US20080187774A1

US20080187774A1 - Texture-Hardened Alpha-Alumina Coated Tool

Info

Publication number: US20080187774A1
Application number: US12/021,839
Authority: US
Inventors: Sakari Ruppi
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Seco Tools AB
Priority date: 2007-02-01
Filing date: 2008-01-29
Publication date: 2008-08-07
Also published as: CN101274493A; CN101274493B; JP2013107200A; EP1953258A1; DE602008005651D1; SE532023C2; US7923101B2; JP5519111B2; ATE503033T1; JP2008246664A; SE0700251L; KR101521296B1; KR20080072587A; EP1953258B1

Abstract

The present invention relates to a coated cutting tool insert and a texture-hardened α-Al₂O₃layer to be used in metal machining. The alumina layer is characterised by the improved toughness and it adheres to the substrate covering all functional parts thereof. The coating is composed of one or more refractory layers of which at least one layer is a texture-hardened α-Al₂O₃having a thickness ranging from 2 to 20 μm being composed of columnar grains with a length/width ratio of 2 to 12. The α-Al₂O₃exhibits a strong (0006) diffraction peak. The improved wear resistance and toughness can be obtained when the texture coefficient (TC) for the (0006) reflection is larger than 1.33 ln h+2, where h is the α-Al₂O₃layer thickness and when the surface of the α-Al₂O₃layer is wet-blasted to an R_a-value<1 μm. The alumina layer with a strong (0001) texture is applied on Binder phase enriched cemented carbide substrates. This combination contributes to enhanced wear resistance and toughness.

Description

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to Swedish Patent Application 0700251-2 filed Feb. 1, 2007, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a coated cemented carbide insert combining a substrate with a tough surface zone and a texture-hardened α-Al₂O₃layer useful in a wide range of metal cutting operations, for example turning of steel (low alloyed steel and hardened steel) and cast irons, particularly nodular cast iron in a wide range of cutting applications where the mechanical constraints may vary significantly.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The control of the α-Al₂O₃polymorph in industrial scale was achieved in the beginning of the 1990's with commercial products based on U.S. Pat. No. 5,137,774. Later modifications of this patent have been used to deposit α-Al₂O₃with preferred textures. In U.S. Pat. No. 5,654,035 an alumina layer with the (10 12) texture and in U.S. Pat. No. 5,980,988 an alumina layer with the (11 20) texture are disclosed. In U.S. Pat. No. 5,863,640 the (10 12), (10 14) and (11 20) textures are disclosed. U.S. Pat. No. 6,333,103 describes a modified method to control the nucleation and growth of α-Al₂O₃on the (10 1(10)) plane. U.S. Pat. No. 6,869,668 describes a method to obtain a strong (10 10) texture in α-Al₂O₃using a texture modifying agent (ZrCl₄). The prior-art processes discussed above use all deposition temperatures of about 1000° C. U.S. Pat. No. 7,094,447 describes a technique to achieve a pronounced (10 12) texture. Enhanced deposition techniques to produce pronounced (10 14) and (11 26) textures are disclosed in US2006/0199026 and US 2006/0141271, respectively. However, the (0006) diffraction peak, which is an indication of the (0001) texture, has not been observed earlier. In US 2007/104945 a (0001) textured alumina layer is disclosed. The (10 12), (10 14) and (0001) textured alumina layers are compared and the (0001) texture is found superior to the other textures.
Methods to produce a tough binder phase enriched surface zone in the upper part of cemented carbide cutting tool inserts prior to coating are commonly referred to as gradient sintering. There are two types of processes used to produce the binder phase enriched surface zone:

(i) By dissolution of cubic carbide phase near the surface (N-gradient), e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,277,283, 4,610,931, 4,830,930 and 5,106,674.
(ii) By controlled cooling or decarburisation (C-gradient), e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,106,674 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,830,930

New laws/regulations will increase the cost of the use of cooling lubricants in metals machining. This promotes dry machining. In turn, this will increase the demand for more temperature-resistant coated cemented carbides and generally forces the metal cutting industry to consider new alternative methods. The following are the most important trends in the market place:

- Higher cutting speeds, for increased productivity.
- Dry machining and/or Minimal Quantity of Lubrication (MQL), for reduced costs and environmental aspects.
- Difficult-to-machine materials, i.e., high strength materials, for lighter components and constructions.

