US20070237974A1 - Structural Body and Electric-Corrosion Prevention Method for the Same - Google Patents

Structural Body and Electric-Corrosion Prevention Method for the Same Download PDF

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Publication number
US20070237974A1
US20070237974A1 US11/629,376 US62937605A US2007237974A1 US 20070237974 A1 US20070237974 A1 US 20070237974A1 US 62937605 A US62937605 A US 62937605A US 2007237974 A1 US2007237974 A1 US 2007237974A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
end portion
outside end
metal element
structural body
electric
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Abandoned
Application number
US11/629,376
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English (en)
Inventor
Manabu Miyoshi
Manabu Sugiura
Kyoichi Kinoshita
Motoharu Tanizawa
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Toyota Industries Corp
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Toyota Industries Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
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Assigned to KABUSHIKI KAISHA TOYOTA JIDOSHOKKI reassignment KABUSHIKI KAISHA TOYOTA JIDOSHOKKI ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: KINOSHITA, KYOICHI, MIYOSHI, MANABU, SUGIURA, MANABU, TANIZAWA, MOTOHARU
Publication of US20070237974A1 publication Critical patent/US20070237974A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
    • F04B53/00—Component parts, details or accessories not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F04B1/00 - F04B23/00 or F04B39/00 - F04B47/00
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
    • F04B39/00—Component parts, details, or accessories, of pumps or pumping systems specially adapted for elastic fluids, not otherwise provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F04B25/00 - F04B37/00
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
    • F04B39/00—Component parts, details, or accessories, of pumps or pumping systems specially adapted for elastic fluids, not otherwise provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F04B25/00 - F04B37/00
    • F04B39/12—Casings; Cylinders; Cylinder heads; Fluid connections
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
    • F04B53/00—Component parts, details or accessories not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F04B1/00 - F04B23/00 or F04B39/00 - F04B47/00
    • F04B53/16—Casings; Cylinders; Cylinder liners or heads; Fluid connections
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D5/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures
    • B05D5/08—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures to obtain an anti-friction or anti-adhesive surface
    • B05D5/083—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures to obtain an anti-friction or anti-adhesive surface involving the use of fluoropolymers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D7/00—Processes, other than flocking, specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to particular surfaces or for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials
    • B05D7/14—Processes, other than flocking, specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to particular surfaces or for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials to metal, e.g. car bodies
    • B05D7/16—Processes, other than flocking, specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to particular surfaces or for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials to metal, e.g. car bodies using synthetic lacquers or varnishes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12007—Component of composite having metal continuous phase interengaged with nonmetal continuous phase

