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Definitions

• the present invention relates to substituted indole derivatives, processes for the preparation thereof, medicinal products containing these compounds and the use of substituted indole derivatives for the preparation of medicinal products.
• the heptadecapeptide nociceptin is an endogenous ligand of the ORL1 (opioid receptor-like) receptor (Meunier et al., Nature 377, 1995, p. 532-535), which belongs to the family of opioid receptors, is to be found in many regions of the brain and spinal cord, and has a high affinity for the ORL1 receptor.
• the ORL1 receptor is homologous to the ⁇ , ⁇ and ⁇ opioid receptors and the amino acid sequence of the nociceptin peptide displays a strong similarity to those of the known opioid peptides.
• the nociceptin peptide After intercerebroventicular application, the nociceptin peptide exhibits pronociceptive and hyperalgesic activity in various animal models (Reinscheid et al., Science 270, 1995, p. 792-794). These findings can be explained as an inhibition of stress-induced analgesia (Mogil et al., Neuroscience 75, 1996, p. 333-337). Anxiolytic activity of the nociceptin could also be demonstrated in this connection, (Jenck et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 1997, 14854-14858).
• nociceptin has an antinociceptive effect in various pain models, for example in the tail flick test in mice (King et al., Neurosci. Lett., 223, 1997, 113-116).
• an antinociceptive effect of nociceptin could likewise be detected and was particularly beneficial since the effectiveness of nociceptin increases after axotomy of spinal nerves. This contrasts with conventional opioids, the effectiveness of which decreases under these conditions (Abdulla and Smith, J. Neurosci., 18, 1998, p. 9685-9694).
• the ORL1 receptor is also involved in the regulation of further physiological and pathophysiological processes. These include inter alia learning and memory (Manabe et al., Nature, 394, 1997, p. 577-581), hearing capacity (Nishi et al., EMBO J., 16, 1997, p. 1858-1864) and numerous further processes.
• a synopsis by Calo et al. (Br. J. Pharmacol., 129, 2000, 1261-1283) gives an overview of the indications or biological processes in which the ORL1-receptor plays a part or very probably plays a part.
• analgesics stimulation and regulation of food intake, effect on ⁇ -agonists such as morphine, treatment of withdrawal symptoms, reduction of the addiction potential of opioids, anxiolysis, modulation of motor activity, memory disorders, epilepsy; modulation of neurotransmitter release, in particular of glutamate, serotonin and dopamine, and hence neurodegenerative diseases; influence on the cardiovascular system, triggering of an erection, diuresis, antinatriuresis, electrolyte balance, arterial blood pressure, water retention disorders, intestinal motility (diarrhoea), relaxation of the respiratory tract, micturation reflex (urinary incontinence).
• agonists and antagonists as anorectics, analgesics (also when coadministered with opioids) or nootropics is also discussed.
• opioid receptors such as the ⁇ -receptor, but also the other subtypes of these opioid receptors, namely ⁇ and ⁇ , play an important part in the field of pain therapy and also other of the aforementioned indications. It is accordingly desirable if the compound also has an effect on these opioid receptors.
• the object of the present invention was to provide medicinal products which act on the nociceptin/ORL1 receptor system.
• substituted indole derivatives having the general formula I act on the nociceptin/ORL1 receptor system and are suitable for the treatment of pain, anxiety conditions and other diseases.
• the invention therefore provides substituted indole derivatives having the general formula 1,
• the compounds according to the invention exhibit good binding to the ORL1 receptor but also to the ⁇ -opioid receptor.
• C 1-6 alkyl and “C 1-3 alkyl” include acyclic saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon radicals, which can be branched or straight-chain and unsubstituted or mono- or polysubstituted, having respectively 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 C atoms or 1, 2 or 3 C atoms, i.e. C 1-5 alkanyls, C 2-5 alkenyls and C 2-5 alkynyls or C 1-3 alkanyls, C 2-3 alkenyls and C 2-3 alkynyls.
• Alkenyls have at least one C—C double bond and alkynyls have at least one C—C triple bond.
• Alkyl is advantageously selected from the group comprising methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, 2-propyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, n-hexyl, 2-hexyl; ethylenyl (vinyl), ethynyl, propenyl (—CH 2 CH ⁇ CH 2 , —CH ⁇ CH—CH 3 , —C( ⁇ CH 2 )—CH 3 ), propynyl (—CH—C ⁇ CH, —C ⁇ C—CH 3 ), 1,1-dimethylethyl, 1,1-dimethylpropyl, butenyl, butynyl, pentenyl, pentynyl, hexyl, hexenyl or hexynyl. Methyl and ethyl are
• cycloalkyl or “C 3-8 cycloalkyl” denotes cyclic hydrocarbons having 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 carbon atoms, wherein the hydrocarbons can be saturated or unsaturated (but not aromatic), unsubstituted or mono- or polysubstituted.
• C 3-8 cycloalkyl is advantageously selected from the group including cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptenyl and cyclooctenyl. Cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl are particularly preferred within the meaning of this invention.
• (CH 2 ) 3-6 is understood to mean —CH 2 —CH 2 —CH 2 -, —CH 2 —CH 2 —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —CH 2 —CH 2 —CH 2 — and CH 2 —CH 2 —CH 2 —CH 2 —CH 2 —CH 2 —.
• aryl denotes carbocyclic ring systems having up to 14 ring members with at least one aromatic ring, but without heteroatoms in only one of the rings, inter alia phenyls, naphthyls and phenanthrenyls.
• the aryl radicals can also be fused to other saturated, (partially) unsaturated or aromatic ring systems.
• Each aryl radical can be present in unsubstituted or mono- or polysubstituted form, wherein the aryl substituents can be identical or different and can be at any desired and possible position of the aryl. Phenyl or naphthyl radicals are particularly advantageous.
• heteroaryl stands for a 5-, 6- or 7-membered cyclic aromatic radical containing at least 1, optionally also 2, 3, 4 or 5 heteroatoms, wherein the heteroatoms can be identical or different and the heterocyclic compound can be unsubstituted or mono- or polysubstituted; if the heterocyclic compound is substituted, the substituents can be identical or different and can be at any desired and possible position of the heteroaryl.
• the hetero-cyclic compound can also be part of a bicyclic or polycyclic system having up to 14 ring members. Preferred heteroatoms are nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.
