US20060275145A1 - Control apparatus for variable capacity compressor and method of calculating torque of variable capacity compressor - Google Patents

Control apparatus for variable capacity compressor and method of calculating torque of variable capacity compressor Download PDF

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Publication number
US20060275145A1
US20060275145A1 US11/440,459 US44045906A US2006275145A1 US 20060275145 A1 US20060275145 A1 US 20060275145A1 US 44045906 A US44045906 A US 44045906A US 2006275145 A1 US2006275145 A1 US 2006275145A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
piston
compressor
torque
pressure
clutch
Prior art date
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Abandoned
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US11/440,459
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English (en)
Inventor
Eiji Takahashi
Masaki Kawachi
Masanori Ogawa
Morio Sekizuka
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Marelli Corp
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Calsonic Kansei Corp
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Assigned to CALSONIC KANSEI CORPORATION reassignment CALSONIC KANSEI CORPORATION ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: KAWACHI, MASAKI, OGAWA, MASANORI, SEKIZUKA, MORIO, TAKAHASHI, EIJI
Publication of US20060275145A1 publication Critical patent/US20060275145A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
    • F04B49/00—Control, e.g. of pump delivery, or pump pressure of, or safety measures for, machines, pumps, or pumping installations, not otherwise provided for, or of interest apart from, groups F04B1/00 - F04B47/00
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
    • F04B27/00—Multi-cylinder pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids and characterised by number or arrangement of cylinders
    • F04B27/08—Multi-cylinder pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids and characterised by number or arrangement of cylinders having cylinders coaxial with, or parallel or inclined to, main shaft axis
    • F04B27/14—Control
    • F04B27/16—Control of pumps with stationary cylinders
    • F04B27/18—Control of pumps with stationary cylinders by varying the relative positions of a swash plate and a cylinder block
    • F04B27/1804—Controlled by crankcase pressure
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
    • B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
    • B60H1/32—Cooling devices
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
    • B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
    • B60H1/32—Cooling devices
    • B60H1/3204—Cooling devices using compression
    • B60H1/3205—Control means therefor
    • B60H1/3216—Control means therefor for improving a change in operation duty of a compressor in a vehicle
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
    • B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
    • B60H1/32—Cooling devices
    • B60H1/3204—Cooling devices using compression
    • B60H1/3205—Control means therefor
    • B60H1/3219—Control means therefor for improving the response time of a vehicle refrigeration cycle
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
    • F04B49/00—Control, e.g. of pump delivery, or pump pressure of, or safety measures for, machines, pumps, or pumping installations, not otherwise provided for, or of interest apart from, groups F04B1/00 - F04B47/00
    • F04B49/06—Control using electricity
    • F04B49/065—Control using electricity and making use of computers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
    • B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
    • B60H1/32—Cooling devices
    • B60H2001/3236—Cooling devices information from a variable is obtained
    • B60H2001/3238—Cooling devices information from a variable is obtained related to the operation of the compressor
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
    • B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
    • B60H1/32—Cooling devices
    • B60H2001/3236—Cooling devices information from a variable is obtained
    • B60H2001/3255—Cooling devices information from a variable is obtained related to temperature
    • B60H2001/3263—Cooling devices information from a variable is obtained related to temperature of the refrigerant at an evaporating unit
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
    • B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
    • B60H1/32—Cooling devices
    • B60H2001/3269—Cooling devices output of a control signal
    • B60H2001/327—Cooling devices output of a control signal related to a compressing unit
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
    • B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
    • B60H1/32—Cooling devices
    • B60H2001/3269—Cooling devices output of a control signal
    • B60H2001/327—Cooling devices output of a control signal related to a compressing unit
    • B60H2001/3275—Cooling devices output of a control signal related to a compressing unit to control the volume of a compressor
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
    • F04B27/00—Multi-cylinder pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids and characterised by number or arrangement of cylinders
