 0.95 to about 1.3 molar equivalents.
  • reaction takes place in water or in an organic solvent such as DMF, NMP, DMA, acetonitrile or ethanol.
  • the reaction medium is provided by DMF.
  • the reaction temperature is in the range of from about 25° C. to about 100° C. In other embodiments the reaction temperature is in the range of from about 55 to about 65° C.
  • compound of formula (VI-B) may alternatively be reacted with compound of formula (VII-B) as its corresponding salt form in water, in the presence of a suitably selected acid such as HCl, H 2 SO 4 , and other acids that behave like hydrochloric and sulfuric acids in these conditions.
  • a suitably selected acid such as HCl, H 2 SO 4 , and other acids that behave like hydrochloric and sulfuric acids in these conditions.
  • Powder X-ray diffraction patterns listed herein were measured using an XPERT-PRO diffractometer system. The sample was backloaded into a conventional x-ray holder and tested at 25° C. The sample was scanned from 4.01®2 ⁇ to 40.98®2 ⁇ with a step size of 0.017002 ⁇ and a time per step of 17.44 seconds. Instrument voltage and current settings were 45 kV and 40 mA.
  • the present invention is further directed to a crystalline hemi-tartrate of compound of formula (I-A).
  • the crystalline hemi-tartrate of compound of formula (I-A) may be characterized, for example, by its powder XRD pattern, an example of which is shown in FIG. 1 herein.
  • the crystalline hemi-tartrate of compound of formula (I-A) may be characterized by its powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising the peaks as listed in Table 1, below.
  • the crystalline hemi-tartrate of compound of formula (I-A) is characterized by its powder XRD pattern which comprises peaks having a relative intensity greater than or equal to about 5%, as listed in Table 2 below.
  • the crystalline hemi-tartrate of compound of formula (I-A) is characterized by its powder XRD pattern which comprises peaks having a relative intensity greater than or equal to about 10%, as listed in Table 3 below.
  • the crystalline hemi-tartrate of compound of formula (I-A) is characterized by its powder XRD pattern which comprises peaks having a relative intensity greater than or equal to about 20%, as listed in Table 4, below.
  • the present invention is further directed to a process for the preparation of a hemi-tartrate of compound of formula (I-A).
  • the hemi-tartrate of compound of formula (I-A) may be prepared according to the following process.
  • Compound of formula (I-A) is dissolved in an organic solvent such as denatured ethanol, methanol or IPA.
  • denatured ethanol is used.
  • a mixture of denatured ethanol and isopropanol is used.
  • Water is optionally removed from the compound of formula (I-A) solution.
  • water is removed azeotropically.
  • a suitably selected organic solvent such as cyclohexane
  • the solution of compound of formula (I-A) is heated to a temperature in the range of from about 35° C. to about reflux, for example to a temperature of about 50° C., and L-tartaric acid is added to the heated mixture.
  • L-tartaric acid is added in an amount in the range of from about 0.25 to about 1.0 molar equivalents. In some embodiments, in an amount of about 0.5 molar equivalents.
  • the mixture with the added L-tartaric acid is heated to a temperature in the range of from about 50° C. to about reflux. In some embodiments, to a temperature of about 50° C. In other embodiments, to a temperature from about 70° C. to about 75° C.
  • the resulting mixture is optionally filtered. With or without filtration, a tartrate solution is obtained.
  • Embodiments of this invention optionally include one or two of the following additional steps to obtain solid compound-of-formula-(I-A) hemi-tartrate.
  • Cooling the tartrate solution In some embodiments, this cooling is effectuated to a temperature below room temperature. In other embodiments, the cooling is effectuated to a temperature of from about 0° C. to about ⁇ 5° C.
  • a precipitate of the hemi-tartrate of compound of formula (I-A) is obtained.
  • this precipitate can be further isolated. Such isolation is achieved by washing the precipitate with cold organic solvent, and further optionally drying the precipitate according to known methods, for example under vacuum and/or under elevated temperature.