• heteroaryl radical is selected from the group including pyrrolyl, indolyl, furyl (furanyl), benzofuranyl, thienyl (thiophenyl), benzothienyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzodioxolanyl, benzodioxanyl, phthalazinyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyranyl, indazolyl, purinyl, indolizinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinazolinyl, carbazolyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl or oxadiazolyl, wherein the binding to the compounds having the
• alkyl denotes “C 1-6 alkyl” unless otherwise specified.
• alkyl and “cycloalkyl”, the term “substituted” within the meaning of this invention is understood to mean the substitution of one or more hydrogen radicals with F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, NH 2 , NH-alkyl, NH-aryl, NH-heteroaryl, NH-cycloalkyl, NH-alkyl-aryl, NH-alkyl-heteroaryl, NH-alkyl-OH, N(alkyl) 2 , N(alkyl-aryl) 2 , N(alkyl-heteroaryl) 2 , N(cycloalkyl) 2 , N(alkyl-OH) 2 , NO 2 , SH, S-alkyl, S-aryl, S-heteroaryl, S-alkyl-aryl, S-alkyl-heteroaryl, S-cycloalkyl, S-alkyl-OH, S-alkyl-SH, OH
• alkyl or cycloalkyl prefferably substituted with F, Cl, Br, I, CN, CH 3 , C 2 H 5 , NH 2 , NO 2 , SH, CF 3 , OH, OCH 3 , cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, OC 2 H 5 or N(CH 3 ) 2 , preferably F, Cl, Br, I, CN, CH 3 , C 2 H 5 , NH 2 , NO 2 , SH, CF 3 , OH, OCH 3 , OC 2 H 5 or N(CH 3 ) 2 . It is most particularly preferred for alkyl or cycloalkyl to be substituted with OH, OCH 3 or OC 2 H 5.
• aryl indolyl or “heteroaryl”, “mono- or polysubstituted” within the meaning of this invention is understood to mean the single or multiple, e.g. two, three, four or five times, substitution of one or more hydrogen atoms in the ring system with F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NH 2 , NH-alkyl, NH-aryl, NH-heteroaryl, NH-alkyl-aryl, NH-alkyl-heteroaryl, NH-cycloalkyl, NH-alkyl-OH, N(alkyl) 2 , N(alkyl-aryl) 2 , N(alkyl-heteroaryl) 2 , N(cycloalkyl) 2 , N(alkyl-OH) 2 , NO 2 , SH, S-alkyl, S-cycloalkyl, S-aryl, S-heteroaryl, S-alkyl-ary
• the polysubstitution is performed with identical or with different substituents. If an aryl, indolyl or heteroaryl radical is itself substituted with an aryl or heteroaryl radical optionally bound via a bridge, this substituent is preferably itself unsubstituted or mono- or polysubstituted with F, Cl, Br, I, CN, CH 3 , C 2 H 5 , NH 2 , NO 2 , SH, CF 3 , OH, OCH 3 , OC 2 H 5 or N(CH 3 ) 2 .
• aryl, indolyl or heteroaryl to be substituted with F, Cl, Br, I, CN, CH 3 , C 2 H 5 , NH 2 , NO 2 , SH, CF 3 , OH, OCH 3 , OC 2 H 5 or N(CH 3 ) 2 .
• salt is understood to mean any form of the active ingredient according to the invention in which it assumes an ionic form or is charged and is coupled to a counterion (a cation or anion) or is in solution. Also included here are complexes of the active ingredient with other molecules and ions, in particular complexes which are complexed by means of ionic interactions. It means in particular (and this is also a preferred embodiment of this invention) physiologically compatible salts, in particular physiologically compatible salts with cations or bases and physiologically compatible salts with anions or acids or also a salt formed with a physiologically compatible acid or a physiologically compatible cation.
• physiologically compatible salt with anions or acids is understood to mean salts of at least one of the compounds according to the invention—mostly protonated, for example on nitrogen—as cation with at least one anion, which are physiologically—particularly when used in humans and/or mammals—compatible.
• this is particularly understood to mean the salt formed with a physiologically compatible acid, namely salts of the individual active ingredient with inorganic or organic acids which are physiologically—particularly when used in humans and/or mammals—compatible.
• physiologically compatible salts of certain acids are salts of: hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, methanesulfonic acid, formic acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, mandelic acid, fumaric acid, lactic acid, citric acid, glutamic acid, saccharinic acid, monomethyl sebacic acid, 5-oxoproline, hexane-1-sulfonic acid, nicotinic acid, 2-, 3- or 4-aminobenzoic acid, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoic acid, ⁇ -lipoic acid, acetylglycine, acetyl salicylic acid, hippuric acid and/or aspartic acid.
• the hydrochloride salt, the citrate and the hemicitrate are particularly preferred.
• salt formed with a physiologically compatible acid is understood to mean salts of the individual active ingredient with inorganic or organic acids which are physiologically—particularly when used in humans and/or mammals—compatible.
• the hydrochloride and the citrate are particularly preferred.
• physiologically compatible acids are: hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, methanesulfonic acid, formic acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, mandelic acid, fumaric acid, lactic acid, citric acid, glutamic acid, saccharinic acid, monomethyl sebacic acid, 5-oxoproline, hexane-1-sulfonic acid, nicotinic acid, 2-, 3- or 4-aminobenzoic acid, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoic acid, ⁇ -lipoic acid, acetylglycine, acetyl salicylic acid, hippuric acid and/or aspartic acid.
• physiologically compatible salt with cations or bases is understood to mean salts of at least one of the compounds according to the invention—mostly a (deprotonated) acid—as anion with at least one, preferably inorganic, cation, which are physiologically - particularly when used in humans and/or mammals—compatible.
• Particularly preferred are the salts of the alkali and alkaline-earth metals, but also ammonium salts, but in particular (mono) or (di)sodium, (mono) or (di)potassium, magnesium or calcium salts.
• salt formed with a physiologically compatible cation is understood to mean salts of at least one of the compounds as anion with at least one inorganic cation, which is physiologically—particularly when used in humans and/or mammals—compatible.
• Particularly preferred are the salts of the alkali and alkaline-earth metals, but also ammonium salts, but in particular (mono) or (di)sodium, (mono) or (di)potassium, magnesium or calcium salts.