    • F04B27/08—Multi-cylinder pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids and characterised by number or arrangement of cylinders having cylinders coaxial with, or parallel or inclined to, main shaft axis
    • F04B27/14—Control
    • F04B27/16—Control of pumps with stationary cylinders
    • F04B27/18—Control of pumps with stationary cylinders by varying the relative positions of a swash plate and a cylinder block
    • F04B27/1804—Controlled by crankcase pressure
    • F04B2027/1822—Valve-controlled fluid connection
    • F04B2027/1827—Valve-controlled fluid connection between crankcase and discharge chamber
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
    • F04B27/00—Multi-cylinder pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids and characterised by number or arrangement of cylinders
    • F04B27/08—Multi-cylinder pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids and characterised by number or arrangement of cylinders having cylinders coaxial with, or parallel or inclined to, main shaft axis
    • F04B27/14—Control
    • F04B27/16—Control of pumps with stationary cylinders
    • F04B27/18—Control of pumps with stationary cylinders by varying the relative positions of a swash plate and a cylinder block
    • F04B27/1804—Controlled by crankcase pressure
    • F04B2027/184—Valve controlling parameter
    • F04B2027/1854—External parameters
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
    • F04B27/00—Multi-cylinder pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids and characterised by number or arrangement of cylinders
    • F04B27/08—Multi-cylinder pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids and characterised by number or arrangement of cylinders having cylinders coaxial with, or parallel or inclined to, main shaft axis
    • F04B27/14—Control
    • F04B27/16—Control of pumps with stationary cylinders
    • F04B27/18—Control of pumps with stationary cylinders by varying the relative positions of a swash plate and a cylinder block
    • F04B27/1804—Controlled by crankcase pressure
    • F04B2027/184—Valve controlling parameter
    • F04B2027/1859—Suction pressure
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
    • F04B2201/00—Pump parameters
    • F04B2201/12—Parameters of driving or driven means
    • F04B2201/1202—Torque on the axis

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method of and an apparatus for calculating and controlling torque of a variable capacity compressor arranged in a refrigeration cycle.
  • a variable capacity compressor is utilized in a refrigeration cycle of, for example, an air conditioner of a vehicle.
  • the compressor is connected to a vehicle engine by an endless belt.
  • the belt connects a main pulley fixed to a drive shaft of the engine to a follower pulley fixed to a drive shaft of the compressor.
  • the engine serves as a driving source for driving the compressor. If the compressor varies its coolant discharge capacity, the load on the engine varies, which may cause an engine stall during an idling operating.
  • an engine controller must control an intake air quantity (fuel mixture supply quantity) in response to the load (torque) of the compressor. To achieve this, the engine controller must know the torque of the compressor.
  • various compressor torque calculating apparatuses such as those disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publications No. Hei-5-99156, No. 2004-211663, and No. 2003-278660.
  • Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publications No. Hei-5-99156 calculates a coolant flow rate according to information (a high pressure in a refrigeration cycle, a coolant temperature in a condenser, an ambient temperature, and the like), and according to the calculated coolant flow rate, estimates torque of the compressor.
  • the torque estimated by this related art is a steady-state torque, i.e., an operating torque of the compressor during a period in which a refrigeration cycle is steadily passing coolant.
  • the present invention provides a method of and an apparatus for calculating torque of a variable capacity compressor, even when the compressor is restarted just after being stopped.
  • a first aspect of the present invention provides a method of calculating torque of a variable capacity compressor.
  • the compressor includes a suction chamber, a cylinder bore, a discharge chamber, a piston to draw coolant from the suction chamber into the cylinder bore, compress the drawn coolant, and discharge the compressed coolant into the discharge chamber, a clutch configured to transmit driving force from a driving source to drive the piston and configured to disconnect the driving force of the driving source so that the piston is not driven, and a pressure adjuster to adjust a back pressure introduced from the discharge chamber to the back of the piston and thereby adjust a piston stroke.
  • the method includes counting an OFF time when the clutch is tuned off from an ON state until the clutch is next turned on, determining whether or not the OFF time is less than a predetermined time, and calculating a start torque of the compressor depending on the determination.
