US20080096146A1 - Low NOx staged fuel injection burner for creating plug flow - Google Patents

Low NOx staged fuel injection burner for creating plug flow Download PDF

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Publication number
US20080096146A1
US20080096146A1 US11/585,473 US58547306A US2008096146A1 US 20080096146 A1 US20080096146 A1 US 20080096146A1 US 58547306 A US58547306 A US 58547306A US 2008096146 A1 US2008096146 A1 US 2008096146A1
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Prior art keywords
staged
central
longitudinal axis
jet
nozzles
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Abandoned
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US11/585,473
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English (en)
Inventor
Xianming Jimmy Li
Mahendra Ladharam Joshi
Aleksandar Georgi Slavejkov
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Air Products and Chemicals Inc
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Air Products and Chemicals Inc
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Priority to US11/585,473 priority Critical patent/US20080096146A1/en
Assigned to AIR PRODUCTS AND CHEMICALS, INC. reassignment AIR PRODUCTS AND CHEMICALS, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: LI, XIANMING JIMMY, SLAVEKOV, ALEKSANDAR GEORGI, JOSHI, MAHENDRA LADHARAM
Assigned to AIR PRODUCTS AND CHEMICALS, INC. reassignment AIR PRODUCTS AND CHEMICALS, INC. CORRECTIVE ASSIGNMENT TO CORRECT THE CONVEYING PARTY DATA, THIRD NAME, FROM: SLAVEKOV, ALEKSANDAR GEORGI TO: SLAVEJKOV, ALEKSANDAR GEORGI PREVIOUSLY RECORDED ON REEL 018591 FRAME 0481. ASSIGNOR(S) HEREBY CONFIRMS THE ASSIGNMENT. Assignors: LI, XIANMING JIMMY, SLAVEJKOV, ALEKSANDAR GEORGI, JOSHI, MAHENDRA LADHARAM
Priority to SG200716918-8A priority patent/SG142253A1/en
Priority to EP07118635A priority patent/EP1916477A3/en
Priority to CA002608039A priority patent/CA2608039A1/en
Priority to CNA2007101929848A priority patent/CN101182922A/zh
Publication of US20080096146A1 publication Critical patent/US20080096146A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D14/00—Burners for combustion of a gas, e.g. of a gas stored under pressure as a liquid
    • F23D14/20—Non-premix gas burners, i.e. in which gaseous fuel is mixed with combustion air on arrival at the combustion zone
    • F23D14/22—Non-premix gas burners, i.e. in which gaseous fuel is mixed with combustion air on arrival at the combustion zone with separate air and gas feed ducts, e.g. with ducts running parallel or crossing each other
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C6/00—Combustion apparatus characterised by the combination of two or more combustion chambers or combustion zones, e.g. for staged combustion
    • F23C6/04—Combustion apparatus characterised by the combination of two or more combustion chambers or combustion zones, e.g. for staged combustion in series connection
    • F23C6/045—Combustion apparatus characterised by the combination of two or more combustion chambers or combustion zones, e.g. for staged combustion in series connection with staged combustion in a single enclosure
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D14/00—Burners for combustion of a gas, e.g. of a gas stored under pressure as a liquid
    • F23D14/46—Details, e.g. noise reduction means
    • F23D14/48—Nozzles
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D14/00—Burners for combustion of a gas, e.g. of a gas stored under pressure as a liquid
    • F23D14/46—Details, e.g. noise reduction means
    • F23D14/48—Nozzles
    • F23D14/58—Nozzles characterised by the shape or arrangement of the outlet or outlets from the nozzle, e.g. of annular configuration
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D23/00—Assemblies of two or more burners
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C2201/00—Staged combustion
    • F23C2201/20—Burner staging
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for combustion apparatus using fluid fuels or solid fuels suspended in air; Combustion processes therefor
    • F23C2900/06043—Burner staging, i.e. radially stratified flame core burners
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for burners using fluid fuels or solid fuels suspended in a carrier gas
    • F23D2900/14—Special features of gas burners
    • F23D2900/14003—Special features of gas burners with more than one nozzle

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to burners for furnaces, and in particular to staged burners for creating a plug-type flow pattern with low nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions.
