US20070254950A1 - Oculoselective Drugs and Prodrugs - Google Patents

Oculoselective Drugs and Prodrugs Download PDF

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US20070254950A1
US20070254950A1 US11/597,070 US59707007A US2007254950A1 US 20070254950 A1 US20070254950 A1 US 20070254950A1 US 59707007 A US59707007 A US 59707007A US 2007254950 A1 US2007254950 A1 US 2007254950A1
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William Matier
Ghanshyam Patil
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Novelion Therapeutics Inc
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Othera Pharmaceuticals Inc
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
    • A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
    • A61K31/195—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having an amino group
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/21—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates
    • A61K31/215—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/21—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates
    • A61K31/215—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids
    • A61K31/235—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids having an aromatic ring attached to a carboxyl group
    • A61K31/24—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids having an aromatic ring attached to a carboxyl group having an amino or nitro group
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
    • A61K31/34—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having five-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. isosorbide
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/40—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
    • A61K31/401—Proline; Derivatives thereof, e.g. captopril
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/445—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/535—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with at least one nitrogen and one oxygen as the ring hetero atoms, e.g. 1,2-oxazines
    • A61K31/537—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with at least one nitrogen and one oxygen as the ring hetero atoms, e.g. 1,2-oxazines spiro-condensed or forming part of bridged ring systems
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
    • A61P27/02—Ophthalmic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
    • A61P27/02—Ophthalmic agents
    • A61P27/06—Antiglaucoma agents or miotics
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C219/00—Compounds containing amino and esterified hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton
    • C07C219/02—Compounds containing amino and esterified hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having esterified hydroxy groups and amino groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the same carbon skeleton
    • C07C219/04—Compounds containing amino and esterified hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having esterified hydroxy groups and amino groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the same carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being acyclic and saturated
    • C07C219/14—Compounds containing amino and esterified hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having esterified hydroxy groups and amino groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the same carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being acyclic and saturated having at least one of the hydroxy groups esterified by a carboxylic acid having the esterifying carboxyl group bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C237/00—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by amino groups
    • C07C237/02—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by amino groups having the carbon atoms of the carboxamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the carbon skeleton
    • C07C237/04—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by amino groups having the carbon atoms of the carboxamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being acyclic and saturated
    • C07C237/08—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by amino groups having the carbon atoms of the carboxamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being acyclic and saturated having the nitrogen atom of at least one of the carboxamide groups bound to an acyclic carbon atom of a hydrocarbon radical substituted by singly-bound oxygen atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D307/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D307/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
    • C07D307/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D307/18—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D307/24—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
    • Y02P20/55—Design of synthesis routes, e.g. reducing the use of auxiliary or protecting groups

Definitions

  • compositions useful for the treatment of glaucoma and other conditions are prodrugs and drugs, the latter comprising beta-blocking agents capable of exerting a localized effect in the eye while substantially avoiding systemic effects.
  • Glaucoma is a condition of the eye that is made up of a collection of eye diseases that cause vision loss by damage to the optic nerve. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) due to inadequate ocular drainage is a primary cause of glaucoma. Glaucoma can develop as the eye ages, or it can occur as the result of an eye injury, inflammation, tumor, or in advanced cases of cataract or diabetes. It can also be caused by certain drugs, such as steroids. Glaucoma can develop in the absence of elevated IOP. This form of glaucoma has been associated with inheritance (i.e., family history of normal-tension glaucoma) Japanese ancestry, as well as systemic heart disease, such as irregular heartbeat.
  • inheritance i.e., family history of normal-tension glaucoma
  • systemic heart disease such as irregular heartbeat.
  • glaucoma There are two main anatomic classifications of glaucoma. These classifications are based on whether the angle of the anterior chamber is open or narrow. The more common open-angle glaucoma is a chronic disease, whereas the less common angle-closure glaucoma is an acute disease. Open-angle glaucoma is usually associated with an increase in intraocular pressure, resulting in damage to the optic nerve and the appearance of cupping of the optic disk. There is an increase in the cup-to-disk ratio and visual dysfunction in the midperipheral field of vision.
  • Beta-blocking agents that contain enzymatically labile ester groups are known to exhibit short-acting beta-blocking effects in the systemic circulation.
  • SAABs short-acting beta-blocking compounds
  • Such short-acting beta-blocking compounds can avoid the sometimes counterproductive effects of conventional beta-blocking agents, whose effects are long-lived and, therefore, difficult to precisely control.
  • Beta-blocking agents having such properties are described in Matier, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,402,974, Sep. 6, 1983; Matier, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,454,154 and 4,455,317.
  • Topical eye-drops are the most common medical treatment of open-angle glaucoma.
  • Meiotic agents primarily parasympathetic (e.g., pilocarpine), constrict the pupil to enhance aqueous flow through the trabecular meshwork.
  • the meiotic pupils interfere with night vision.
  • the carbonic anhydrase enzyme inhibitors e.g., acetazolamide
  • topically administered agents e.g., dorzolamide
  • Recently introduced synthetic prostaglandin analogues e.g., latanoprost
  • acyl-ester prodrugs of propanolamine-containing beta-blockers have been developed. See, e.g., Vincent, H. L. Lee, and Hans, Bundgaard, “ Prodrugs ”, Chapter 7, Marcelt Dekker, Inc, Kenneth B. Sloan (ed.), 1992, p. 221; M.
  • the most common acyl functionality studied is a pivaloyl ester derivative of the secondary hydroxyl group within the oxypropanolamine side chain of the beta-blockers.
  • the physical and chemical characteristics of each pivaloyloxy beta-blocker prodrug are different.
  • the half-life of the oxprenolol prodrug in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) at 37° C. is 2035.5 days.
  • an ideal beta-blocker prodrug would be stable in buffer solution for good shelf life, and would rapidly hydrolyze in the cornea to deliver the parent compound in the aqueous humor.
  • the parent compound thus provided should be sufficiently stable in the aqueous humor to extend the duration of intraocular pressure lowering, devoid of ocular irritation and local anesthetic activity and rapidly eliminated from systemic circulation to reduce or eliminate systemic effects such as heart failure and bronchospasm.
  • the prodrug compound should not bind to beta-receptors upon systemic absorption. It can be seen from the foregoing discussion that there is still a need for prodrug forms of beta-blocking agents, as well as novel beta-blocking agents themselves, that possess this combination of desirable features.
  • the present invention is directed in part to compounds of Formula I:
  • the present invention is also directed in part to compounds of Formula II:
  • each L is independently a leaving group
  • the present invention features a pharmaceutical composition for treating a disease or disorder of the eye of a patient, preferably wherein the disease or disorder is glaucoma, intraocular hypertension, or optic neuropathy associated therewith.
  • compositions comprise an opthalmologically acceptable carrier or diluent and a compound of Formula I or Formula II as described above.
  • Also provided in accordance with the present invention are methods of treating diseases or disorders of the eye, namely glaucoma, intraocular hypertension, or the optic neuropathy associated with glaucoma, for example.
  • the methods comprise administering to the eye of the patient a composition comprising an opthalmologically acceptable carrier or diluent and a compound of Formula I or Formula II in a therapeutically sufficient amount to ameliorate, delay, or prevent the development of, or reduce the symptoms of the disease or disorder.
  • FIG. 1 is a graph showing a time course of the percent degradation of compound 6 (- ⁇ -), compound 7 (- ⁇ -) and compound 8 (- ⁇ -) at pH 3.5, 40° C.