  • the compressor includes a suction chamber, a cylinder bore, a discharge chamber, a piston to draw coolant from the suction chamber into the cylinder bore, compress the drawn coolant, and discharge the compressed coolant into the discharge chamber, a clutch configured to transmit driving force from a driving source to drive the piston and configured to disconnect the driving force of the driving source so that the piston is not driven, and a pressure adjuster to adjust a back pressure introduced from the discharge chamber to the back of the piston and thereby adjust a piston stroke.
  • the method includes: providing the pressure adjuster with an external control signal for at least a predetermined time after the clutch is turned off, the external control signal being identical to a maximum capacity signal to establish a full piston stroke; and calculating a start torque of the compressor when the clutch is turned on.
  • a third aspect of the present invention provides a method of calculating torque of a variable capacity compressor.
  • the compressor includes a suction chamber, a cylinder bore, a discharge chamber, a piston to draw coolant from the suction chamber into the cylinder bore, compress the drawn coolant, and discharge the compressed coolant into the discharge chamber, a clutch configured to transmit driving force from a driving source to drive the piston and configured to turn off so as to disconnect the driving force of the driving source so as to stop the piston, and a pressure adjuster to adjust a back pressure introduced from the discharge chamber to the back of the piston and thereby adjust a piston stroke.
  • the method includes providing the pressure adjuster with an external control signal after the clutch is turned off from an ON state, the external control signal being identical to a maximum capacity signal to establish a full piston stroke, counting an OFF time when the clutch is tuned off from an ON state until the clutch is next turned on, determining whether or not the OFF time is less than a predetermined time, and calculating a start torque of the compressor depending on the determination.
  • FIG. 1 is a view generally showing a vehicle air conditioner according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a sectional view showing a variable capacity compressor of the air conditioner of FIG. 1 ;
  • FIG. 3 is a view explaining a capacity changing mechanism of the compressor of FIG. 2 ;
  • FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing a compressor controller of the air conditioner of FIG. 1 ;
  • FIG. 5 is a view showing a refrigeration cycle in the air conditioner of FIG. 1 and a Mollier chart of the refrigeration cycle;
  • FIG. 6 is a view showing characteristic curves of compressor suction pressure and compressor discharge pressure with different duty factors in the air conditioner of FIG. 1 ;
  • FIG. 7 is a view showing characteristic curves of compressor discharge pressure and torque with a constant load on the refrigeration cycle (evaporator) and different duty factors;
  • FIG. 8 shows compressor discharge pressure and torque with different loads on the refrigeration cycle (evaporator);
  • FIG. 9 is a view showing a characteristic curve of torque and compressor discharge pressure with a constant duty factor of 60%;
  • FIG. 10 is a flowchart showing a process of calculating steady-state torque of the air conditioner of FIG. 1 ;
  • FIG. 11 is a view showing characteristic curves of estimated torque and actual torque of the air conditioner of FIG. 1 ;
  • FIG. 12 is a flowchart showing a process of stopping the compressor of the air conditioner of FIG. 1 ;
  • FIG. 13 is a flowchart showing a process of restarting the compressor of the air conditioner of FIG. 1 ;
  • FIG. 14 is a flowchart showing a process of calculating a start torque of the compressor of the air conditioner of FIG. 1 ;
  • FIG. 15 is a timing chart showing an ON/OFF state of an air-conditioner clutch and an output duty factor when stopping the compressor of the air conditioner of FIG. 1 ;
  • FIG. 16 is a timing chart showing an ON/OFF state of the air-conditioner clutch, an output duty factor, and a torque calculating pattern when restarting the compressor of the air conditioner of FIG. 1 ;
  • FIG. 17 is a view showing experimental characteristic curves of start torque of the compressor of the air conditioner of FIG. 1 ;
  • FIG. 18 is a view showing a characteristic curve of ambient temperature and additional torque related to the compressor of the air conditioner of FIG. 1 .
