Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
  • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
  • A61K36/185—Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
  • A61K36/85—Verbenaceae (Verbena family)
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
  • A61K31/35—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having six-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/352—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having six-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. methantheline 
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders

Definitions

• This invention generally refers to the obtention of a compound and a standard pharmaceutical product from roots, stems, barks, and leaves of plants of the Stachytarpheta (Verbenaceae family) genus, in the form of extracts or enriched fractions, or pure isolated compounds or compounds obtained from synthesis or semi-synthesis, used alone (pure extract) or mixed with other natural or synthetic products, in different ratios, in order to integrate pharmaceutical compositions to be used by appropriate routes (topic or oral), particularly in the form of tablets, capsules, dyes, emulsions, W/O and O/W (creams and gels), liposomes, microcapsules, nanoparticles, aerosols, ointments, and the like, as well as formulations for slow-release implants, used to treat vitiligo and manifestations thereof—loss of skin pigment.
• vitiligo was used for the first time by the Roman physician Celsus (50 a.C.). It originates from the Latin word vitilus, which means white patch. The descriptions of such disease were recorded in the Ebers Papyrus (1500 b.C.), and in the Malawi sacred book Anthe (1400 b.C.), where it is called Schwetakustha.
• Vitiligo is a disease characterized in that the skin patches that may appear in several body parts, mainly arms, legs, mouth, and eyes. In all cases, the melanin is observed to disappear. The vitiligo occurs by the destruction of melanocytes, however the cause is not completely clear. There are four theories suggested for the development of vitiligo: autoimmune, self-destructive, neurogenic and mixed therapy.
• Autoimmune This theory is based on the association of immunological factors, just like other diseases of immunological origin, such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
• Neurogenic This theory suggests that the release of components produced by the nervous stimuli may inhibit the production of skin melanin.
• Mixed This theory takes into account the possibility of gathering all the lines described above.
• Vitiligo is considered an autoimmune disease, presented as a melanocyte-specific immunological and multifactorial disease of endogenous origin: genetics and melanocitary oxidation or of exogenous origin: rubbing, skin lesions (Köebner Phenomenon).
• the vitiligo may occur in eight forms:
• Symmetrical the most common discoloration form, developed in both sides of the human body. Asymmetrical affects one side of the body only. Segmentary follows the path of one nerve. Circumscript affects the pigmentation of a small area only. Universal appears around dark, pigmented patches. Congenital is the unpigmented form of vitiligo that occurs from the birth. Generalized affects the skin almost in its entirety. Ocular affects the retina, causing pain and photophobia.
• melagenine it helps decreasing the patches in 75% of the patients.
• Diprosalic solution less efficient than melagenine, is topically used on the patches.
• sun protection factors used across all treatment variations. Sun burnt leads to a potential photocarcinogenesis and may broaden unpigmentation areas (Köebner Phenomenon).
• topical corticosteroids Used for small vitiligo patches with response after weeks or months.
• One of the most powerful includes betamethasone and clobetasol propionate.
• the follow-up on a monthly or bimonthly basis guarantees the control of side effects, such as spider veins, acne and skin atrophy. Upon any sign of those effects, the intermittent use shall be avoided.
• the treatment outcomes must be observed within three months, taking into account that those are immunosupressor drugs.
• PUVA The most usual vitiligo treatment is the photochromotherapy associated to psoralen, usually 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP), and artificial exposure to a 315-400 nm fluorescent lamp for approximately 10 minutes.
• the pigmentation may occur gradually in a perifollicular manner (around the hair follicle), although a few cases it acts over the whole area. If no response is achieved within three months, the treatment must be discontinued. In case of repigmentation responses, it may be applied for one to one and a half year, always with approximately 2-month resting intervals, since these drugs are considered hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic and cause gastric and ocular disorders.
• the treatment shall be administered with 100 to 150 expositions. Only 30% of the patients who underwent the PUVA therapy achieved a good repigmentation, and among them, approximately 75% relapsed within 2 to 3 years.
• the document PI 0406343-0 relates to the use of aqueous, hydroalcoholic, alcoholic or organic solvents extracts from leaves and/or aerial parts of the Stachytarpheta polyura species, used to treat vitiligo.
• This species, Stachytarpheta polyura is rarely found in nature, and its diminutive size makes the production of the extract in industrial scale unfeasible, costly and unprofitable.
• the newly developed product may be synthesized, semi-synthesized or obtained from alcoholic, aqueous or hydroalcoholic or organic extracts from one or more parts of plants of one of the following species, or a mixture thereof: S. cayennensis, S. jamaicensis and S. eliotis.