All these trends put more demands on wear resistance, together with deformation resistance and toughness. Due to its high chemical stability and favourable thermal properties Al₂O₃is the ideal coating material for high-speed metal cutting. Due to the trends in the market place discussed above the need for enhanced wear resistance together with enhanced toughness is highlighted.
The present invention is directed to these and other important needs, including providing an improved alumina coated cemented carbide tool with improved on wear resistance, together with deformation resistance and toughness.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect, the invention is directed to cutting tool inserts comprising a cemented carbide body and a coating,
wherein the cemented carbide body comprises:
WC;
about 4-12, preferably about 5-9, wt-% Co; and
about 5-10, preferably about 7.5-9.5, wt-% cubic carbides of at least one metal selected from the group consisting of groups IVb, Vb and VIb of the periodic table, preferably Ti, Nb and Ta;
wherein the cemented carbide body has an S-value of about 0.79-0.90 and a coercivity of about 9-18, preferably about 10-15, kA/m;
wherein at least one surface of the cemented carbide body comprises a binder phase enriched surface zone having a thickness of 5-50, preferably about 5-30, μm and being essentially free from cubic carbides adjacent the coating;
wherein the coating comprises at least one α-Al₂O₃layer, wherein the α-Al₂O₃layer is about 1-20, preferably about 2-15, μm, thick and wherein the α-Al₂O₃layer comprises columnar grains with a length/width ratio from about 2-12 whereby the α-Al₂O₃layer has a texture coefficient TC(0006)≧1.33 ln h+2
where:
h is the thickness of the α-Al₂O₃-layer in μm; and
texture coefficient TC(0006) is defined as follows:
$TC (hkil) = {\frac{I (hkil)}{I_{0} (hkil)} [\frac{1}{n} \sum_{n = 1}^{n} \frac{I (hkil)}{I_{0} (hkil)}]}^{- 1}$
Where:
I(hkil)=measured intensity of the (hkil) reflection;
I_O(hkil)=standard intensity according to Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards (JCPDS) card no. 46-1212;
n=number of reflections used in the calculation;
where the (hkil) reflections used are: (10 12), (10 14), (11 20), (0006), (11 23), and (11 26).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the invention.

FIG. 1 shows the (0006) diffraction peak at 2θ of 41.675° obtained by using Cu K_α radiation from an α-Al₂O₃layer according to the present invention.

FIG. 2 a is a light optical micrograph in 1200× magnification of an uncoated polished cross section of the surface zone of a cemented carbide with an N-gradient. The white phase is binder phase, the light grey is WC and the dark grey is cubic phase.

FIG. 2 b is an SEM micrograph in 10000× magnification obtained using back-scattered electrons of a polished cross-section of an as deposited α-Al₂O₃layer according to the invention deposited onto a Ti(C,N)-layer deposited on the substrate from FIG. 2 a.

FIG. 3 shows a cross-section SEM micrograph of the texture-hardened α-Al₂O₃layer according to the present invention, coating c from Example 3. The (0001) planes, which are nearly parallel to the coating surface, are arrowed.

FIG. 4 shows SEM surface images of (0001) textured α-Al₂O₃layers c and d from Example 3, respectively. The layer according to the invention, layer c, FIG. 4 a is not terminated by (0001) planes, as is the layer according to the prior art, layer d, FIG. 4 b.

FIG. 5 shows X-ray Diffraction (XRD) patterns of the α-Al₂O₃layers a, b and c from Example 4 (2θ=25-45°).

FIG. 6 shows the number of undamaged cutting edges vs. feed in mm/rev in the cutting test in Example 7.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

It has now surprisingly been found that the full advantage of the texture-hardening effect can be achieved in combination with a binder phase enriched substrate. When applied on such a cemented carbide the (0001) texture-hardened α-Al₂O₃clearly outperforms the prior art. The effect of the cobalt enrichment is strengthened by the presence of the (0001) texture. Another surprising effect is that the (0001) texture clearly reduces the tendency for plastic deformation of the cutting edge.
Thus, the present invention combines a cemented carbide with binder phase enriched surface zone with a texture-hardened α-Al₂O₃layer. A cutting tool insert is provided comprising:

a) Bulk Substrate

According to the present invention a coated cutting tool insert is provided consisting of a cemented carbide body with a composition of 4-12, preferably 5-9, most preferably 6-7, wt-% Co and about 5-10, preferably about 7.5-9.5 wt-% cubic carbides of the metals from groups IVb, Vb and VIb of the periodic table, preferably Ti, Nb and Ta, and balance WC, preferably about 83-87 wt-% WC. The ratio between the weight concentrations of Ta and Nb is between about 1.0-3.0, preferably about 1.5-2 and of Ti and Nb, between about 0.5-2.0, preferably about 0.8-1.2.
The cobalt binder phase is preferably highly alloyed with tungsten. The concentration of W in the binder phase may be expressed as the S-value=σ/16.1, where σ is the magnetic moment of the binder phase in μTm³kg⁻¹. The S-value depends on the content of tungsten in the binder phase and increases with decreasing tungsten content. Thus S=1 for pure cobalt, or for a binder saturated with carbon. Further, it is noted that S=0.78 for a binder phase that contains W in an amount corresponding to the borderline to formation of η-phase. S should be slightly above the borderline value of 0.78, preferably within the range 0.79-0.90, most preferably 0.80-0.85.
The mean WC grain size expressed as coercivity is 9-18, preferably 10-15, most preferably 11-13 kA/m.

b) Cobalt Enrichment

The thickness of the binder phase enriched layer in the surface region of the cemented carbide bulk is 5-50, preferably 10-30, most preferably 15-25 μm. It has an average binder phase content in the range of 1.2-2.5 times that of the nominal binder phase content of the bulk and it is essentially free from cubic carbides.

c) α-Al₂O₃Layer

The coating is composed of one or more refractory layers of which at least one layer is a texture-hardened α-Al₂O₃. The thickness of the α-Al₂O₃layer is from about 1 to 20, preferably about 2-15, more preferably about 4-12 and most preferably about 4-7 μm. The α-Al₂O₃layer is composed of columnar grains with a strong (0001) texture. The length/width ratio of the alumina grains is from about 2-12, preferably about 2-10, being dependent on the thickness of the layer. The α-Al₂O₃layer is characterised by a (0006) diffraction peak at 2θ=41.675° when Cu K_α radiation is used. The other common diffraction peaks, such as (10 12), (10 14), (11 20), (11 23), (11 26) and (30 30) show low intensity. The texture coefficient (TC) for the alumina layer is determined according to the following formula:
$\begin{matrix} TC (hkil) = {\frac{I (hkil)}{I_{0} (hkil)} [\frac{1}{n} \sum_{n = 1}^{n} \frac{I (hkil)}{I_{0} (hkil)}]}^{- 1} & (1) \end{matrix}$
where
I(hkil)=intensity of the (hkil) reflection
I_O(hkil)=standard intensity according to JCPDS card no 46-1212
n=number of reflections used in the calculation
(hkil) reflections used are: (10 12), (10 14), (11 20), (0006), (11 23), (11 26).
Consequently, n=6 and the maximum value of the texture coefficient is 6.
When TC values for the TC(0006) reflection were measured for a large number of alumina layers and the obtained values were expressed as a function of the thickness of the layers the following curve could be fitted with the experimental data and, consequently, the preferred TC(0006) values can be expressed as follows:
TC(0006)≧1.33 ln h+2,hε[1,20]. (2)
Equation 2 represents the lowest TC(0006) values obtained from the experimental layers varying in thickness, h, from about 1 to 20 μm. It is pointed out that better performance is obtained if the TC(0006) is higher than given by equation (2). For example, TC(0006) values larger than 4, preferably larger than 5, are preferred when the thickness, h, is ≧4 μm. The cutting tests clearly indicate that enhanced performance is obtained when TC(0006)≧5. These circumstances can be obtained when the CVD process is properly controlled with respect nucleation and growth. It is further noted, as clear from Equation 2, that the intensity of the (0006) peak and the TC(0006) are generally higher the thicker the CVD layer is, again on the condition that the CVD process is properly controlled. TC(0006)>about 3, preferably >about 4, is acceptable for relatively thin alumina layers, less than about 4 μm. The texture-hardened CVD alumina layer is under a tensile residual stress of about 0.5-1.0 GPa. It is emphasized that the α-Al₂O₃layer according to the present invention concerns as-deposited α-Al₂O₃.
The α-Al₂O₃layer is further characterised by a shiny, preferably black, surface finish, which can be obtained by wet-blasting using an Al₂O₃slurry. The surface roughness expressed as R_ashould be <about 1.0 μm, preferably <about 0.7 μm, most preferably <about 0.5 μm.