  • NOx nitrogen oxides
  • Furnaces for ethylene cracking and other industrial processes typically make use of burners utilizing fuels such as natural gas, propane, hydrogen, refinery off-gas and other fuel gas combinations of various calorific values.
  • fuels such as natural gas, propane, hydrogen, refinery off-gas and other fuel gas combinations of various calorific values.
  • steam-methane reformer furnaces are used to produce hydrogen and carbon monoxide by reforming a hydrocarbon feed with steam and, at times, carbon dioxide at high temperatures.
  • the furnace used for steam-methane reforming can be configured in several different structures.
  • One of the most conventionally used arrangements for such reformer furnaces has vertical reformer tubes arranged in rows.
  • the burners of the furnace can be located on the furnace's floor, its ceiling or its walls.
  • NOx emissions Another important criterion for burner design is low NOx emissions.
  • nitrogen oxides are among the primary air pollutants emitted from combustion processes. NOx emissions have been identified as contributing to the degradation of environment, particularly degradation of air quality, formation of smog and acid rain. As a result, air quality standards are being imposed by various governmental agencies, which limit the amount of NOx gases that may be emitted into the atmosphere.
  • One common way of reducing NOx emissions is by means of fuel/oxidant staging techniques, e.g., use of fuel staging burners making use of multiple jets outside and surrounding a central air jet. Other techniques are known for producing low NOx emissions from burners. The following are some exemplary references pertinent to the field of low NOx burners: U.S. Pat. No.
  • the subject invention constitutes a staged fuel burner for establishing a plug-like flow, and is particularly useful in furnaces, such as ethylene crackers, reformers, etc.
  • the staged burner comprises a central nozzle and plural staged nozzles.
  • the central nozzle has an orifice producing a jet of air directed along a central longitudinal axis.
  • the staged nozzles surround the central nozzle and each has at least one orifice producing a staged jet.
  • Each staged jet comprises fuel, is directed along a respective longitudinal axis from the nozzle and has a vector component in a direction parallel to the central longitudinal axis.
  • the sum of the momentums of the vector components of the staged jets parallel to the central longitudinal axis is approximately 50% to 150% (preferably 100%, and most preferably 80%) of the momentum of the central jet along the central longitudinal axis.
  • a method of establishing a plug like flow of burning fuel in a furnace entails providing a staged burner comprising a central nozzle and plural staged nozzles surrounding the central nozzle.
  • the central nozzle has an orifice arranged for producing a jet of air directed along a central longitudinal axis.
  • the staged nozzles surround the central nozzle and each has at least one orifice arranged for producing a staged jet.
  • Each staged jet comprises fuel, is directed along a respective longitudinal axis and has a vector component in a direction parallel to the central longitudinal axis.
  • Air is provided to the central nozzle, whereupon the central nozzle produces a jet of air directed along the central longitudinal axis.
  • Fuel is provided to each of the staged nozzles, whereupon each staged nozzles produces a respective staged jet of fuel along a respective longitudinal axes.
  • the sum of the momentums of the vector components of the staged jets parallel to the central longitudinal axis is approximately 50% to 150% (preferably 100%, and most preferably 80%) of the momentum of the central jet along the central longitudinal axis.
  • FIG. 1 is an end view of one exemplary embodiment of a burner constructed in accordance with the subject invention
  • FIG. 2 is a sectional view, not to scale, of the exemplary burner taken along line 2 - 2 of FIG. 1 ;
  • FIG. 3A is a sectional view, similar to FIG. 2 , of another exemplary embodiment of a burner constructed in accordance with the subject invention
  • FIG. 3B is a sectional view, similar to FIG. 3A , of another exemplary embodiment of a burner constructed in accordance with the subject invention
  • FIG. 3C is a sectional view, similar to FIG. 3A , of another exemplary embodiment of a burner constructed in accordance with the subject invention.
  • FIG. 4A is a sectional view, similar to FIG. 2 , of another exemplary embodiment of a burner constructed in accordance with the subject invention
  • FIG. 4B is a sectional view, similar to FIG. 4A , of another exemplary embodiment of a burner constructed in accordance with the subject invention
  • FIG. 4C is a sectional view, similar to FIG. 4A , of another exemplary embodiment of a burner constructed in accordance with the subject invention.