  • FIG. 2 is a graph showing a time course of the ocular penetration of timolol (- ⁇ -), compound 6 (- ⁇ -), compound 7 (-X-) and the parent compound formed from compounds 6 and 7 (compound 4, - ⁇ -).
  • the compounds of the present invention may contain asymmetrically substituted carbon atoms, and may be isolated in optically active or racemic forms. It is well known in the art how to prepare optically active forms, such as by resolution of racemic forms or by synthesis, from optically active starting materials. All chiral, diastereomeric, racemic forms and all geometric isomeric forms of a structure are intended, unless the specific stereochemistry or isomer form is specifically indicated.
  • Prodrug refers to compounds specifically designed to maximize the amount of active species that reaches the desired site of reaction which are of themselves typically inactive or minimally active for the activity desired, but through biotransformation (e.g., enzymatic activity) are converted into biologically active products.
  • prodrug is intended to include compounds of the present invention as well as any molecules that may be transformed into a compound according to Formula (I) or (II) or any other compound of the present invention in vivo following administration to a mammal.
  • a prodrug form of a compound of the present invention can be prepared, for example, by modifying functional groups present in the compound in such a way that the modifications are cleaved, either in routine manipulation or in vivo, to the parent compound.
  • Prodrugs include compounds of the present invention wherein the hydroxy or amino group is bonded to any group that, when the prodrug is administered to a mammal subject, cleaves to form a free hydroxyl or free amino, respectively.
  • Examples of prodrugs include, but are not limited to, acetate, formate and benzoate derivatives of alcohol and amine functional groups in the compounds of the present invention, and the like.
  • side effect refers to a consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other then the one sought to be benefited by its administration.
  • side effect may refer to such conditions as, for example, bronchospasm, heart-block or heart failure.
  • stereoisomer and “stereoisomers” refer to compounds or mixtures or compounds that have identical chemical constitution, but differ as regards the arrangement of the atoms or groups in space. All chiral, racemic and diastereomeric forms of a structure are intended, except at those chiral centers where the stereochemistry is specifically indicated herein.
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refer to derivatives of the disclosed compounds wherein the parent compound is modified by making acid or base salts thereof.
  • Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, mineral or organic acid salts of basic residues such as amines; alkali or organic salts of acidic residues such as carboxylic acids; and the like.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable salts include the conventional non-toxic salts or the quaternary ammonium salts of the parent compound formed, for example, from non-toxic inorganic or organic acids.
  • such conventional non-toxic salts include those derived from inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, sulfamic, phosphoric, nitric and the like; and the salts prepared from organic acids such as acetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, stearic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, pamoic, sorbic, maleic, hydroxymaleic, phenylacetic, glutamic, benzoic, salicylic, sulfanilic, 2-acetoxybenzoic, fumaric, toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, ethane disulfonic, oxalic, isethionic, and the like.
  • inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, sulfamic, phosphoric, nitric and the like
  • organic acids such as acetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, stearic
  • physiologically acceptable salts are prepared by methods known in the art, e.g., by dissolving the free amine bases with an excess of the acid in aqueous alcohol, or neutralizing a free carboxylic acid with an alkali metal base such as a hydroxide, or with an amine.
  • Certain compounds of the invention contain amino groups and, therefore, are capable of forming salts with various inorganic and organic acids. Such salts are also within the scope of this invention.
  • Representative salts include acetate, adipate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, butyrate, citrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, ethanesulfonate, fumarate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, methanesulfonate, lactate, maleate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nitrate, oxalate, pamoate, persulfate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate, tosylate, and undecanoate.
  • the salts can be formed by conventional means, such as by reacting the free base form of the product with one or more equivalents of the appropriate acid in a solvent or medium in which the salt is insoluble, or in a solvent such as water which is later removed in vacuo or by freeze drying.
  • the salts also can be formed by exchanging the anions of an existing salt for another anion on a suitable ion exchange resin.
  • Certain acidic or basic compounds of the present invention may exist as zwitterions. All forms of the compounds, including free acid, free base and zwitterions, are contemplated to be within the scope of the present invention. It is well known in the art that compounds containing both amino and carboxyl groups often exist in equilibrium with their zwitterionic forms. Thus, any of the compounds described herein throughout that contain, for example, both amino and carboxyl groups, also include reference to their corresponding zwitterions.
  • the compounds of the present invention may be used as drugs in connection with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable is employed herein to refer to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
  • compositions of the present invention can be admixed with carriers, excipients, and/or diluents to form novel compositions.
  • Such compositions can be used in prophylacetic, diagnostic, and/or therapeutic techniques.
  • prophylacetic or therapeutic responses can be produced in a human or some other type mammal. It will be appreciated that the production of prophylacetic or therapeutic responses includes the initiation or enhancement of desirable responses, as well as the mitigation, cessation, or suppression of undesirable responses.
  • the compositions of the invention are expected to find many uses, as described in greater detail below.
  • alkyl refers to an optionally substituted, saturated straight, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbon having from about 1 to about 20 carbon atoms (and all combinations and subcombinations of ranges and specific numbers of carbon atoms therein), with from about 1 to about 8 carbon atoms, herein referred to as “lower alkyl”, being preferred.
  • Alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, cyclopentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, n-hexyl, isohexyl, cyclohexyl, cyclooctyl, adamantyl, 3-methylpentyl, 2,2-dimethylbutyl, and 2,3-dimethylbutyl.
  • halo and halogen each refers to a fluoro, chloro, bromo, or iodo moiety attached to a compound of the invention.
  • halo and halogen refer to fluoro or chloro moieties.
  • heteroaryl refers to an optionally substituted, mono-, di-, tri-, or other multicyclic aromatic ring system that includes at least one, and preferably from 1 to about 4 sulfur, oxygen, or nitrogen heteroatom ring members.
  • Heteroaryl groups can have, for example, from about 3 to about 50 carbon atoms (and all combinations and subcombinations of ranges and specific numbers of carbon atoms therein), with from about 4 to about 10 carbons being preferred.
  • heteroaryl groups include, for example, pyrryl, furyl, pyridyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, pyrimidyl, thienyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, thiophenyl, benzothienyl, isobenzofuryl, pyrazolyl, indolyl, purinyl, carbazolyl, benzimidazolyl, and isoxazolyl.
  • heteroaryl ring carbon refers to a carbon atom located within the ring framework, wherein heteroaryl is as defined above.
  • alkoxy and alkoxyl refer to an optionally substituted alkyl-O— group wherein alkyl is as previously defined.
  • exemplary alkoxy and alkoxyl groups include methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy, n-butoxy, and heptoxy.
  • Haloalkoxyl or “Haloalkoxy” is intended to include both branched and straight-chain saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups having the specified number of carbon atoms, substituted with 1 or more halogen.
  • Examples of haloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, trifluoromethyl, trichloromethyl, pentafluoroethyl, and pentachloroethyl groups.
  • spiroalkyl refers to an alkylene diradical, both ends of which are bonded to the same carbon atom of the parent group to form a spirocyclic group.
  • the spiro alkyl group, taken together with its parent group, as herein defined, has 3 to 20 ring atoms. Preferably, it has 3 to 10 ring atoms.
  • Non-limiting examples of a spiroalkyl group taken together with its parent group include 1-(1-methyl-cyclopropyl)-propan-2-one, 2-(1-phenoxy-cyclopropyl)-ethylamine, and 1-methyl-spiro[4,7]dodecane.
  • the spiroalkyl groups of this invention can be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • Alkenyl and alkynyl groups include both straight and branched carbon chains.