d) Coating

The coating according to the present invention comprises a first layer adjacent the substrate of CVD Ti(C,N), CVD TiN, CVD TiC, MTCVD Ti(C,N), MTCVD Zr(C,N), MTCVD Ti(B,C,N), CVD HfN or combinations thereof preferably of Ti(C,N) having a thickness of from 1 to 20, preferably from 5 to 10, most preferably 5 to 8, μm. Said first layer is terminated by a bonding layer about 0.5-1 μm thick of (Ti,Al)(C,O,N) preferably with increasing aluminium content towards the outer surface. Preferably, there is an intermediate layer of TiN between the substrate and said first layer with a thickness of <about 3 μm, preferably about 0.5-2 μm.
In one embodiment the texture-hardened α-Al₂O₃layer described above is the uppermost layer. In another embodiment there is a layer of carbide, nitride, carbonitride or carboxynitride of one or more of Ti, Zr and Hf, having a thickness of from about 0.5-3 μm, preferably 0.5 to 1.5 μm atop the texture-hardened α-Al₂O₃layer described above. Also in this case the coating surface has a surface roughness measured as R_aas above.

e) Preferred Embodiments

In one preferred embodiment the cutting tool insert has a composition of about 6-9 wt-% Co and about 6.5-9.5 wt-% cubic carbides of the metals from groups IVB, VB and VIb of the periodic table wherein the uppermost layer is about 4-7 μm thick, wet-blasted (R_a<1 μm), α-Al₂O₃layer composed of columnar grains with a length/width ratio from 2 to 15 and TC(0006)≧4.5. The coating further comprises a first layer adjacent the cemented carbide substrate being comprised of CVD Ti(C,N), CVD TiN, CVD TiC, MTCVD Ti(C,N), MTCVD Ti(C,O,N), MTCVD (Ti,Al)(C,O,N) or combinations thereof, preferably of Ti(C,N) having a thickness of from about 4-10 μm, preferably from about 5-7 μm.
In another preferred embodiment the cutting tool insert has a composition of about 4-6 wt-% Co and about 5-10 wt-% cubic carbides of the metals from groups IVB, VB and VIB of the periodic table wherein the uppermost layer is an about 6-15 μm thick, wet-blasted (R_a<1 μm), α-Al₂O₃layer composed of columnar grains with a length/width ratio from about 2-20 and TC(0006)≧about 5.0. The coating further comprises a first layer adjacent the cemented carbide substrate being comprised of CVD Ti(C,N), CVD TiN, CVD TiC, MTCVD Ti(C,N), MTCVD Ti(C,O,N), MTCVD (Ti,Al)(C,O,N) or combinations thereof, preferably of Ti(C,N) having a thickness of from about 4-15 μm, preferably from about 5-10 μm.