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a structural body, which can effectively prevent the electric corrosion occurring between different metals, and an electric-corrosion prevention method for the same.
  • Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication Gazette (KOKAI) No. 6-136,295, Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication Gazette (KOKAI) No. 2003-64,492, and Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication Gazette (KOKAI) No. 2003-253,481 disclose methods in which an insulative material is interposed between members of different metals so as not to contact the members of different metals with each other directly, thereby suppressing electric corrosion.
  • 6-287,778 discloses a method in which a conductive painting material, which covers the boundary portion between members of different metals, which are disposed to neighbor to each other, is painted so that the members of different metals are short-circuited to each other electrically, thereby suppressing electric corrosion.
  • the present invention is one which has been done in view of the aforementioned problematic points, and it is an object to provide a structural body and an electric-corrosion prevention method for the same, which can prevent the electric corrosion between members of different metals more effectively than having been done conventionally.
  • a structural body of the present invention which solves the aforementioned problems, is characterized in that a first member having a first outside end portion in which a first metal element is adapted to a major component; a second member having a second outside end portion in which a second metal element, being different from the first metal element, is adapted to a major component, and which is disposed to contact with the first outside end portion; and a coating member comprising a coated film, at least whose outside superficial portion is composed of a fluoropolymer substance, and coating at least a part of both first outside end portion and second outside end portion so as to cover the contact portion between them.
  • an electric-corrosion prevention method of the present invention for structural bodies is characterized in that, in a structural body comprising: a first member having a first outside end portion in which a first metal element is adapted to a major component; a second member having a second outside end portion in which a second metal element, being different from the first metal element, is adapted to a major component, and which is disposed to contact with the first outside end portion; and a coating member comprising a coated film, at least whose outside superficial portion is composed of a fluoropolymer substance, and coating at least a part of both first outside end portion and second outside end portion so as to cover the contact portion between them, the development of electric corrosion, which might possibly occur so as to stride over the contact portion between the first outside end portion and the second outside end portion, is inhibited by hindering the electric conduction between said first outside end portion and said second outside end portion by means of said coating member.
  • the coating member with the aforementioned construction by means of the coating member with the aforementioned construction, the intrusion or adhesion of water, and the like, which connects between the first outside end portion and the second outside end portion electrically, can be prevented, and accordingly it is possible to prevent electric corrosion, which occurs so as to stride over the contact portion.
  • the aforementioned coating member can simply coat at least a part of both first outside end portion and second outside end portion so as to cover the contact portion between them, it is not necessary to interpose an intervening substance, such as insulative substances, between the first outside end portion and the second outside end portion.
  • the aforementioned coating member comprises a coated film, even if the structural member has a complicated configuration, it is possible to coat the coating member by means of ordinary paint application methods.
  • first and second are nothing but nominal terms for the sake of convenience for distinguishing members, and the like.
  • first metal element and second metal element are an electrically base metal (metal with a lower reference potential) or a noble metal (metal with a higher reference potential). If distinguishing them daringly for the sake of convenience, it is advisable to adapt the first metal element to a base metal (Mg, for instance), and to adapt the second metal element to a noble metal (Fe, for instance).
  • FIG. 1 is a diagram for schematically illustrating a test piece, which comprises members of different metals of an example and comparative examples, and is a side view in which the test piece is viewed from the outside surface.
  • FIG. 2 is a diagram for schematically illustrating the test piece, which comprises members of different metals of an example and comparative examples, and is a partially-enlarged cross-sectional view which cuts FIG. 1 axially.
  • FIG. 3 is a photograph, which was taken from the axial side while adapting a surface, which was equivalent to the contact portion of an Mg-alloy member in Example No. 1, to the front face, and is a photograph for substituting a drawing for showing the state of decay.
  • FIG. 4 is a photograph, which was taken from the axial side while adapting a surface, which was equivalent to the contact portion of an Mg-alloy member in Comparative Example No. 2, to the front face, and is a photograph for substituting a drawing for showing the state of decay.
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram for explaining the development of electric corrosion in members of different metals.
  • a first member has a first outside end portion in which a first metal element is adapted to a major component
  • a second member has a second outside end portion in which a second metal element, being different from the first metal element, is adapted to a major component.
  • the first outside end portion and second outside end portion are such that, as far as they are composed of different metals, their configurations and material qualities do not matter. It is because, as far as they are different metals, electric corrosion might possibly occur between both of them more or less.
  • the first metal element (or second metal element) is Mg, that is, when the first outside end portion is magnesium or a magnesium alloy, since electric corrosion is more likely to develop, the present invention is effective in this case.
  • the second metal element especially; although it can be any one of Al, Zn, Fe, Cu, and the like, among them, it is Fe, which has been used often in ordinary apparatuses, and by which a local cell is likely to be formed.
  • first member and second member can be equipped with such outside end portions as described above.