• alkyl substituted and “cycloalkyl substituted” stands for the substitution of a hydrogen radical with F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, NH 2 , NH—C 1-6 alkyl, NH—C 1-6 alkyl-OH, C 1-6 alkyl, N(C 1-6 alkyl) 2 , N(C 1-6 alkyl-OH) 2 , NO 2 , SH, S—C 1-6 alkyl, S-benzyl, O—C 1-6 alkyl, OH, O—C 1-6 alkyl-OH, ⁇ O, O-benzyl, C( ⁇ O)C 1-6 alkyl, C( ⁇ O)OC 1-6 alkyl, phenyl or benzyl,
• aryl substituted stands for the single or multiple, e.g. two, three or four times, substitution of one or more hydrogen atoms in the ring system with F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NH 2 , NH—C 1-6 alkyl, NH—C 1-6 alkyl-OH, N(C 1-6 alkyl) 2 , N(C 1-6 alkyl-OH) 2 , NO 2 , SH, S—C 1-6 alkyl, OH, O—C 1-6 alkyl, O—C 1-6 alkyl-OH, C( ⁇ O)-aryl; C( ⁇ O)C 1-6 alkyl, C( ⁇ O)NHC 1-6 alkyl; C( ⁇ O)—N-morpholine; C( ⁇ O)-piperidine; (C ⁇ O)-pyrrolidine; (C ⁇ O)-piperazine; NHSO 2 C 1-6 alkyl, NHCOC 1-6 alkyl,
• the enantiomers, diastereomers, mixtures of enantiomers or diastereomers or a single enantiomer or diastereomer in the form of the racemate; the enantiomers, diastereomers, mixtures of enantiomers or diastereomers or a single enantiomer or diastereomer; the bases and/or salts of physiologically compatible acids or cations.
• A is particularly preferable for A to denote CH 2 and B to denote CH 2 or C ⁇ O.
• Substituted indole derivatives are preferred wherein X stands for indolyl, unsubstituted or mono- or polysubstituted with F, Cl, Br, I, CN, CH 3 , C 2 H 5 , C 3 H 8 , NH 2 , NO 2 , SH, CF 3 , OH, OCH 3 , OC 2 H 5 , N(CH 3 ) 2 or phenyl, unsubstituted or mono- or polysubstituted with F, Cl, Br, I, CN, CH 3 , C 2 H 5 , NH 2 , NO 2 , SH, CF 3 , OH, OCH 3 , OC 2 H 5 or N(CH 3 ) 2 .
• Substituted indole derivatives are particularly preferred wherein X stands for indole, 1-methylindole, 5-fluoroindole, 5-methoxyindole, 5-bromoindole, 6-chloroinidole, 6-fluoroindole, 6-methoxy-1,2-dimethylindole, 1,2-dimethylindole, 2-(4-fluorophenyl)indole, 2-phenylindole, 5-chloroindole or 6-iso-propylindole.
• X stands for indole, 1-methylindole, 5-fluoroindole, 5-methoxyindole, 5-bromoindole, 6-chloroinidole, 6-fluoroindole, 6-methoxy-1,2-dimethylindole, 1,2-dimethylindole, 2-(4-fluorophenyl)indole, 2-phenylindole, 5-
• R 1 and R 2 mutually independently denote methyl or H or the radicals R 1 and R 2 form a ring with inclusion of the N atom and denote (CH 2 ) 3 or (CH 2 ) 4 .
• R 1 and R 2 mutually independently denote methyl or H, preferably methyl.
• R 3 stands for phenyl, benzyl or phenethyl, each unsubstituted or mono- or polysubstituted at the ring; C 1-6 alkyl, unsubstituted or mono- or polysubstituted; pyridyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl or benzimidazolyl, unsubstituted or mono- or polysubstituted.
• R 3 stands for phenyl, benzyl, phenethyl, thienyl, pyridyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, benzimidazolyl or benzyl, unsubstituted or mono- or polysubstituted with F, Cl, Br, CN, CH 3 , C 2 H 5 , NH 2 , NO 2 , SH, CF 3 , OH, OCH 3 , OC 2 H 5 or N(CH 3 ) 2 ; ethyl, n-propyl, 2-propyl, allyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, n-hexyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl
• phenyl unsubstituted or monosubstituted with F, Cl, CN, CH 3 ; thienyl; or n-butyl, unsubstituted or mono- or polysubstituted with OCH 3 , OH or OC 2 H 5 , in particular with OCH 3 .
• substituted indole derivatives having the general formula I, wherein R 7a-c R 8a-c mutually independently stand for H; CH 3 , ethyl or propyl;
• substituted indole derivatives from the group comprising
• the substances according to the invention act for example on the ORL1 receptor of relevance in connection with various diseases, such that they are suitable as a pharmaceutical active ingredient in a medicinal product.
• the invention therefore also provides medicinal products containing at least one substituted indole derivative according to the invention, optionally along with suitable additives and/or auxiliary substances and/or optionally further active ingredients.
• the medicinal products according to the invention optionally contain, in addition to at least one substituted indole derivative according to the invention, suitable additives and/or auxiliary substances, including carrier materials, fillers, solvents, diluents, dyes and/or binders, and can be administered as liquid dosage forms in the form of injection solutions, drops or juices, as semi-solid dosage forms in the form of granules, tablets, pellets, patches, capsules, plasters/spray plasters or aerosols.
• suitable additives and/or auxiliary substances including carrier materials, fillers, solvents, diluents, dyes and/or binders
• auxiliary substances etc., and the amount thereof to use depend on whether the medicinal product is to be administered by oral, peroral, parenteral, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intradermal, intramuscular, intranasal, buccal, rectal or local means, for example on the skin, mucous membranes or in the eyes.
• Preparations in the form of tablets, pastilles, capsules, granules, drops, juices and syrups are suitable for oral administration; solutions, suspensions, easily reconstitutable dry preparations and sprays are suitable for parenteral, topical and inhalative administration.
• Substituted indole derivatives according to the invention in a depot formulation, in dissolved form or in a plaster, optionally with addition of agents promoting skin penetration, are suitable preparations for percutaneous administration.
• Preparation forms suitable for oral or percutaneous administration can deliver the substituted indole derivatives according to the invention on a delayed release basis.