• the species used in this invention are more easily found in nature than Stachytarpheta polyura , mentioned on the prior art, in larger quantities, as well as larger sizes, increasing the feasibility of the production in industrial scale.
• Such species popularly known as gerv ⁇ o, gerb ⁇ o, overj ⁇ o, chá-do-Brasil (“verbena/vervain”), among other popular names, are used in the traditional medicine as cicatrizant, treatment for stomach problems and antifebrile.
• the new pharmaceutical invention uses pure extracts, synthetic or semi-synthetic compounds or isolates from those plants' extracts, whether alone or mixed with each other or yet associated to extracts, fixed oils, essential oils, fragrances, powders or excipients from other natural or synthetic sources.
• this invention is about a process to produce a pharmaceutical product from standardized extracts, fractions or isolate molecules from plants of the Stachytarpheta genus, S. cayennensis, S. jamaicensis and S. eliotis species of the Verbenaceae family, to be used as a medication to treat vitiligo.
• the production process according to this invention is comprised of the following stages:
• biomass that forms one or more parts, whether green or dried, of the plant, roots, stems, barks and leaves of the species of Stachytarpheta genus is pulverized, or ground, or chopped, or crumbled, considering that the raw material may be comprised, with no limitation, of the S. cayennensis, S. jamaicensis or S. eliotis species or their mixtures;
• the biomass obtained through the process (a) is extracted by percolation, or maceration, or soxlhet, or using gases in supercritical state, or extraction using a base or acid medium or an organic solvent or extraction by steam distillation; considering that the organic solvents are, for example, halogenated compounds, alcohols, aldehyde, ketones, cycloalkanes or alkanes, phenolic compounds, benzenes and derivatives, among other, whether alone or their mixtures; and in the case of an acid/base extraction, the extraction may be performed with strong or weak acids, whether diluted or concentrated, alone or mixed, such as acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, formic acid; and the base used in the extraction process is formed by concentrated or diluted bases, whether alone or in mixtures, such as, for example, ammonium hydroxide (NH 4 OH) and sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 );
• NH 4 OH ammonium hydroxide
• Na 2 CO 3 sodium carbonate
• the extract obtained may be dried using spray-dryer, with inlet temperature of approximately 150-190° C., and outlet temperature of approximately 60-90° C.; or under reduced pressure, with temperature ranging between 25-75° C.; or at room temperature.
• the process allows the production in industrial scale, since it reduces the process time, presents an appropriate yield and results in a pharmaceutical product.
• the medication contains around 0.001 to 99% of at least one of the compounds or their mixtures in free form or in salt form (such as chlorates, sulfates or borates) of chemical structure (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI) and (VII).
• R is identical or different and each one is independently selected among H, CH 3 , CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 OH, COCH 3 , alkali metals, halogens, monosaccharides, disaccharides or polysaccharides, CO(CH 2 ) n CH 3 , (CH 2 ) n CH 3 , where n ranges from 2 to 16.
• the pharmaceutical extract obtained according to this invention is useful both to be directly administrated to a patient and to be used in the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions, with contents ranging from approximately 0.001 to approximately 5000 mg/kg/day, particularly approximately 200 to 400 mg/kg/day, split in one or more times during the day.
• this invention is about pharmaceutical compositions containing approximately 0.001 to approximately 5000 mg of extract, as well as pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
• the pharmaceutical compound may also be used under the form associated to drugs, vitamins, salts and sugars.
• compositions appropriate to the invention are, for example, and with no limitations, those mentioned in the following works: Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, published by the North-American publisher Mack Publishing, as well as the European Pharmacopeia, the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia, and new excipients that may be developed.
• the pharmaceutical product and the pharmaceutical compositions, according to this invention are provably efficient to treat vitiligo.
• S. cayennensis used to obtain alcoholic, hydroalcoholic, aqueous, or organics extracts, were collected from 1995 to 2002 in the Brazilian states of Para ⁇ ba, Pernambuco and Bahia.
• the foliorum exsiccata of the specimens were individually stored in the files of Herbário Lauro Pires Xavier, Universidade Federal da Para ⁇ ba, city of Jo ⁇ o Pessoa, Brazil.
• the alcoholic extracts of the leaves and aerial parts of the plants were individually extracted through percolation, using ethanol as solvent, during 72 to 144 hours in a row.
• the dried extract had its weight determined, as well as its respective yield in relation to the fresh weight of the vegetable materials.
• Ethanolic Extract % Ethanolic Extract Species leaves Aerial parts S. cayensensis 12 to 18 8 to 13 S. jamaicensis 11 to 16 7 to 13 S. eliotis 11 to 19 7 to 14
• the aqueous extracts of the leaves and aerial parts of the plants were individually extracted through decoction, using water as solvent, during 72 to 144 hours in a row. After the extraction and concentration in rotavapor, the dried extract had its weight determined, as well as its respective yield in relation to the fresh weight of the vegetable materials.
