US20080083835A1 - Rail track tie - Google Patents
Rail track tie Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20080083835A1 US20080083835A1 US11/903,389 US90338907A US2008083835A1 US 20080083835 A1 US20080083835 A1 US 20080083835A1 US 90338907 A US90338907 A US 90338907A US 2008083835 A1 US2008083835 A1 US 2008083835A1
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- United States
- Prior art keywords
- block
- tie
- range
- resilient
- rail track
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
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Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01B—PERMANENT WAY; PERMANENT-WAY TOOLS; MACHINES FOR MAKING RAILWAYS OF ALL KINDS
- E01B1/00—Ballastway; Other means for supporting the sleepers or the track; Drainage of the ballastway
- E01B1/002—Ballastless track, e.g. concrete slab trackway, or with asphalt layers
- E01B1/005—Ballastless track, e.g. concrete slab trackway, or with asphalt layers with sleeper shoes
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01B—PERMANENT WAY; PERMANENT-WAY TOOLS; MACHINES FOR MAKING RAILWAYS OF ALL KINDS
- E01B3/00—Transverse or longitudinal sleepers; Other means resting directly on the ballastway for supporting rails
- E01B3/28—Transverse or longitudinal sleepers; Other means resting directly on the ballastway for supporting rails made from concrete or from natural or artificial stone
- E01B3/40—Slabs; Blocks; Pot sleepers; Fastening tie-rods to them
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01B—PERMANENT WAY; PERMANENT-WAY TOOLS; MACHINES FOR MAKING RAILWAYS OF ALL KINDS
- E01B3/00—Transverse or longitudinal sleepers; Other means resting directly on the ballastway for supporting rails
- E01B3/44—Transverse or longitudinal sleepers; Other means resting directly on the ballastway for supporting rails made from other materials only if the material is essential
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01B—PERMANENT WAY; PERMANENT-WAY TOOLS; MACHINES FOR MAKING RAILWAYS OF ALL KINDS
- E01B9/00—Fastening rails on sleepers, or the like
- E01B9/68—Pads or the like, e.g. of wood, rubber, placed under the rail, tie-plate, or chair
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01B—PERMANENT WAY; PERMANENT-WAY TOOLS; MACHINES FOR MAKING RAILWAYS OF ALL KINDS
- E01B2204/00—Characteristics of the track and its foundations
- E01B2204/01—Elastic layers other than rail-pads, e.g. sleeper-shoes, bituconcrete
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a rail track tie or “sleeper”, of the type comprising:
- a rigid block presenting a bottom face, and a top face for receiving at least one longitudinal rail
- a cover for receiving the rigid block and in the form of a rigid shell comprising a bottom and a peripheral rim around the bottom;
- a resilient soleplate disposed between the bottom face of the rigid block and the bottom of the cover.
- Such ties are frequently used for laying a rail track without ballast, e.g. in or on a structure such as a tunnel or a viaduct, where the ties are supported by a bed or a slab.
- EP-A-0 919 666 describes a tie of this type.
- the rigid cover is embedded in a concrete slab, and together therewith it forms a rigid assembly.
- Each rail generally rests on a resilient bearing element, disposed between each rail and the rigid block.
- the resilient bearing elements thus form a first elastic stage. They may be mounted when the track is laid, or beforehand, e.g. when the tie is assembled.
- the resilient soleplate placed between the block and the rigid cover forms a second elastic stage.
- An object of the invention is to improve the vibration attenuation performance of the above-mentioned tie, in particular in a range of frequencies up to 250 hertz (Hz), which is considered as being capable of generating nuisance for surrounding buildings, while also limiting the fatigue and the stress to which the rail system is subjected.
- Hz hertz
- the invention provides a tie of the above-specified type, wherein the resilient soleplate has dynamic stiffness k2 lying in the range 6 kilonewtons per millimeter (kN/mm) to 10 kN/mm, preferably in the range 6 kN/mm to 8 kN/mm.
- the resilient soleplate has a substantially plane top face and a substantially plane bottom face
- the block has four peripheral faces that connect the top face to the bottom face, the tie including resilient pads disposed between each peripheral face of the block and the peripheral rim of the cover;
- the resilient pads comprise at least two longitudinal resilient pads of dynamic stiffness lying in the range 20 kN/mm to 25 kN/mm, and at least two transverse resilient pads of dynamic stiffness lying in the range 15 kN/mm to 18 kN/mm;
- said tie includes, on the top face of the rigid block, a resilient bearing element of dynamic stiffness lying in the range 120 kN/mm to 300 kN/mm, preferably in the range 200 kN/mm to 300 kN/mm, the resilient bearing element being designed to receive the rail bearing thereagainst;
- the tie comprises a single block and a single cover
- the block presents weight in the range 350 kilograms (kg) to 450 kg, preferably in the range 400 kg to 450 kg;
- the tie comprises two blocks, two respective covers associated therewith, and a transverse spacer interconnecting the two blocks;
- each block has weight lying in the range 100 kg to 150 kg, preferably in the range 130 kg to 150 kg.
- the invention also provides a rail track segment including a tie as described above and at least one rail bearing on the tie.
- FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic cross-section view of a segment of rail track in a first embodiment
- FIG. 2 is a more detailed diagrammatic cross-section view of the tie of FIG. 1 shown in section;
- FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic longitudinal section view of the tie of FIGS. 1 and 2 ;
- FIG. 4 is a diagram modeling the FIG. 1 segment of rail track
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing the acoustic performance of a tie of the invention.
- FIG. 6 is a view analogous to FIG. 1 and showing a segment of rail track in a second embodiment.
- FIG. 1 A segment 2 of rail track in a first embodiment of the invention is shown diagrammatically in FIG. 1 .
- the segment 2 comprises two longitudinal rails 4 fastened on a tie 8 .
- the tie 8 comprises a single rigid concrete block 9 and two resilient bearing elements 10 disposed between each rail 4 and the block 9 .
- the longitudinal rails 4 define a reference for the longitudinal direction.
- the resilient bearing elements 10 are substantially in the form of rectangular parallelepipeds. In the example shown in FIG. 1 , their width is substantially equal to the width of the base of the rail 4 , and their length is substantially equal to the width of the block 9 .
- each recess 12 in the block 9 The resilient bearing elements 10 are received in respective recesses 12 in the block 9 .