f) Method

The invention also relates to methods of making cutting tool inserts according to the description comprising a cemented carbide substrate consisting of a binder phase of Co, WC and a cubic carbonitride phase with a binder phase enriched surface zone essentially free of cubic phase and a coating. A powder mixture containing about 4-9, preferably about 5-8, most preferably about 6-7 wt-% Co, and about 6-10, preferably about 6.5-9.5, most preferably about 7.5-9 wt-% cubic carbides of the metals from groups IVB, VB and VIB of the periodic table, preferably Ti, Nb and Ta, and balance WC, preferably about 84-88 wt-% WC. The ratio between the weight concentrations of Ta and Nb is within about 1.0-3.0, preferably about 1.5-2. The ratio between the weight concentrations of Ti and Nb is within about 0.5-1.5, preferably about 0.8-1.2. Well-controlled amounts of nitrogen are added through the powder e.g. as nitrides or by performing an in-situ nitriding in the furnace using e.g. nitrogen gas. The optimum amount of nitrogen to be added depends on the composition of the cemented carbide and in particular on the amount of cubic phases. The exact conditions depend to a certain extent on the design of the sintering equipment being used. It is within the purview of the skilled artisan to determine and to modify the nitrogen addition and the sintering process in accordance with the present specification in order to obtain the desired result.
The powder materials are mixed with pressing agent and tungsten or carbon in such a way that the desired S-value is obtained and the mixture is wet milled and spray dried to obtain a powder material with the desired properties. The powder is then compacted and sintered. Sintering is performed at a temperature of about 1300-1500° C., in a controlled atmosphere of about 50 mbar followed by cooling.
After conventional post sintering treatments including edge rounding, a coating is applied using CVD and MTCVD techniques. The first layer is MTCVD Ti(C,N), optionally containing a thin, thickness<about 3 μm, preferably about 0.5-2.0 μm TiN layer adjacent the substrate and additionally another optional TiN layer, thickness<about 3 μm, preferably about 0.5-2.0 μm situated about 0.5-2.5 μm below the alumina-Ti(C,N) interface.
The present invention also relates to a refined method to produce textured α-Al₂O₃layers in a temperature range of about 850-1050° C., preferably at about 900-1000° C. with a (0001) texture. The α-Al₂O₃layer is deposited on a bonding layer of (Ti,Al)(C,O,N) preferably with increasing aluminium content towards the outer surface. Onto this layer a Ti(C,O) layer is deposited with controlled O-content. A nucleation layer is obtained in the similar way as used in ALD (Atomic Layer Deposition). The procedure is as follows:
(i) exposure of a first precursor TiCl₄, preferably together with AlCl₃,
(ii) purge (N₂),
(iii) exposure of the second precursor (H₂O) and
(iv) purge (N₂).
The duration of the steps (i) and (iii) is about 1-5 min, preferably about 2 min each and the steps (ii) and (iv) about 2-10 min, preferably about 5 min each. The deposition of the α-Al₂O₃is started with a relatively long about 30-120 min, preferably about 60 min, nucleation step without sulphur- or fluorine-containing compounds. α-Al₂O₃is grown to its desired thickness using sulphur-containing compounds H₂S, or SO₂, preferably H₂S, optionally together with fluorine-containing compounds SF₆or HF, preferably SF₆. When α-Al₂O₃is nucleated correctly, followed by a deposition process using relatively low amounts of these dopants together with a CO+CO₂gas mixture, where CO=2.5-5.5×CO₂, a stronger (0001) growth texture than known from the prior art can be obtained in a controlled way. Important difference compared with the prior-art is that the texture is controlled, in addition to the nucleation procedure, also during the growth of α-Al₂O₃itself. The CO/CO₂ratio is gradually increased from 2.5 to 5.5 during the CVD process to maintain the preferred growth direction. Consequently, the (0001) texture is stronger and the surface microstructure of the alumina layer differs from that known earlier being terminated by (10 12) and (10 14) surfaces. The described texture cannot be obtained unless both the nucleation and growth are controlled correctly. This is a possible explanation for the fact that the (0001) texture [(0006) diffraction peak)] has been unknown so far.
After the coating operation the outermost layer is smoothed to obtain a shiny, preferably black, surface finish with a surface roughness expressed as R_aof <about 1.0 μm, preferably <about 0.7 μm, most preferably <about 0.5 μm which can be obtained by wet-blasting using an Al₂O₃slurry. The average roughness (R_a) value can easily be controlled by wet-blasting data. e.g. pressure and time. There are naturally several other possible surface treatments, which can also be applied.
The present invention is further defined in the following Examples, in which all parts and percentages are by weight, unless otherwise stated. It should be understood that these examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only. From the above discussion and these examples, one skilled in the art can ascertain the essential characteristics of this invention, and without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, can make various changes and modifications of the invention to adapt it to various usages and conditions.

EXAMPLES

Example 1

Cemented carbide inserts of type CNMG120408-M5 and SNUN120408 with a composition of 6.6 wt % Co, 3.6 wt % TaC, 2.2 wt % NbC, 2.5 wt % TiC and balance WC, with a binder phase alloyed with W corresponding to an S-value of 0.83 were produced by conventional milling of the raw material powders, pressing of the green compacts and subsequent sintering at 1430° C. The nitrogen was added to the carbide powder as Ti(C,N). A microstructural investigation after sintering showed that a cubic carbide free zone with a thickness of about 20 μm was formed (FIG. 2 a). The coercivity was 11.8 kA/m corresponding to an average grain size of about 1 μm. This substrate is referred to as “substrate A”.

Example 2

Comparative Example

From a similar powder mixture as used in Example 1, but without nitrogen additions, inserts of type CNMG120408-M5 and SNUN120408 were pressed and sintered according to a standard procedure. The inserts were examined and they did not exhibit any Co-enrichment. The average grain size was the same as in Example 1. This substrate is referred to as “substrate B”.