  • FIGS. 1 to 17 show a method of and an apparatus for calculating torque of a variable capacity compressor according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 1 generally shows an air conditioner 6 for a vehicle, including the variable capacity compressor 8
  • FIG. 2 is a sectional view showing the compressor 8
  • FIG. 3 schematically shows a control valve 13 of the compressor 8
  • FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing a compressor controller 14 a for controlling the compressor 8 .
  • an engine 1 of the vehicle has a fuel injector 2 for injecting fuel.
  • An opening of the fuel injector 2 is adjustable to change air supply (fuel mixture supply) to a cylinder bore of the engine and control revolutions of the engine 1 .
  • the engine 1 is connected through cooling water piping (not represented with a specific reference numeral) to a radiator 4 that radiates heat of the engine 1 .
  • the engine 1 is mainly controlled by an engine control unit 3 .
  • the engine control unit 3 receives data from an engine control sensor group 20 .
  • the engine control sensor group 20 includes a speed sensor 20 a , an engine revolution sensor 20 b , an accelerator opening sensor 20 c , an idle switch 20 d , and the like. According to data from these sensors and engine control instructions, the engine control unit 3 including an engine controller 3 a controls the engine 1 and fuel injector 2 .
  • the engine control unit 3 also includes a clutch controller 3 b that controls the ON/OFF operation of an air conditioner (A/C) clutch 43 of the compressor 8 .
  • A/C air conditioner
  • the air conditioner 6 of the vehicle has a refrigeration cycle unit 7 a and an air conditioning unit 7 b .
  • the air conditioning unit 7 b includes an evaporator 12 and provides a temperature-adjusted air flow.
  • the refrigeration cycle unit 7 a includes the variable capacity compressor 8 , a condenser 9 , a liquid tank 10 , a temperature-sensitive automatic expansion valve 11 , the evaporator 12 , and coolant piping (not represented with a specific reference numeral) that connects the components 8 to 11 to one another.
  • the compressor 8 includes the A/C clutch 43 ( FIG. 2 ) to connect and disconnect the compressor 8 to and from the engine 1 , which serves as a driving source.
  • the A/C clutch 43 When the A/C clutch 43 is turned off, no driving force is transmitted from the engine 1 to the compressor 8 , and therefore, the compressor 8 stops.
  • the A/C clutch 43 When the A/C clutch 43 is turned on, driving force is transmitted from the engine 1 to the compressor 8 to drive the compressor 8 .
  • the compressor 8 compresses a low-temperature, low-pressure gaseous coolant and provides the condenser 9 with a high-temperature, high-pressure compressed liquid coolant.
  • the condenser 9 is arranged in front of the radiator 4 , so as to be exposed to an air flow when the vehicle is running and a air flow from an electric fan 15 .
  • the high-temperature, high-pressure liquid coolant from the compressor 8 is cooled by the air flow passing through the condenser 9 to a condensation point and becomes a high-pressure, middle-temperature liquid coolant that flows into the liquid tank 10 .
  • the liquid tank 10 removes water and foreign matter from the high-pressure, middle-temperature liquid coolant and separates liquid from gas.
  • the separated liquid coolant is passed from the liquid tank 10 to the expansion valve 11 .
  • the expansion valve 11 abruptly expands the high-pressure, middle-temperature liquid coolant into a low-pressure, low-temperature atomized liquid coolant.
  • the atomized liquid coolant flows to the evaporator 12 .
  • the evaporator 12 is arranged in a duct of the air conditioning unit 7 b , which is located in a vehicle interior.
  • the evaporator 12 cools air passing through the duct.
  • the atomized liquid coolant passing through the evaporator 12 evaporates to remove heat from air passing through the evaporator 12 , thereby cooling the air.
  • the low-temperature, low-pressure gaseous coolant from the evaporator 12 flows to the compressor 8 .
  • the air conditioning unit 7 b is arranged in the vehicle interior and blows a temperature-adjusted air flow into the vehicle interior.
