US20110061642A1 - Low-nox gas injector - Google Patents

Low-nox gas injector Download PDF

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Publication number
US20110061642A1
US20110061642A1 US12/866,393 US86639309A US2011061642A1 US 20110061642 A1 US20110061642 A1 US 20110061642A1 US 86639309 A US86639309 A US 86639309A US 2011061642 A1 US2011061642 A1 US 2011061642A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
pressure gas
low
fuel
central high
gas jets
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Abandoned
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US12/866,393
Inventor
Patrice Rouchy
Laurent GARNIER
Carlos Mazzotti De Oliveira
Joseph Vernaz
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Saint Gobain Glass France SAS
Verallia France SA
Original Assignee
Saint Gobain Glass France SAS
Saint Gobain Emballage SA
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Application filed by Saint Gobain Glass France SAS, Saint Gobain Emballage SA filed Critical Saint Gobain Glass France SAS
Assigned to SAINT-GOBAIN GLASS FRANCE, SAINT-GOBAIN EMBALLAGE reassignment SAINT-GOBAIN GLASS FRANCE ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: VERNAZ, JOSEPH, MAZZOTTI DE OLIVEIRA, CARLOS, ROUCHY, PATRICE, GARNIER, LAURENT
Publication of US20110061642A1 publication Critical patent/US20110061642A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D14/00—Burners for combustion of a gas, e.g. of a gas stored under pressure as a liquid
    • F23D14/20—Non-premix gas burners, i.e. in which gaseous fuel is mixed with combustion air on arrival at the combustion zone
    • F23D14/22—Non-premix gas burners, i.e. in which gaseous fuel is mixed with combustion air on arrival at the combustion zone with separate air and gas feed ducts, e.g. with ducts running parallel or crossing each other
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B5/00—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture
    • C03B5/16—Special features of the melting process; Auxiliary means specially adapted for glass-melting furnaces
    • C03B5/235—Heating the glass
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D14/00—Burners for combustion of a gas, e.g. of a gas stored under pressure as a liquid
    • F23D14/46—Details, e.g. noise reduction means
    • F23D14/84—Flame spreading or otherwise shaping

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a combustion process and a combustion device in which fuel is fed by at least one injector.
  • the invention will be more particularly described for a use in melting glass in glass furnaces, especially furnaces for manufacturing flat glass of the float type or furnaces for the manufacture of hollow packaging glass, for example furnaces operating in inversion mode, of the type using regenerators, although it is not in any way limited to such applications.
  • NO x has a deleterious effect both on human beings and on the environment. Firstly, NO 2 is an irritant gas causing respiratory disorders. Secondly, in contact with the atmosphere, NO x can progressively form acid rain. Finally, it causes photochemical pollution since, in combination with volatile organic compounds and solar radiation, NO x causes the formation of what is called tropospheric ozone, the increase in concentration of which at low altitude becomes harmful to human beings, especially during hot periods.
  • NO x emissions standards in force are becoming increasingly stringent. Because of the very existence of these standards, manufacturers and operators of furnaces, such as glass furnaces, are constantly preoccupied with minimizing NO x emissions, preferably down to a level of 800 mg per Nm 3 of flue gas for a side-fired furnace or 600 mg per Nm 3 of flue gas for an end-fired or horseshoe-flame furnace.
  • the parameters that influence NO x formation have already been analyzed. These are essentially temperature, since above 1300° C. NO x emission increases exponentially, and excess air, since the NO x concentration depends on the square root of the oxygen concentration or the N 2 concentration.
  • a first technique consists in making a reducing agent act on the emitted gas so that the NO x is converted to nitrogen.
  • This reducing agent may be ammonia, but this results in drawbacks such as the difficulty of storing and handling such a product.
  • a natural gas as reducing agent, but this is to the detriment of the consumption by the furnace and it increases CO 2 emissions.
  • the presence of reducing gases, such as carbon monoxide, in certain parts of the furnace, such as regenerators, may also cause accelerated corrosion of the refractories in these zones.
  • an injector is dedicated to propelling fuel, which is to be burnt with an oxidizer.
  • the injector may form part of a burner, the term “burner” generally denoting the device comprising both the fuel supply and the oxidizer supply.
  • the fuel is a liquid of the fuel oil type or is a gaseous fuel, such as natural gas.
  • gaseous fuels produce more NO x than fuel oil.
  • the object of the invention is to devise a combustion process employing only gaseous fuel but producing only relatively small amounts of NO x .
  • the invention one subject of which is a combustion process, especially for melting glass, in which a flame is created by gaseous fuel, characterized in that several regularly spaced peripheral low-pressure gas jets converge on a central high-pressure gas jet.
  • the central high-pressure gas jet determines the flame length, whereas the overall (low-pressure and high-pressure) gas flow rate determines the power of the flame.
  • the process of the invention makes it possible to maintain a constant flame length, while modifying the power, and vice versa.
  • the peripheral converging low-pressure gas jets delay flame spread.
  • Another subject of the invention is an injector for implementing a process according to the invention, characterized in that it comprises a high-pressure gas feed duct circumscribed in a coaxial low-pressure gas feed duct, the outlet of which is completely obstructed by a flat ring provided with holes of identical cross section, these being regularly spaced around the axis of said feed ducts and all converging at the same angle on said axis.
  • the cross sections of the holes i.e. in planes perpendicular to the axis of the holes—have circular perimeters.
  • FIG. 1 is a front view of a flat ring forming part of an injector of the invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a sectional view of this flat ring.
  • the flat ring 1 has ten holes 2 regularly spaced around the axis 3 .
  • the circular holes 2 converge at an angle of 6° toward the axis 3 .
  • the flat ring 1 has a central hole intended to receive the central high-pressure gas jet, whereas the peripheral low-pressure gas jets pass through the converging holes 2 .
  • the furnace was worked in a first phase with an injector alternately in the right part and left part of the furnace.
  • the injector was in a central position beneath a stream of air and directed upwardly at an angle of 5°, the stream of air being directed downwardly at an angle of 22°.
  • the injector was inclined at 3° of azimuth toward the internal central axis of the furnace.
  • the power of the injector was kept constant at 8000 kW.
  • the NO x emission was 687 mg/Nm 3 for a specific momentum I sp (defined as the ratio of the total momentum of the fuel jet to the calorific power) of 4 N/MW.
  • the injector was then modified in accordance with the invention, by the use of the flat ring of FIGS. 1 and 2 .