  • FIG. 5A is a sectional view, similar to FIG. 2 , of another exemplary embodiment of a burner constructed in accordance with the subject invention
  • FIG. 5B is a sectional view, similar to FIG. 5A , of another exemplary embodiment of a burner constructed in accordance with the subject invention
  • FIG. 5C is a sectional view, similar to FIG. 5A , of another exemplary embodiment of a burner constructed in accordance with the subject invention.
  • FIG. 6A is a sectional view, similar to FIG. 2 , of another exemplary embodiment of a burner constructed in accordance with the subject invention
  • FIG. 6B is a sectional view, similar to FIG. 6A , of another exemplary embodiment of a burner constructed in accordance with the subject invention.
  • FIG. 6C is a sectional view, similar to FIG. 6A , of another exemplary embodiment of a burner constructed in accordance with the subject invention.
  • FIG. 7 is a sectional view, similar to FIG. 2 , but showing still other exemplary embodiments of a burner constructed in accordance with the subject invention
  • FIGS. 8A-8E are schematic diagrams of the arrangement and shape of several different exemplary orifices of some exemplary burners of the subject invention.
  • FIGS. 9A-9I are enlarged end views of various shaped orifices that can be used with the burners of the subject invention.
  • FIG. 1 wherein like reference characters refer to like parts there is shown at 20 one exemplary embodiment of a staged fuel burner constructed in accordance with this invention. That burner exhibits good plug flow characteristics and low NOx emissions and is what is commonly referred to as a staged burner.
  • the burner 20 includes a central nozzle 22 that is surrounded by a plurality of staging or staged nozzles 24 .
  • a plurality of staging or staged nozzles 24 are provided in the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 1 ten such staged nozzles 24 - 1 to 24 - 10 are provided.
  • That arrangement is exemplary of a multitude of burners that can be constructed in accordance with this invention.
  • burners constructed in accordance with this invention can include any number of staged nozzles surrounding the central nozzle.
  • Each nozzle may include a single orifice or plural orifices. Moreover, the orifices may be of any shape and size, as will be seen later with reference to FIGS. 8A-8D and 9 A- 9 I.
  • each nozzle includes a single, circular shaped orifice 26 .
  • Each orifice 26 is arranged to produce a stream or jet of a fluid along a longitudinal axis from the exit plane 28 of the orifice (i.e., the plane at the downstream end of the orifice).
  • the orifice 26 of the central nozzle produces a jet of air and, if desired some fuel and/or combustion products, along the central longitudinal axis of the burner.
  • the air, fuel and/or combustion products are provided to the central nozzle from means (not shown).
  • the direction of this “central jet” is shown by the arrow designated as V c in FIG. 2 . It should be pointed out at this juncture that the direction of the central jet need not be parallel to the central longitudinal axis of the burner, such as shown in FIG. 2 , but rather may extend at an angle thereto as shown in FIGS. 6A-6C (to be described later).
  • Each of the orifices 26 of each of the staged nozzles of burners constructed in accordance with this invention produces a jet of fluid (a “staged jet”), which includes fuel and may, if desired include some air and/or combustion products, along the longitudinal axis of the orifice from its respective exit plane.
  • the fuel, air and/or combustion products are provided to the staged nozzles from means (not shown).
  • the staged jets can all be directed in the same direction (e.g., parallel to the central longitudinal axis, at a converging angle to the central longitudinal axis or at a diverging angle to the central longitudinal axis) or can be directed in different directions to one another. For example, in the exemplary embodiment of FIGS.
  • four of the nozzles namely, 24 - 1 , 24 - 4 , 24 - 6 and 24 - 9 are each directed at an inwardly converging angle to an axis 30 that is parallel to the longitudinal axis 32 of the central nozzle 22
  • the other six nozzles 24 - 2 , 24 - 3 , 24 - 5 , 24 - 7 , 24 - 8 and 24 - 10 are each directed parallel to the longitudinal axis 32 of the central nozzle 22 .