- the profile of each recess 12 in cross-section is substantially rectangular.
- the width and the length of each recess 12 in the example shown in FIG. 1 are substantially equal to the width and the length respectively of a resilient bearing element 10 .
- the resilient bearing elements 10 are adhesively bonded to the tie 8 .
- Each rail 4 is attached to the block 9 by means of rail fasteners (not shown) that prevent any transverse displacement of the rail relative to the block 9 and that secure the rail 4 with the block 9 and with each resilient bearing element 10 .
- dynamic stiffness is always considered as being constant and substantially equal to 130% of static stiffness.
- the resilient bearing elements 10 form a first elastic stage 14 of vertical dynamic stiffness k1 as shown in the model of FIG. 4 .
- Each rail 4 is modeled as being suspended on a first end of a spring 16 of dynamic stiffness k1.
- the second end of the spring 16 is linked to the block 9 .
- Each resilient bearing element 10 has dynamic stiffness k1 lying in the range 120 kN/mm to 300 kN/mm, and preferably in the range 200 kN/mm to 300 kN/mm.
- the material used for each resilient bearing element 10 is: rubber, polyurethane, or any other elastic material.
- the tie 8 of FIG. 1 shown in detail in FIGS. 2 and 3 , comprises a cover 20 for receiving the block 9 , a resilient soleplate 22 disposed in a substantially horizontal plane between the block 9 and the cover 20 , and four resilient pads 24 , 26 disposed in respective substantially vertical planes between the block 9 and the cover 20 .
- the block 9 is substantially in the form of a rectangular parallelepiped and essentially comprises a top face 32 , a substantially plane bottom face 34 on which it rests, and four peripheral faces 36 , 38 connecting the top face 32 to the bottom face 34 via respectively a rounded edge 44 and a chamfer 46 .
- the peripheral faces 36 , 38 comprise two longitudinal peripheral faces 36 and two transverse peripheral faces 38 .
- Each peripheral face 36 , 38 has a substantially plane bottom portion 36 A, 38 A, and a substantially plane top portion 36 B, 38 B, with a substantially plane intermediate portion 36 C, 38 C interconnecting each bottom portion 36 A, 38 A to its corresponding top portion 36 B, 38 B.
- the longitudinal top portions 36 B and the transverse top portions 38 B converge mutually upwards.
- the longitudinal bottom portions 36 A and the transverse bottom portions 38 A converge mutually downwards.
- the longitudinal intermediate portions 36 C and the transverse intermediate portions 38 C converge mutually downwards, forming an angle relative to the vertical plane that is greater than the angle formed by each corresponding bottom portion 36 A, 38 A.
- the block 9 is selected to be of particularly great weight. Its weight lies in the range 350 kg to 450 kg, and preferably in the range 400 kg to 450 kg. The weight of the block 9 is conventionally increased by adding metal elements in the concrete.
- the cover 20 is formed by a substantially rigid shell.
- the cover 20 essentially comprises a bottom 48 and a continuous peripheral rim 50 going round the bottom 48 .
- the bottom 48 presents a substantially plane and rectangular top face 52 .
- the peripheral rim 50 of the cover 20 has four panels 54 , 56 .
- the four panels 54 , 56 comprise two longitudinal panels 54 associated respectively with the longitudinal faces 36 of the block 9 , and two transverse panels 56 associated respectively with the transverse faces 38 .
- Each panel 54 , 56 has a respective inside face 62 , 64 .
- Each inside face 62 , 64 includes a housing 66 , 68 substantially in the shape of a rectangular parallelepiped, each for receiving a respective resilient pad 24 , 26 .
- the housings 66 , 68 are substantially parallel to the corresponding bottom portions 36 A, 38 A of the peripheral faces 36 , 38 of the block 9 .
- Each housing 66 , 68 presents a rectangular periphery defined by a continuous peripheral shoulder 66 A, 68 A.
- Each housing 66 , 68 is also of substantially the same height and the same length as the bottom portions 36 A, 38 A with which it is associated.
- Each inside face 62 , 64 has a top portion 62 A, 64 A that is plane and of inclination relative to the vertical that is substantially equal to or greater than the inclination of the corresponding intermediate portions 36 C, 38 C of the peripheral faces 36 , 38 of the block 9 .
- the top portions 62 A, 64 A are of substantially the same height as the corresponding associated intermediate portions 36 C, 38 C of the block 9 .
- top portions 62 A, 64 A of the inside faces 62 , 64 of the panels 54 , 56 are connected to a continuous top edge 70 of the rim 50 .
- the top edge 70 presents two fingers serving to fasten a continuous sealing gasket 72 .
- the gasket 72 is made of natural or synthetic rubber. It provides sealing between the block 9 and the cover 20 without impeding displacement of the block 9 in the cover 20 . It is also possible to make the sealing gasket 72 by casting a material such as silicone or polyurethane in the form of a continuous bead.
- the stiffness of the cover 20 is reinforced by ribs 74 formed in relief on the outsides of the panels 54 , 56 , and in part under the bottom 48 .
- ribs 74 are molded integrally with the cover 20 .
- These ribs 74 may be of any suitable shape and of any suitable disposition relative to the cover 20 , in a manner that is known in the state of the art, in particular from EP-A-0 919 666.
- the cover 20 is made as a one-piece molding.
- the cover 20 could be made by assembling together a plurality of partial shells, as disclosed in the state of the art (e.g. EP-A-0 919 066).
- these might comprise, for example two half-shells, one at each end, and a central shell interconnecting the two end half-shells.
- the cover 20 is made of molded thermoplastic material or of resin concrete.
- the resilient soleplate 22 is substantially in the form of a rectangular parallelepiped and has substantially plane top and bottom faces for minimizing the mechanical stresses to which the resilient soleplate 22 is subjected and avoids problems of fatigue. Its length and width are substantially equal respectively to the length and the width of the bottom face 34 of the block 9 .
- the resilient soleplate 22 thus remains in an elastic domain; which corresponds substantially to a maximum amount of deformation that is less than or equal to 40%.
- the amount of deformation is the ratio of thickness variation presented by the resilient soleplate 22 between a free state and a loaded state.
- the resilient soleplate 22 forms a second elastic stage 78 of vertical dynamic stiffness k2 as shown in the model of FIG. 4 .