  • Alkenyl groups according to the invention are straight chain or branched chain alkyl moieties that include one or more carbon-carbon double bonds.
  • Preferred alkenyl groups are those having two to about ten carbon atoms.
  • Alkynyl groups according to the invention are straight or branched chain alkyl moieties that include one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds.
  • alkenyl and alkynyl groups according to the invention include, but are not limited to, hydrocarbons such as ethene, ethyne, propene, propyne, butenyl, pentynyl, 2-butenyl, 2-methylbutynyl, and isopentenyl moieties having 1 to about 10 carbon atoms, and in some aspects of the invention, preferably 1 to about 6 carbon atoms.
  • aralkyl refers to alkyl radicals bearing an aryl substituent and have from about 6 to about 50 carbon atoms (and all combinations and subcombinations of ranges and specific numbers of carbon atoms therein), with from about 6 to about 10 carbon atoms being preferred.
  • Aralkyl groups can be optionally substituted. Non-limiting examples include, for example, benzyl, diphenylmethyl, triphenylmethyl, phenylethyl, and diphenylethyl.
  • aryl refers to an optionally substituted, mono-, di-, tri-, or other multicyclic aromatic ring system having from about 5 to about 50 carbon atoms (and all combinations and subcombinations of ranges and specific numbers of carbon atoms therein), with from about 6 to about 10 carbons being preferred.
  • Non-limiting examples include, for example, phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, and phenanthrenyl.
  • heterocyclyl refers to a mono-, di-, tri-, or other multicyclic aliphatic ring system that includes at least one, and preferably from 1 to about 4 sulfur, oxygen, or nitrogen heteroatom ring members.
  • Heterocyclyl groups can have from about 3 to about 20 carbon atoms (and all combinations and subcombinations of ranges and specific numbers of carbon atoms therein), with from about 4 to about 10 carbons being preferred.
  • the heterocyclyl group may be unsaturated, and may also be fused to aromatic rings.
  • heterocyclyl groups include, for example, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, thiazolidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, piperidinyl, decahydroquinolyl, octahydrochromenyl, octahydro-cyclopenta[c]pyranyl, 1,2,3,4,-tetrahydroquinolyl, octahydro-[2]pteridinyl, decahydro-cycloocta[c]furanyl, and imidazolidinyl.
  • Heterocyclyl groups can be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • the compounds and intermediates of the present invention may contain protecting groups.
  • protecting groups are known per se as chemical functional groups that can be selectively appended to and removed from functionality, such as hydroxyl and amine groups, present in a chemical compound to render such functionality inert to certain chemical reaction conditions to which the compound is exposed. See, e.g., Greene and Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 2d edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1991.
  • hydroxyl protecting groups are known in the art, including the acid-labile t-butyldimethylsilyl, diethylisopropylsilyl, and triethylsilyl groups and the acid-stable aralkyl (e.g., benzyl), triisopropylsilyl, and t-butyldiphenylsilyl groups.
  • Useful amine protecting groups include the allyloxycarbonyl (Alloc), benzyloxycarbonyl (CBz), chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl, t-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc), fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc), isonicotinyloxycarbonyl (I-Noc) groups.
  • phenoxyl protecting groups refer to chemical functional groups that can be selectively appended to and removed from the hydroxyl functionality present in phenolic compound (Ar—OH) to render such functionality inert to certain chemical reaction conditions to which the compound is exposed.
  • Ar—OH phenolic compound
  • each may bear its own independent protecting group.
  • one dual function protecting group may be employed to protect both phenoxyl groups simultaneously, such that the two phenoxyl groups together with the carbon atoms through which they are connected form a dioxanyl (six-membered ring wherein two oxygen atoms are placed at ring positions 1 and 3 relative to each other) or dioxolanyl (five-membered ring wherein two oxygen atoms are placed at ring positions 1 and 3 relative to each other) ring.
  • phenoxyl protecting groups include benzyl and substituted aralkyl.
  • dual function protecting groups include the acetal or ketal moiety from the adjacent phenoxyl groups with an aldehyde or ketone respectively. Additional examples of phenoxyl and catechol (two adjacent phenoxyl groups) protecting groups may be found in Greene and Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 2d edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1991.
  • alkoxyalkyl refers to an alkyl group wherein one or more of the hydrogen atoms on the alkyl is replaced by an alkoxy moiety.
  • Alkoxyalkyl groups can have from about 2 to about 20 carbon atoms (and all combinations and subcombinations of ranges and specific numbers of carbon atoms therein), with from about 2 to about 10 carbons being preferred.
  • Examples of alkoxyalkyl group include, for example, ethoxymethyl, methoxymethyl, methoxy butyl, methoxy ethyl and propoxymethyl.
  • Alkoxyalkyl groups can be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • Lower alkoxyalkyl moieties can have from about 2 to about 10 carbons atoms. More preferably, they have from about 2 to about 6 carbon atoms.
  • cycloalkyl refers to an optionally substituted, alkyl group having one or more rings in their structures having from about 3 to about 20 carbon atoms (and all combinations and subcombinations of ranges and specific numbers of carbon atoms therein), with from about 3 to about 10 carbon atoms being preferred.
  • Multi-ring structures may be bridged or fused ring structures.
  • groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclooctyl, 2-[4-isopropyl-1-methyl-7-oxa-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl], 2-[1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalenyl], and adamantyl.
  • aralkoxy and aralkoxyl refer to an optionally substituted aralkyl-O— group wherein aralkyl is as previously defined.
  • exemplary aralkoxy and aralkoxyl groups include benzyloxy, 1-phenylethoxy, 2-phenylethoxy, and 3-naphthylheptoxy.
  • aralkoxyalkyl refers to an optionally substituted aralkyl-O-alkyl-group wherein aralkoxyl and alkyl are as previously defined.
  • exemplary aralkoxyalkyl groups include benzyloxymethyl, 2,4-dimethylbenzyloxymethyl, 3-trifluoromethylbenzyloxymethyl, naphthylethyloxypropyl and 3-(phenethyloxy)-2-methylpropyl.
  • groups according to the invention can be unsubstituted or can bear one or more substituents.
  • substituents for example, in some embodiments, the terms “cyclohexyl”, “benzyl”, “furanyl”, “tetrahydrofuranyl”, “dihydrofuranyl”, “morpholinyl”, “piperidinyl”, “tetrahydropyranyl”, “dioxolanyl”, “dioxanyl”, “pyrrolinyl”, “tetrahydrooxazolyl” and “dihydrooxazolyl” refer to the involved moieties as being optionally substituted. Typically, substituted chemical moieties include one or more substituents that replace hydrogen.
  • “Substituted” is intended to indicate that one or more hydrogens of the identified moiety is replaced with a selection from the indicated group(s), provided that the normal valency in the identified moiety is not exceeded, and that the substitution results in a stable compound.
  • substituents include, for example, halo (e.g, —F, —Cl, —Br), provided that when halo is —Br, said —Br is attached to an aryl or heteroaryl ring carbon, alkoxy, monohaloalkoxy, polyhaloalkoxy, alkyl, spiroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aralkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, hydroxyl (—OH), nitro (—NO 2 ), cyano (—CN), sulfonyl (—SO 2 R′), sulfamoyl (—SO 2 NR′′R′′′), amino (—NH 2 , NHR′′, NHR′′′′, N(R′′R′′′) and the like, wherein each R′, R′′ and R′′′ may independently include alkyl, aryl, aralkyl cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclo
  • any variable occurs more than one time in any constituent or in any formula, its definition in each occurrence is independent of its definition at every other occurrence.