• the substituted indole derivatives according to the invention can also be used in parenteral long-term depot forms, such as implants or implanted pumps, for example.
• Other additional active ingredients known to the person skilled in the art can be added in principle to the medicinal products according to the invention.
• the amount of active ingredient to be administered to the patient varies according to the weight of the patient, the type of administration, the indication and the severity of the illness. 0.00005 to 50 mg/kg, preferably 0.001 to 0.5 mg/kg, of at least one substituted indole derivative according to the invention are conventionally administered.
• a preferred form of the medicinal product contains a substituted indole derivative according to the invention as a pure diastereomer and/or enantiomer, as a racemate or as a non-equimolar or equimolar mixture of diastereomers and/or enantiomers.
• the ORL1 receptor has been identified in particular in the pain mechanism.
• Substituted indole derivatives according to the invention can accordingly be used for the preparation of a medicinal product for the treatment of pain, in particular acute, neuropathic or chronic pain.
• the invention therefore also provides the use of a substituted indole derivative according to the invention to prepare a medicinal product for the treatment of pain, in particular acute, visceral, neuropathic or chronic pain.
• the invention also provides the use of a substituted indole derivative according to the invention to prepare a medicinal product for the treatment of anxiety conditions, stress and stress-related syndromes, depression, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, senile dementia, general cognitive dysfunctions, learning and memory disorders (as a nootropic), withdrawal symptoms, alcohol and/or drug and/or prescription drug abuse and/or dependency, sexual dysfunctions, cardiovascular diseases, hypotension, hypertension, tinnitus, pruritus, migraine, hearing impairment, gastrointestinal motility disorders, food intake disorders, anorexia, obesity, locomotive disorders, diarrhoea, cachexia, urinary incontinence, or as a muscle relaxant, anticonvulsant or anaesthetic, or for coadministration in treatment with an opioid analgesic or with an anaesthetic, for diuresis or antinatriuresis, anxiolysis, for the modulation of motor activity, for the modulation of neurotransmitter release and treatment of associated neurodegenerative diseases, for the treatment of
• a substituted indole derivative that is used can be in the form of a pure diastereomer and/or enantiomer, a racemate or a non-equimolar or equimolar mixture of diastereomers and/or enantiomers.
• the invention also provides a process for the treatment, in particular in one of the aforementioned indications, of a non-human mammal or human requiring treatment of pain, in particular chronic pain, by administration of a therapeutically active dose of a substituted indole derivative according to the invention or of a medicinal product according to the invention.
• the present invention also provides a process for preparing the substituted indole compounds according to the invention.
• the chemicals and reaction components used in the reactions described are available commercially or can be produced by methods known to the person skilled in the art.
• FIG. 1 Synthesis Routes
• the compounds having the general formula AA, as shown in FIG. 1, can be converted to compounds having the formula AMD, SAM and AMN.
• the protective group in formula A, B and III is a suitable nitrogen protective group, preferably benzyl or tert-butyloxycarbonyl.
• stage 1 compounds known from the literature having the general formula A in at least one solvent, preferably selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, dioxane, diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, water and dimethyl formamide, are reacted with an amine having the general formula HNR 1 R 2 , wherein R 1 and R 2 have the meaning given above, and potassium cyanide or sodium cyanide, with addition of at least one acid, preferably selected from the group consisting of sodium hydrogen sulfite, acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, at temperatures of preferably 0° C. to 60° C., to form compounds having the general formula B.
• solvent preferably selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, dioxane, diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, water and dimethyl formamide
• stage 2 compounds having the general formula B in at least one solvent, preferably selected from the group consisting of tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether and dioxane, are reacted with a Grignard reagent R 3 MgBr or R 3 MgCl, wherein R 3 has the meaning given above, at temperatures of preferably 0° C. to 80° C., to form compounds having the general formula Ill.
• a Grignard reagent R 3 MgBr or R 3 MgCl wherein R 3 has the meaning given above
• the conversion to compounds having the general formula IV takes place in 2 steps.
• CbzCl carbobenzoxychloride
• solvent preferably selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile, dimethyl formamide and dimethyl sulfoxide
• compounds having the general formula III in at least one solvent, preferably selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, acetone and dimethyl formamide in the presence of a catalyst, preferably selected from the group consisting of palladium on carbon, palladium hydroxide, palladium acetate and palladium black, are reacted with a suitable hydrogen source, preferably selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, formic acid, 1,3-cyclohexadiene and ammonium formate, at temperatures of preferably 0° C. to 80° C., to form compounds having the general formula IV.
• a catalyst preferably selected from the group consisting of palladium on carbon, palladium hydroxide, palladium acetate and palladium black
• the protective group is tert-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc)
• the compounds having the general formula III in at least one solvent preferably selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, dichloromethane, diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile, dioxane, dimethyl formamide and dimethyl sulfoxide, are reacted with an acid, preferably selected from the group consisting of trifluoroacetic acid, sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid, at temperatures of preferably 0° C. to 80° C., to form compounds having the general formula IV.
• an acid preferably selected from the group consisting of trifluoroacetic acid, sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid
• the compounds having the general formula IV in at least one solvent are reacted with a suitable alkyl halide in the presence of an excess of a base, preferably selected from the group consisting of caesium carbonate, calcium carbonate, potassium carbonate, triethylamine, diisopropyl ethylamine and pyridine, at temperatures of preferably 0° C. to 80° C., to form compounds having the general formula V.
• a suitable alkyl halide preferably selected from the group consisting of caesium carbonate, calcium carbonate, potassium carbonate, triethylamine, diisopropyl ethylamine and pyridine, at temperatures of preferably 0° C. to 80° C., to form compounds having the general formula V.
• compounds having the general formula IV are reacted with a suitable aldehyde in at least one organic solvent, preferably selected from the group consisting of diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, methanol, ethanol, dichloroethane, dichloromethane and toluene, with addition of at least one reducing agent, preferably selected from the group consisting of borane-pyridine complex, sodium boron hydride, sodium triacetoxyboron hydride, sodium cyanoboron hydride and triethylsilane, optionally in the presence of at least one acid, preferably selected from the group consisting of formic acid, acetic acid, hydrochloric acid and trifluoroacetic acid, at temperatures of preferably ⁇ 70° C. to 100° C., to form compounds having the general formula V.