- the rigid block 9 is modeled as being suspended on the first ends of two springs 80 of dynamic stiffness k2.
- the second ends of the springs 80 are linked to the cover 20 .
- the resilient soleplate 22 of the invention has dynamic stiffness k2 that is less than the dynamic stiffness of the devices that are conventionally used.
- the dynamic stiffness k2 lies in the range 6 kN/mm to 10 kN/mm, and preferably in the range 6 kN/mm to 8 kN/mm.
- the resilient soleplate 22 is made of a cellular elastomer material.
- the resilient soleplate 22 has vertical dynamic stiffness k2 that is substantially uniform over its entire area.
- the resilient soleplate 22 has vertical dynamic stiffness k 3 in a central zone of the block 9 that is less than or equal to k2.
- the central zone comprises the middle of the block 9 and extends transversely on either side of the middle of the block 9 towards the ends over substantially half of the area of the block 9 . Since this central zone is less stressed, it is possible therein to use a material that is more elastic and therefore less expensive.
- the resilient soleplate 22 can rest freely on the bottom 48 of the cover 20 . It can thus easily be removed from the cover 20 .
- the tie 8 also has a substantially incompressible thickness piece 82 , as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 .
- the thickness piece 82 is substantially in the form of a rectangular parallelepiped. Its length and its width are substantially equal to the length and the width of the top face 52 of the bottom 48 of the cover 20 . Its thickness is less than or equal to 10 mm, and preferably lies in the range 2 mm to 4 mm.
- the thickness piece 82 rests freely on the bottom 48 of the cover 20 . It can thus be removed easily from the cover 20 , or it can be added to the cover 20 , in order to adjust the leveling of the track.
- the resilient soleplate 22 rests freely on the thickness piece 82 .
- the surface of the thickness piece 82 is sufficiently rough to avoid the resilient soleplate 22 sliding in the cover 20 .
- this roughness is obtained by means of serrations, diamond tips, or barbs.
- Each resilient pad 24 , 26 presents an outside face 24 A, 26 A and an inside face 24 B, 26 B, and four peripheral faces.
- the outside and inside faces 24 A, 26 A and 24 B, 26 B are of substantially the same dimensions and they present an outline that is substantially rectangular.
- the outside and inside faces 24 A, 26 A and 24 B, 26 B are of length and width that are substantially equal respectively to the length and the width of the corresponding housings 66 , 68 in the peripheral rim 50 of the cover 20 .
- the resilient pads 24 , 26 are faced in the corresponding housings 66 , 68 . By way of example, they are held by friction between the peripheral faces of the resilient pads 24 , 26 and the peripheral shoulder 66 A, 68 A of each housing 66 , 68 . The resilient pads 24 , 26 can thus be removed easily.
- Each resilient pad 24 , 26 may also be held by snap-fastening.
- the housings 66 , 68 may have grooves and the resilient pads 24 , 26 may have complementary fluting.
- the resilient pads 24 , 26 present thickness greater than the depth of the housings 66 , 68 so that they project relative to the shoulders 66 A, 68 A.
- the inside faces 24 B, 26 B merely press against the corresponding bottom portions 36 A, 38 A of the peripheral faces 36 , 38 of the rigid block 9 .
- the inside faces 24 B, 26 B are provided with grooves increasing their flexibility.
- the resilient pads 24 , 26 have dynamic stiffness in the range 12 kN/mm to 25 kN/mm.
- they are made of rubber, polyurethane, or any other elastic material.
- the longitudinal pads 24 corresponding to the longitudinal peripheral spaces 36 are subjected to greater forces than the transverse pads 26 corresponding to the transverse peripheral faces 38 .
- the longitudinal pads 24 can thus advantageously be selected to have dynamic stiffness greater than that of the transverse pads 26 .
- the longitudinal pads 24 have dynamic stiffness lying in the range 20 kN/mm to 25 kN/mm, for example, while the transverse pads 26 have dynamic stiffness lying in the range 15 kN/mm to 18 kN/mm.
- the resilient pads 24 , 26 hold the block 9 away from the inside faces 62 , 64 of the cover 20 .
- the resilient pads 24 , 26 thus provide horizontal damping for the block 9 . This horizontal damping is decoupled from the vertical damping obtained by the resilient bearing elements 10 and the resilient soleplate 22 .
- the number of resilient pads is not limiting.
- the tie 8 may have two transverse pads 34 side by side on each side of the block 9 .
- FIG. 5 shows the acoustic performance of a prior art tie and of a tie in accordance with the invention.
- FIG. 5 plots insertion gain as a function of frequency. Insertion gain in this example is the ratio expressed in decibels (dB) between the value of a measured magnitude (speed, acceleration, force, etc.) obtained when a resilient soleplate is included and the value obtained when it is not included (see French standard ISO 14837-1:2005). In the example described, this is the force exerted on the cover 20 . A reduction in the value of the magnitude is expressed by insertion gain having a negative sign.
- dB decibels
- the cut-off frequency is the frequency beyond which insertion gain is observed to decrease.
- k1 dyn is the dynamic stiffness of the resilient bearing elements 10
- k2 dyn is the dynamic stiffness of the resilient soleplate 22
- M is the weight of the block 9 .
- the vibration attenuation performance is substantially the same.
- the insertion gain is a few dB greater than for the curve S 1 .
- the insertion gain is several dB less than that of the curve S 1 .
- the cut-off frequency is lower than that of the curve S 1 (20 Hz instead of 32 Hz).
- the tie 108 comprises two rigid blocks 109 interconnected by a spacer 184 .
- the same references are used in FIG. 6 as the references used in FIGS. 1 to 4 , but with the addition of 100.
- the length of the covers 120 is adapted to receive the blocks 109 .
- FIGS. 2 and 3 which show a single-block tie 8 are also entirely applicable for illustrating a tie 108 .
- the main difference between the single-block tie 8 and the two-block tie 108 lies in the presence of a spacer 184 penetrating into the two blocks 109 .
- the spacer 184 is of a shape adapted to obtain a second moment of area that is large.
- the spacer 184 may be in the form of an angle bar or of a cylinder.
- the spacer 184 has a cross-sectional area lying in the range 800 square millimeters (mm 2 ) to 1500 mm 2 , and thickness lying in the range 6 mm to 10 mm.