  • a W group is shown to be substituted with, for example, 1 to 5 of straight chain or branched C 1 -C 10 alkyl, or straight chain or branched C 1 -C 10 alkoxyalkyl, then said W group may optionally be substituted with up to five of the above mentioned substituents, and the substituent at each occurrence is selected independently from the above defined list of possible substituents. Combinations of substituents and/or variables are permissible only if such combinations result in stable compounds.
  • Stable compound and “stable structure” are meant to indicate a compound that is sufficiently robust to survive isolation to a useful degree of purity from a reaction mixture, and formulation into an efficacious therapeutic agent. Stable compounds are preferred in accordance with the present invention.
  • contacting refers to the bringing together of compounds to within distances that allow for intermolecular interactions and chemical transformations accompanying such interactions. Often, contacting compounds are in solution phase.
  • Subject or “patient” refers to animals, including mammals, preferably humans.
  • Effective amount refers to an amount of a compound as described herein that may be therapeutically effective to inhibit, prevent or treat the symptoms of particular disease, disorder, condition, or side effect.
  • ester group-containing compounds that have a selective, localized, beta-blocking effect in the eye after topical administration. While not wanting to be bound by theory, such compounds are thought to be rapidly inactivated by metabolism upon entering the systemic circulation and, therefore, may not be available to act at the receptor in the heart and the lungs. It has been discovered that these same compounds are relatively stable in ocular fluids, i.e., lacrimal fluids and aqueous humor, and ocular tissue such as the iris-ciliary complex. Consequently, such compounds are useful for the treatment of glaucoma or for lowering intraocular pressure since they remain stable when topically applied to the eye but rapidly metabolize when subsequently absorbed into the systemic circulation. Thus, the compounds and methods of the present invention provide a very useful therapeutic alternative for the treatment of glaucoma or for lowering intraocular pressure, among other advantageous features.
  • Compounds of the present invention comprise Formula I or Formula II as described herein.
  • Formulas I and II include novel classes of prodrugs that undergo hydrolysis upon corneal penetration to form potent beta-adrenergic blocking agents that have a long half-life in the aqueous humor.
  • the prodrugs have one or more features that renders them distinctly advantageous for ophthalmic use.
  • compounds of the invention have been shown to be stable in buffer solution for good shelf life, and to rapidly hydrolyze in the cornea to deliver the active compound in the aqueous humor.
  • the active compounds thus provided are sufficiently stable in the aqueous humor to extend the duration of their effectiveness in lowering intraocular pressure as compared to known compounds.
  • the compounds of the invention have reduced ocular irritation or local anesthetic activity.
  • the compounds are substantially devoid of ocular irritation or local anesthetic activity. Even more preferably, they are substantially devoid of ocular irritation and local anesthetic activity.
  • active compounds are rapidly eliminated from systemic circulation to reduce or eliminate systemic effects such as heart failure and bronchospasm.
  • the prodrug compound does not appreciably bind to beta-receptors upon systemic absorption.
  • prodrug compound it is meant that at least one of R 1 , R 2 , and R 4 is W.
  • R 4 is H; more preferably when R 4 is H, at least one of R 1 and R 2 is also H. In certain preferred embodiments R 1 , R 2 , and R 4 are each H.
  • Beta-blocking compounds such as those described in Patil, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,966,914.
  • the beta-blocking drugs formed by hydrolysis of Formula II compounds constitute a new class of beta-blockers that heretofore have not been described.
  • Formula II includes both prodrugs and drugs.
  • the prodrugs have the features and advantages described above.
  • the drugs encompassed by Formula II will have utility not only for treatment of glaucoma, but also for a wide variety of other purposes for which short-acting beta-blockers are known to be suitable or preferred.
  • catechol-containing beta-blocking compounds such as those described in U.S. Pat. No.
  • the beta-blocking drugs encompassed by Formula II should find utility for treatment of a variety acute and chronic neurological conditions in which neuroprotection imparts a benefit.
  • Such conditions include, but are not limited to: acute neurodegenerative disorders such as ischemia from stroke or associated with focal or diffuse brain trauma, diffuse brain damage and spinal cord injury, as well as chronic conditions or diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, dementia, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, and the optic neuropathy associated with glaucoma.
  • compositions of the invention may be used to advantage include, but are not limited to, treatment of high blood pressure, control of angina, treatment of certain abnormal heart rhythms, prolonging survival of patients who have had a heart attack, treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, treatment of heart failure, treatment of vasovagal fainting, treatment of migraines, treatment of essential tremor, prevention of bleeding from esophageal varices and prevention or reduction of stage fright.
  • R 1 and R 2 are each independently H, W, or a phenoxyl protecting group. In some preferred embodiments R 1 and R 2 are each independently H or W, or R 1 and R 2 may each independently be a phenoxyl protecting group. In certain of the embodiments where R 1 and R 2 are each independently a phenoxyl protecting group, one moiety may act as a protecting group incorporating R 1 and R 2 and the atoms through which they are connected into dioxane or dioxolane ring. In other preferable embodiments, at least one of R 1 and R 2 is H; more preferably both R 1 and R 2 are H.
  • the hydroxyl protecting group is a cyclic ketal or acetal formed by reaction of the catechol derivative (compound wherein R 1 and R 2 are both H with a ketone or aldehyde respectively).
  • R 1 and R 2 are each independently aralkyl, preferably benzyl.
  • R 4 is H or W. In certain preferred embodiments at least one of R 1 , R 2 , and R 4 is W; more preferably R 4 is W. Yet more preferably when R 4 is W, both R 1 and R 2 are H. Preferably when R 4 is W, at least one of the R 6 substituents is independently other than H. More preferably when R 4 is W and both R 1 and R 2 are H, at least one of the R 6 substituents is independently other than H.
  • R 1 and R 2 are each independently H, W, or a phenoxyl protecting group, and R 4 is H or W, at least one of R 1 , R 2 , and R 4 is W.
  • R 3 is hydrogen, straight chain or branched C 1 -C 10 alkyl, cycloalkyl, amino, C 1 -C 10 alkoxy, —NHC( ⁇ O)R a , or —C( ⁇ O)N(H)R a , wherein R a is alkyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl; preferably R 3 is H or straight chain or branched C 1 -C 10 alkyl, more preferably H or straight chain or branched C 1 -C 5 alkyl, more preferably still, H or methyl, yet more preferably methyl.
  • Z is —O—, —O(C ⁇ O)—, or —NH(C ⁇ O)—. In certain embodiments Z is —NH(C ⁇ O)—. In other embodiments, Z is —O(C ⁇ O)— or —O—. In yet other embodiments, Z is —O(C ⁇ O)—. In still other embodiments, Z is —O—.
  • R 5 is H, straight chain or branched C 1 -C 10 alkyl, cycloalkyl, C 1 -C 10 alkoxyalkyl, amino, benzyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydrofuranyl, furanyl, morpholinyl, piperidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dioxolanyl, 2,2-dimethyl dioxolanyl, dioxanyl, pyrrolyl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrooxazolyl, dihydrooxazolyl, phenyl, phenyl substituted with C 1 -C 10 alkyl, C 1 -C 10 alkoxy, or halo, or cycloalkyl substituted with at least one straight or branched C 1 -C 10 alkyl.