• organic solvent preferably selected from the group consisting of diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, methanol, ethanol, dichloroethane,
• compounds having the general formula IV in at least one solvent are reacted with acids having the general formula protective group-NR 4 —T-CO 2 H, wherein protective group, R 4 and T have the meanings given above, with addition of at least one coupling reagent, preferably selected from the group consisting of carbonyl diimidazole (CDI), 2-chloro-1-methylpyridinium iodide (Mukaiyama reagent), N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide (EDCI), O-(benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate (TBTU), N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (CDI), 2-chloro-1-methylpyridinium iodide (Mukaiyama reagent), N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethyl
• the protective group is not H, the protective group is eliminated. If the protective group is tert-butyloxycarbonyl, then the compounds having the general formula V in at least one solvent, preferably selected from the group consisting of diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, methanol, ethanol, dichloromethane, dioxane and dimethyl formamide, are reacted with an acid, preferably selected from the group consisting of trifluoroacetic acid, hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, at temperatures of preferably 0° C. to 80° C., to form compounds having the general formula AA.
• solvent preferably selected from the group consisting of diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, methanol, ethanol, dichloromethane, dioxane and dimethyl formamide
• stage 6 compounds having the general formula AA in at least one solvent, preferably selected from the group consisting of dichloromethane, acetonitrile, dimethyl formamide, diethyl ether, dioxane and tetrahydrofuran, are reacted with acids having the general formula X-Q-CO 2 H, wherein X and Q have the meanings given above, with addition of at least one coupling reagent, preferably selected from the group consisting of carbonyl diimidazole (CDI), 2-chloro-1-methylpyridinium iodide (Mukaiyama reagent), N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide (EDCI), O-(benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate (TBTU), N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) and 1-benz
• Step-1 Dimethylamine (10 eq.) was added to a solution of 1,4-Cyclohexanedione monoethylene acetal (12.8 mmol) in methanol (5 ml) and acetic acid (3 ml) at 0° C. Then potassium cyanide (2.5 eq.) was added to the reaction mixture through solid addition funnel and stirred for another 16 h. The reaction mixture was slowly quenched with NH 4 OH solution (50 g ice+50 ml liquor ammonia) and stirred at 0° C. for another half an hour. The reaction mixture was extracted with ethylacetate. Organic layer was washed with water, satd. FeSO 4 , brine successively and dried over anh. Sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the pure desired product. Yield: 94%
• Step-2 A solution of step-1 product (2 mmol) in THF (5 ml) was added to an ice-cold solution of thiophene-2-magnesium bromide (5 eq, freshly prepared from 2-bromothiophene, Mg and catalytic amount of I 2 in 30 ml THF) and the reaction mixture was allowed to stir at RT for 16 h under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was quenched with satd. Ammonia solution under ice-cold condition and extracted with ethylacetate. Organic layer was washed with water, brine successively and dried over anh. Sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the crude product. The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (EtOH/Hexane) to give the desired step-2 product. Yield: 30%
• Step-3 To a solution of step-2 product (1.64 mmol) in DCM (5 ml) was added TFA (1 ml) at 0° C. and stirred for 2 h at RT. Then the reaction mixture was concentrated and the crude mass was azeotroped twice with dry toluene to give the TFA salt of the amine that was used as such for the coupling reactions.
• Step-1 Dimethylamine (10 eq.) was added to a solution of 1,4-Cyclohexanedione monoethylene acetal (12.8 mmol) in methanol (5 ml) and acetic acid (3 ml) at 0° C. Then potassium cyanide (2.5 eq.) was added to the reaction mixture through solid addition funnel and stirred for another 16 h. The reaction mixture was slowly quenched with NH4OH solution (50 g ice+50 ml liquor ammonia) and stirred at 0° C. for another half an hour. The reaction mixture was extracted with ethylacetate. Organic layer was washed with water, satd. FeSO4, brine successively and dried over anh. Sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the pure desired product. Yield: 94%
• Step-2 A solution of step-1 product (2 mmol) in THF (5 ml) was added to an ice-cold solution of phenyl magnesium bromide (5 eq. 1M solution in THF) and the reaction mixture was allowed to stir at RT for 16 h under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was quenched with satd. Ammonia solution under ice-cold condition and extracted with ethylacetate. Organic layer was washed with water, brine successively and dried over anh. Sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the crude product. The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (EtOH/Hexane) to give the desired step-2 product. Yield: 20%
• Step-3 To a solution of step-2 product (1.64 mmol) in DCM (5 ml) was added TFA (1 ml) at 0° C. and stirred for 2 h at RT. Then the reaction mixture was concentrated and the crude mass was azeotroped twice with dry toluene to give the TFA salt of the amine that was used as such for the coupling reactions.
• Step-1 Methyl-3 indole carboxylate (17.1 mmol) was placed in a 50 ml round bottom flask with NaH (1.5 eq.) and cooled to an ice-bath. THF (20 ml) was added with stirring. After 30 minutes Boc-anhydride (1.5 eq.) was added and stirred for overnight. The reaction mixture was quenched with satd. Ammonium chloride solution, diluted with ether and washed with water. The organic layer was dried with anh. sodium sulfate and concentrated. The crude mass was purified by column chromatography (EA/hexane) to give the desired product. Yield: 98%
• Step-2 The Step-1 product was hydrogenated (8 mmol) in parr-shaker with 5% Pd/C (1 g) using 60 psi hydrogen pressure in a mixture of ethyl acetate (30 ml) and methanol (10 ml) for 3 days. The reaction mixture was filtered and filtrate was concentrated. The crude mass was purified by column chromatography (EA/hexane) to give the desired product. Yield: 98%
• Step-3 To a suspension of Step-2 product (11.75 mmol) in methanol (40 ml), tetrahydrofuran (40ml) and water (30 ml) was added LiOH.H 2 O (5 eq) and the reaction mixture was allowed to stir at 25° C. for overnight. Methanol and THF were completely evaporated; aqueous layer was acidified with 1(N) HCl and filtered. The white solid was taken in a mixture of 350 ml acetone and 50 ml methanol and stirred for 1 h. After filtration the white solid was dried under vacuum to give desired acid intermediate. Yield: 84%
• Structural Unit AA-1 N,N-Dimethyl-1-(2-(methylamino)ethyl)-4-phenylpiperidin-4-amine tris hydrochloride
• reaction mixture was extracted with 3 ⁇ 200 ml ethyl acetate and the combined organic phases were dried over Na 2 SO 4 . Following removal of the solvent under reduced pressure, 8.5 g (77%) of crude product were obtained in the form of a colourless solid.