  • the entirety is composed of a metallic material; for example, they can be composite members whose sections other than the outside end portions are made from resins, and the like.
  • both members are such that the forms or functions, and so forth, do not matter.
  • the second outside end portion is disposed to contact with the first outside end portion, either one of the contacting states, such as point contact, linear contact or planar contact, is allowable. Further, even when the first member does not contact with the second member directly, they can even be in states being united with a fastening tool, such as bolts, electrically. Moreover, as illustrated in FIG. 5 , the end surfaces ( 11 , 21 ) of both of them cannot be present on an identical plane, but can even protrude.
  • the “outside end portion” referred to in the present invention is not one whose specific area is identified. It is because, depending on the forms of the members or the service environments, and the like, the range where electric corrosion might possibly occur differs. If referring to it daringly, it turns out to be regions that include at least the contact portion at which both of them contact.
  • compressors As for the structural body of the present invention, compressors, engine blocks, hydraulic pumps, and the like, can be named.
  • a compressor which comprises a front housing, a cylinder, and a rear housing, and in which a gasket is interposed between the cylinder and the rear housing
  • Mg is adapted to a major component
  • a gasket in which Fe is adapted to a major component
  • FIG. 5 a partially-enlarged cross-sectional diagram in the instance that a first outside end portion 10 of a first member 1 and a second outside end portion 20 of a second member 2 are disposed to contact with each other is shown in FIG. 5 .
  • a metal constituting the first member 1 is adapted to magnesium
  • a metal constituting the second member 2 is adapted to iron.
  • water droplets 4 of rainwater, dew condensate, and the like might adhere in such a state that they stride over the contact portion 50 of both of them.
  • a local cell is formed, local cell in which the first member 1 and second member 2 , the members of different metals, are adapted to electrodes and the water droplets 4 are adapted to an electrolyte.
  • Mg whose decay potential is very low turns into Mn 2+ to start eluting out into the water droplets 4 .
  • the electric corrosion of the first member 1 which is composed of magnesium, comes to develop.
  • the water droplets 4 intrude between the contact surfaces of the contact portion 50 , too, similar electric corrosion develops.
  • the coating member of the present invention is one which inhibits the development of electric corrosion, which might possibly occur so as to stride over the contact portion between the first outside end portion and the second outside end portion, by hindering the electric conduction between the first outside end portion and the second outside end portion. That is, by means of the coating member, the continuation of the electrolyte, such as water, which connects between the first outside end portion and the second end portion, is canceled.
  • the coating member can comprise a coated film, at least whose outside superficial portion is composed of a fluoropolymer substance.
  • the “outside superficial portion” designates the superficial portion of the coating member onto which water, and the like, can adhere. That is, the outside superficial portion, when the coated film is a strip shape, for instance, includes not only the surfaces, which comprise the width-wise direction and length-wise direction of the strip, but also the thickness-wise-direction side surfaces. Further, the coating member is such that it is necessary that it can coat at least a part of both first outside end portion and second outside end portion so as to cover the contact portion between them.
  • the coated film at least whose outside superficial portion is composed of a fluoropolymer substance, is such that at least the outside superficial portion is a coated film whose moisture permeability and water immersibility is low and which is of high density, it is possible to inhibit the intrusion or adhesion of water, and the like, by means of the coated film; as a result, the continuation of an electrolyte, which connects between both members electrically, is prevented. That is, it can prevent electric corrosion satisfactorily.
  • a coated film including a silicon-based polymer substance such as silicone rubbers or silicone resins
  • a silicon-based polymer substance such as silicone rubbers or silicone resins
  • the adhesiveness to members of different metals is required as well.
  • it is a coating member which is of high adhesiveness, it can prevent the intrusion of water, and the like, through the interface between members of different metals and the coating member. Accordingly, if the adhesiveness is poor only by the coating member, which is composed of a fluoropolymer substance, it is advisable to adapt it to a multi-layered structural member in which an undercoating layer, which can enhance the adhesiveness between both of them and prevent coming-off, is formed. Note that, although the higher the adhesiveness becomes the rougher the surface roughness of members of different metals is made, the rougher the surface roughness is the more likely it is that they are corroded electrically.
  • the coating member can preferably include a sealing layer, which is made by applying and then curing a fluorine-based sealing agent.
  • This sealing layer can be either a single-layered construction or a multi-layered construction.
  • a sealing layer, which is composed of a fluorine-based sealing agent is a coated film whose moisture permeability and water immersibility is low and which is of high density; and, even when being a single layer, it is good in terms of the adhesiveness to members of different metals, and accordingly it does not come off by means of vibration. Moreover, the heat resistance is satisfactory, too.
  • the coating member which includes the aforementioned sealing layer, is suitable for members of different metals, which are employed in apparatuses, such as compressors, which are employed under high-temperature conditions or in which vibrations generate during the apparatuses' service.
  • a fluorine-based sealing agent being adequate for a sealing layer of the coating member, although it is possible to name a fluorocarbon silicone rubber, and the like, it can preferably be a liquid fluorocarbon rubber especially.
  • the coating member is such that, although it depends on the type of fluoropolymeror the construction (single layer/multi layer) of the coating member, its sealing layer's thickness can be 100 ⁇ m or more when using a fluorine-based sealing agent.
  • the thickness of a sealing layer is 100 ⁇ m or more, it is sufficient to prevent the intrusion of water, and the like, and the effect of suppressing electric corrosion can be obtained satisfactorily.