  • R 5 is straight chain or branched C 1 -C 10 alkyl, cycloalkyl, C 1 -C 10 alkoxyalkyl, amino, benzyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydrofuranyl, furanyl, morpholinyl, piperidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dioxolanyl, 2,2-dimethyl dioxolanyl, dioxanyl, pyrrolyl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrooxazolyl, dihydrooxazolyl, phenyl, phenyl substituted with C 1 -C 10 alkyl, C 1 -C 10 alkoxy, or halo, or cycloalkyl substituted with at least one straight or branched C 1 -C 10 alkyl.
  • R 5 is straight chain or branched C 1 -C 10 alkyl, amino, cyclohexyl, benzyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydrofuranyl, furanyl, phenyl or phenyl substituted with C 1 -C 10 alkyl, C 1 -C 10 alkoxy, or halo.
  • cyclohexyl, benzyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydrofuranyl, and furanyl are optionally substituted.
  • R 5 is H, straight chain or branched C 1 -C 10 alkyl, cycloalkyl, C 1 -C 10 alkoxyalkyl, phenyl, phenyl substituted with C 1 -C 10 alkyl, C 1 -C 10 alkoxy, or halo, or cycloalkyl substituted with at least one straight or branched C 1 -C 10 alkyl.
  • R 5 is straight chain or branched C 1 -C 10 alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, amino, cyclohexyl, benzyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, phenyl, or phenyl substituted with C 1 -C 10 alkyl, C 1 -C 10 alkoxy, or halo.
  • cyclohexyl, benzyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydrofuranyl and furanyl are optionally substituted. More preferably, they are substituted with alkyl.
  • R 5 is straight chain or branched C 1 -C 10 alkyl, amino, cyclohexyl, benzyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydrofuranyl, furanyl, morpholinyl, piperidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dioxolanyl, dioxanyl, pyrrolinyl, tetrahydrooxazolyl or dihydrooxazolyl, or phenyl or phenyl substituted with C 1 -C 10 alkyl, C 1 -C 10 alkoxy, or halo.
  • cyclohexyl, benzyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydrofuranyl, furanyl, morpholinyl, piperidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dioxolanyl, dioxanyl, pyrrolinyl, tetrahydrooxazolyl, or dihydrooxazolyl are optionally substituted. More preferably, they are substituted with alkyl.
  • R 5 is furanyl, dihydrofuranyl, or tetrahydrofuranyl. More preferably, R 5 is tetrahydrofuran-2-yl or tetrahydrofuran-3-yl. Even more preferably R 5 is tetrahydrofuran-3-yl. In some alternative preferable embodiments, tetrahydrofuran-3-yl is optionally substituted. More preferably, the tetrahydrofuran-3-yl is substituted with at least one alkyl.
  • R 5 is straight chain or branched C 1 -C 10 alkyl, amino, cyclohexyl, benzyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydrofuranyl, furanyl, phenyl, or phenyl substituted with C 1 -C 10 alkyl, C 1 -C 10 alkoxy, or halo.
  • R 5 is straight chain or branched C 1 -C 10 alkyl, amino, cyclohexyl, benzyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydrofuranyl, furanyl, morpholinyl, piperidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dioxolanyl, dioxanyl, pyrrolinyl, tetrahydrooxazolyl or dihydrooxazolyl, or phenyl or phenyl substituted with C 1 -C 10 alkyl, C 1 -C 10 alkoxy, or halo.
  • R 5 is straight chain or branched C 1 -C 10 alkyl, amino, cyclohexyl, benzyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydrofuranyl, furanyl, morpholinyl, piperidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dioxolanyl, dioxanyl, pyrrolinyl, tetrahydrooxazolyl, dihydrooxazolyl, phenyl, or phenyl substituted with C 1 -C 10 alkyl, C 1 -C 10 alkoxy, or halo; and
  • W is:
  • each R 6 is independently H, straight chain or branched C 1 -C 10 alkyl, or straight chain or branched C 1 -C 10 alkoxyalkyl. In some preferred embodiments, at least one of R 6 is other than H. In other preferred embodiments, at least one of R 6 is C 1 -C 5 alkyl, more preferably C 1 -C 3 alkyl, even more preferably methyl.
  • At least one of R 6 is alkoxypropyl, alkoxyethyl, or alkoxymethyl; more preferably wherein said alkoxy of said alkoxypropyl, alkoxyethyl, or alkoxymethyl is C 1 -C 5 alkoxy, even more preferably C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, yet more preferably methoxy.
  • R 5 is furanyl, dihydrofuranyl, or tetrahydrofuranyl. More preferably, R 5 is tetrahydrofuran-2-yl or tetrahydrofuran-3-yl. Even more preferably R 5 is tetrahydrofuran-3-yl. Yet more preferably, when R 5 is tetrahydrofuran-3-yl it is substituted with alkyl.
  • R 5 is alkyl substituted tetrahydrofuranyl. Preferably, it is 3-alkyltetrahydrofuranyl. Even more preferably, R 5 is 3-alkyltetrahydrofuran-3-yl.
  • R 5 is H, straight chain or branched C 1 -C 10 alkyl, cycloalkyl, C 1 -C 10 alkoxyalkyl, phenyl, phenyl substituted with C 1 -C 10 alkyl, C 1 -C 10 alkoxy, or halo, or cycloalkyl substituted with at least one straight or branched C 1 -C 10 alkyl.
  • R 5 is H, straight chain or branched C 1 -C 10 alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl substituted with at least one straight or branched C 1 -C 10 alkyl, C 1 -C 10 alkoxyalkyl, amino, benzyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydrofuranyl, furanyl, morpholinyl, piperidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dioxolanyl, 2,2-dimethyl dioxolanyl, dioxanyl, pyrrolyl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrooxazolyl, dihydrooxazolyl, phenyl, or phenyl substituted with C 1 -C 10 alkyl, C 1 -C 10 alkoxy, or halo.
  • Z is —O(C ⁇ O)—, is straight chain or branched C 1 -C 10 alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, amino, cyclohexyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, 3-alkyl tetrahydrofuranyl, benzyl, phenyl, or phenyl substituted with C 1 -C 10 alkyl, C 1 -C 10 alkoxy, or halo.
  • R 5 is straight chain or branched C 1 -C 10 alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, amino, cyclohexyl, benzyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, phenyl or phenyl substituted with C 1 -C 10 alkyl, C 1 -C 10 alkoxy, or halo.
  • each R 6 is independently H, C 1 -C 5 alkyl, or lower alkoxyalkyl, more preferably independently H or C 1 -C 5 alkyl.
  • each R 6 independently may be H, methyl or CH 2 OCH 3 , more preferably independently H or methyl.
  • each R 6 independently may be H or CH 2 OCH 3 .
  • each W is independently:
  • R 4 is:
  • the compounds of Formula I have the following structure: more preferably,
  • the compounds of Formula I or II have the following stereochemistry:
  • the present invention is related to compounds of Formula I or II, or stereoisomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, acid salt hydrates or isomorphic crystalline forms thereof.
  • the compounds are provided as pharmaceutical salts of formula: [A] ⁇ HX;
  • A is a compound of formula I or II and HX is an acid.
  • A is a compound of formula I or II it preferably has the structure:
  • A is a compound having the structure:
  • HX is an acid; more preferably, the acid is selected from the group consisting of hydrochloric, sulfuric, maleic, fumaric, oxalic, succinic, citric, and tartaric acids.
  • the compounds are provided as pharmaceutical salts of formula: [A] ⁇ HX;
  • A is a compound of formula I or II and HX is an acid; more preferably, the acid is selected from the group consisting of hydrochloric, sulfuric, maleic, fumaric, oxalic, succinic, citric, and tartaric acids.
  • Ester III may be further reacted with IV with or without added base to form the secondary alcohol V.
