US20090151236A1 - Fuels for Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Combustion Engine - Google Patents

Fuels for Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Combustion Engine Download PDF

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US20090151236A1
US20090151236A1 US12/335,894 US33589408A US2009151236A1 US 20090151236 A1 US20090151236 A1 US 20090151236A1 US 33589408 A US33589408 A US 33589408A US 2009151236 A1 US2009151236 A1 US 2009151236A1
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Gen SHIBATA
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Eneos Corp
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Nippon Oil Corp
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/02—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
    • C10L1/026—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only for compression ignition
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/04—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons
    • C10L1/08—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons for compression ignition
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/182—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/182—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof
    • C10L1/1822—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof hydroxy group directly attached to (cyclo)aliphatic carbon atoms
    • C10L1/1824—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof hydroxy group directly attached to (cyclo)aliphatic carbon atoms mono-hydroxy
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/182—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof
    • C10L1/183—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof at least one hydroxy group bound to an aromatic carbon atom
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/185—Ethers; Acetals; Ketals; Aldehydes; Ketones
    • C10L1/1852—Ethers; Acetals; Ketals; Orthoesters
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/19—Esters ester radical containing compounds; ester ethers; carbonic acid esters

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to fuels for homogeneous charge compression ignition engines, more specifically to those capable of controlling the combustion reaction during homogeneous charge compression combustion to improve the engine thermal efficiency.
  • spark ignition gasoline engine fuel is injected into the intake port or the combustion chamber, and premixed gas of air fuel mixture is formed. Then the premixed gas is ignited by a spark plug and combusted.
  • the fuel is required to have high vaporization and low auto-ignitability characteristics. Since the spark ignition gasoline engine emits nitrogen oxides (NOx) , hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide, a three-way catalyst has been widely used for purifying these emissions. However, an exhaust gas purification system such as a three-way catalyst is only applicable to a range where the air-fuel ratio is in a very narrow range of stoichiometric air-fuel ratio and it is the causes of low thermal efficiency and poor fuel consumption comparing with the compression ignition diesel engine.
  • NOx nitrogen oxides
  • HC hydrocarbons
  • carbon monoxide carbon monoxide
  • an exhaust gas purification system such as a three-way catalyst is only applicable to a range where the air-fuel ratio is in a very narrow range of stoichi
  • a diesel fuel is directly injected into the cylinder and mixed with the air during compression stroke.
  • the air-fuel mixture is auto-ignited by increasing the temperature and pressure by piston compression.
  • the diesel fuel is required to have high ignitability characteristics.
  • the compression auto-ignition diesel engine is excellent in fuel consumption and thermal efficiency but has disadvantages of NOx and soot emissions caused by the heterogeneous air fuel mixture.
  • severe control of an after treatment system such as an oxidation catalyst, NOx trap, a diesel particulate filter or an SCR system is required to reduce NOx and soot to meet political regulations.
  • the conventional spark ignition gasoline engine can purify the exhaust gas to a certain extent but has problems regarding fuel consumption and thermal efficiency.
  • the diesel engine is excellent in fuel consumption and has high thermal efficiency, but it has problems of emission of NOx. Therefore, a homogeneous charge compression ignition engine has been studied to achieve low NOx exhaust gas, excellent fuel consumption and high thermal efficiency.
  • the fuel is injected into the intake port or combustion chamber at an injection pressure of 20 MPa or lower, which is extremely lower than the diesel engine and the fuel injection is completed at a crank angle of 60 degrees before the top dead center so that a premixed air-fuel mixture is combusted by auto-ignition but not by spark ignition.
  • the homogeneous charge compression ignition engine takes a longer period to prepare a well-mixed air-fuel mixture in the cylinder, comparing with the diesel engine.
  • a high temperature combustion region the temperature of which is higher than 2200K, is not locally formed in the cylinder and this is the cause of low NOx emission characteristics (less than 10 ppm by mass) without a reduction catalyst.
  • the thermal efficiency and fuel consumption of the homogeneous charge compression ignition engine are equivalent to those of the diesel engine.
  • Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2004-919657
  • Patent Document 2 Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2004-919658
  • Patent Document 3 Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2004-919659
  • Patent Document 4 Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2004-919660
  • Patent Document 5 Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2004-919661
  • Patent Document 6 Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2004-919662
  • Patent Document 7 Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2004-919663
  • Patent Document 8 Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2004-919664
  • Patent Document 9 Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2004-919665
  • Patent Document 10 Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2004-919666
  • Patent Document 11 Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2004-919667
  • Patent Document 12 Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2004-919668
  • Patent Document 13 Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2004-315604
  • HCCI combustion For the homogeneous charge compression ignition engine (hereinafter referred to as “HCCI combustion”), a well mixed air-fuel mixture is compressed by a piston which raises the temperature and pressure, and the auto-ignition is initiated.
  • HCCI engine For the HCCI engine, the engine operation is restricted at a low load range because of heavy engine noises (high maximum pressure rise rate) over the middle range of the engine load.
  • the present invention has an object to provide a fuel for the HCCI engine that enhances the HCCI operational range to a higher load range.
  • the present invention can be achieved by mixing high ignitability hydrocarbons (mainly C5 to C10 normal paraffins) and C6-C11 aromatics whose benzene rings start to break over 1100K or higher, where the hot flame reaction starts.
  • the fuel of the present invention can prolong the combustion period, reduce the maximum pressure rise rate and enables the HCCI engine to operate in a higher load rage.
  • the present invention relates to a fuel for an HCCI engine satisfying all of the following characteristic requirements (1) to (6) and the following requirement (7) or (8):
  • the research octane number is 70 or greater, and less than 92;
  • the initial boiling point and end point in distillation characteristics are 30° C. or higher and 220° C. or lower, respectively;
  • the averaged maximum pressure rise rate of the fuel over continuous 400 cycles is smaller by 15 percent or more, comparing with that of a primary reference fuel (PRF) which exhibits the same indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) and crank angle of 50% burn of high temperature heat release (HTHR CA50) as the fuel under the same engine operating conditions such as compression ratio of the engine, engine speed, boost pressure, temperature in the intake manifold, air flow rate, intake-exhaust valve timing, EGR rate and fuel injection initiation timing; and
  • PRF primary reference fuel
  • IMEP mean effective pressure
  • HTHR CA50 high temperature heat release
  • the average IMEP of the fuel over continuous 400 cycles is increased by 20 percent or more, comparing with a primary reference fuel (PRF) with the same research octane number as the fuel, the IMEPs of the fuel and PRF being measured at the same maximum pressure rise rate under the same engine operating conditions such as compression ratio of the engine, engine speed, boost pressure, temperature in the intake manifold, air flow rate, intake-exhaust valve timing, EGR rate and fuel injection initiation timing.
  • PRF primary reference fuel
  • the fuel of the present invention can lower the maximum pressure rise rate of homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion and thus achieves a quiet engine combustion. Furthermore, the fuel can enhance the engine output by 20 percent or more under the same maximum pressure rise rate, comparing with the conventional fuels.
  • FIGS. 1-11 are the comparisons of the tangible engine test data obtained by fuels according to the present invention and the comparative test results obtained by other fuels.
  • FIGS. 1-11 are the comparisons of the tangible engine test data obtained by fuels according to the present invention and the comparative test results obtained by other fuels.
  • FIGS. 1-11 are the comparisons of the tangible engine test data obtained by fuels according to the present invention and the comparative test results obtained by other fuels.
  • FIG. 1 shows how the HCCI combustion (dual phase high temperature heat release combustion) of the present invention occurs.
  • FIG. 2 indicates the relation between averaged HTHR CA50s and IMEPs over 400 cycles under the operation conditions in Example 1.
  • FIG. 3 shows the change in maximum pressure rise rate at Point 1 over 400 cycles.
  • FIG. 4 shows the change in maximum pressure rise rate at Point 2 over 400 cycles.
  • FIG. 5 shows the change in maximum pressure rise rate at Point 3 over 400 cycles.
  • FIG. 6 shows the in-cylinder pressure at measurement Point A in FIG. 2 .
  • FIG. 7 shows the heat release rate at measurement Point A in FIG. 2 .