  • the jet produced by the orifice of the nozzle 24 - 1 is shown by the arrow designated as V 1 , and it extends at an angle ⁇ 1 to the axis 30
  • the jet produced by the orifice of the nozzle 24 - 7 is shown by the arrow designated as V 7 and extends parallel to the longitudinal central axis.
  • all of the staged nozzles 24 - 1 to 24 - 10 of the burner 20 are disposed equidistantly from one another about the central nozzle 22 .
  • the exit plane of the orifices of the staged nozzles 24 - 1 to 24 - 10 is located rearward of the exit plane 28 of the orifice 26 making up the central nozzle 22 .
  • This arrangement is also merely exemplary of many arrangements of the position of the nozzles of burners constructed in accordance with this invention.
  • the staged nozzles 24 need not be equidistantly spaced from one another.
  • the relative position of the exit plane of the orifice of the central nozzle to the orifices of the staged nozzles need not be like shown in FIG. 2 .
  • the exit planes of the orifices 26 of all of the burner's nozzles can be in the same plane.
  • the exit planes of the orifices 26 making up the staged nozzles can be located forward of the exit plane of the orifice of the central nozzle.
  • different orifices have different exit planes than other orifices.
  • burners constructed in accordance with this invention may include any number of plural staged nozzles extending about the central nozzle. Further yet, the radial distance of each staged nozzle from the central longitudinal axis of the burner need not be the same. Accordingly, one or more staged nozzles 24 can be at a greater or lesser radial distance from the central longitudinal axis 32 than another staged nozzle.
  • This design parameter is the momentum ratio (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “MR”) of the staged jets 24 to the central jet 22 .
  • MR momentum ratio
  • plug-type flow can be achieved if the ratio is within the range 0.5 to 1.5 (i.e., 50% to 150%).
  • the momentum of the central jet produced by the nozzle 22 of the burner 20 is designated by ⁇ dot over (m) ⁇ c
  • the momentum of each of the surrounding staged jets produced by the nozzles 24 - 1 to 24 - 10 is designated by ⁇ dot over (m) ⁇ s,i
  • s designates that the momentum is of a staged jet
  • staged jets need not be all directed along axes parallel to the longitudinal axis of the central jet.
  • some staged jets namely, the jets produced from the nozzles 24 - 1 , 24 - 4 , 24 - 6 and 24 - 9 , extend at an inwardly converging angle to the longitudinal axis of the central jet.
  • the other of the staged jets namely, the jets produced by nozzles 24 - 2 , 24 - 3 , 24 - 5 , 24 - 7 , 24 - 8 and 24 - 10 , extend parallel to the longitudinal central axis of the central jet.
  • the momentum ratio exhibited by burners constructed in accordance with this invention takes into account angularly directed jets.
  • the momentum ratio produced by burners of this invention is the ratio of the combined momentums of the components of the staging jets that are directed parallel to the longitudinal axis of the central jet to the momentum of the central jet.
  • momentum is the product of mass flow and jet velocity and is a vector in the direction of the velocity.
  • jet velocity is the mean or average velocity based on the actual stream thermodynamic state (as defined by temperature, pressure, composition, etc.) at the point of exit from the orifice producing the jet and the area of the orifice through which the jet will pass, e.g., the area of the exit plane 28 of the jet's orifice 26 .
  • this velocity can be readily determined, e.g., calculated based on the orifice area and the pressure at design rate measured during testing or in operation.
  • the velocity is based on the area of the orifice and the combustion air temperature, or the burner opening into the furnace and the adiabatic flame temperature of the combustion air and the primary fuel, whichever is higher.
  • Numerically, MR is defined by the following formula:
  • ⁇ dot over (m) ⁇ mass flow rate of the identified jet
  • V velocity of the identified jet at the exit plane of the orifice from which the jet projects
  • ⁇ is the included angle between the central longitudinal axis and the longitudinal axes of the staged nozzles
  • the subscripts s, c, i represent staged, central and i-th number of staged nozzles, because the burner includes multiple staged jets whose orifices have longitudinal axes which may extend at different angles to the central longitudinal axis of the central nozzle.