  • Typical solvents include N-methylpyrrolidinone and acetonitrile.
  • the choice of base is not usually important so long as it does not substantially interfere with the reaction.
  • an amine base such as triethylamine may be added.
  • Compounds of structure V or VI may be further derivatized if required.
  • Z-R 5 is —OH
  • V may be further esterified or etherified by known methods as for example in Wuts, to provide the corresponding ester or ether.
  • the diamine or aminoalcohol corresponding to IV may be esterified, etherified or N-acylated prior to reaction with compound III.
  • Compound V (in racemic or chiral form) may be further esterified with R 4 -L using general esterification procedures (where L is an appropriate leaving group), such as those in Greene, T. W. and Wuts, P. G. M., Protective ups in Organic Synthesis 2d. Ed., Wiley & Sons, 1991, disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference, in its entirety, to yield VI (one stereoisomer shown as an example).
  • general esterification procedures where L is an appropriate leaving group
  • the compounds of the invention may be used alone or in combination with other agents.
  • a given compound of the invention may be used alone, or combined with one or more other compounds of the invention, or combined with non-beta blockers, such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (e.g. dorzolamide), such as miotics/parasympathomimetics (e.g. pilocarpine), prostaglandins (e.g. latanoprost), sympathomimetics (e.g. epinephrine), ⁇ -andrenergic blocking agents, hyperosmotic agents, ⁇ 2 selective adrenergic agonists (e.g. brimonidine), or cannabinoids in regimens for the treatment of glaucoma.
  • the compounds of the invention may be combined with other appropriate therapeutic agents in a regimen for such treatment.
  • compositions for application to the eye of patients in need of therapy.
  • compositions are adapted for pharmaceutical use as an eye drop, ointment, powder, solution, spray, or in contact lenses, inserts or the like, as described in greater detail below.
  • formulation of compound into sterile water containing any desired diluents, salts, pH modifying materials and the like as are known to persons skilled in the pharmaceutical formulations art may be performed in order to achieve a solution compatible with administration to the eye. It may be that eye drops, inserts, contact lenses, gels and other topical liquid forms may require somewhat different formulations. All such formulations consistent with direct administration to the eye are comprehended hereby.
  • Formulations may contain the active compound, preferably in the form of a soluble acid addition salt, in amounts ranging from about 0.01% to about 10% by weight, preferably from about 0.1% to about 5% by weight.
  • a formulation contains compound 7 (Example 1) at a concentration ranging from about 0.05 to 3.0% w/v, more specifically from about 0.1 to 2.0% (w/v).
  • Unit dosages of the active compound can range from about 0.01 to about 5.0 mg, preferably from about 0.05 to about 2.0 mg. The dosage administered to a patient will depend upon the patient's needs and the particular compounds employed, as would be readily understood and calculated by one of skill in the art.
  • Carriers used in the preparations of the present invention are preferably nontoxic opthalmologically acceptable pharmaceutical organic or inorganic compositions such as water; mixtures of water and water-miscible solvents, such as lower alcohols; mineral oils; petroleum jellies; ethyl cellulose; polyvinylpyrrolidone and other conventional carriers.
  • the pharmaceutical preparations may also contain additional components such as emulsifying, preserving, wetting and sterilizing agents.
  • polyethylene glycols 200, 300, 400, and 600 carbowaxes 1,000, 1,500, 4,000, 6,000, and 10,000 bacteriocidal components such as quaternary ammonium compounds, phenylmercuric salts known to have cold sterilizing properties and which are non-injurious in use, thimerosal, methyl and propyl paraben, benzyl alcohol, phenyl ethanol, sorbic acid, buffering ingredients such as sodium chloride, sodium borate, sodium acetates, gluconate buffers, and other conventional ingredients such as sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine, oleate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monopalmitylate, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, monothioglycerol, thiosorbitol, ethylenediamine tetracetic acid, and the like.
  • bacteriocidal components such as quaternary ammonium compounds, phenylmercuric salts known to have cold sterilizing properties
  • suitable ophthalmic vehicles can be used as carrier media for the present purpose including conventional phosphate buffer vehicle systems, isotonic boric acid vehicles, isotonic sodium chloride vehicles, isotonic sodium borate vehicles and the like.
  • the compositions or formulations may also contain solubilizing agents (e.g. glycerine) or chelating agents (e.g. EDTA for metal ions).
  • compositions may also have antioxidants in ranges that vary depending on the kind of antioxidant used. The usage also depends on the amount of antioxidant needed to allow at least 2 years shelf-life for the pharmaceutical composition.
  • One or more antioxidants may be included in the formulation. Certain commonly used antioxidants have maximum levels allowed by regulatory authorities.
  • Reasonable ranges are about 0.01% to about 0.15% weight by volume of EDTA, about 0.01% to about 2.0% weight volume of sodium sulfite, and about 0.01% to about 2.0% weight by volume of sodium metabisulfite.
  • One skilled in the art may use a concentration of about 0.1% weight by volume for each of the above.
  • N-Acetylcysteine may be present in a range of about 0.01% to about 5.0% weight by volume, with about 0.1% to about 1% being preferred.
  • Ascorbic acid or salt may also be present in a range of about 0.1% to about 5.0% weight by volume with about 0.5% to about 2% weight by volume preferred.
  • sulfhydryls may be the same range as for N-acetylcysteine.
  • Other exemplary compounds include mercaptopropionyl glycine, N-acetyl cysteine, ⁇ -mercaptoethylamine, glutathione and similar species, although other anti-oxidant agents suitable for ocular administration, e.g. ascorbic acid and its salts or sulfite or sodium metabisulfite may also be employed.
  • a buffering agent may be used to maintain the pH of eye drop formulations in the range of about 3.5 to about 8.0; this is necessary to prevent corneal irritation. Because the compounds of this invention are esters, the pH is preferably maintained at about 3.5 to about 6.0, preferably about 4.0 to about 5.5, in order to prevent hydrolysis of the ester bond and to ensure a good shelf life for the product.
  • compositions of the present invention may also include tonicity agents suitable for administration to the eye.
  • tonicity agents suitable for administration to the eye include mannitol, isotonic boric acid vehicles, isotonic sodium chloride vehicles, isotonic sodium borate vehicles and the like.
  • formulations of the present invention may be made approximately isotonic with 0.9% saline solution.
  • the ophthalmic compositions are formulated with viscosity enhancing agents.
  • exemplary agents are hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, methylcellulose, and polyvinylpyrrolidone.
  • the viscosity agents may exist in the compounds up to about 1.6% weight by volume. It may be preferred that the agents are present in a range from about 0.2% to about 1.0% weight by volume.
  • a preferred range for polyvinylpyrrolidone may be from about 0.1% to about 0.2% weight by volume.
  • One skilled in the art may prefer any range established as acceptable by the Food and Drug Administration.
  • the compounds of the invention may have co-solvents added if needed.
  • Suitable co-solvents may include glycerin, polyethylene glycol (PEG), polysorbate, propylene glycol, and polyvinyl alcohol.
  • the presence of the co-solvents may exist in a range of about 0.2% to about 1.0% weight by volume. It may also be preferred that polyvinyl alcohol may be formulated in the compounds of the invention in a range of about 0.1% to about 4.0% weight by volume.
  • One skilled in the art may prefer ranges established as acceptable by the Food and Drug Administration.