  • the coating member is such that, as far as a portion, among the contact portion between the first outside end portion and the second outside end portion, portion onto which water, and the like, can adhere, is coated at least, there is not any limitation on its configuration and dimensions particularly.
  • the width of the coating member although it depends on the configurations of members of different metals or the sizes of adhering water droplets, the width going over the contact portion can preferably be 10 mm or more.
  • the width of the coating member is 10 mm or more, even when water, and so forth, adheres, it is possible to get rid of the continuation of an electrolyte, such as water, which connects between the first outside end portion and the second outside end portion electrically, and accordingly it is possible to shut off or suppress the formation of local cell in which members of different metals are adapted to electrodes.
  • the coating member is a coated film, it is possible to coat the coating member even when a objective section, among the members of different metals, on which the coating member is formed, is a portion which has a complicated configuration (for example, has a step at the contact portion as illustrated in FIG. 5 ).
  • the forming method of a coated film it can be obtained by applying a paint onto the objective section, drying it and then curing it by means of an ordinary paint application method, such as applying methods, flow-coating methods, spray-coating methods, spin-coating methods and roll-coating methods.
  • an ordinary paint application method such as applying methods, flow-coating methods, spray-coating methods, spin-coating methods and roll-coating methods.
  • the drying condition, and the like are such that, depending on the types of paints, it is advisable to select optimum conditions appropriately.
  • the structural body of the present invention is not one which is limited to the above-described embodiment modes; but it is advisable to add another construction, such as forming a protective layer for protecting the coating member, for instance.
  • the present invention can be grasped not only as the aforementioned structural body but also as an electric-corrosion prevention method for the same.
  • FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 are diagrams for schematically illustrating a test piece, which comprises members of different metals;
  • FIG. 1 is a side view in which the test piece is viewed from the outside surface; and
  • FIG. 2 is a partially-enlarged cross-sectional view in which the test piece of FIG. 1 is cut axially.
  • This test piece comprises an Mg-alloy member 1 , and an Fe-alloy member 2 .
  • the Mg-alloy member 1 is 16 mm ⁇ 16 mm ⁇ 35 mm, is an AZ91 (JIS) Mg-alloy block, and is such that a screwed hole 16 extends in the longitudinal direction at its central portion.
  • the Fe-alloy member 2 is 16 mm ⁇ 16 mm ⁇ 16 mm, is a cold-rolled steel-plate SPCC (JIS) Fe-alloy block, and is such that a screwed hole 26 , whose diameter is the same as that of the screwed hole 16 , extends at its central portion.
  • JIS cold-rolled steel-plate SPCC
  • test piece which comprised rectangular-column-shaped members of different metals in which an outside end portion 10 of the Mg-alloy member 1 and an outside end portion 20 of the Fe-alloy member 2 contacted with each other so that end surfaces 11 , 21 of the outside end portions 10 , 20 were positioned on an identical plane.
  • a coating member 3 was formed so as to cover a contact portion 50 between the outside end portion 10 of the Mg-alloy member 1 and the outside end portion 20 of the Fe-alloy member 2 .
  • the coating member 3 covered the contact portion 50 by means of covering a part of the end surface 11 of the outside end portion 10 and a part of the end surface 21 of the outside end portion 20 in such a state that included a contact end portion 51 , which existed linearly on the outer-peripheral-surface side of the test piece, among the contact portion 50 between the outside end portions 10 and 20 .
  • the coating member 3 comprises a coated film of liquid fluorocarbon rubber (“SIFEL600” series produced by SIN-ETSU KAGAGU KOGYO Co., Ltd.).
  • the liquid fluorocarbon rubber was applied onto the outer peripheral surface of the test piece so that the width (with the contact end portion 51 being adapted to the center) became 10 mm, and was made into a coated film, which was composed of a fluoropolymer substance being obtained by drying and curing it at 150° C. for 1 hour.
  • the filmthickness of the coating member 3 was 100-200 ⁇ m.
  • Example No. 1 By applying a commercially available silicone-based sealing agent onto the test piece of Example No. 1 as the coating member 3 and then drying and curing it at room temperature for 5 days, a coated film, which was similar to that of Example No. 1, was formed. An obtained member was labeled Sample “B.”
  • Example No. 1 By applying a fluorine-containing silicone-resin-based paint onto the test piece of Example No. 1 as the coating member 3 and then drying and curing it at room temperature for 24 hours, a coated film, which was similar to that of Example No. 1, was formed. An obtained member was labeled Sample “C.”
  • a salt-water spraying test was carried out.
  • the salt-water spraying test was carried out for 250 hours under such fixed conditions that a salt-water concentration: 5%, a spraying amount: 1-2 mL/hr., a spraying pressure: 0.098 ⁇ 0.002 MPa, a testing temperature: 35° C., and an air saturator: 47° C.
  • Samples “A”-“B,” as illustrated in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 are such that the coating member 3 , which possesses a width with a certain extent, is coated sufficiently all over the entire periphery of the contact portion 51 . Therefore, even when water droplets adhere onto the surface of the test piece, no electric conduction should be formed between the end surface 11 and the end surface 21 so that no electric corrosion should occur, either.
  • Sample “A” was such that the appearance after the test was satisfactory, and decay occurred in Sample “B” and Sample “C.”
  • the coating member 3 of Sample “A” comprised a coated film, which was composed of a fluoropolymer substance, and could prevent the intrusion of salt water through the interfaces between the test pieces ( 1 , 2 ) and the coating member 3 , too, and through the surface of the coating member 3 , too, effectively; as a result, it was possible to prevent the electric corrosion of the Mg-alloy member 1 .
  • the coating member 3 which used the silicone-based sealing agent like Sample “B,” it was not possible to prevent the intrusion of salt water.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Preventing Corrosion Or Incrustation Of Metals (AREA)
  • Gasket Seals (AREA)
  • Compressor (AREA)
US11/629,376 2004-06-10 2005-05-13 Structural Body and Electric-Corrosion Prevention Method for the Same Abandoned US20070237974A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP2004173090A JP2005350733A (ja) 2004-06-10 2004-06-10 構造体およびその電食防止方法
JP2004-173090 2004-06-10
PCT/JP2005/009222 WO2005121406A1 (ja) 2004-06-10 2005-05-13 構造体およびその電食防止方法