  • MR ratio means lower staged fuel fraction and the burner resembles more closely a single central jet.
  • the flame is dominated by the center air jet, and a narrow flame ensues.
  • the space between the flame produced thereby and the process tubes or the wall of the furnace will be filled by recirculating flue gas. A slight perturbation can cause the flame to touch the process tubes.
  • the burner is represented by a single point source. Because the point source has a high velocity, but the neighboring firing wall has zero velocity, the velocity differential and the resultant pressure difference create recirculation zones next to the jet, which become the origin of a large scale recirculation zone in the furnace.
  • the MR ratio As the MR ratio increases, more fuel is staged, and the burner gets farther away from a single central jet. When the MR ratio gets to approximately unity, the fuel (staged) jets and air (central) jet have similar momentums. The combined fuel and air jets from the burner have the best opportunity to develop a plug-type flow pattern and maintain the forward direction down the burner axis. If the MR is too large, the flame resembles a hollow jet and will collapse inward to the center and become short and bushy. Such flames tend to overheat the process tubes near the burners.
  • a desired flame must balance the forward projecting power of a large air jet at the center and the heat release capacity of the fuel (staged) jets surrounding it. As was mentioned earlier, this balance manifests in this form as a momentum ratio close to one, with a ratio of 0.8 being optimum. Near the optimal MR ratio, the combined central air jet and staging jets attain pressure balance and produce a flame, which when used in a furnace proceeds in a straight line along the firing axis. While the flow will tend to change direction and cross the process tubes, at some point (e.g., due to the flue gas extraction system) such action occurs at a sufficient distance from the burner so that the furnace gas temperature at the point where it crosses the process tubes is sufficiently low that overheating of the process tubes does not present a hazard.
  • the plug flow in the combustion zone prevents flame impingement on the process tubes and discourages the formation of a large scale high temperature recirculation zone. As long as the combustion is complete, the combustion gases can go wherever they prefer without causing process tube overheating.
  • the plug flow enables higher heat release intensity per cubic foot of combustion space without tube overheating.
  • the elimination of the high temperature recirculation zone also reduces NOx emissions, since the formation of NOx is proportional to both temperature and retention time. The lower temperature also increases tube and catalyst life, and reduces soot formation in the process tubes.
  • FIG. 3A there is shown an alternative burner constructed in accordance with this invention.
  • This embodiment is similar to the embodiment of FIG. 2 , except that all of the staged nozzles are directed so that their orifices 26 create staged jets extending parallel to the longitudinal axis 32 of the central nozzle 22 .
  • the common components of the embodiments of FIGS. 2 and 3 will be given the same reference designations.
  • the burner of FIG. 3 has a central nozzle 22 that produces a central jet whose direction of flow is shown by the arrow designated as V c while the two staged nozzles 24 - 1 and 24 - 2 shown produce respective staged jets shown by the arrows designated as V 1 and V 2 .
  • V c the central jet whose direction of flow is shown by the arrow designated as V c
  • the two staged nozzles 24 - 1 and 24 - 2 shown produce respective staged jets shown by the arrows designated as V 1 and V 2 .
  • FIG. 3B there is shown another alternative burner constructed in accordance with this invention. That burner is similar in construction to the burner shown in FIG. 3A except that its staged nozzles are directed so that the orifice of each creates a staged jet extending at an inwardly converging angle ⁇ to an axis 30 that is parallel to the longitudinal axis 32 of the central nozzle 22 .
  • the direction of the jets from the orifices of the staged nozzles in FIG. 3B are shown by the arrows designated as V 1 and V 2 .
  • the other details of the construction of the burner of FIG. 3B are similar to the details of the burner of FIG. 3A and hence are given the same reference designations and will not be reiterated herein.
  • FIG. 3B The other details of the construction of the burner of FIG. 3B are similar to the details of the burner of FIG. 3A and hence are given the same reference designations and will not be reiterated herein.
  • FIG. 3B The other details of the construction of the burner of FIG. 3
  • FIG. 3C there is shown another alternative burner constructed in accordance with this invention. That burner is similar in construction to the burner shown in FIG. 3A except that its staged nozzles are directed so that the orifice of each creates a staged jet extending at an outwardly diverging angle ⁇ to an axis 30 that is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the central nozzle 22 .