  • the present invention is further directed to a process for the recrystallization of the hemi-tartrate of compound of formula (I-A).
  • the recrystallization is done as follows.
  • an organic solvent such as denatured ethanol
  • Illustrative examples of such water/organic solvent mixture are given by an about 1% (vol/vol) water:denatured ethanol mixture; a mixture of water and denatured ethanol, wherein the water is present in from about 1.0% to about 1.5% by weight; and a mixture of water and denatured ethanol, wherein the water is present in about 1.4% by weight.
  • Embodiments of this invention optionally include one or two of the following additional steps to obtain recrystallized compound-of-formula-(I-A) hemi-tartrate. Cooling the mixture to yield a precipitate of the crystalline hemi-tartrate of compound of formula (I-A). For example, cooling to a temperature of about 0° C. Subsequently isolating of the precipitate. For example by filtration, which is optionally washed with cold organic solvent. The washed precipitate is optionally dried according to known methods, for example under vacuum and/or under elevated temperature.
  • the present invention is directed to a process for the recrystallization of the hemi-tartrate of compound of formula (I-A) as follows.
  • a mixture of organic solvents such as a mixture of methanol and denatured ethanol.
  • heating such mixture to a temperature greater than about room temperature. Examples of such temperature include about reflux temperature, and a temperature in the range of from about 50° C. to about 60° C.
  • filtering the resultant mixture optionally filtering the resultant mixture.
  • the so-prepared mixture is subsequently cooled to yield a precipitate of the crystalline hemi-tartrate of compound of formula (I-A). In some embodiments, it is cooled to about 0° C. In some embodiments, such cooling is effectuated in a step-wise manner.
  • the so-formed precipitate is subsequently isolated. In some embodiments, the isolation is effectuated by filtration, and the isolated precipitate is optionally washed with cold organic solvent.
  • the precipitate is optionally dried according to known methods, for example under vacuum and/or under elevated temperature.
  • synthesis products are listed as having been isolated as a residue. It will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the term “residue” does not limit the physical state in which the product was isolated and may include, for example, a solid, an oil, a foam, a gum or a syrup.
  • Example 1 STEPS A-D describe recipes/procedures for the synthesis of the title compounds. Several batches of said compounds were prepared according to the recipes/procedures as described below.
  • the physical properties e.g., MS + , 1 H NMR, etc. listed at the end of the synthesis descriptions below are a listing of the physical properties measured for a representative sample of the prepared compound.
  • a 100 L glass-lined reactor was charged with 2-methyl-4-[3-(1-methyl-piperidin-4-yl)-propylamino]-benzonitrile (5.41 kg, 19.8 mol) and toluene (47.13 kg). The resultant suspension was stirred and cooled to about 0 to ⁇ 5° C. Next, 1.0M diisobutylaluminum hydride (DIBAL-H) in toluene (40.55 kg, 47.33 mol) was added, via nitrogen pressure, while maintaining the internal reaction temperature at ⁇ 2° C. After completing the addition, the resultant reaction solution was warmed to about 5-10° C. and the reaction monitored for completion by HPLC.
  • DIBAL-H diisobutylaluminum hydride
  • the resultant aqueous acid solutions were stirred and cooled to about 2-5° C. Maintaining the temperature ⁇ 30° C. at all times, 50% (by volume) of the mixture prepared in STEP A above was added to each aqueous sulfuric acid solution.
  • the resultant suspension was checked for pH (target pH of 4-5) and stirred at about 20-25° C. for about 1.5-2 h.
  • the suspensions were then cooled to about 10-15° C. and the pH of the suspensions adjusted to pH ⁇ 11-12, by adding 6N sodium hydroxide (16.12 kg, 81.42 mol), over 20 min.
  • the resultant mixtures were then stirred to an additional 15-20 minutes, the agitation was then stopped and the phases allowed to separate.
  • the reaction mixture was cooled to about 20-25° C. and then half of the volume ( ⁇ 30 L) was then added, via a metering pump, to a stirring 50 L glass reactor system containing a solution of potassium carbonate (3.9 kg, 28.2 mol) dissolved in purified water (15 kg), resulting in the formation of a precipitate.