  • Preservatives may be used in the invention within particular ranges. Among those preferred are up to 0.013% weight by volume of benzalkonium chloride, up to 0.013% weight by volume of benzethonium chloride, up to 0.5% weight by volume of chlorobutanol, up to 0.004% weight by volume or phenylmercuric acetate or nitrate, up to 0.01% weight by volume of thimerosal, up to about 0.2% sorbic acid, and from about 0.01% to about 0.2% weight by volume of methyl or propylparabens.
  • Formula II encompasses both prodrugs and beta-blocking drugs.
  • the beta-blocking drugs described herein may be formulated for administration to parts of the body other than the eye.
  • Other formulations for administration of the compositions of the present invention, wherein the delivery to the eye is not called for may include tablets, liquids and sprays; intravenous, subcutaneous and intraperitoneal injectable solutions; compositions or devices for application to the skin, such as a patch or ointment; as well as enemas, suppositories, or aerosols.
  • the compounds of the invention may be used alone or in combination with other agents.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions comprising combinations of compounds may be formulated in accordance with standard methodologies. Such combinations may include, for example, combinations of two or more compounds of the invention, or combinations of one or more compounds of the invention with non-beta blockers, such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (e.g. dorzolamide), such as miotics, parasympathomimetics (e.g. pilocarpine), prostaglandins (e.g. latanoprost), sympathomimetics (e.g. epinephrine), ⁇ -andrenergic blocking agents, hyperosmotic agents, ⁇ 2 selective adrenergic agonists (e.g. brimonidine), or cannabinoids in regimens for the treatment of glaucoma.
  • the compounds of the invention may be combined with other appropriate therapeutic agents in a composition for such treatment.
  • One embodiment of the invention comprises treatment of ocular hypertension with a combination of a compound of the invention and a prostaglandin derivative.
  • the combination provides a synergistic effect.
  • compounds of the invention are combined with at least one prostaglandin, such as Bimatoprost 0.03%, Latanoprost 0.005% and Travoprost 0.004% ophthalmic solutions, and their pharmaceutically acceptable analogues and derivatives.
  • a preferred prostaglandin is Latanoprost.
  • the final composition concentration of a prostaglandin derivative is between about 0.001 and about 0.5 (w/v %), and the final composition concentration of the oculoselective beta-blocker or corresponding prodrug as described herein is between about 0.1 and about 1.0 (w/v %).
  • a specific anti-glaucoma pharmaceutical preparation comprises a combination of a prostaglandin derivative and compound 7 (Example 1).
  • Another embodiment of the invention is directed to treatment of intraocular hypertension with a combination (preferably a synergistic combination) of a compound of the invention and a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor.
  • a combination preferably a synergistic combination
  • beta-blockers and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are believed to lower IOP by decreasing the formation of aqueous humor, each of these classes of drugs operates by different mechanisms, such that the combination can provide a synergistic effect.
  • a preferred carbonic anhydrase inhibitor is dorzolamide.
  • the final composition concentration of the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor derivative is between about 1.0 and about 5.0 (w/v %), and the final composition concentration of a compound of the invention, such as compound 7, is between about 0.1 and about 1.0 (w/v %).
  • the invention is directed to treatment of ocular hypertension with a combination of a compound of the invention and a cannabinoid compound.
  • the major active ingredient of marijuana, ⁇ 9 -terahydrocannabinol has been known to exert a wide range of pharmacological effects, including reduction of intraocular pressure in glaucoma (Dewley, W. L. 1986, Pharmac. Rev. 38, 151-178).
  • Novel cannabinoid (CB2) receptor agonists, their compositions, and the methods of their preparation are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,605,906 and 5,532,237.
  • the compounds have been shown to be useful for lowering IOP or treating glaucoma because of the activity on the cannabinoid receptor either by themselves or in combination with beta-blockers such as timolol.
  • a peripheral receptor for cannabinoids (CB2) that is not expressed in the brain but rather in macrophages in the marginal zone of spleen, has been isolated and characterized (Munro et al., 1993, Nature, 365, 61-65).
  • CB2 can have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antiemetic, immunosuppressive and intraocular pressure reducing properties associated with cannabinoids without the psychoactive effects associated with CB1 receptors.
  • the final composition concentration of the cannabinoid derivative is between about 0.001 and about 1.0 (w/v %), and the final composition concentration of the compound of the invention, such as compound 7, is between about 0.1 and about 1.0 (w/v %).
  • Another embodiment is directed to treatment of ocular hypertension with a combination (preferably synergistic) of a compound of the invention and pilocarpine.
  • the final composition concentration of the pilocarpine is between about 0.1 and about 1.0 (w/v %), and wherein the final composition concentration of the compound of the invention, such as compound 7, is between about 0.1 and about 1.0 (w/v %).
  • Yet another embodiment of the invention provides for treatment of ocular hypertension with a combination (preferably synergistic) of a compound of the invention and a clonidine derivative.
  • a combination preferably synergistic
  • Compounds having alpha-2 agonist activity are known to lower intraocular pressure.
  • the substituted 2-(arylimino) imidazolidines described in York, Jr., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,461,904 and 4,517,199; and Cavero, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,515,800 are known to lower intraocular pressure. It is believed that these agents reduce intraocular pressure by suppressing the inflow of aqueous humor.
  • the final composition concentration of the clonidine derivative is between about 0.05 and about 1.0 (w/v %), and the final composition concentration of the compound of the invention, such as compound 7, is between about 0.1 and about 1.0 (w/v %).
  • Another embodiment of the invention is directed to treatment of ocular hypertension with a combination (preferably synergistic) of a compound of the invention and epinephrine or dipivalylepinephrine (DPE).
  • a combination for reducing intraocular pressure consisting essentially of a therapeutically effective amount of the fixed combination of dipivalylepinephrine and beta-blocker is described in Gramer, U.S. Pat. No. 5,459,140.
  • the use of two or more different types of drugs to lower elevated intraocular pressure has been a common practice, particularly in connection with patients who exhibit severe elevations in intraocular pressure and/or develop a resistance to the intraocular pressure lowering effect of a single drug.
  • the final composition concentration of the dipivalylepinephrine is between about 0.01 and about 0.25 (w/v %), and the final composition concentration of the compound of the invention, such as compound 7, is between about 0.1 and about 1.0 (w/v %).
  • compositions comprising the compounds of the invention may be delivered to the eye of a patient in one or more of several delivery modes known in the art.
  • the compositions are topically delivered to the eye in eye drops or washes.
  • the compositions may be delivered to various locations within the eye via periodic intraocular injection or by infusion in an irrigating solution such as BSS® or BSS PLUS® (Alcon USA, Fort Worth, Tex.) or by using pre-formulated solutions of the beta-blocker in excipients such as BSS® or BSS PLUS®.
  • This embodiment will have particular utility for drug delivery to prevent IOP spikes during or after surgical procedures.
  • compositions may be applied in other opthalmologic dosage forms known to those skilled in the art, such as preformed or in situ-formed gels or liposomes, for example as disclosed in Herrero-Vanrell, U.S. Pat. No. 5,718,922.
  • the composition may be delivered to or through the cornea of an eye in need of treatment via a contact lens (e.g. Lidofilcon B, Bausch & Lomb CW79 or DELTACON (Deltafilcon A) or other object temporarily resident upon the surface of the eye.
  • a contact lens e.g. Lidofilcon B, Bausch & Lomb CW79 or DELTACON (Deltafilcon A) or other object temporarily resident upon the surface of the eye.
  • supports such as a collagen corneal shield (e.g. BIO-COR dissolvable corneal shields, Summit Technology, Watertown, Mass.) can be employed.