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Glass Melting And Manufacturing (AREA)
  • Pre-Mixing And Non-Premixing Gas Burner (AREA)
  • Gas Burners (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to:
    • a combustion process, especially for melting glass, in which a flame is created by gaseous fuel, characterized in that several regularly spaced peripheral low-pressure gas jets converge on a central high-pressure gas jet;
    • an injector for implementing this process;
    • a burner comprising one or more such injectors; and
    • a furnace comprising at least one such burner.

Description

  • The invention relates to a combustion process and a combustion device in which fuel is fed by at least one injector.
  • The invention will be more particularly described for a use in melting glass in glass furnaces, especially furnaces for manufacturing flat glass of the float type or furnaces for the manufacture of hollow packaging glass, for example furnaces operating in inversion mode, of the type using regenerators, although it is not in any way limited to such applications.
  • Most combustion processes of the aforementioned type, especially those used in glass furnaces, are faced with problems of undesirable NOx emission in the combustion flue gas.
  • NOx has a deleterious effect both on human beings and on the environment. Firstly, NO2 is an irritant gas causing respiratory disorders. Secondly, in contact with the atmosphere, NOx can progressively form acid rain. Finally, it causes photochemical pollution since, in combination with volatile organic compounds and solar radiation, NOx causes the formation of what is called tropospheric ozone, the increase in concentration of which at low altitude becomes harmful to human beings, especially during hot periods.
  • This is why NOx emissions standards in force are becoming increasingly stringent. Because of the very existence of these standards, manufacturers and operators of furnaces, such as glass furnaces, are constantly preoccupied with minimizing NOx emissions, preferably down to a level of 800 mg per Nm3 of flue gas for a side-fired furnace or 600 mg per Nm3 of flue gas for an end-fired or horseshoe-flame furnace.
  • The parameters that influence NOx formation have already been analyzed. These are essentially temperature, since above 1300° C. NOx emission increases exponentially, and excess air, since the NOx concentration depends on the square root of the oxygen concentration or the N2 concentration.
  • Many techniques have already been proposed to reduce NOx emission.
  • A first technique consists in making a reducing agent act on the emitted gas so that the NOx is converted to nitrogen. This reducing agent may be ammonia, but this results in drawbacks such as the difficulty of storing and handling such a product. It is also possible to use a natural gas as reducing agent, but this is to the detriment of the consumption by the furnace and it increases CO2 emissions. The presence of reducing gases, such as carbon monoxide, in certain parts of the furnace, such as regenerators, may also cause accelerated corrosion of the refractories in these zones.
  • It is therefore preferable, without this being obligatory, to dispense with this technique, by adopting what are called primary measures. These measures are so called as the aim is not to destroy NOx already formed, as in the technique described above, but rather to prevent its formation, for example in the flame. These measures are furthermore simpler to implement and, as a consequence, more economic. However, they cannot completely substitute for the aforementioned technique, rather they advantageously supplement it. In any case, these primary measures constitute an indispensable prerequisite for reducing the consumption of reactants for the secondary measures.
  • Without being limited thereto, it is possible to classify the existing measures in several categories:
      • a first category consists in reducing NOx formation using what is called the “reburning” technique, whereby a zone that is short of air is created in the combustion chamber of a furnace. This technique has the drawback of increasing the temperature in the regenerator stacks and, as the case may be, of requiring a specific design of the regenerators and their stacks, most particularly in terms of sealing and corrosion resistance;
      • a second category consists in acting on the flame by reducing, or even preventing, NOx formation therein. To do this, the aim may for example be to reduce the excess combustion air. It is also possible to seek to limit temperature peaks while maintaining flame length and to increase the volume of the flame front in order to reduce the average temperature within the flame. Such a solution is for example described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,047,565 and WO 98/02386. It consists of a combustion process for melting glass, in which the fuel feed and the oxidizer feed both take place so as to spread the fuel/oxidizer contact over time and/or to increase the volume of this contact for the purpose of reducing NOx emission.