  • the air conditioning unit 7 b includes a casing 39 defining the duct 39 a , an intake 40 arranged at an upstream end of the duct 39 a , to take air into the duct 39 a , a blower fan 16 arranged downstream from the intake 40 , the evaporator 12 arranged downstream from the blower fan 16 , and outlet door (not shown) for adjusting the openings of the outlet 39 b of the duct 39 a that is provided at a downstream end of the duct 39 a and communicated with the vehicle interior.
  • the intake 40 includes an inside air intake 40 a to take air from the vehicle interior, an outside air intake 40 b to take air from the outside of the vehicle, and an intake door 40 c to adjust the openings of the inside and outside air intakes 40 a and 40 b.
  • the blower fan 16 is driven by a blower fan motor 19 .
  • the intake 40 takes inside and/or outside air into the duct 39 a , and the air is blown toward the evaporator 12 that cools the air and sends the cooled air through the outlet 39 b into the vehicle interior.
  • variable capacity compressor 8 will be explained in detail.
  • the compressor 8 has a housing 22 .
  • the housing 22 defines cylinder bores 51 circumferentially formed around an axial line at regular intervals, a suction chamber 50 and a discharge chamber 49 formed on a top-dead-center side of the cylinder bores 51 , and a crankcase 48 formed on a bottom-dead-center side of the cylinder bores 51 .
  • a piston 27 reciprocates in each cylinder bore 51 .
  • the housing 22 supports a rotary shaft 24 that is freely rotatably in the crankcase 48 .
  • the clutch 43 of the compressor 8 connects and disconnects driving torque from the engine 1 , serving as a driving source, to and from the rotary shaft 24 .
  • the rotary shaft 24 has a conversion mechanism 26 ( 26 a , 26 b , 26 c , 26 d , 26 e ) for converting rotation of the rotary shaft 24 into reciprocation of the pistons 27 .
  • the conversion mechanism 26 includes, for example, a rotor 26 a , a sleeve 26 b , a hub 26 c , a swash plate 26 d , piston rods 26 e , and the like.
  • the rotor 26 a is fixed to and rotatable with the rotary shaft 24 .
  • the sleeve 26 b is slidable along the rotary shaft 24 .
  • the hub 26 c is attached to the sleeve 26 b , is freely inclinable relative to the rotary shaft 24 , and is linked to the rotor 26 a so that the hub 26 c may rotate together with the rotary shaft 24 .
  • the swash plate 26 d is attached to the hub 26 c so that the swash plate 26 d may incline relative to the rotary shaft 24 .
  • the piston rods 26 e connect the swash plate 26 d to the pistons 27 .
  • each piston 27 reciprocates in the corresponding cylinder bore 50 .
  • the piston 27 draws coolant from the suction chamber 50 into the cylinder bore 50 , compresses the drawn coolant in the cylinder bore 50 , and discharges the compressed coolant from the cylinder bore 50 into the discharge chamber 49 .
  • Coolant is supplied from an upstream side to the compressor 8 and is guided through a suction port (not shown) into the suction chamber 50 .
  • Coolant in the discharge chamber 49 is discharged through a discharge port (not shown) to a downstream side of the compressor 8 .
  • the piston 27 changes its stroke depending on an inclination angle of the swash plate 26 d.
  • a pressure Pc of the crankcase 48 becomes equal to a pressure (a low pressure Ps in the refrigeration cycle 7 a ) of the suction chamber 50 . Then, the swash plate 26 d and each piston 27 return to initial positions due to a force provided by first and second springs 52 and 53 . According to the embodiment, the initial positions of the swash plate 26 d and piston 27 are intermediate between a full-stroke position and a destroke (zero-stroke) position of the swash plate 26 d and piston 27 .
  • the compressor 8 has a pressure introducing path 54 to connect the discharge chamber 49 to the crankcase 48 , a pressure releasing path 55 to connect the crankcase 48 to the suction chamber 50 , and a control valve 13 having a valve plug 31 a to change the area of one (the pressure introducing path 54 according to the embodiment) of the pressure introducing path 54 and pressure releasing path 55 .