• HCl gas was passed through a solution of 9 g (1 eq) tert-butyl 2-(4-(dimethylamino)-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)ethyl(methyl)carbamate in 600 ml CH 3 Cl for 30 min.
• the reaction course was monitored by thin-layer chromatography (20% MeOH/CHCl 3 ).
• the passage of HCl gas was continued for a further 30 min and the completeness of the conversion again monitored by thin-layer chromatography (20% MeOH/CHCl 3 ).
• the solvent was removed under reduced pressure and 7.2 g (96%) of the desired product obtained in the form of a white solid.
• Structural Unit AA-2 N-methyl-2-(4-phenyl-4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)piperidin-1-yl)ethanamine tris hydrochloride
• HCl gas was passed through a solution of 9 g (1 eq) 4-phenyl-4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)piperidine in 180 ml chloroform for ⁇ 30 min until the reaction mixture reached a pH of ⁇ 2.
• the reaction course was monitored by thin-layer chromatography (10% MeOH/CHCl 3 ). Once the conversion was complete, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue washed with ethyl acetate (3 ⁇ 100 ml) and dried. 9 g (76%) of product were obtained in the form of a solid.
• HCl gas was passed through a solution of 8 g (1 eq) tert-butyl methyl(2-(4-phenyl-4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)piperidin-1-yl)ethyl)carbamate in 160 ml chloroform at 0° C. for ⁇ 30 min until the reaction mixture reached a pH of ⁇ 2.
• the reaction mixture was then stirred at room temperature for 4 hours.
• the reaction course was monitored by thin-layer chromatography (10% MeOH/CHCl 3 ). Once the conversion was complete, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure and 8 g (97%) of product were obtained in the form of a white solid.
• Structural Unit AA-3 1-(2-Aminoethyl)-N,N-dimethyl-4-(thiophen-2-yl)piperidin-4-amine tris hydrochloride
• the Grignard reagent prepared in the preceding step was added dropwise to a solution of 20 g (1 eq) tert-butyloxycarbonyl-4-cyano-4-(dimethylamino)-piperidine dissolved in 200 ml THF and stirred overnight at room temperature.
• the reaction course was monitored by thin-layer chromatography (50% EtOAc/hexane). Once the conversion was complete, the reaction solution was cooled to 0° C., mixed with saturated NH 4 Cl solution, extracted with ethyl acetate (3 ⁇ 100 ml) and the combined organic phases were dried with Na 2 SO 4 . Following removal of the solvent under reduced pressure, the residue was purified by column chromatography (Alox neutral; 30% EtOAc/hexane). 6.1 g (25%) of product were obtained in the form of a white solid.
• HCl gas was passed through a solution of 10 g (1 eq) tert-butyloxycarbonyl-4-(dimethyl-amino)-4-(thiophen-2-yl)piperidine in chloroform at 0° C. for ⁇ 1 h.
• the reaction course was monitored by thin-layer chromatography (75% EtOAc/hexane). Once the conversion was complete, 200 ml water were added to the reaction mixture, it was adjusted to a pH of ⁇ 8 with Na 2 CO 3 and then extracted with 15% IPA/CHCl 3 . The combined organic phases were dried over Na 2 SO 4 . Following removal of the solvent under reduced pressure, 6 g (89%) of product were obtained in the form of a white solid.
• HCl gas was passed through a solution of 9 g (1 eq) tert-butyl 2-(4-(dimethylamino)-4-(thiophen-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)ethylcarbamate in chloroform at 0° C. for ⁇ 30 min.
• the reaction mixture was then stirred at room temperature for one hour.
• the reaction course was monitored by thin-layer chromatography (10% MeOH/CHCl 3 ). Once the conversion was complete, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure and 9 g (97%) of product were obtained in the form of a white solid.
• Structural Unit AA-4 4-Butyl-N,N-dimethyl-1-(2-(methylamino)ethyl)piperidin-4-amine tris hydrochloride
• reaction solution was cooled to 0° C., mixed with saturated NH 4 Cl solution, filtered over celite, extracted with ethyl acetate (3 ⁇ 200 ml) and the combined organic phases were dried over Na 2 SO 4 . Following removal of the solvent under reduced pressure, the residue was purified by column chromatography (aluminium oxide neutral; hexane). 18.2 g (53%) of product were obtained in the form of an oil.
• HCl gas was passed through a solution of 10.5 g (1 eq) tert-butyl 2-(4-butyl-4-(dimethyl-amino)piperidin-1-yl)ethyl(methyl)carbamate in 1000 ml chloroform at 0° C. for 1 h.
• the reaction mixture was then stirred for 12 hours at room temperature.
• the reaction course was monitored by thin-layer chromatography (20% MeOH/CHCl 3 ). Once the conversion was complete, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue washed with hexane (3 ⁇ 50 ml) and ethyl acetate (3 ⁇ 50 ml) and dried. 9 g (87%) of product were obtained in the form of a white solid.
• Structural Unit AA-5 N,N-Dimethyl-1-(3-(methylamino)propyl)-4-phenylpiperidin-4-amine tris hydrochloride
• HCl gas was passed through a solution of 9 g (1 eq) tert-butyl 3-(4-(dimethylamino)-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl(methyl)carbamate in 100 ml chloroform at 0° C. for 1 h.
• the reaction course was monitored by thin-layer chromatography (20% MeOH/CHCl 3 ). Once the conversion was complete, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure and after trituration with diethyl ether 10 g (100%) of product were obtained in the form of a white solid.
• Structural Unit AA-6 N,N-Dimethyl-1-(3-(methylamino)propyl)-4-(thiophen-2-yl)piperidin-4-amine tris hydrochloride
• reaction course was monitored by thin-layer chromatography (10% EtOAc/ hexane). Once the conversion was almost complete, the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, adjusted to a pH of ⁇ 9 with Na 2 CO 3 solution and extracted with 10% I PA/CH 3 Cl. The combined organic phases were dried over Na 2 SO 4 . Following removal of the solvent under reduced pressure, the residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel; 10% EtOAc/hexane). 40 g (66%) of product were obtained in the form of a colourless oil.