- it may be made out of a steel complying with the standard EN 13230-3.
- Each block 109 has weight lying in the range 100 kg to 150 kg, preferably in the range 130 kg to 150 kg.
- the single-block tie 8 is particularly good at withstanding the additional mechanical stresses that result from the invention.
- the reduction in the dynamic stiffness k2 of the resilient soleplate 22 , 122 serves to obtain better vibration attenuation performance, in particular by lowering the cut-off frequency and by lowering the insertion gain in the range 25 Hz to 250 Hz.
- the increase in the weight of the block 9 , 109 also makes it possible, for given dynamic stiffness k2 of the resilient soleplate 22 , 122 , to lower the cut-off frequency and thus to improve the performance of the tie 8 , 108 at low frequencies. Nevertheless, above a certain weight, the mechanical stresses to which the tie 8 , 108 are subjected become too great.
- the increase in the dynamic stiffness k1 of the resilient bearing elements 10 , 110 decreases the insertion gain in the range 200 Hz to 250 Hz and shifts the resonant frequency towards higher frequencies, with the resonant frequency being the frequency at which the insertion gain is observed to rise.
- the invention thus makes it possible to approach the vibration attenuation performance obtained with a floating slab having its cut-off frequency lying in the range 14 Hz to 20 Hz, and having insertion gain of ⁇ 25 dB situated at 63 Hz.
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- Architecture (AREA)
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- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Railway Tracks (AREA)
- Vibration Prevention Devices (AREA)
- Bridges Or Land Bridges (AREA)
- Footwear And Its Accessory, Manufacturing Method And Apparatuses (AREA)
- Braking Arrangements (AREA)
- Sliding-Contact Bearings (AREA)
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Abstract
The rail track tie including: a rigid block presenting a bottom face, and a top face for receiving at least one longitudinal rail; a cover for receiving the rigid block and in the form of a rigid shell including a bottom and a peripheral rim around the bottom; and a resilient soleplate disposed between the bottom face of the rigid block and the bottom of the cover. The resilient soleplate has dynamic stiffness k2 lying in the range of 6 kN/mm to 10 kN/mm, and preferably in the range of 6 kN/mm to 8 kN/mm.
Description
- The present invention relates to a rail track tie or “sleeper”, of the type comprising:
- a rigid block presenting a bottom face, and a top face for receiving at least one longitudinal rail;
- a cover for receiving the rigid block and in the form of a rigid shell comprising a bottom and a peripheral rim around the bottom; and
- a resilient soleplate disposed between the bottom face of the rigid block and the bottom of the cover.
- Such ties are frequently used for laying a rail track without ballast, e.g. in or on a structure such as a tunnel or a viaduct, where the ties are supported by a bed or a slab.
- EP-A-0 919 666 describes a tie of this type. The rigid cover is embedded in a concrete slab, and together therewith it forms a rigid assembly.
- Each rail generally rests on a resilient bearing element, disposed between each rail and the rigid block. The resilient bearing elements thus form a first elastic stage. They may be mounted when the track is laid, or beforehand, e.g. when the tie is assembled.
- The resilient soleplate placed between the block and the rigid cover forms a second elastic stage.
- The vibration generated by the rails when trains pass is damped essentially in the first and second elastic stages.
- However, the attenuation of mechanical vibration when a train is passing over such a track system as presently known is not entirely satisfactory. The cut-off frequency and the insertion gain are both greater than those of a track system on floating slabs, for example.
- An object of the invention is to improve the vibration attenuation performance of the above-mentioned tie, in particular in a range of frequencies up to 250 hertz (Hz), which is considered as being capable of generating nuisance for surrounding buildings, while also limiting the fatigue and the stress to which the rail system is subjected.
- To this end, the invention provides a tie of the above-specified type, wherein the resilient soleplate has dynamic stiffness k2 lying in the range 6 kilonewtons per millimeter (kN/mm) to 10 kN/mm, preferably in the range 6 kN/mm to 8 kN/mm.
- According to other characteristics of the invention:
- the resilient soleplate has a substantially plane top face and a substantially plane bottom face;
- the block has four peripheral faces that connect the top face to the bottom face, the tie including resilient pads disposed between each peripheral face of the block and the peripheral rim of the cover;
- the resilient pads comprise at least two longitudinal resilient pads of dynamic stiffness lying in the
range 20 kN/mm to 25 kN/mm, and at least two transverse resilient pads of dynamic stiffness lying in therange 15 kN/mm to 18 kN/mm; - said tie includes, on the top face of the rigid block, a resilient bearing element of dynamic stiffness lying in the
range 120 kN/mm to 300 kN/mm, preferably in therange 200 kN/mm to 300 kN/mm, the resilient bearing element being designed to receive the rail bearing thereagainst; - the tie comprises a single block and a single cover;
- the block presents weight in the range 350 kilograms (kg) to 450 kg, preferably in the range 400 kg to 450 kg;
- the tie comprises two blocks, two respective covers associated therewith, and a transverse spacer interconnecting the two blocks; and
- each block has weight lying in the
range 100 kg to 150 kg, preferably in the range 130 kg to 150 kg. - The invention also provides a rail track segment including a tie as described above and at least one rail bearing on the tie.
- The invention can be better understood on reading the following description given by way of example and made with reference to the drawings, in which:
-
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic cross-section view of a segment of rail track in a first embodiment; -
FIG. 2 is a more detailed diagrammatic cross-section view of the tie ofFIG. 1 shown in section; -
FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic longitudinal section view of the tie ofFIGS. 1 and 2 ; -
FIG. 4 is a diagram modeling theFIG. 1 segment of rail track; -
FIG. 5 is a graph showing the acoustic performance of a tie of the invention; and -
FIG. 6 is a view analogous toFIG. 1 and showing a segment of rail track in a second embodiment. - A
segment 2 of rail track in a first embodiment of the invention is shown diagrammatically inFIG. 1 . Thesegment 2 comprises two longitudinal rails 4 fastened on atie 8. Thetie 8 comprises a singlerigid concrete block 9 and two resilient bearingelements 10 disposed between each rail 4 and theblock 9. - By convention, the longitudinal rails 4 define a reference for the longitudinal direction.