Example 3

Cemented carbide cutting inserts from Examples 1 and 2 were coated with a layer of MTCVD Ti(C,N). The thickness of the MTCVD layer was about 6 μm. On to this layer four α-Al₂O₃layers consisting of about 6 μm α-Al₂O₃were deposited:
a) (10 12) textured α-Al₂O₃(according to prior art),
b) (10 14) textured α-Al₂O₃(according to prior art),
c) (0001) textured α-Al₂O₃(invention) and
d) (0001) textured α-Al₂O₃according to prior art US 2007/104945.
The layers will be referred to as layers a, b, c and d. For example, substrate A with layer a is referred to as Aa. Layer c was deposited according to the invention. Layer d was deposited using the prior-art process. The process used for layer c resulted in a stronger growth along the [0001] direction and the surfaces of the α-Al₂O₃grains of this layer were not terminated by the (0001) surfaces (invention).
The coated tools were wet-blasted using alumina particles to an Ra value of less than 0.8 μm. FIG. 3 shows a cross-section SEM micrograph of layer c before wet blasting. The alumina layer is composed of columnar grains with (0001) planes parallel to the substrate surface (arrowed). FIG. 4 shows SEM surface images of layers c and d demonstrating the above-discussed differences in the surface morphologies.

Example 4

Layers a), b), c) and d) were studied using X-ray diffraction. The-ray diffraction patterns are presented in FIG. 5. The absence of the (0006) diffraction peaks on layers a) and b) should be noticed. TC(10 12), TC(10 14) and TC(0006) were determined. The results are presented in Table 1. Note that two different (0001) textured alumina layers were produced (layers c and d with strong (0006) diffraction peaks). Layer c is according to the invention.

TABLE 1

Layer	Peak indices (hkil)	TC (hkil)

a	(1012)	5.16
b	(1014)	4.23
c	(0006)	5.55 (invention)
d	(0006)	4.02 (prior-art)

Example 5

60 cemented carbide cutting inserts from Example 1 were coated with a layer of MTCVD Ti(C,N). Ten inserts of these were coated with α-Al₂O₃alumina layers according to the present invention with following thicknesses: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 15 μm (10 inserts/thickness). The alumina layers were deposited using identical processes. Diffraction peak intensities were determined by XRD and TC values were obtained by using Equation 1. The results are given in Table 2.

	TABLE 2

	Layer thickness (μm)	TC (average of 10 inserts)

	2	3.4 ± 0.4
	4	4.9 ± 0.6
	6	5.2 ± 0.5
	8	5.4 ± 0.4
	10	5.5 ± 0.4
	15	5.7 ± 0.2

Example 6

Layers a), b) and c) deposited on the binder phase enriched substrates from Example 1 were evaluated using a slotted bar test under the following conditions.
Work piece: Cylindrical slotted bar

Material: SS1672

Insert type: CNMG120408-M5
Cutting speed: 130 m/min
Feed: 0.1, 0.125, 0.16, 0.20, 0.25, 0.315, 0.4, 0.5, 0.63, 0.8 and 1.0 mm/rev gradually increased after 10 mm length of cut

Depth of cut: 2.0 mm

Remarks: dry turning
Tool life criteria: Gradually increased feed until edge breakage. Ten edges of each variant were tested.
The results are presented in FIG. 6 showing the number of the survived edges as a function of feed (mm/rev). FIG. 6 demonstrates that the layer texture is important for the properties of the tool. The (0001) texture-hardened layer outperforms the prior-art.

Example 7

The coated inserts from Examples 1-3 were tested with respect to toughness in a turning operation with interrupted cuts. The work piece material was SS2343.
Work piece: Cylindrical slotted bar

Material: SS2343

Insert type: CNMG120408-M5
Cutting speed: 70 m/min
Feed: 0.1, 0.125, 0.16, 0.20, 0.25, 0.315, 0.4, 0.5, 0.63, 0.8 and 1.0 mm/rev gradually increased after 10 mm length of cut

Depth of cut: 2.0 mm

Remarks: coolant, 15 edges of each variant were tested.
As clear from Table 3 the edge toughness was considerably enhanced when the layer was deposited according to the present invention on Binder phase enriched substrates The test results showed that the layer according to the invention (layer c) exhibited clearly better toughness behaviour than the prior-art (layers a and b) when deposited on Binder phase enriched substrate.