• a catalytic amount of TEMPO was added to a mixture of 20 g (1 eq) tert-butyl 3-hydroxy-propyl(methyl)carbamate in 200 ml dichloromethane and 17.7 g (2 eq) sodium hydrogen carbonate in 100 ml water at 0° C. 140 ml (7 eq) NaOCl were then added dropwise over a period of 30 min to the solution at a temperature of 0° C. and the reaction mixture obtained was stirred for a further 15 min at 0° C. The reaction course was monitored by thin-layer chromatography (40% EtOAc/hexane).
• reaction mixture was mixed with 150 ml water and the phases were separated. The organic phase was dried over Na 2 SO 4 . Following removal of the solvent under reduced pressure, 16 g (85%) of product were obtained in the form of a yellowish oil.
• HCl gas was passed through a solution of 6 g (1 eq) tert-butyloxycarbonyl-4-(dimethyl-amino)-4-(thiophen-2-yl)piperidine in 120 ml chloroform at 0° C. for 1 h.
• the reaction course was monitored by thin-layer chromatography (75% EtOAc/hexane). Once the conversion was complete, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure and 5.3 g (98%) of product were obtained in the form of a white solid.
• the pH of the reaction mixture was adjusted to 5-6 with acetic acid and the mixture was stirred for 12 h at room temperature.
• the methanol was distilled off, water was added, the mixture obtained was extracted with IPA/chloroform (2 ⁇ 100 ml) and the combined organic phases were dried over Na 2 SO 4 .
• the residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel; 5% MeOH/CHCl 3 ). 8.5 g (84%) of product were obtained.
• HCl gas was passed through a solution of 1.5 g (1 eq) tert-butyl 3-(4-(dimethylamino)-4-(thiophen-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)propyl(methyl)carbamate in 30 ml chloroform at 0° C. for 30 min.
• the reaction course was monitored by thin-layer chromatography (20% MeOH/CHCl 3 ). Once the conversion was complete, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. After trituration with diethyl ether, 1.5 g (98%) of product were obtained in the form of a white solid.
• Amine Building Block AA-7 3-Amino-1-(4-(dimethylamino)-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)propan-1-one dihydrochloride
• Amine Building Block AA-8 2-Amino-1-(4-(dimethylamino)-4-(thiophen-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)ethanone
• Amine Building Block AA-9 3-Amino-1-(4-(dimethylamino)-4-(thiophen-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-phenylpropan-1-one trihydrochloride
• Amine Building Block AA-10 1-(4-(Dimethylamino)-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)-3-methyl-2-(methylamino)butan-1-one trihydrochloride
• Amine Building Block AA-11 1-(4-(Dimethylamino)-4-(thiophen-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)-2-(methylamino)-2-phenylethanone tri hydrochloride
• Amine Building Block AA-12 4-(Dimethylamino)-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)(piperidin-3-yl)methanone trihydrochloride
• Amine Building Block AA-13 (4-(Dimethylamino)-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)(indolin-3-yl)methanone trihydrochloride
• Amine Building Structure Block No.. Amine Building Block Name AA-1 N,N-Dimethyl-1-(2-(methylamino)ethyl)-4- phenylpiperidin-4-amine trihydrochloride AA-2 N-Methyl-2-(4-phenyl-4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)piperidin-1- yl)ethanamine trihydrochloride AA-3 1-(2-Aminoethyl)-N,N-dimethyl-4-(thiophen-2- yl)piperidin-4-amine trihydrochloride AA-4 4-Butyl-N,N-dimethyl-1-(2- (methylamino)ethyl)piperidin-4-amine trihydrochloride AA-5 N,N-Dimethyl-1-(3-(methylamino)propyl)-4- phenylpiperidin-4-amine trihydrochloride AA-6 N,N-Dimethyl-1-(3-(methylamino)propyl)
• Indole Building Block Structure ACl No. Indole Building Block Name ACl-1 1H-Indole-3-carboxylic acid ACl-2 3-(1-Methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid ACl-3 3-(1H-Indol-3-yl)butanoic acid ACl-4 3-(1H-Indol-3-yl)-4-methylpentanoic acid ACl-5 3-(1H-Indol-3-yl)propanoic acid ACl-6 2-(5-Bromo-1H-indol-3-yl)acetic acid ACl-7 6-Chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole- 1-carboxylic acid ACl-8 2-(6-Fluoro-1H-indol-3-yl)acetic acid ACl-9 1-Methyl-1H-indole-6-carboxylic acid ACl-10 1-Methyl-1H-indole-4-carbox
• N,N-Dimethyl-1-(2-(methylamino)ethyl)-4-phenylpiperidin-4-amine (1.5 eq/0.956 mmol/250 mg) was added to this reaction mixture and it was heated to room temperature and stirred for 12 h.
• reaction course was monitored by thin-layer chromatography (75% EtOAc/hexane). Once the conversion was complete, the reaction mixture was washed 3 times with saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate solution and the organic phase was dried over magnesium sulfate. Following removal of the solvent under reduced pressure, the residue was purified by column chromatography (alumina neutral; 1% MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 ). 198 mg (76%) of product were obtained in the form of a yellow oil.
• Equipment and methods for HPLC-MS analysis HPLC: Waters Alliance 2795 with PDA Waters 996; MS: ZQ 2000 MassLynx Single Quadrupol MS Detector; Column: Waters AtlantisTM dC18, 3 ⁇ m, 2.1 ⁇ 30 mm; Column temperature: 40° C., Eluent A: purified water+0.1% formic acid; Eluent B: acetonitrile (gradient grade)+0.1% formic acid; Gradient: 0% B to 100% B in 8.8 min, 100% B for 0.4 min, 100% B to 0% B in 0.01 min, 0% B for 0.8 min; Flow: 1.0 ml/min; Ionisation: ES+, 25 V; Make-up: 100 ⁇ l/min 70% methanol+0.2%
• reaction course was monitored by thin-layer chromatography (75% EtOAc/hexane). Once the conversion was complete, the reaction mixture was washed 3 times with saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate solution and the organic phase was dried over magnesium sulfate. Following removal of the solvent under reduced pressure, the residue was purified by column chromatography (alumina neutral; 1% MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 ). 143 mg (67%) of product were obtained in the form of a yellow oil.