  • compositions can also be administered by infusion into the eyeball, either through a cannula from an osmotic pump (ALZET®, Alza Corp., Palo Alto, Calif.) or by implantation of timed-release capsules (OCCUSENT®) or biodegradable disks (OCULEX®, OCUSERT®) which contain the compositions.
  • AZET® Alza Corp., Palo Alto, Calif.
  • OCUSENT® timed-release capsules
  • OCULEX® biodegradable disks
  • Parel, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,154,671 discloses a device for transferring a medicament into the eyeball by iontophoresis.
  • the device utilizes a reservoir for holding the active agent, which contains at least one active surface electrode facing the eye tissue lying at the periphery of the cornea.
  • the reservoir also has a return electrode in contact with the patient's partly closed eyelids.
  • Wong, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,869,079 discloses combinations of hydrophilic and hydrophobic entities in a biodegradable sustained release ocular implant.
  • compositions of the present invention may include oral or intranasal delivery; intravenous, subcutaneous and intraperitoneal injection; and transdermal or transmucosal delivery, as would be understood by one of skill in the art.
  • compositions comprising compounds of the invention may be administered in a combination regimen with one or more other therapeutic agents, as mentioned above and as would be apparent to one of skill in the art.
  • combination therapy may be performed by administering two or more different therapeutic compounds together as a single pharmaceutical composition, or separately in different pharmaceutical compositions and/or in a different dosage form or regimen.
  • Typical method for the preparation of free base 0.1 g of the oxalate salt or the hydrochloride salt was suspended in 50 mL ethyl acetate and shaken with 100 mL saturated potassium carbonate for 1 minute. The ethyl acetate layer was separated and washed with 50 mL brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, dried, filtered and used as is in the next step.
  • Typical method for the preparation oxalate salt To a solution of free base (from above experiment) in 20 mL ethyl acetate, a saturated solution of oxalic acid in ethyl acetate was added dropwise until a pH of 2 was obtained and the salt was allowed to crystallize. The crystallized salt was then filtered, washed with ethyl acetate and dried before using.
  • Typical method for the preparation hydrochloride salt To a solution of free base (from above experiment) in 20 mL ethyl acetate a 1M hydrogen chloride in anhydrous ether was added dropwise until a pH of 2 was obtained and the salt was allowed to crystallize. If no crystals were obtained, then either anhydrous diethyl ether or isopropyl ether was added until the solution became cloudy. The crystallized salt was then filtered, washed with ethyl acetate and dried before using.
  • Typical method for the preparation of other acid salts Other acids described herein may be contacted with compounds of the invention to provide complexes of, or acid salts or pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the invention using methods similar to those described hereinabove.
  • compound 7 was treated individually with sulfuric, succinic, maleic, fumaric, or tartaric acid to provide the corresponding salt.
  • Table A provides a few non-limiting examples of some acid salts prepared employing the above methods. TABLE A Structure m. p. 161.2-162.2° C. 132.0-135.4° C. 164.3-168.2° C. 102.1-104.4° C.
  • Step 1 Synthesis of 4,5-bis-benzyloxy-2-methyl-benzoic acid 2-(1-methyl-cyclopropanecarbonyloxy)-3- ⁇ 1,1-dimethyl-2-[(tetrahydro-furan-3-carbonyl)-amino]-ethylamino ⁇ -propyl ester [Intermediate 2] as its hydrochloride salt
  • Step 2 4,5-Dihydroxy-2-methyl-benzoic acid 3- ⁇ 1,1-dimethyl-2-[(tetrahydro-furan-3-carbonyl)-amino]-ethylamino ⁇ -2-(1-methyl-cyclopropanecarbonyloxy)-propyl ester [Compound 7]
  • Step 1 Synthesis of 4,5-Bis-benzyloxy-2-methyl-benzoic acid 2-(2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropanecarbonyloxy)-3- ⁇ 1,1-dimethyl-2-[(tetrahydro-furan-3-carbonyl)-amino]-ethylamino ⁇ -propyl ester [Intermediate 3] as its hydrochloride salt
  • Step 1 Synthesis of 4,5-bis-benzyloxy-2-methyl-benzoic acid 3- ⁇ 1,1-dimethyl-2-[(tetrahydro-furan-3-carbonyl)-amino]-ethylamino ⁇ -2-(2-methoxymethyl-cyclopropanecarbonyloxy)-propyl ester [Intermediate 4]
  • Each rabbit was dosed in the conjunctival sac of the right eye topically every ten minutes for one hour (six doses) with 50 ⁇ L of 0.0%, 0.3%, 0.5%, 1.0% and 2% of test compound, in 0.9% saline solution.
  • the treated eye of each rabbit was examined for indications of ocular irritation, including swelling, discharge, redness, ulceris of conjunctiva, eyelid, iris as well as opacity and involvement of the cornea. Individual scores were added to determine the degree of slight, moderate or severe irritation. Ocular observations were made before the treatment, one hour after the first and sixth instillation and then 1, 2, 3, 4 and 7 days, using a slit lamp.
  • Compound 7 (Example 1) was compared with a compound of the formula below, referred to hereinafter as “compound 6,” and disclosed in Patil, et al., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,897,417 and 4,966,914.
  • compound 6 a compound of the formula below, referred to hereinafter as “compound 6,” and disclosed in Patil, et al., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,897,417 and 4,966,914.
  • compound 7 was applied topically, no ocular irritation was observed with dosing six times every ten minutes at 0.3%, 0.5%, 1.0% and 2.0% in the right conjunctival sac of albino rabbits compared to a control group dosed with 0.9% saline.
  • compound 6 showed moderate irritation at 1% concentration.
  • the respective compounds were dissolved in an acetate buffer, pH 3.5 (0.018% sodium acetate, 0.135% acetic acid, 0.9% sodium chloride in water for injection) to obtain 0.25% solution.
  • the stability of the compounds was determined at 40° C. for 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, and 12 weeks.
  • compound 7 is most stable at 40° C. at pH 3.5 as compared to the compounds 6 and 8.
  • a conventional eye drop formulation of compound 7 has a projected shelf-life of at least 18 months at room temperature, and a formulation of compound 8 has 7.9 months projected shelf life, whereas compound 6 has only 2.6 months of projected shelf-life at room temperature.
  • the 501 test substance was administered in a single instillation using a micropipette into the conjunctival sac of the right and the left eyes.
  • the rabbits were anesthetized with an intramuscular injection of Imal confusing® 1000 (ketamine 32 mg/kg), and Rompun® (xylasine 7.5 mg/kg). They were then desanguinated by cardiac puncture and thereafter euthanized by an overdose of pentobarbital.
  • the eyes were micro-dissected to obtain: cornea (C), aqueous humor (AH), and iris-ciliary body (ICB). All samples were stored at ⁇ 80° C. Only aqueous humor (AH) samples were analyzed by HPLC.

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US8952011B2 (en) 2008-08-01 2015-02-10 Eye Therapies Llc Compositions and methods for the treatment of nasal conditions
US20100203165A1 (en) 2008-08-01 2010-08-12 Gerald Horn Compositions and methods for treatment of disorders or conditions of the eye
US8987270B2 (en) 2009-07-27 2015-03-24 Eye Therapies Llc Formulations of selective alpha-2 agonists and methods of use thereof
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US8445526B2 (en) 2011-02-03 2013-05-21 Glaucoma & Nasal Therapies Llc Compositions and methods for treatment of glaucoma
US8999938B2 (en) 2013-06-21 2015-04-07 Gnt Llc Ophthalmic lipophilic drug delivery vehicle formulations
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