  • the direction of the jets from the orifices of the staged nozzles in FIG. 3C are shown by the arrows designated as V 1 and V 2 .
  • the other details of the construction of the burner of FIG. 3C are similar to the details of the burner of FIG. 3A and hence are given the same reference designations and will not be reiterated herein.
  • FIGS. 4A-4C show further embodiments of burners constructed in accordance with this invention.
  • the embodiments of FIGS. 4A-4C are similar to the embodiments of FIGS. 3A-3C , respectively, except that the exit planes of the orifices of all of the nozzles are coplanar.
  • the common components of the embodiments of FIGS. 4A , 4 B and 4 C and FIGS. 3A , 3 B and 3 C, respectively will be given the same reference designations and no further discussion of the details of the construction of the burners will be given.
  • FIGS. 5A-5C show further embodiments of burners constructed in accordance with this invention.
  • the embodiments of FIGS. 5A-5C are similar to the embodiments of FIGS. 3A-3C , respectively, except that the exit planes of the orifices of the staged nozzles are coplanar and located forward of the exit plane of the orifice of the central nozzle.
  • the common components of the embodiments of FIGS. 5A , 5 B and 5 C and FIGS. 3A , 3 B and 3 C, respectively will be given the same reference designations and no further discussion of the details of the construction of the burners will be given.
  • FIGS. 6A-6C show further embodiments of burners constructed in accordance with this invention.
  • the embodiments of FIGS. 6A-6C are similar to the embodiments of FIGS. 4A-4C , respectively, except that the central nozzle and its orifice extend at an angle to the central longitudinal axis 32 of the burner so that the central jet extends at that angle as shown by the arrow designated V c .
  • V c the central longitudinal axis 32 of the burner
  • FIG. 7 shows still a further exemplary embodiment of a burner constructed in accordance with this invention.
  • FIG. 7 is similar to FIGS. 4B and 4C , except that its staged nozzles extend at different angles to each other.
  • one staged nozzle 24 - 1 extends at an inwardly converging angle ⁇ 1 to an axis 30 that is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the central nozzle 22
  • another staged nozzle 24 - 2 extends at an outwardly converging angle ⁇ 2 to an axis 30 that is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the central nozzle 22 .
  • the orifice(s) making up the central nozzle and/or any of the staged nozzles can be of any shape or size.
  • the central nozzle 22 can have a single orifice 26 of circular cross section and be surrounded by four staged nozzles 24 - 1 , 24 - 2 , 24 - 3 and 24 - 4 .
  • Each of the staged nozzles has a single circular shaped orifice 26 , whose diameter is substantially smaller than the diameter of the central orifice.
  • FIG. 8B there is shown another nozzle arrangement. This arrangement is similar to the arrangement of FIG. 8A , except that the central nozzle includes a square shaped orifice 26 .
  • FIG. 8C there is shown another nozzle arrangement. This arrangement is similar to the arrangement of FIG. 8A , except that the central nozzle includes a hexagonal shaped orifice 26 .
  • FIG. 8D shows another nozzle arrangement. This arrangement is similar to the arrangement of FIG. 8A , except that the central nozzle includes a rectangular shaped orifice 26 .
  • FIGS. 9A-9H show various other shapes for orifices that can be used in burners of this invention, such as the circular orifice of FIG. 9A , the square orifice of FIG. 9B , the hexagonal orifice of FIG. 9C , the rectangular orifice of FIG. 9D , the multi-cross slotted orifice of FIG. 9E , the cruciform orifice of FIG. 9F , and the two cross slotted orifice of FIG. 9G .
  • FIG. 9H shows a nozzle which can be the central nozzle 22 or any or all of the staged nozzles 24 , where the nozzle has three circular shaped orifices 26 arranged in a triangular array in the lower half of the nozzle.
  • FIG. 9H shows a nozzle which can be the central nozzle 22 or any or all of the staged nozzles 24 , where the nozzle has three circular shaped orifices 26 arranged in a triangular array in the lower half of the nozzle.