• N,N-Dimethyl-1-(2-(methylamino)ethyl)-4-phenylpiperidin-4-amine (1.5 eq/0.956 mmol/250 mg) was added to this reaction mixture and it was heated to room temperature and stirred for 12 h.
• reaction course was monitored by thin-layer chromatography (75% EtOAc/hexane). Once the conversion was complete, the reaction mixture was washed 3 times with saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate solution and the organic phase was dried over magnesium sulfate. Following removal of the solvent under reduced pressure, the residue was purified by column chromatography (alumina neutral; 1% MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 ). 138 mg (51%) of product were obtained in the form of a white solid.
• the amine structural units AA were converted by parallel synthesis both with acids (ACI) and with aldehydes (ALD) to the acylated (AMD) and reductively aminated (AMN) products.
• a solution of the indole carboxylic acid derivative ACI (150 ⁇ mol) in 1.6 ml dichloromethane was prepared at room temperature and a solution of carbonyldiimidazole (160 ⁇ mol) in 1 ml dichloromethane was added.
• the reaction mixture was shaken for 1 hour at room temperature and then a solution of the corresponding amine AA (100 ⁇ mol) in a mixture of 500 ⁇ mol N-ethyl-diisopropylamine and 0.5 ml dichloromethane was added.
• the reaction mixture was shaken for 12 hours at room temperature.
• the solvent was then removed under vacuum in a vacuum centrifuge (GeneVac).
• the final purification was performed by HPLC-MS.
• the final analysis was performed by LC-MS.
• a solution of the amine AA (100 ⁇ mol) in 1.0 ml methanol was prepared at room temperature and a solution of the corresponding aldehyde ALD (100 ⁇ mol) in 1.0 ml methanol was added.
• the reaction mixture obtained was mixed with 41 mg aluminium oxide and shaken for 2 hours at room temperature. 10.1 ⁇ l borane-pyridine complex were then added and the reaction mixture was shaken for 3 days at room temperature.
• ACI-7 507.2 1.64 phenylpiperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)- (AMD- 2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1- 92) carboxamide N-(3-(4-(dimethylamino)-4-(thiophen- 108 no. 1 AA-9
• ALD-6 447.3 1.23 yl)methyl)(methyl)amino)-1-(4- (AMN- (dimethylamino)-4-phenylpiperidin-1- 25) yl)-3-methylbutan-1-one 2-(((1H-indol-5- 147 no. 2 AA-11 ALD-6 487.2 1.3 yl)methyl)(methyl)amino)-1-(4- (AMN- (dimethylamino)-4-(thiophen-2- 26) yl)piperidin-1-yl)-2-phenylethanone (1-((1H-indol-5-yl)methyl)piperidin-3- 148 no.
• ALD-12 501.2 1.38 yl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-((2-methyl-1H- (AMN- indol-3-yl)methylamino)-3- 47) phenylpropan-1-one 3-((1H-indol-6-yl)methylamino)-1-(4- 169 no. 2 AA-9 ALD-13 487.2 1.35 (dimethylamino)-4-(thiophen-2- (AMN- yl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-phenylpropan-1- 48) one (1-((1H-indol-6-yl)methyl)indolin-3- 170 no.
• ALD-15 487.2 1.34 (dimethylamino)-4-(thiophen-2- (AMN- yl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-phenylpropan-1- 53) one (1-((1H-indol-4-yl)methyl)indolin-3- 175 no. 2 AA-13 ALD-15 479.2 1.68 yl)(4-(dimethylamino)-4- (AMN- phenylpiperidin-1-yl)methanone 54) (4-(dimethylamino)-4- 176 no.
• ALD-8 421.3 1.01 yl)methyl)(methyl)amino)ethyl)-N,N- (AMN- dimethyl-4-phenylpiperidin-4-amine 71) 1-(2-(((1-benzyl-5-methoxy-2-methyl- 193 no. 2 AA-1 ALD-4 525.3 1.22 1H-indol-3- (AMN- yl)methyl)(methyl)amino)ethyl)-N,N- 72) dimethyl-4-phenylpiperidin-4-amine 1-(2-(((1H-indol-4- 194 no.
• the cyclohexane derivatives having the general formula I were investigated in a receptor binding assay with 3 H-nociceptin/orphanin FQ with membranes of recombinant CHO-ORL1 cells.
• This test system was conducted in accordance with the method described by Ardati et al. (Mol. Pharmacol., 51, 1997, p. 816-824).
• the concentration of 3 H-nociceptin/orphanin FQ in these tests was 0.5 nM.
• the binding assays were carried out with 20 ⁇ g amounts of membrane protein per 200 ⁇ l batch in 50 mM Hepes, pH 7.4, 10 mM MgCl 2 and 1 mM EDTA.
• the binding to the ORL1 receptor was determined using 1 mg amounts of WGA-SPA beads (Amersham-Pharmacia, Freiburg, Germany), by incubation of the batch for one hour at room temperature and subsequent measurement in a Trilux scintillation counter (Wallac, Finland).
• the receptor affinity to the human ⁇ -opiate receptor was determined in a homogeneous batch in microtitre plates. To this end, dilution series of the substituted indole derivative to be tested were incubated for 90 minutes at room temperature with a receptor membrane preparation (15-40 ⁇ g protein per 250 ⁇ l incubation batch) of CHO-KL cells, which express the human ⁇ -opiate receptor (RB-HOM receptor membrane preparation from NEN, Zaventem, Belgium), in the presence of 1 nmol/l of the radioactive ligand [ 3 H] naloxone (NET719, NEN, Zaventem, Belgium) and 1 mg of WGA-SPA beads (wheat germ agglutinin SPA beads from Amersham/Pharmacia, Freiburg, Germany) in a total volume of 250 ⁇ l.
• a receptor membrane preparation 15-40 ⁇ g protein per 250 ⁇ l incubation batch
• CHO-KL cells which express the human ⁇ -opiate receptor (RB-HOM receptor membrane preparation
• 38 g of one of the substituted indole derivatives according to the invention, in this case example 3, are dissolved in 1 l of water for injection at room temperature and then adjusted to isotonic conditions by the addition of anhydrous glucose for injection.

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