	TABLE 3

	Substrate/Coating	Mean feed at breakage (mm)

	Aa	0.31
	Ab	0.40
	Ac (invention)	0.64 (+60% as compared with Ab)
	Ad (prior art)	0.49 (+23% as compared with Ab)
	Ba	0.14
	Bb	0.21
	Bc	0.26 (+24% as compared with Bb)
	Bd	0.24 (+14% as compared with Bb)

Example 8

The layers a), b), c) and d) were tested with respect to edge chipping in longitudinal turning in cast iron. This type of cast iron, even though it is not the preferred work piece material for this type of tool, was used to evaluate the edge-chipping tendency of the alumina layers.
Work piece: Cylindrical bar
Material: SS0130
Insert type: SNUN 120408
Cutting speed: 220 m/min
Feed: 0.4 mm/rev
Depth of cut: 2.0 mm
Remarks: dry turning
The inserts were inspected after 2 and 6 minutes of cutting. As clear from Table 4 the edge toughness of the prior art product was considerably enhanced when the layer was produced according to the present invention.

	TABLE 4

	Flaking of the edge line (%)	Flaking of the edge line (%)
	after 2 minutes	after 6 minutes

Aa

	8	22
Ab	6	17
Ac (invention)	4	8
Ad (prior art)	4	12

Example 9

Layers a (prior-art), c (invention) and d (prior-art) from example 3 were tested in continuous turning in ordinary carbon steel using coolant. The following cutting data were used:
Work piece: Cylindrical bar
Material: SS 1672
Inert type: SNUN 120408
Cutting speed 320 m/min
Feed: 0.4 mm/rev
Depth of cut: 2.0 mm
Tool life criterion: Flank wear>0.3 mm.
The example demonstrates that the wear resistance is higher for the alumina layer with higher TC(0006) according to the invention. The test results are summarised in Table 5.

	TABLE 5

	Experimental Substrate/Coating	Tool life (min)

	Coating Aa (prior-art)	5.2
	Coating Ac (Invention)	11.5
	Coating Ad (prior-art)	8.2

When ranges are used herein for physical properties, such as molecular weight, or chemical properties, such as chemical formulae, all combinations, and subcombinations of ranges specific embodiments therein are intended to be included.
The disclosures of each patent, patent application and publication cited or described in this document are hereby incorporated herein by reference, in its entirety.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that numerous changes and modifications can be made to the preferred embodiments of the invention and that such changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention. It is, therefore, intended that the appended claims cover all such equivalent variations as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.

Claims

1. A cutting tool insert comprising a cemented carbide body and a coating;

wherein the cemented carbide body comprises:

WC;

about 4-12 wt-% Co; and

about 5-10 wt-% cubic carbides of at least one metal selected from the group consisting of groups IVb, Vb and VIb of the periodic table;

wherein the cemented carbide body has an S-value of about 0.79-0.90 and a coercivity of about 9-18 kA/m;

wherein at least one surface of the cemented carbide body comprises a binder phase enriched surface zone having a thickness of about 5-50 μm and being essentially free from cubic carbides adjacent the coating;

wherein the coating comprises at least one α-Al₂O₃layer, wherein the α-Al₂O₃layer is about 1-20 μm thick and wherein the α-Al₂O₃layer comprises columnar grains with a length/width ratio from about 2-12, whereby the α-Al₂O₃layer has a texture coefficient TC(0006)≧1.33 ln h+2;

where:

h is the thickness of the α-Al₂O₃-layer in μm; and

texture coefficient TC(0006) is defined as follows:

where

TC (hkil) = {\frac{I (hkil)}{I_{0} (hkil)} [\frac{1}{n} \sum_{n = 1}^{n} \frac{I (hkil)}{I_{0} (hkil)}]}^{- 1}

I(hkil)=measured intensity of the (hkil) reflection;

I_O(hkil)=standard intensity according to JCPDS card no. 46-1212;

n=number of reflections used in the calculation

where the (hkil) reflections used are: (10 12), (10 14), (11 20), (0006), (11 23), and (11 26).

2. A cutting tool insert of claim 1,

wherein the binder phase enriched surface zone has a thickness of about 5-30 μm;

wherein the α-Al₂O₃layer is about 4-15 μm thick; and

wherein the α-Al₂O₃layer has a texture coefficient TC(0006)≧about 5.

3. A cutting tool insert of claim 1,

wherein the α-Al₂O₃layer is about 1 μm to less than about 4 μm thick; and

wherein the α-Al₂O₃layer has a texture coefficient TC(0006)≧about 4.