  • Changing the opening of the valve plug 31 a of the control valve 13 changes the flow rate of high-pressure coolant flowing from the discharge chamber 49 to the crankcase 48 through the pressure introducing path 54 , thereby changing the pressure of the crankcase 48 .
  • FIG. 3 shows the details of the control valve 13 .
  • the control valve 13 has a valve case 30 partly defining the pressure introducing path 54 and a plunger 31 that reciprocates in the valve case 30 .
  • the plunger 31 is integral with the valve plug (ball valve) 31 a , a diaphragm 32 , and a solenoid core of a electromagnetic coil 35 as an actuator. Lift of the plunger determines a sectional area of the pressure introducing path 54 .
  • the diaphragm 32 serves as a pressure sensitive part on which the suction pressure Ps of the suction chamber 50 , i.e., the low pressure Ps of the refrigeration cycle 7 a acts.
  • Electromagnetic force produced by the electromagnetic coil 35 when the coil 35 is energized, is applied to the plunger 31 to move the plunger 31 .
  • Each axial end of the plunger 31 receives a spring force from set springs 33 and 34 .
  • the set springs 33 and 34 and diaphragm 32 A determine a set pressure of the valve plug 31 a.
  • the diaphragm 32 responds to the low pressure Ps.
  • the low pressure Ps decreases, the diaphragm 32 moves the valve plug 31 a in a valve opening direction.
  • the diaphragm 32 moves the valve plug 31 a in a valve closing direction.
  • the valve plug 31 a moves in the valve closing direction. Namely, the electromagnetic force of the coil 35 can change the set pressure of the valve plug 31 a.
  • the electromagnetic coil 35 receives a control pulse signal or an external control signal from a capacity controller 14 b of an air-conditioner control unit 14 (to be explained later).
  • the control pulse signal has a duty factor, and an electromagnetic force proportional to the duty factor is applied to the plunger 31 .
  • the applied electromagnetic force changes the set pressure of the valve plug 31 a , thereby chanting a lift (valve opening) of the valve plug 31 a .
  • a change in the lift (valve opening) of the valve plug 31 a changes a flow rate of high-pressure coolant flowing from the discharge chamber 49 to the crankcase 48 through the pressure introducing path 54 . This operation results in changing the inclination of the swash plate 26 d to change the piston stroke.
  • the quantity of coolant circulating through the refrigeration cycle 7 a increases to gradually decrease the suction pressure Ps.
  • the suction pressure Ps acting on the diaphragm 32 decreases to lift the valve plug 31 a and increase the opening of the valve plug 31 a .
  • This operation results in increasing the flow rate of high-pressure coolant from the discharge chamber 49 into the crankcase 48 through the pressure introducing path 54 , thereby increasing the pressure Pc of the crankcase 48 .
  • pressure acting on the back of the piston 27 gradually increases to gradually reduce the piston stroke, and a relationship between the pressures Ps and Pd stabilizes in a capacity controlled state along the duty-factor-0% curve.
  • the pressure relationship of the compressor 8 and refrigeration cycle 7 a i.e., the relationship between the discharge pressure Pd and the suction pressure Ps will follow a duty-factor-60% curve of FIG. 6 .
  • the suction pressure Ps of the compressor 8 can be approximated according to the duty factor and the discharge pressure Pd of the compressor 8 .
  • the air conditioner 6 is mainly controlled by the air-conditioner control unit 14 and partly by the engine control unit 3 .
  • the air-conditioner control unit 14 is connected to the engine control unit 3 with a bidirectional communication line.
  • the air-conditioner control unit 14 receives data from an air-conditioner control sensor group 21 .