- The resilient bearing
elements 10 are substantially in the form of rectangular parallelepipeds. In the example shown inFIG. 1 , their width is substantially equal to the width of the base of the rail 4, and their length is substantially equal to the width of theblock 9. - The resilient bearing
elements 10 are received inrespective recesses 12 in theblock 9. The profile of eachrecess 12 in cross-section is substantially rectangular. The width and the length of eachrecess 12 in the example shown inFIG. 1 are substantially equal to the width and the length respectively of a resilient bearingelement 10. - By way of example, the resilient bearing
elements 10 are adhesively bonded to thetie 8. - Each rail 4 is attached to the
block 9 by means of rail fasteners (not shown) that prevent any transverse displacement of the rail relative to theblock 9 and that secure the rail 4 with theblock 9 and with each resilient bearingelement 10. - Throughout the description below, given the range of frequencies under consideration (less than or equal to 250 Hz), dynamic stiffness is always considered as being constant and substantially equal to 130% of static stiffness.
- The resilient bearing
elements 10 form a firstelastic stage 14 of vertical dynamic stiffness k1 as shown in the model ofFIG. 4 . Each rail 4 is modeled as being suspended on a first end of aspring 16 of dynamic stiffness k1. The second end of thespring 16 is linked to theblock 9. - Each
resilient bearing element 10 has dynamic stiffness k1 lying in therange 120 kN/mm to 300 kN/mm, and preferably in therange 200 kN/mm to 300 kN/mm. By way of example, the material used for each resilient bearingelement 10 is: rubber, polyurethane, or any other elastic material. - The
tie 8 ofFIG. 1 , shown in detail inFIGS. 2 and 3 , comprises acover 20 for receiving theblock 9, aresilient soleplate 22 disposed in a substantially horizontal plane between theblock 9 and thecover 20, and fourresilient pads block 9 and thecover 20. - The
block 9 is substantially in the form of a rectangular parallelepiped and essentially comprises atop face 32, a substantiallyplane bottom face 34 on which it rests, and fourperipheral faces top face 32 to thebottom face 34 via respectively arounded edge 44 and achamfer 46. Theperipheral faces peripheral faces 36 and two transverseperipheral faces 38. - Each
peripheral face plane bottom portion top portion intermediate portion bottom portion top portion top portions 36B and the transversetop portions 38B converge mutually upwards. Thelongitudinal bottom portions 36A and thetransverse bottom portions 38A converge mutually downwards. The longitudinalintermediate portions 36C and the transverseintermediate portions 38C converge mutually downwards, forming an angle relative to the vertical plane that is greater than the angle formed by eachcorresponding bottom portion - The
block 9 is selected to be of particularly great weight. Its weight lies in the range 350 kg to 450 kg, and preferably in the range 400 kg to 450 kg. The weight of theblock 9 is conventionally increased by adding metal elements in the concrete. - The
cover 20 is formed by a substantially rigid shell. Thecover 20 essentially comprises a bottom 48 and a continuousperipheral rim 50 going round the bottom 48. - The bottom 48 presents a substantially plane and rectangular
top face 52. - The
peripheral rim 50 of thecover 20 has fourpanels panels longitudinal panels 54 associated respectively with the longitudinal faces 36 of theblock 9, and twotransverse panels 56 associated respectively with the transverse faces 38. Eachpanel inside face inside face housing resilient pad - The
housings corresponding bottom portions block 9. Eachhousing peripheral shoulder housing bottom portions - Each
inside face top portion intermediate portions block 9. Thetop portions intermediate portions block 9. - The
top portions panels top edge 70 of therim 50. In the example shown inFIGS. 2 and 3 , thetop edge 70 presents two fingers serving to fasten acontinuous sealing gasket 72. By way of example, thegasket 72 is made of natural or synthetic rubber. It provides sealing between theblock 9 and thecover 20 without impeding displacement of theblock 9 in thecover 20. It is also possible to make the sealinggasket 72 by casting a material such as silicone or polyurethane in the form of a continuous bead. - The stiffness of the
cover 20 is reinforced byribs 74 formed in relief on the outsides of thepanels cover 20. Theseribs 74 may be of any suitable shape and of any suitable disposition relative to thecover 20, in a manner that is known in the state of the art, in particular from EP-A-0 919 666. In the example shown inFIGS. 2 and 3 , they presentnotches 76 enabling thecover 20 to be anchored on a strength member. While the track is being laid, theribs 74 are embedded at least in part in concrete. They thus serve to secure thecover 20 to the filler concrete. - In the example shown in
FIGS. 2 and 3 , thecover 20 is made as a one-piece molding. In a manner that is not shown, thecover 20 could be made by assembling together a plurality of partial shells, as disclosed in the state of the art (e.g. EP-A-0 919 066). For a one-piece tie 8 in the first embodiment of the invention, these might comprise, for example two half-shells, one at each end, and a central shell interconnecting the two end half-shells. - By way of example, the
cover 20 is made of molded thermoplastic material or of resin concrete. - The
resilient soleplate 22 is substantially in the form of a rectangular parallelepiped and has substantially plane top and bottom faces for minimizing the mechanical stresses to which theresilient soleplate 22 is subjected and avoids problems of fatigue. Its length and width are substantially equal respectively to the length and the width of thebottom face 34 of theblock 9. - Its thickness lies in the
range 10 millimeters (mm) to 20 mm, preferably in therange 16 mm to 20 mm. Theresilient soleplate 22 thus remains in an elastic domain; which corresponds substantially to a maximum amount of deformation that is less than or equal to 40%. The amount of deformation is the ratio of thickness variation presented by theresilient soleplate 22 between a free state and a loaded state. - The
resilient soleplate 22 forms a secondelastic stage 78 of vertical dynamic stiffness k2 as shown in the model ofFIG. 4 . Therigid block 9 is modeled as being suspended on the first ends of twosprings 80 of dynamic stiffness k2. The second ends of thesprings 80 are linked to thecover 20. - The
resilient soleplate 22 of the invention has dynamic stiffness k2 that is less than the dynamic stiffness of the devices that are conventionally used. The dynamic stiffness k2 lies in the range 6 kN/mm to 10 kN/mm, and preferably in the range 6 kN/mm to 8 kN/mm. - By way of example, the
resilient soleplate 22 is made of a cellular elastomer material. - In a preferred embodiment, the
resilient soleplate 22 has vertical dynamic stiffness k2 that is substantially uniform over its entire area. - In another embodiment, the
resilient soleplate 22 has vertical dynamic stiffness k3 in a central zone of theblock 9 that is less than or equal to k2. The central zone comprises the middle of theblock 9 and extends transversely on either side of the middle of theblock 9 towards the ends over substantially half of the area of theblock 9. Since this central zone is less stressed, it is possible therein to use a material that is more elastic and therefore less expensive. - The
resilient soleplate 22 can rest freely on the bottom 48 of thecover 20. It can thus easily be removed from thecover 20. - Advantageously, the
tie 8 also has a substantiallyincompressible thickness piece 82, as shown inFIGS. 2 and 3 . - The
thickness piece 82 is substantially in the form of a rectangular parallelepiped. Its length and its width are substantially equal to the length and the width of thetop face 52 of the bottom 48 of thecover 20. Its thickness is less than or equal to 10 mm, and preferably lies in therange 2 mm to 4 mm. - The
thickness piece 82 rests freely on the bottom 48 of thecover 20. It can thus be removed easily from thecover 20, or it can be added to thecover 20, in order to adjust the leveling of the track. - Advantageously, the
resilient soleplate 22 rests freely on thethickness piece 82. - The surface of the
thickness piece 82 is sufficiently rough to avoid theresilient soleplate 22 sliding in thecover 20. By way of example, this roughness is obtained by means of serrations, diamond tips, or barbs. - Each
resilient pad outside face inside face - The outside and inside faces 24A, 26A and 24B, 26B are of substantially the same dimensions and they present an outline that is substantially rectangular.