  • It will be recalled that an injector is dedicated to propelling fuel, which is to be burnt with an oxidizer. Thus, the injector may form part of a burner, the term “burner” generally denoting the device comprising both the fuel supply and the oxidizer supply.
  • The fuel is a liquid of the fuel oil type or is a gaseous fuel, such as natural gas. Certain injectors, as described in FR 2 834 774 for example, combine at least one liquid fuel supply with a gaseous fuel supply.
  • Moreover, it is known that gaseous fuels produce more NOx than fuel oil.
  • The object of the invention is to devise a combustion process employing only gaseous fuel but producing only relatively small amounts of NOx.
  • This objective is achieved by the invention, one subject of which is a combustion process, especially for melting glass, in which a flame is created by gaseous fuel, characterized in that several regularly spaced peripheral low-pressure gas jets converge on a central high-pressure gas jet.
  • The central high-pressure gas jet determines the flame length, whereas the overall (low-pressure and high-pressure) gas flow rate determines the power of the flame. The process of the invention makes it possible to maintain a constant flame length, while modifying the power, and vice versa.
  • The peripheral converging low-pressure gas jets delay flame spread.
  • Therefore, the number of adjustment options is increased, especially with shortening of the flame and reduction in NOx emission.
  • According to preferred features of the process of the invention:
      • 70 to 90%, preferably 75 to 85%, of the calorific power stems from the low-pressure gas;
      • the angle of convergence of the peripheral low-pressure gas jets toward the central high-pressure gas jet is between 4° and 10°, preferably between 5° and 8°;
      • the number of peripheral low-pressure gas jets is between 4 and 16, preferably between 8 and 12;
      • all the peripheral low-pressure gas jets have the same characteristics: cross section, flow rate and angle of convergence toward the axis of the central high-pressure gas jet.
  • Another subject of the invention is an injector for implementing a process according to the invention, characterized in that it comprises a high-pressure gas feed duct circumscribed in a coaxial low-pressure gas feed duct, the outlet of which is completely obstructed by a flat ring provided with holes of identical cross section, these being regularly spaced around the axis of said feed ducts and all converging at the same angle on said axis.
  • Preferably, the cross sections of the holes—i.e. in planes perpendicular to the axis of the holes—have circular perimeters.
  • Other subjects of the invention are:
      • a burner comprising one or more injectors as described above;
      • a furnace, especially an end-fired furnace or a side-fired furnace, comprising at least one such burner; and
      • the application of the process, the injector, the burner or the furnace of the invention for limiting NOx emissions.
  • The invention will now be illustrated by the following example, with reference to the appended drawings in which:
  • FIG. 1 is a front view of a flat ring forming part of an injector of the invention; and
  • FIG. 2 is a sectional view of this flat ring.
    •
  • The flat ring 1 has ten holes 2 regularly spaced around the axis 3.
  • The circular holes 2 converge at an angle of 6° toward the axis 3.
  • Moreover, the flat ring 1 has a central hole intended to receive the central high-pressure gas jet, whereas the peripheral low-pressure gas jets pass through the converging holes 2.
  • Trials were carried out in a 44 m2 end-fired furnace.
  • The furnace was worked in a first phase with an injector alternately in the right part and left part of the furnace.
  • This was a dual gas momentum injector differing from that of the invention only by the absence of individual converging low-pressure jets.
  • In this example, the injector was in a central position beneath a stream of air and directed upwardly at an angle of 5°, the stream of air being directed downwardly at an angle of 22°. The injector was inclined at 3° of azimuth toward the internal central axis of the furnace.
  • The values are given at 8% O2 and 5000 ppm CO.
  • The power of the injector was kept constant at 8000 kW.
  • The NOx emission was 687 mg/Nm3 for a specific momentum Isp (defined as the ratio of the total momentum of the fuel jet to the calorific power) of 4 N/MW.
  • The injector was then modified in accordance with the invention, by the use of the flat ring of FIGS. 1 and 2.
  • With a specific momentum of 4 N/MW, the NOx emission dropped to 587 mg/Nm3.