  • the sensor group 21 includes standard sensors provided for the air conditioner 6 , such as an air-conditioner (A/C) switch 21 a , a mode switch 21 b , a defrost switch 21 c , an auto switch 21 d , a fresh air (FRE) switch 21 e , a recirculation (REC) switch 21 f , a temperature adjust switch 21 g , an OFF switch 21 h , an interior temperature sensor 21 i to detect a temperature in the vehicle interior, an ambient temperature sensor 21 j to detect a temperature outside the vehicle, an insolation sensor 21 k , an evaporator exit temperature sensor 21 l to detect an air temperature at the exit of the evaporator 12 , a water temperature sensor 21 m , a coolant pressure sensor 21 n to detect
  • the air-conditioner control unit 14 controls the compressor 8 , blower fan motors 17 and 19 , intake door 40 , and the like according to data from the above-mentioned sensors and air-conditioner control instructions.
  • the air-conditioner control unit 14 includes the compressor controller 14 a , a fan motor controller 14 e , and an intake controller 14 f as shown in FIG. 1 .
  • the fan motor controller 14 e receives a target interior temperature set by a passenger through the temperature adjust switch 21 g and data from the sensors of the air-conditioner control sensor group 21 , calculates a flow rate of air to be supplied from the air conditioning unit 7 b , and according to the calculated flow rate, controls the fan motor 17 of the electric fan 15 through a PWM (pulse width modulation) module 18 , thereby controlling a flow rate of the electric fan 15 .
  • the fan motor controller 14 e controls the fan motor 19 of the electric fan 16 , to control a flow rate of the electric fan 16 .
  • the fan motors 15 and 19 may be directly or indirectly controlled with the engine control unit 3 .
  • the intake controller 14 f drives a door driver 41 of the intake door 40 c to close the inside air intake 40 a and open the outside air intake 40 b so that fresh air is guided into the duct of the air conditioning unit 7 b .
  • the intake controller 14 f drives the door driver 41 of the intake door 40 c to open the inside air intake 40 a and close the outside air intake 40 b so that inside air is introduced into the duct of the air conditioning unit 7 b.
  • the compressor controller 14 a includes the capacity controller 14 b and torque calculator 14 c.
  • the capacity controller 14 b controls the control valve 13 of the compressor 8 .
  • the capacity controller 14 b receives a target interior temperature set by a passenger with the temperature adjust switch 21 g and data from the sensors, calculates a target conditioned air temperature supplied from the air conditioning unit 7 b , finds, according to the calculated target conditioned air temperature, a target air temperature at the exit of the evaporator 12 , calculates a duty factor to bring an actual air temperature at the exit of the evaporator 12 to the calculated target air temperature at the exit of the evaporator 12 , and transfers the calculated duty factor to the control valve 13 .
  • the capacity controller 14 b provides the control valve 13 with a control pulse signal having a duty factor that determines a coolant discharge of the compressor 8 . If the capacity controller 14 b provides the control valve 13 with a maximum capacity signal having a maximum duty factor of 100%, the valve plug 31 a of the control valve 13 moves to the closed position. Then, no pressure is introduced from the discharge chamber 49 to the crankcase 48 through the pressure introducing path 54 . As a result, the pressure of the crankcase 48 decreases, the swash plate 26 d inclines to a maximum inclination angle, and the piston 27 takes a full-stroke position. Consequently, the discharge of the compressor 8 increases to the maximum.
  • the capacity controller 14 b provides the control valve 13 with a minimum discharge signal having a minimum duty factor of 0%, the valve plug 31 a of the control valve 13 moves to an open position. Then, pressure is introduced from the discharge chamber 49 into the crankcase 48 through the pressure introducing path 54 . As a result, the pressure of the crankcase 48 increases, the swash plate 26 d inclines to a minimum inclination angle, and the piston 27 takes a destroke position. Consequently, the discharge of the compressor 8 decreases to the minimum.
  • the capacity controller 14 b adjusts a duty factor to adjust a flow rate of high-pressure coolant to be introduced from the discharge chamber 49 into the crankcase 48 through the pressure introducing path 54 , thereby controlling the coolant discharge of the compressor 8 .
  • the capacity controller 14 b works in a normal mode to calculate a duty factor according to a target air temperature at the exit of the evaporator 12 and an actual air temperature at the exit of the evaporator 12 provided by the sensor 21 l .