- The outside and inside faces 24A, 26A and 24B, 26B are of length and width that are substantially equal respectively to the length and the width of the corresponding
housings peripheral rim 50 of thecover 20. - The
resilient pads housings resilient pads peripheral shoulder housing resilient pads - Each
resilient pad housings resilient pads - The
resilient pads housings shoulders - The inside faces 24B, 26B merely press against the corresponding
bottom portions rigid block 9. - As shown in
FIGS. 2 and 3 , the inside faces 24B, 26B are provided with grooves increasing their flexibility. - The
resilient pads range 12 kN/mm to 25 kN/mm. By way of example, they are made of rubber, polyurethane, or any other elastic material. - The
longitudinal pads 24 corresponding to the longitudinalperipheral spaces 36 are subjected to greater forces than thetransverse pads 26 corresponding to the transverse peripheral faces 38. Thelongitudinal pads 24 can thus advantageously be selected to have dynamic stiffness greater than that of thetransverse pads 26. Thus, thelongitudinal pads 24 have dynamic stiffness lying in therange 20 kN/mm to 25 kN/mm, for example, while thetransverse pads 26 have dynamic stiffness lying in therange 15 kN/mm to 18 kN/mm. - Under normal conditions of operation, the
resilient pads block 9 away from the inside faces 62, 64 of thecover 20. - The
resilient pads block 9. This horizontal damping is decoupled from the vertical damping obtained by theresilient bearing elements 10 and theresilient soleplate 22. - It should be observed that the number of resilient pads is not limiting. By way of example, the
tie 8 may have twotransverse pads 34 side by side on each side of theblock 9. -
FIG. 5 shows the acoustic performance of a prior art tie and of a tie in accordance with the invention.FIG. 5 plots insertion gain as a function of frequency. Insertion gain in this example is the ratio expressed in decibels (dB) between the value of a measured magnitude (speed, acceleration, force, etc.) obtained when a resilient soleplate is included and the value obtained when it is not included (see French standard ISO 14837-1:2005). In the example described, this is the force exerted on thecover 20. A reduction in the value of the magnitude is expressed by insertion gain having a negative sign. - Furthermore, the cut-off frequency is the frequency beyond which insertion gain is observed to decrease.
- k1 dyn is the dynamic stiffness of the
resilient bearing elements 10, k2 dyn is the dynamic stiffness of theresilient soleplate 22, and M is the weight of theblock 9. - The curve representing insertion gain as a function of frequency for k2 dyn=21.3 meganewtons per meter (MN/m), M=200 kg, and k1 dyn=150 MN/m constitutes a reference curve S1 showing the performance of the prior art device. A second curve shows the performance of a tie of the invention with k2 dyn=8 MN/m, M=400 kg, and k1 dyn=270 MN/m.
- In the range 0 to 10 Hz, the vibration attenuation performance is substantially the same. In the
range 10 Hz to 25 Hz, the insertion gain is a few dB greater than for the curve S1. In therange 25 Hz to 250 Hz, the insertion gain is several dB less than that of the curve S1. - Furthermore, the cut-off frequency is lower than that of the curve S1 (20 Hz instead of 32 Hz).
- Thus, in the
range 25 Hz to 250 Hz, the performance of a tie of the invention is substantially better. - In a second embodiment shown in
FIG. 6 , thetie 108 comprises tworigid blocks 109 interconnected by aspacer 184. Insofar as the two-block tie 108 is very similar to the single-block tie 8, the same references are used inFIG. 6 as the references used in FIGS. 1 to 4, but with the addition of 100. - The length of the
covers 120 is adapted to receive theblocks 109. The same applies to thetransverse pads 126 and theresilient soleplates 122.FIGS. 2 and 3 which show a single-block tie 8 are also entirely applicable for illustrating atie 108. - The main difference between the single-
block tie 8 and the two-block tie 108 lies in the presence of aspacer 184 penetrating into the twoblocks 109. - The reduction in the dynamic stiffness k2 of the
resilient soleplates 122 and/or the increase in the weight of theblocks 109 generate a large longitudinal bending movement. - Thus, the
spacer 184 is of a shape adapted to obtain a second moment of area that is large. For example it may be in the form of an angle bar or of a cylinder. By way of example, thespacer 184 has a cross-sectional area lying in the range 800 square millimeters (mm2) to 1500 mm2, and thickness lying in the range 6 mm to 10 mm. By way of example, it may be made out of a steel complying with the standard EN 13230-3. - Each
block 109 has weight lying in therange 100 kg to 150 kg, preferably in the range 130 kg to 150 kg. - It should be observed that the single-
block tie 8 is particularly good at withstanding the additional mechanical stresses that result from the invention. - It will be understood that with a tie of the invention, the reduction in the dynamic stiffness k2 of the
resilient soleplate range 25 Hz to 250 Hz. - The increase in the weight of the
block resilient soleplate tie tie - The increase in the dynamic stiffness k1 of the
resilient bearing elements range 200 Hz to 250 Hz and shifts the resonant frequency towards higher frequencies, with the resonant frequency being the frequency at which the insertion gain is observed to rise. - The invention thus makes it possible to approach the vibration attenuation performance obtained with a floating slab having its cut-off frequency lying in the
range 14 Hz to 20 Hz, and having insertion gain of −25 dB situated at 63 Hz.