  • FIG. 8 shows the in-cylinder pressure at measurement Point B in FIG. 2 .
  • FIG. 9 shows the heat release rate at measurement Point B in FIG. 2 .
  • FIG. 10 shows the in-cylinder pressure at measurement Point C in FIG. 2 .
  • FIG. 11 shows the heat release rate at measurement Point C in FIG. 2 .
  • HCCI homogeneous charge compression ignition engine
  • A fuel injection pressure: 20 MPa or lower;
  • B fuel injection position: the intake port and/or the direct injection into the cylinder; and
  • C timing of completion of fuel injection: 60 degrees crank angle before the top dead center.
  • the HCCI is lower in (A) fuel injection pressure than conventional diesel engines and longer in (C) time period after the end of injection to the initiation of combustion to prepare a well-mixed air fuel mixture in the cylinder, than conventional diesel engines. Therefore, for the HCCI engine, a high temperature combustion region, the temperature of which is higher than 2200k, is not locally formed in the cylinder and this is the cause of low NOx emission characteristics (less than 10 ppm by mass) without a reduction catalyst.
  • the homogeneous charge compression auto-ignition combustion mode may also be referred to as HCCI (Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition), PCCI (Premixed Charge Compression Ignition), PCI (Premixed Compression Ignition), CAI (Controlled Auto-Ignition) or AR (Active Radical (Combustion)).
  • HCCI Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition
  • PCCI Premixed Charge Compression Ignition
  • PCI Premixed Compression Ignition
  • CAI Controlled Auto-Ignition
  • AR Active Radical (Combustion)
  • the fuel of the present invention is suitably used in an HCCI engine.
  • the fuel is also applicable to the following types of engines such as HCCI-SI gasoline engines (SI: spark ignition), HCCI-CI diesel engines (CI: compression ignition), and electric motored hybrid engines with HCCI, HCCI-SI and HCCI-DI engines.
  • the fuel for an HCCI engine of the present invention is characterized by the combination of a fuel (normal paraffin rich fuel) that has a high decomposability and a fuel (aromatic and olefin rich fuel) that has a low decomposability. Therefore, the fuel of the present invention exhibits a dual phase high temperature heat release combustion as shown in FIG. 1 .
  • the paraffinic hydrocarbons are first decomposed and oxidized during cool frame and blue flame periods and then decomposition and oxidation of the aromatic radicals and aromatic hydrocarbons starts during a hot flame period.
  • the fuel of the present invention needs to satisfy the following characteristics requirements (1) to (6):
  • the total content of C5 to C10 normal paraffins is 25 percent by volume or more and 70 percent by volume or less, preferably 30 percent by volume or more and 50 percent by volume or less because normal paraffinic hydrocarbons of C4 or less can not exhibit sufficient low temperature heat release (LTHR) reaction while hydrocarbons of C11 or more has a high boiling point and are not suitable for an HCCI engine;
  • LTHR low temperature heat release
  • the total content of C6 to C11 aromatic hydrocarbons is 30 percent by volume or more and 75 percent by volume or less, preferably 50 percent by volume or more and 65 percent by volume or less because hydrocarbons of C12 or more are poor in volatility and not suitable for an HCCI engine and the presence of more than 75 percent by volume of aromatics restricts the operational range against engine speed and load;
  • the content of an olefin is 20 percent by volume or less, preferably 10 percent by volume or less;
  • the research octane number is 70 or greater and less than 92, preferably 70 or greater and 86 or less;
  • the initial boiling point in distillation is 30° C. or higher, and end point in distillation is 220° C. or lower, preferably 150° C. or lower.
  • hydrocarbon contents denotes the value measured in accordance with JIS K 2536 “Liquid petroleum products-Testing method of components” using gas chromatography.
  • normal paraffin used herein denotes straight-chain hydrocarbon containing no naphthene (cyclic saturated hydrocarbon).