  • FIG. 9I shows a nozzle which can be the central nozzle 22 or any or all of the staged nozzles 24 , where the nozzle has two circular shaped orifices 26 arranged in a linear array in the lower half of the nozzle. It must be pointed out at this juncture that the orifices and nozzles shown herein are merely a few examples of a myriad of shapes and sizes that can be used in burners constructed in accordance with this invention.
  • the burners of the subject invention has particular utility for use in furnaces. However, its use is not limited to such applications.
  • the burners of the subject invention will eliminate the high temperature recirculation zone by creating a plug flow like flow pattern. With the high temperature recirculation zone eliminated, a higher firing rate can be maintained.
  • the process tubes of a furnace making use of burners constructed in accordance with the subject invention will have an extended life due to the lower and even surrounding temperature. The lower temperature will also decrease the soot formation and increase catalyst life. Finally, since NOx formation is proportional to temperature, eliminating hot spots will decrease NOx emissions.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
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  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
US11/585,473 2006-10-24 2006-10-24 Low NOx staged fuel injection burner for creating plug flow Abandoned US20080096146A1 (en)

Priority Applications (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US11/585,473 US20080096146A1 (en) 2006-10-24 2006-10-24 Low NOx staged fuel injection burner for creating plug flow
SG200716918-8A SG142253A1 (en) 2006-10-24 2007-10-15 Low nox staged fuel injection burner for creating plug flow
EP07118635A EP1916477A3 (en) 2006-10-24 2007-10-17 Low nox staged fuel injection burner for creating plug flow
CA002608039A CA2608039A1 (en) 2006-10-24 2007-10-17 Low nox staged fuel injection burner for creating plug flow
CNA2007101929848A CN101182922A (zh) 2006-10-24 2007-10-23 用于产生活塞流的低氮氧化物分级燃料喷射燃烧器

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US11/585,473 US20080096146A1 (en) 2006-10-24 2006-10-24 Low NOx staged fuel injection burner for creating plug flow

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US12/943,573 Continuation US20110060372A1 (en) 2004-01-08 2010-11-10 Bone fixing device

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US20080096146A1 true US20080096146A1 (en) 2008-04-24

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US20100192583A1 (en) * 2007-06-21 2010-08-05 Mariano Cano Wolff Non-rotational stabilization of the flame of a premixing burner
US20110061642A1 (en) * 2008-02-05 2011-03-17 Saint-Gobain Glass France Low-nox gas injector
US20110185954A1 (en) * 2008-08-13 2011-08-04 Colin Jerome Oxycombustion chamber
US20130143169A1 (en) * 2011-12-01 2013-06-06 Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. Staged Oxy-Fuel Burners And Methods For Using The Same
JP2013170740A (ja) * 2012-02-20 2013-09-02 Osaka Gas Co Ltd ガラス溶解炉用の燃焼装置
US20130236846A1 (en) * 2010-09-14 2013-09-12 Osaka Gas Co., Ltd. Combustion Device for Melting Furnace, and Melting Furnace
US20140038116A1 (en) * 2011-01-21 2014-02-06 Technip France Burner and a furnace comprising such a burner
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US9074772B2 (en) * 2009-09-30 2015-07-07 Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems, Ltd. Combustor and operating method thereof
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US20160290646A1 (en) * 2013-11-05 2016-10-06 Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems, Ltd. Gas Turbine Combustor
US20170030581A1 (en) * 2015-07-31 2017-02-02 Nuvera Fuel Cells, LLC Burner assembly with low nox emissions
JP2017032196A (ja) * 2015-07-31 2017-02-09 株式会社エコム フレームレス燃焼装置