Claims (15)
1-10. (canceled)
11: A rail track tie comprising:
a rigid block presenting a bottom face and a top face for receiving at least one longitudinal rail;
a cover for receiving the rigid block and in the form of a rigid shell comprising a bottom and a peripheral rim around the bottom; and
a resilient soleplate disposed between the bottom face of the rigid block and the bottom of the cover,
wherein the resilient soleplate has a dynamic stiffness k2 lying in the range of 6 kN/mm to 10 kN/mm.
12: The rail track tie as recited in claim 11 , wherein the dynamic stiffness k2 has a range of 6 kN/mm to 8 kN/mm.
13: The rail track tie as recited in claim 11 , wherein the resilient soleplate has a substantially plane top face and a substantially plane bottom face.
14: The rail track tie as recited in claim 11 , wherein the block has four peripheral faces that connect the top face to the bottom face, and further including resilient pads disposed between each peripheral face of the block and the peripheral rim of the cover.
15: The rail track tie as recited in claim 14 , wherein the resilient pads comprise at least two longitudinal resilient pads of dynamic stiffness lying in the range of 20 kN/mm to 25 kN/mm, and at least two transverse resilient pads of dynamic stiffness lying in the range of 15 kN/mm to 18 kN/mm.
16: The rail track tie as recited in claim 11 , further comprising, on the top face of the rigid block, a resilient bearing element of dynamic stiffness lying in the range of 120 kN/mm to 300 kN/mm, the resilient bearing element being designed to receive the rail bearing thereagainst.
17: The rail track tie as recited in claim 16 , wherein the resilient bearing element has a dynamic stiffness in the range of 200 kN/mm to 300 kN/mm.
18: The rail track tie as recited in claim 11 , wherein the tie has only a single block and only a single cover.
19: The rail track tie as recited in claim 18 , wherein the block weighs in the range of 350 kg to 450 kg.
20: The rail track tie as recited in claim 19 , wherein the block weighs in the range of 400 kg to 450 kg.
21: The rail track tie as recited in claim 11 , wherein the tie comprises a second block, a second respective cover associated therewith, and a transverse spacer interconnecting the block and the second block.
22: The rail track tie as recited in claim 21 , wherein each block weighs in the range of 100 kg to 150 kg.
23: The rail track tie as recited in claim 22 , wherein each block weighs in the range of 130 kg to 150 kg.
24: A rail track segment, comprising a rail track tie as recited in claim 11 , and at least one rail bearing on the tie.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR0608356 | 2006-09-22 | ||
FR0608356A FR2906269B1 (en) | 2006-09-22 | 2006-09-22 | RAILWAY TRAVERSE |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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US20080083835A1 true US20080083835A1 (en) | 2008-04-10 |
Family
ID=37969667
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US11/903,389 Abandoned US20080083835A1 (en) | 2006-09-22 | 2007-09-21 | Rail track tie |
Country Status (18)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20080083835A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1905896B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2008101456A (en) |
KR (1) | KR20080027450A (en) |
CN (1) | CN101165272A (en) |
AT (1) | ATE464431T1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU2007216806B2 (en) |
BR (1) | BRPI0702998B1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2598637C (en) |
DE (1) | DE602007005892D1 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2341300T3 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2906269B1 (en) |
MX (1) | MX2007009521A (en) |
NZ (1) | NZ561705A (en) |
PL (1) | PL1905896T3 (en) |
RU (1) | RU2487207C2 (en) |
SG (1) | SG141363A1 (en) |
TW (1) | TWI427208B (en) |
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US20100320281A1 (en) * | 2008-03-06 | 2010-12-23 | Getzner Werkstoffe Holding Gmbh | Tie foundation for a railway tie |
US20120104110A1 (en) * | 2010-10-27 | 2012-05-03 | Roberts Jr Richard W | Recyclable Plastic Structural Articles And Method Of Manufacture |
US8708177B2 (en) | 2012-03-29 | 2014-04-29 | Richard W. Roberts | In-situ foam core dielectrically-resistant systems and method of manufacture |
US8752773B2 (en) | 2011-07-28 | 2014-06-17 | Voestalpine Nortrak Inc. | Grade crossing interface pad |
US8840819B2 (en) | 2012-03-28 | 2014-09-23 | Richard W. Roberts, JR. | In-situ foam core structural energy management system and method of manufacture |
US9073462B2 (en) | 2012-03-28 | 2015-07-07 | Richard W. Roberts | In-situ foam core vehicle seating system and method of manufacture |
US20150204023A1 (en) * | 2014-01-21 | 2015-07-23 | Voestalpine Nortrak Inc. | Grade crossing interface pad |
US9102086B2 (en) | 2012-03-28 | 2015-08-11 | Richard W. Roberts | In-situ foam core structural articles and methods of manufacture of profiles |
US20160017544A1 (en) * | 2013-03-11 | 2016-01-21 | Sonneville Ag | Sleeper block unit for railway track systems |
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US10590609B2 (en) | 2016-03-18 | 2020-03-17 | Alstom Transport Technologies | Shell cross-member system and railway section including such a system |