4. A cutting tool insert of claim 1,

wherein the coating further comprises a first layer adjacent to the body;

wherein the first layer of the coating comprises a material selected from the group consisting of CVD Ti(C,N), CVD TiN, CVD TiC, CVD HfN, MTCVD Ti(C,N), MTCVD Ti(C,O,N), MTCVD Zr(C,N), MTCVD Zr(C,O,N), MTCVD Ti(B,C,N), MTCVD (Ti,Al)(C,O,N) and combinations thereof;

wherein the first layer of the coating has a thickness of from about 1-20 μm; and

wherein the texture-hardened α-Al₂O₃layer is adjacent the first layer.

5. A cutting tool insert of claim 1,

wherein the α-Al₂O₃layer is the uppermost layer and has an R_avalue<about 1.0 μm.

6. A cutting tool insert of claim 1, further comprising:

a second layer comprising a substance selected from the group consisting of carbide, nitride, carbonitride and carboxynitride of one or more of Ti, Zr and Hf;

wherein:

the second layer has a thickness of from about 0.5-3 μm; and

the second layer is atop the α-Al₂O₃layer.

7. A cutting tool insert of claim 6,

wherein the second layer is the uppermost layer; and

wherein the second layer has an average roughness (R_a) value of <about 1.0 μm.

8. A cutting tool insert of claim 1,

wherein the body comprises about 6-9 wt-% Co and about 6.5-9.5 wt-% cubic carbides of at least one metal selected from the group consisting of groups IVb, Vb and VIb of the periodic table;

wherein the α-Al₂O₃layer is about 4-7 μm thick;

wherein the α-Al₂O₃layer forms the uppermost layer;

wherein the α-Al₂O₃layer is wet-blasted to R_a<about 1 μm;

wherein the α-Al₂O₃layer comprises columnar grains with a length/width ratio from about 2-15 and TC(0006)≧about 4.5;

wherein the coating further comprises a first layer adjacent to the body;

wherein the first layer of the coating comprises a material selected from the group consisting of CVD Ti(C,N), CVD TiN, CVD TiC, CVD HfN, MTCVD Ti(C,N), MTCVD Ti(C,O,N), MTCVD Zr(C,N), MTCVD Zr(C,O,N), MTCVD Ti(B,C,N), MTCVD (Ti,Al)(C,O,N) and combinations thereof; and

wherein the first layer of the coating has a thickness of from about 4-10 μm.

9. A cutting tool insert of claim 8,

wherein the first layer of the coating has a thickness of from about 5-7 μm.

10. A cutting tool insert of claim 1,

wherein the body comprises about 4-6 wt-% Co and about 5-10 wt-% cubic carbides of at least one metal selected from the group consisting of groups IVb, Vb and VIb of the periodic table;

wherein the α-Al₂O₃layer is about 6-15 μm thick;

wherein the α-Al₂O₃layer forms the uppermost layer;

wherein the α-Al₂O₃layer is wet-blasted to R_a<about 1 μm;

wherein the α-Al₂O₃layer comprises columnar grains with a length/width ratio from about 2-20 and TC(0006)≧about 5.0;

wherein the coating further comprises a first layer adjacent to the body;

wherein the first layer of the coating has a thickness of from about 4-15 μm.

11. A cutting tool insert of claim 1,

wherein the cemented carbide body comprises about 5-9 wt-% Co.

12. A cutting tool insert of claim 1,

wherein the cemented carbide body comprises 7.5-9.5 wt-% cubic carbides of at least one metal selected from the group consisting of groups IVb, Vb and VIb of the periodic table.

13. A cutting tool insert of claim 1,

wherein the cemented carbide body comprises cubic carbides of at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Ti, Nb, and Ta.

14. A cutting tool insert of claim 1,

wherein the cemented carbide body has a coercivity of about 10-15 kA/m.

15. A cutting tool insert of claim 1,

wherein the binder phase enriched surface zone has a thickness of about 5-30 μm.

16. A cutting tool insert of claim 1,

wherein the α-Al₂O₃layer has a thickness of about 2-15 μm.

17. A cutting tool insert of claim 4,

wherein the first layer comprises Ti(C,N).

18. A cutting tool insert of claim 4,

wherein the first layer of the coating has a thickness of about 5-10 μm.

19. A cutting tool insert of claim 1,

wherein the α-Al₂O₃layer has an R_avalue<0.7 μm.

20. A cutting tool insert of claim 6,

wherein the second layer has a thickness of about 0.5-1.5 μm; and

wherein the second layer has an R_avalue<about 0.5 μm.