Claims (14)

1. A combustion process comprising creating a flame with gaseous fuel, wherein at least two regularly spaced peripheral low-pressure gas jets converge on a central high-pressure gas jet.
2. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein 70 to 90%, of the calorific power stems from the low-pressure gas.
3. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the angle of convergence of the peripheral low-pressure gas jets toward the central high-pressure gas jet is between 4° and 10°.
4. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the number of peripheral low-pressure gas jets is between 4 and 16.
5. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein all peripheral low-pressure gas jets present have the same cross section, flow route and angle of convergence toward the axis of the central high-pressure gas jet.
6. An injector for implementing the process as claimed in claim 1, comprising a high-pressure gas feed duct circumscribed in a coaxial low-pressure gas feed duct, the outlet of which is completely obstructed by a flat ring provided with holes of identical cross section, these being regularly spaced around the axis of said feed ducts and all converging at the same angle on said axis.
7. The injector as claimed in claim 6, wherein the cross sections of the holes have circular perimeters.
8. A burner comprising one or more injectors as claimed in claim 6.
9. A furnace comprising at least one burner as claimed in claim 8.
10. (canceled)
11. A method of reducing the amount of NOx emitted during combustion of fuel, comprising:
generating a flame by combusting fuel; and
converging the flow of fuel from at least two low-pressure gas jets onto the flow of fuel from a central high-pressure gas jet.
12. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein 75 to 85% of the calorific power stems from the low-pressure gas.
13. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the angle of convergence of the peripheral low-pressure gas jets toward the central high-pressure gas jet is between 5° and 8.
14. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the number of peripheral low-pressure gas jets is between 8 and 12.
US12/866,393 2008-02-05 2009-02-04 Low-nox gas injector Abandoned US20110061642A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR0850701A FR2927148B1 (en) 2008-02-05 2008-02-05 COMBUSTION PROCESS AND GASEOUS FUEL INJECTOR WITH LOW PRESSURE PERIPHERAL JETS CONVERTING TO A HIGH PRESSURE CENTRAL JET WITH LOW NOX EMISSION.
FR0850701 2008-02-05
PCT/FR2009/050169 WO2009101326A2 (en) 2008-02-05 2009-02-04 Low-nox gas injector

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EP (1) EP2288851B1 (en)
JP (1) JP5453318B2 (en)
KR (1) KR20100112600A (en)
CN (1) CN101939590B (en)
BR (1) BRPI0906983B1 (en)
EA (1) EA017499B1 (en)
ES (1) ES2606487T3 (en)
FR (1) FR2927148B1 (en)
MX (1) MX2010008624A (en)
PT (1) PT2288851T (en)
UA (1) UA105358C2 (en)
WO (1) WO2009101326A2 (en)
ZA (1) ZA201005374B (en)

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US8875544B2 (en) 2011-10-07 2014-11-04 Johns Manville Burner apparatus, submerged combustion melters including the burner, and methods of use
US8973400B2 (en) 2010-06-17 2015-03-10 Johns Manville Methods of using a submerged combustion melter to produce glass products
US8973405B2 (en) 2010-06-17 2015-03-10 Johns Manville Apparatus, systems and methods for reducing foaming downstream of a submerged combustion melter producing molten glass
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US9533905B2 (en) 2012-10-03 2017-01-03 Johns Manville Submerged combustion melters having an extended treatment zone and methods of producing molten glass
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US9815726B2 (en) 2015-09-03 2017-11-14 Johns Manville Apparatus, systems, and methods for pre-heating feedstock to a melter using melter exhaust
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US9982884B2 (en) 2015-09-15 2018-05-29 Johns Manville Methods of melting feedstock using a submerged combustion melter
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US10322960B2 (en) 2010-06-17 2019-06-18 Johns Manville Controlling foam in apparatus downstream of a melter by adjustment of alkali oxide content in the melter
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WO2009101326A3 (en) 2010-07-01
ZA201005374B (en) 2011-04-28

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