• the average yield of the three aqueous extracts of the studied species presented the following yields: S. cayensensis: 12% (leaves) and 11% (aerial parts); S. jamaicensis: 14% (leaves) and 12% (aerial parts) and S. eliotis: 11% (leaves) and 9% (aerial parts).
• the partitions (liquid-liquid) of those extracts were carried out using solvents, in increasing order of polarity with hexane, chloroform, butanol and water, which were evaporated in rotavapor under reduced pressure.
• the purification of the aqueous extracts of the leaves and aerial parts of the plants was carried out with 10 g of the aqueous extract by CMP, using in the eluent system a mixture of MeOH and H 2 O with 0.05% of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in gradient mode (5% to 100% in 3 days).
• the products were detected by UV at 254 nm. Forty fractions were obtained from this first purification stage. The fraction No.
• the chemical structures of the isolate compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including ultraviolet (UV), nuclear magnetic resonance (1D and 2D NMR), low and high resolution mass spectrometry (MS and HRMS), as well as chemical and enzyme reactions.
• the compounds I and II were identified as iridoids, wherein the R group may be identical or different from groups H, CH 3 , COCH 3 , CO(CH 2 ) n CH 3 (where n ranges from 2 to 16), halogens, monosaccharides, disaccharides or polysaccharides.
• the compound III was identified as a flavonoid, wherein the R group may be H, CH 3 , CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 OH, COCH 3 , CO(CH 2 ) n CH 3 (where n ranges from 2 to 16), halogen, monosaccharide, disaccharide or polysaccharide.
• the compounds IV, V, VI and VII were identified as ethyl phenyl propane glycosilate derivatives, wherein the R group can be H, CH 3 , CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 OH, COCH 3 , CO(CH 2 ) n CH 3 (where n ranges from 2 to 16), halogen, monosaccharides, disaccharides or polysaccharides.
• Stachytarpheta cayensensis 69% (young leaves) and 67% (adult leaves); Stachytarpheta jamaicensis: 68% (young leaves) and 64% (adult leaves); and Stachytarpheta eliotis: 66% (young leaves) and 64% (adult leaves).
• the analyses of the percentile of the foliar waxes of each species were individually carried out on the collected and identified botanical materials. For each analysis, a 1000-mL beaker was used, in which it was added 150 g of the vegetable and, then, 500 mL of chloroform P.A. After five minutes of extraction, this was filtered in a qualitative filter paper, obtaining a chloroform extract that was concentrated in reduced pressure rotavapor. The determination of the percentile of the foliar waxes was carried out after drying it in a vacuum dryer, weighed until constant weight.
• the qualitative analyses of the foliar waxes of the three species were carried out using the extract of the waxes obtained according to the abovementioned methodology (0.1 g), after the etherification reaction with diazomethane.
• the compositions were assessed through a gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry connected to a database.
• each methyled material was dissolved into 5 mL of n-hexane (chromatographic), and from this solution 5 ⁇ L were injected into the GC/MS system model HP-5890-series 2, with a 30-m DB1 column, packed with 100% of dimethylpolysiloxane.
• the carrier gas used was helium, under an initial temperature of 60° C., in a 10° C./min gradient until it reaches the temperature of 240° C., coupled with a mass spectrometer, connected to a database.
• the identification of the chemical components of foliar waxes was performed through the registration of the fragmentation in the mass spectrum and its molecular weight, making a simultaneous comparison to the database against 135,000 organic compounds available in the system.
• the foliar waxes of the three species present the following hydrocarbonates components: dodecane, tricosane and the hexadecanoic, dodecanoic, tricosanoic and eicosanoic acids.
• the compounds II, III and IV had an important antioxidant activity under 10 ⁇ M concentrations.
• the IV compound presented, by its turn, a significant activity in the assay with nitric oxide at a 10 ⁇ M concentration.
• the assays to assess for ichthyotoxic or piscicide characteristics were performed with alevins of Poecilia reticulata, collected from the River Jaguaribe in the city of Jo ⁇ o Pessoa—PB [State of Para ⁇ ba], acclimatized in laboratory for 48 hours, fed with fish food.
• the alevins used in the biological assays had an average of 17.1 mm in length.
• the alcoholic, hydroalcoholic and aqueous (decoction) extracts were diluted in distilled water in the concentrations of 1, 10 and 100 ⁇ g/mL.
• the product solutions in the three concentrations, were used on the biological evaluation tests in a 1000-mL beaker covered with tulle nets, containing 400 mL of the solution of each product.