  • the fuel of the present invention needs to satisfy the following requirement (7) or (8):
  • the averaged maximum pressure rise rate of the fuel over continuous 400 cycle is smaller by 15 percent or more, preferably 20 percent or more, comparing with that of a primary reference fuel (PRF) which exhibits the same indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) and crank angle of 50% burn of high temperature heat release combustion (HTHR CA50) as the fuel under the same engine operating conditions (compression ratio of the engine, engine speed, boost pressure, temperature in the intake manifold, air flow rate, intake-exhaust valve timing, EGR rate and fuel injection initiation timing).
  • PRF primary reference fuel
  • IMEP mean effective pressure
  • HTHR CA50 high temperature heat release combustion
  • the terms “the same mean effective pressure and crank angle of 50% burn of high temperature heat release combustion” are defined as being within +20 kPa in indicated mean effective pressure and within ⁇ 0.8 degree crank angle in HTHR CA 50, respectively, comparing with a comparative fuel, i.e., PRF.
  • PRF is an abbreviation of primary reference fuel used for the measurement of octane numbers.
  • PRF80 means a fuel with a research octane number of 80, produced by mixing 80 percent by volume of iso-octane and 20 percent by volume of normal heptane.
  • the method of measuring the mean effective pressure and definition of HTHR CA50 are described in an SAE technical paper, No. SAE2006-01-0207.
  • the averaged IMEP of the fuel over continuous 400 cycles is increased by 20 percent or more, preferably 25 percent or more, more preferably 50 percent, comparing with that of a primary reference fuel (PRF) with the same research octane number as the fuel, the IMEPs of the fuel and PRF being measured at the same maximum pressure rise rate under the same engine operating conditions (compression ratio of the engine, engine speed, boost pressure, temperature in the intake manifold, air flow rate, intake-exhaust valve timing, EGR rate and fuel injection initiation timing).
  • PRF primary reference fuel
  • the measurement inaccuracy in the maximum pressure rise rate is defined as being within ⁇ 4 kPa/deg comparing with PRF.
  • the sulfur content of the fuel is preferably 10 ppm by mass or less, and with the objective of keeping the performances of a catalyst in a high level, more preferably 5 ppm by mass, most preferably 1 ppm by mass or less.
  • a sulfur content of more than 10 ppm by mass is not preferable because an exhaust gas-purifying catalyst equipped in an engine is poisoned with sulfur, resulting in a poor exhaust gas-purifying performance.
  • the sulfur content used herein denotes the value measured in accordance with JIS K 2541 “Crude oil and petroleum products-Determination of sulfur content”.
  • the fuel of the present invention contains hydrocarbons as the main component but may further contain oxygenates such as ethers, alcohols, ketones, esters, and glycols.
  • oxygenates include methanol, ethanol, normalpropyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, normalbutyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, dimethyl ether, diisopropyl ether, methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE), ethyl-tert-butyl ether (ETBE) , tert-amyl methyl ether (TAME) , tert-amyl ethyl ether, fatty acid methyl ester, and fatty acid ethyl ester.
  • MTBE methyl-tert-butyl ether
  • ETBE ethyl-tert-butyl ether
  • TAME tert-amyl methyl ether
  • tert-amyl ethyl ether fatty acid methyl ester
  • the fuel of the present invention can reduce unburnt hydrocarbon (HC) and fine particulate matters due to the presence of the foregoing oxygenates.
  • HC unburnt hydrocarbon
  • the fuel contains a biomass-originating oxygenate, it contributes to reduce carbon dioxide.
  • the oxygenates cause an increase in nitrogen compounds. Therefore, the content of the oxygenates is preferably 5 percent by mass or less in terms of oxygen on the basis of the total mass of the fuel.
  • the base oil may be any one or more of base oils selected from naphtha fractions produced by atmospheric distillation of crude oil (full-range naphtha); light fractions of naphtha (light naphtha); heavy fractions of naphtha (heavy naphtha) ; desulfurized full-range naphtha produced by desulfurization of full-range naphtha; desulfurized light naphtha produced by desulfurization of light naphtha; desulfurized heavy naphtha produced by desulfurization of heavy naphtha; isomerized gasolines produced by converting light naphthas to isoparaffin in an isomerization unit; alkylates produced by addition (alkylation) of lower olefins to hydrocarbons such as iso-butane; reformed gasolines produced by a catalytic reforming process; raffinates
  • the fuel of the present invention may contain known fuel additives if necessary.