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US20070237974A1 true US20070237974A1 (en) 2007-10-11

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EP (1) EP1767669A4 (ja)
JP (1) JP2005350733A (ja)
WO (1) WO2005121406A1 (ja)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN103925194A (zh) * 2013-07-12 2014-07-16 贵州兴化化工股份有限公司 一种氨泵缸体改造方法

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20020178908A1 (en) * 2001-05-30 2002-12-05 Takayuki Kato Compressor
US20030232919A1 (en) * 2002-06-10 2003-12-18 Yasuhisa Osawa Fluororubber compositions and making method

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2572774Y2 (ja) * 1992-02-12 1998-05-25 日本ドライブイット株式会社 耐電蝕性アンカーナット
JPH0610919A (ja) * 1992-06-26 1994-01-21 Ishikawajima Harima Heavy Ind Co Ltd 異種金属接合継手の形成方法
JP3747120B2 (ja) * 1997-07-18 2006-02-22 日本ガスケット株式会社 金属製ガスケット
JP2002174378A (ja) * 2000-12-01 2002-06-21 Raisen:Kk 配管用電食防止継ぎ手
JP4311893B2 (ja) * 2001-08-22 2009-08-12 本田技研工業株式会社 マグネシウム合金部材の電食防止構造および電食防止方法
JP2003118037A (ja) * 2001-10-17 2003-04-23 Nisshin Steel Co Ltd 熱可塑性樹脂被覆金属板，熱融着金属接合体の製造方法及び熱融着金属接合体の分離・解体方法

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20020178908A1 (en) * 2001-05-30 2002-12-05 Takayuki Kato Compressor
US20030232919A1 (en) * 2002-06-10 2003-12-18 Yasuhisa Osawa Fluororubber compositions and making method

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EP1767669A4 (en) 2009-01-14
JP2005350733A (ja) 2005-12-22
EP1767669A1 (en) 2007-03-28

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