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KR20230160984A (en) | 2022-05-17 | 2023-11-27 | 한국철도기술연구원 | Sleeper pad for unifying non-woven fabric using rubber pad for reclamating stiffner, and manufacturing method and construction method for the same |
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US8215606B2 (en) * | 2002-05-21 | 2012-07-10 | Bell Helicopter Textron Inc. | Variable stiffness support |
US20100102194A1 (en) * | 2002-05-21 | 2010-04-29 | Haynes David F | Variable Stiffness Support |
US20100320281A1 (en) * | 2008-03-06 | 2010-12-23 | Getzner Werkstoffe Holding Gmbh | Tie foundation for a railway tie |
DE102009019683A1 (en) | 2009-04-30 | 2010-11-04 | Pahnke, Ulf, Dr.-Ing. | Ballast track, has equalizing layer structured in surface that is turned toward ballast bed such that broken stones are totally or partially taken up and that layer is not plastically and elastically deformable when loaded by rail vehicles |
US10391700B2 (en) | 2010-10-27 | 2019-08-27 | Richard W. Roberts | Recyclable plastic structural articles and method of manufacture |
US8596027B2 (en) | 2010-10-27 | 2013-12-03 | Richard W. Roberts, JR. | Packaging component, method of use, and method of manufacture |
US8342420B2 (en) * | 2010-10-27 | 2013-01-01 | Roberts Jr Richard W | Recyclable plastic structural articles and method of manufacture |
US20120104110A1 (en) * | 2010-10-27 | 2012-05-03 | Roberts Jr Richard W | Recyclable Plastic Structural Articles And Method Of Manufacture |
US9346237B2 (en) | 2010-10-27 | 2016-05-24 | Richard W. Roberts | Recyclable plastic structural articles and method of manufacture |
US10786971B2 (en) | 2010-10-27 | 2020-09-29 | Richard W. Roberts | Method for making a running board having an in-situ foam core |
US8752773B2 (en) | 2011-07-28 | 2014-06-17 | Voestalpine Nortrak Inc. | Grade crossing interface pad |
US9272484B2 (en) | 2012-01-25 | 2016-03-01 | Richard W. Roberts, JR. | Structural plastic articles, method of use, and methods of manufacture |
US9688046B2 (en) | 2012-03-28 | 2017-06-27 | Richard W. Roberts | In-situ foam core structural articles and system for forming |
US9102086B2 (en) | 2012-03-28 | 2015-08-11 | Richard W. Roberts | In-situ foam core structural articles and methods of manufacture of profiles |
US9073462B2 (en) | 2012-03-28 | 2015-07-07 | Richard W. Roberts | In-situ foam core vehicle seating system and method of manufacture |
US8840819B2 (en) | 2012-03-28 | 2014-09-23 | Richard W. Roberts, JR. | In-situ foam core structural energy management system and method of manufacture |
US10207606B2 (en) | 2012-03-28 | 2019-02-19 | Richard W. Roberts | Recyclable plastic structural articles and method of manufacture |
US8708177B2 (en) | 2012-03-29 | 2014-04-29 | Richard W. Roberts | In-situ foam core dielectrically-resistant systems and method of manufacture |
US10391699B2 (en) | 2012-03-29 | 2019-08-27 | Richard W. Roberts | Recyclable Plastic structural articles and method of manufacture |
US10328662B2 (en) | 2012-11-01 | 2019-06-25 | Richard W. Roberts | In-situ foam core stress mitigation component and method of manufacture |
US20160017544A1 (en) * | 2013-03-11 | 2016-01-21 | Sonneville Ag | Sleeper block unit for railway track systems |
US9752285B2 (en) * | 2013-03-11 | 2017-09-05 | Sonneville Ag | Sleeper block unit for railway track systems |
US9271610B2 (en) | 2013-04-12 | 2016-03-01 | Richard W. Roberts, JR. | Bathtub/shower tray support |
US10130220B2 (en) | 2013-04-12 | 2018-11-20 | Richard W. Roberts | Bathtub/shower tray support |
US10458071B2 (en) | 2014-01-21 | 2019-10-29 | Voestalpine Nortrak Inc. | Method of installing interface pad on concrete ties |
US20150204023A1 (en) * | 2014-01-21 | 2015-07-23 | Voestalpine Nortrak Inc. | Grade crossing interface pad |
US20180127922A1 (en) * | 2014-11-19 | 2018-05-10 | Getzner Werkstoffe Holding Gmbh | Sleeper pad |
US10597826B2 (en) * | 2014-11-19 | 2020-03-24 | Getzner Werkstoffe Holding Gmbh | Sleeper pad |
US10590609B2 (en) | 2016-03-18 | 2020-03-17 | Alstom Transport Technologies | Shell cross-member system and railway section including such a system |
US10352000B2 (en) | 2016-04-28 | 2019-07-16 | Construction Polymers Technologies, Inc. | Band for railway track block and boot combination |
US11427970B2 (en) | 2017-11-21 | 2022-08-30 | Getzner Werkstoffe Holding Gmbh | Switch |
EP4083320A1 (en) | 2021-04-28 | 2022-11-02 | Johannes Stephanides | Railway sleeper |
AT525019A1 (en) * | 2021-04-28 | 2022-11-15 | Johannes Stephanides Dipl Ing | rail sleeper |
AT525019B1 (en) * | 2021-04-28 | 2023-08-15 | Johannes Stephanides Dipl Ing | rail sleeper |
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ATE464431T1 (en) | 2010-04-15 |
AU2007216806B2 (en) | 2013-09-26 |
JP2008101456A (en) | 2008-05-01 |
KR20080027450A (en) | 2008-03-27 |
FR2906269B1 (en) | 2008-12-19 |
RU2487207C2 (en) | 2013-07-10 |
SG141363A1 (en) | 2008-04-28 |
EP1905896A1 (en) | 2008-04-02 |
RU2007135045A (en) | 2009-03-27 |
PL1905896T3 (en) | 2010-09-30 |
CA2598637A1 (en) | 2008-03-22 |
ES2341300T3 (en) | 2010-06-17 |
AU2007216806A1 (en) | 2008-04-10 |
BRPI0702998A8 (en) | 2016-08-16 |
NZ561705A (en) | 2009-04-30 |
TW200829752A (en) | 2008-07-16 |
CA2598637C (en) | 2015-04-21 |
MX2007009521A (en) | 2009-02-04 |
FR2906269A1 (en) | 2008-03-28 |
EP1905896B1 (en) | 2010-04-14 |
BRPI0702998B1 (en) | 2019-05-21 |
TWI427208B (en) | 2014-02-21 |
DE602007005892D1 (en) | 2010-05-27 |
CN101165272A (en) | 2008-04-23 |
BRPI0702998A (en) | 2008-05-13 |
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