• the assays were carried out with groups of 10 alevins, individually, with exposure time of 24 hours. During this period, the referred solutions were aired with appropriate devices under room temperature.
• a control test in distilled and aired water was carried out with 10 alevins collected and treated likewise.
• microbiological tests were carried out with alcoholic and hydroalcoholic extracts and with the decoction obtained individually from the aerial parts of the 3 species ( S. cayennensis, S. jamaicensis and S. eliotis ), in concentrations of 2500, 1250, 625, 313 and 156 mg/mL, solubilized into dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO).
• DMSO dimethylsulfoxide
• microbiological assays with the referred extracts were carried out in solid medium using the serial dilution art at a ratio of 2, in Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (DIFCO) and Nutrient Agar (Merck).
• DIFCO Sabouraud Dextrose Agar
• Nutrient Agar Merck
• 3 mL of the medium were added to the 1 st tube and 1.5 mL to the others; 15 mg of the extract were added to the 1 st tube, creating the other dilutions.
• 10 ⁇ L of the standardized microorganism suspension were added to 10 6 CFU, according to tube 0.5 of the McFarland scale, and adjusted to 90% T (530 nm).
• the extracts were also tested by the Vicent & Vicent and Allegrini arts; the culture medium added with the microorganism suspension was also added filter paper disks (CECO/SP) impregnated with 0.02 mL of each extract.
• CECO/SP filter paper disks
• a control was created for each microorganism with standard antimicrobial (chloramphenicol at 30 ⁇ g/mL, tetracycline at 30 ⁇ g/mL and ketoconazole at 1000 ⁇ g/mL).
• the assays were incubated at 37° C. during 24-48 hours (bacteria and yeast) and room temperature for 10-14 days (filamentous fungi).
• microbiological assays of the mentioned products were carried out against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria; yeast-like fungi and filamentous fungi assays were performed against the following microorganisms: Bacteria: Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus; Yeast-like fungi: Candida albicans, Candida tropicali and Cryptococcus neoforman; Filamentous fungi: Aspergillus parasiticus, Penicilium sp and Trichophyton rubrum.
• the microbiological assays of the mentioned products did not present antimicrobial activity against none of the tested microorganisms.
• a phytotherapic medication was developed from the concentrated aqueous extract (decoction) of the aerial parts of each plant species.
• concentration of the phytotherapic medication per plant was of 60 and 120 mg of the dried extract powder per capsule.
• a cream for topical use with Lanette base was also developed, using parabenes as preservative and 3% of powder of the aqueous extract of each plant.
• the recommended posology was 1 capsule 3 times a day, and regarding the cream, 2 daily applications.
• the clinical evaluation of the three phytotherapic medications was performed in 36 adult volunteers (age group ranging 22-53 years old), being 22 women and 14 men, suffering from vitiligo in different stages and extensions, most of them presenting symmetrical unpigmentation and diagnosed based in clinical analyses.
• the patients were split into three groups of 12 subjects, uncontrolled manner. The patients were initially informed on the research and at that moment every patient was requested urine and blood samples for analysis. At the beginning of the treatment, all patients had their patches photographed and mapped in a transparent paper to record the unpigmented areas and an improved follow-up of the treatment course.
• the recommended posology was 1 60-mg capsule of the active ingredient (dried extract) 3 times a day and clinical evaluation once a month.
• the clinical treatment varied from 14 to 18 months, and for all cases, sunbathing in the morning for 30 to 45 minutes, between 7 and 9 a.m., was recommended. This study did not use placebo and no discontinuation occurred.
• Viticromim The most used medication was called Viticromim.
• a concentrated alcoholic extract is achieved, with the following results per plant, on average: 18% of Stachytarpheta cayensensis; 16.5% of Stachytarpheta jamaicensis and 19.7% of Stachytarpheta eliotis.
• aqueous extract of one of the three Stachytarpheta species add to a percolation bowl with controlled temperature 50 Kg of the leaves of previously selected aerial parts, dried under 65° C. in an oven with forced aeration and, then, ground it in an electric mill. Then, add 100 liters of distilled water to the bowl and heat it to 90° C. for 4 hours in a row. During that period, stir it occasionally. Then, filtrate it using 100- ⁇ m filters and, lastly, concentrate the extract (filtrate) in a rotary evaporator under reduced pressure.
• This extraction process results in the following yields: 7.4 to 11.2% of Stachytarpheta cayensensis; 6.5 to 8.9% of Stachytarpheta jamaicensis and 7.2 to 11.5% of Stachytarpheta eliotis in relation to the weight of the vegetable material used in the extraction process.

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