US9593847B1 (en) * 2014-03-05 2017-03-14 Zeeco, Inc. Fuel-flexible burner apparatus and method for fired heaters
US10281140B2 (en) 2014-07-15 2019-05-07 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Low NOx combustion method and apparatus
JP2019109021A (ja) * 2017-12-19 2019-07-04 中外炉工業株式会社 バーナ
US10344970B2 (en) 2015-04-08 2019-07-09 Linde Aktiengesellschaft Burner device and method
CN112050215A (zh) * 2020-09-30 2020-12-08 江苏泷涛环境技术有限公司 一种高效空气多级引射烟气内循环低氮燃烧器及应用

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Cited By (28)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20100192583A1 (en) * 2007-06-21 2010-08-05 Mariano Cano Wolff Non-rotational stabilization of the flame of a premixing burner
US20110061642A1 (en) * 2008-02-05 2011-03-17 Saint-Gobain Glass France Low-nox gas injector
US20110185954A1 (en) * 2008-08-13 2011-08-04 Colin Jerome Oxycombustion chamber
US9074772B2 (en) * 2009-09-30 2015-07-07 Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems, Ltd. Combustor and operating method thereof
US9822970B2 (en) * 2010-09-14 2017-11-21 Osaka Gas Co., Ltd. Combustion device for melting furnace, and melting furnace
US20130236846A1 (en) * 2010-09-14 2013-09-12 Osaka Gas Co., Ltd. Combustion Device for Melting Furnace, and Melting Furnace
JP2015121398A (ja) * 2010-12-30 2015-07-02 レール・リキード−ソシエテ・アノニム・プール・レテュード・エ・レクスプロワタシオン・デ・プロセデ・ジョルジュ・クロード 分散燃焼のプロセスおよびバーナ
US20140038116A1 (en) * 2011-01-21 2014-02-06 Technip France Burner and a furnace comprising such a burner
US9410700B2 (en) * 2011-01-21 2016-08-09 Technip France Burner and a furnace comprising such a burner
US9664381B2 (en) * 2011-12-01 2017-05-30 Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. Staged oxy-fuel burners and methods for using the same
EP2812633B1 (en) * 2011-12-01 2019-01-02 Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. Rapid energy release burners and methods for using the same
EP2815180B1 (en) * 2011-12-01 2018-11-21 Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. Staged oxy-fuel burners and methods for using the same
US20130143169A1 (en) * 2011-12-01 2013-06-06 Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. Staged Oxy-Fuel Burners And Methods For Using The Same
JP2013170740A (ja) * 2012-02-20 2013-09-02 Osaka Gas Co Ltd ガラス溶解炉用の燃焼装置
WO2014044518A1 (de) * 2012-09-19 2014-03-27 Thyssenkrupp Uhde Gmbh Verfahren zur beeinflussung der wärmestromdichte an den wänden der reaktionsrohre in einem reformer
US10018359B2 (en) * 2013-11-05 2018-07-10 Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems, Ltd. Gas turbine combustor
US20160290646A1 (en) * 2013-11-05 2016-10-06 Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems, Ltd. Gas Turbine Combustor
JP2015165180A (ja) * 2014-02-28 2015-09-17 エア プロダクツ アンド ケミカルズ インコーポレイテッドＡｉｒ Ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｓ Ａｎｄ Ｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｓ Ｉｎｃｏｒｐｏｒａｔｅｄ 過渡加熱バーナー及び過渡加熱方法
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US10281140B2 (en) 2014-07-15 2019-05-07 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Low NOx combustion method and apparatus
US10344970B2 (en) 2015-04-08 2019-07-09 Linde Aktiengesellschaft Burner device and method
US20170030581A1 (en) * 2015-07-31 2017-02-02 Nuvera Fuel Cells, LLC Burner assembly with low nox emissions
JP2017032196A (ja) * 2015-07-31 2017-02-09 株式会社エコム フレームレス燃焼装置
US10197269B2 (en) * 2015-07-31 2019-02-05 Nuvera Fuel Cells, LLC Burner assembly with low NOx emissions
JP2019109021A (ja) * 2017-12-19 2019-07-04 中外炉工業株式会社 バーナ
TWI742313B (zh) * 2017-12-19 2021-10-11 日商中外爐工業股份有限公司 燃燒器
CN112050215A (zh) * 2020-09-30 2020-12-08 江苏泷涛环境技术有限公司 一种高效空气多级引射烟气内循环低氮燃烧器及应用

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EP1916477A3 (en) 2009-07-08
SG142253A1 (en) 2008-05-28
EP1916477A2 (en) 2008-04-30
CN101182922A (zh) 2008-05-21

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