  • fuel additives include friction modifiers such as amide compounds of carboxylic acids and alcohol amines; detergent-dispersants such as succinimide, polyalkyl amine, and polyether amine; anti-oxidants such as
  • additives may be added alone or in combination and are desirously added so that the total amount of these additives is 0.5 percent by mass or less, more preferably 0.2 percent by mass on the basis of the total amount of the fuel.
  • the total amount of the additives denotes the amount in terms of their effective components.
  • Example 1 Fuels of the present invention (Examples 1 and 2) and those for comparison (Comparative Examples 1 and 2) were produced in accordance with the formulations set forth in Table 1 below in a conventional manner. Table 1 also shows the ratio of hydrocarbons and characteristics of each of the resulting fuel.
  • Type of Engine in-line 4 cylinder HCCI engine with a compression ratio of 15.
  • the engine specifications are described in the document “SAE2006-01-0207” (published in April, 2006)
  • the engine was operated at an engine speed of 1000 rpm, an absolute boost pressure of 155 kPa and an intake manifold temperature of 58° C.
  • the experiment described below was carried out for each fuel under the same engine conditions such as compression ratio, engine speed, boost pressure, intake manifold temperature, air flow rate, intake-exhaust valve timing and EGR rate except that the fuel injection quantity was varied.
  • FIG. 2 shows the chart of 400 cycle averaged crank angle of 50% burn of high temperature heat release (HTHR CA50) and indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) obtained by driving the engine using various fuels. Where fuels with the substantially same IMEP and HTHR gathered were selected as Points 1, 2 and 3, and the change in maximum pressure rise rate over 400 cycles in each of the points were measured (the detail of this experiment should be referred to “SAE2008-01-0007” published in April, 2008).
  • FIG. 3 shows the changes in maximum pressure rise rate over 400 cycles at Point 1
  • FIG. 4 shows the changes in maximum pressure rise rate over 400 cycles at Point 2
  • FIG. 5 shows the changes in maximum pressure rise rate over 400 cycles at Point 3.
  • NTL series fuels corresponding to the fuel of the present invention are reduced in maximum pressure rise rate by 20 percent or greater, comparing with PRF series fuels (PRF90, PRF85) when they were used under the same operation conditions (same IMEP, same HTHR CA50). Further, when the fuels other than Comparative Example 1 (NDB fuel, NMP fuel) are compared with the NTL series fuels of Example 1, none of the other fuels can reduce the maximum pressure rise rate as much as the fuels of Example 1.
  • the rapid combustion of the fuel is avoided by utilizing the difference in temperatures at which a component containing mainly a paraffinic fuel and a component containing mainly an aromatic fuel ignite, thereby achieving HCCI operation wherein the maximum pressure rise rate is suppressed.
  • the engine was operated at an engine speed of 1000 rpm, an absolute boost pressure of 155 kPa and an intake manifold temperature of 58° C.
  • An experiment was carried out for each fuel under the same engine conditions such as compression ratio, engine speed, boost pressure intake pipe temperature, air flow rate, intake-exhaust valve timing and EGR rate to obtain experimental data of each fuel, at the same averaged maximum pressure rise rate over 400 cycles.
  • NTL series fuels (NTL75, NTL80, NTL85) according to the present invention exhibited an increase by 28 to 113 percent in indicated mean effective pressure, compared with comparative fuels (PRF series fuels, NDB series fuels, NMP series fuels, NCP series fuels) under the same maximum pressure rise rate condition.
  • PRF series fuels NDB series fuels
  • NMP series fuels NCP series fuels
  • NCP series fuels NCP series fuels

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JP (1) JP5355064B2 (ko)
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CN (1) CN101503637B (ko)

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2011053651A3 (en) * 2009-10-30 2011-09-15 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. A fuel composition
WO2011053650A3 (en) * 2009-10-30 2011-09-22 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. A fuel composition
US20120260877A1 (en) * 2011-04-14 2012-10-18 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Fuel composition
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