  • the precipitated product was stirred for ⁇ 1 h and then allowed to settle.
  • the clear supernatant ( ⁇ 20 L) was removed from the top of the 50 L reactor system and purified water ( ⁇ 20 kg) was added.
  • the resultant mixture was stirred for 10 min, filtered, washed with water (13 kg) and dried at 35-40° C.
  • Step D Preparation of Hemi-Tartrate of [5-(4,6-dimethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-4-methyl-pyrimidin-2-yl]-[3-(1-methyl-piperidin-4-yl)-propyl]-amine
  • a solution of L-tartaric acid (1.16 kg, 7.73 mol) in denatured ethanol (10.0 kg) was charged to the reactor over 20 minutes.
  • the resultant mixture was heated to about 70-75° C. and then aged for 1 h.
  • the resultant yellow slurry was cooled to about 0-5° C. over a 2 h period and then aged for 20 min.
  • the product (as a precipitate) was filtered, washed with cold denatured ethanol (5.20 kg), then dried at about 75-80° C.
  • the resultant precipitate was filtered, washed with denatured ethanol (5.00 kg) and dried at about 75-80° C. under vacuum to yield the solid hemi-tartrate of [5-(4,6-dimethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-4-methyl-pyrimidin-2-yl]-[3-(1-methyl-piperidin-4-yl)-propyl]-amine.
  • the resultant mixture was warmed to 20° C. over 40 min, then maintained an additional 3 hours at room temperature.
  • the reaction was then quenched with aqueous H 2 SO 4 (110 mL of sulfuric acid in water, 2 L total volume).
  • the quench was executed over 1 hour with a jacket temperature of 0° C. and an internal temperature of 20-30° C. and was observed to be highly exothermic.
  • a Rochelle's salt quench was also explored. This approach was successful, but required long stirring times (after the quench) to yield two clear layers.
  • An HCl quench was also employed and produced results similar to the sulfuric acid quench.)
  • the resultant mixture was then stirred for 45 minutes and the aqueous layer and suspended solids were drained.
  • the pH of the aqueous layer was adjusted to pH ⁇ 10.6 with 50% NaOH (336 mL). Extraction of the aqueous layer (2 ⁇ 2 L dichloromethane) and concentration of the combined aqueous layers yielded an oil, which was used in the next step without further purification.
  • the resultant mixture was then concentrated to near dryness and partitioned between dichloromethane (0.7 L) and 1 N NaOH (1 L). The resultant mixture was stirred for 1 hour and then filtered to isolate the voluminous solid which had formed. The solids were dried and then partitioned between chloroform (700 mL) and saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 (700 mL). The layers were separated, the organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated to a residue.
  • the resultant solution was aged at reflux for 30 minutes then cooled to about 21.3° C. over a 90-minute period. Once this temperature was reached, nucleation was observed after ⁇ 30 min.
  • the resultant slurry was aged at this temperature for an additional 4 hours.
  • the solids were collected by suction filtration and dried at room temperature under house vacuum for 20 hours. The cake was further dried at 50° C. in a vacuum oven for 20 hours to yield the title compound as a crystalline solid.
  • the resultant mixture was then concentrated to near dryness and partitioned between dichloromethane (1 L) and 1 N NaOH (1 L). After separation of the layers, the aqueous layer was extracted a second time with dichloromethane (1 L). The combined organic layers were then washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 (1.6 L). The organics were then extracted with a 1 M mono/dibasic phosphate buffer (pH 5.62, 1.23 L). The aqueous layer was then basified with 50% NaOH (80 mL) to pH 10.8. The resultant heterogeneous layer was then extracted with dichloromethane (1.5 L and 500 mL), and the combined organics were concentrated to yield the title compound.
  • the title compound was recrystallized from hot heptane/ethyl acetate (2:1, 1.15 L total volume) with initial hot filtration and final filter cake washing with heptane/ethyl acetate (3:1, 250 mL total volume) to yield the title compound as a crystalline solid.
  • Elemental Analysis for C 22 H 29 FN 6 Calculated: C, 66.64; H, 7.37; N, 21.19. Measured: C, 66.31; H, 7.61; N, 21.19.
  • the toluene layer was then extracted with a mixture of 37% aqueous hydrochloric acid (3.60 g, 36.5 mmol) and water (60.4 g) at room temperature.
  • the aqueous layer (containing 4-methyl-2-[3-(1-methyl-piperidin-4-yl)-propylamino]-pyrimidine-5-carbaldehyde) was used in the next step without further purification or product isolation.
  • a 1 L-reactor was then charged with sodium sulfite (9.15 g, 72.6 mmol) and 3,5-dimethyl-benzene-1,2-diamine .2HCl (15.2 g, 72.7 mmol).
  • the solids were slurried in water (120.0 g) at room temperature and hydrochloric acid (37% in water, 4.25 g, 43.1 mmol) was added, followed by the addition of water (20.0 g).
  • the resulting mixture was stirred for approx. 5 min, then heated to 45-50° C.
  • the solution prepared in STEP A was added in 2 portions over 40 min, and the resulting mixture stirred (open reactor, O 2 from air) for 2 h 20 min at 55-62° C.
  • a 500 mL-reactor was charged with sodium sulfite (10.30 g, 81.8 mmol) and 3,5-dimethyl-benzene-1,2-diamine .2HCl (17.10 g, 81.7 mmol).
  • the solids were slurried in water (135.6 g) at room temperature and hydrochloric acid (37% in water) (6.40 g, 64.9 mmol) in water (21.6 g) was added.
  • the mixture resulting was heated to 45-50° C. in 20 min.
  • To the resulting mixture was then added dropwise, over 30 mins the solution prepared in STEP A.
  • the resulting mixture was then heated to 60° C. for 2.5 h (open reactor, O 2 from air).
  • the resulting mixture was filtered to remove any insoluble salts that had precipitated.
  • the reactor was then charged with the wet product/precipitate (49.26 g) and 2-methyltetrahydrofurane (200.0 g), and the resulting mixture heated to 50° C. to dissolve the solid.
  • the resulting solution was washed twice with a mixture sodium hydroxide (30% in water) (7.58 g, 60.6 mmol and 7.56, 60.8 mmol, respectively) in water (40.0 g, 40.5 g, respectively) at 45-55° C. and once with water (40.1 g).
  • cyclohexane 135.0 g was added dropwise over 50 min at 50° C., during which time, crystallization was observed to set in spontaneously.
  • the resulting solution was maintained at 40-50° C. for 75 min, over which time crystallization was observed to occur.
  • the resulting suspension was slowly cooled to 15° C., maintained at this temperature overnight, then cooled further to 0° C. After 3 h 15 min at 0° C., the title compound as a precipitate was isolated by filtration, washed with cold denatured ethanol (400 g) and dried in vacuo at 45° C. to yield the title compound as a slightly yellow, crystalline solid.
  • the resulting mixture was subjected to the following temperature profile for crystallization: 1 h at 60° C., cooling to 40° C. over 2 h, heating to 50° C. over 1 h, cooling to 30° C. over 2 h, heating to 40° C. over 1 h, cooling to 20° C. over 2 h, heating to 30° C. over 1 h, cooling to 10° C. over 2 h, heating to 20° C. over 1 h, then cooling to 0° C. over 2 h.
  • the resulting suspension was maintained at 0° C. for 7 h, then the resulting solid precipitate was isolated by suction filtration, washed with denatured ethanol (3 ⁇ 30.0 g) and dried in vacuo at 40° C. to yield the title compound as a white crystalline solid.
  • the following procedure represents a recipe for the preparation of the title compound.
  • the title compound was prepared several times following the recipe detailed below.
  • 100 mg of the compound prepared as in Example 1 is formulated with sufficient finely divided lactose to provide a total amount of 580 to 590 mg to fill a size 0 hard gel capsule.

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