  • the capacity controller 14 b may work in a minimum duty factor mode and a maximum duty factor mode. In the maximum duty factor mode, the capacity controller 14 b maintains the maximum duty factor (100%). In the minimum duty factor mode, the capacity controller 14 b maintains the minimum duty factor (0%).
  • the torque calculator 14 c calculates a drive torque (load torque) of the compressor 8 .
  • the torque calculator 14 c calculates a start torque Tk during a predetermined period of time (four seconds in the embodiment) after a start of the compressor 8 , and after the predetermined period of time, calculates a steady-state torque Ts (Tsn, Tsf).
  • FIG. 5 shows a Mollier chart of the refrigeration cycle 7 a
  • FIG. 6 shows characteristic curves of the compressor suction pressure Ps and compressor discharge pressure Pd with different duty factors
  • FIG. 7 shows characteristic curves of the compressor discharge pressure Pd and torque with a constant refrigerating cycle load (evaporator load) and different duty factors
  • FIG. 8 shows the compressor discharge pressure Pd and torque with different refrigerating cycle loads (the load being determined by the temperature (° C.) and humidity (%) of intake air of the evaporator 12 and a blower voltage (V)) and a fixed duty factor (60%)
  • FIG. 6 shows characteristic curves of the compressor suction pressure Ps and compressor discharge pressure Pd with different duty factors
  • FIG. 7 shows characteristic curves of the compressor discharge pressure Pd and torque with a constant refrigerating cycle load (evaporator load) and different duty factors
  • FIG. 8 shows the compressor discharge pressure Pd and torque with different refrigerating cycle loads (the load being determined by the temperature (° C.) and humidity (%) of
  • FIG. 9 shows a characteristic curve of torque and a ratio of evaporator temperature difference ⁇ T to the compressor discharge pressure Pd with a fixed duty factor of 60% and different refrigerating cycle loads (the load being determined by the temperature (° C.) and humidity (%) of intake air of the evaporator 12 and a blower voltage (V)),
  • FIG. 10 is a flowchart showing a process of calculating a steady-state torque
  • FIG. 11 shows characteristic curves of torque estimated according to the embodiment and actual torque.
  • the embodiment calculates a steady-state torque Ts (Tsn, Tsf) according to torque expressions (12) and (13) to be explained later.
  • the torque expressions (12) and (13) have, as input parameters, a temperature difference ⁇ T between air temperatures at the entrance and exit of the evaporator 12 , a compressor discharge coolant pressure Pd, an external control signal having a duty factor for controlling the control valve 13 , and the number of revolutions Nc of the compressor 8 .
  • ⁇ m changes according to a compression ratio (Pd/Ps) and the coolant flow rate Gr and is specific to the compressor 8 .
  • Nc is a known value, and therefore, the torque can be estimated if the compressor discharge pressure Pd, compressor suction pressure Ps, and coolant flow rate Gr are obtained.
  • the compressor discharge pressure Pd is readable from a detected value of the coolant pressure sensor 21 n .
  • the compressor suction pressure Ps is controlled by the duty factor of a control pulse signal supplied to the control valve 13 , and therefore, the suction pressure Ps can be found from the compressor discharge pressure Pd and duty factor.
  • the compressor suction pressure Ps and compressor discharge pressure Pd follow a specific characteristic curve depending on a duty factor. Accordingly, the compressor suction pressure Ps can be approximated from the duty factor of an external control signal and the compressor discharge pressure Pd.
  • FIG. 7 shows characteristic curves of compressor discharge pressure Pd and torque Ts with the refrigeration cycle 7 a (evaporator suction side) receiving a constant load defined by a temperature of 25° C., a humidity of 50%, and an air flow rate corresponding to a blower voltage of 5 V and with different duty factors. It is understood from FIG. 7 that the torque Ts can be estimated from the compressor discharge pressure Pd and duty factor.
  • ⁇ t/Pd and torque Ts can be plotted as a graph of FIG. 9 .
  • This graph shows that differences in evaporator load (the humidity of intake air and an air flow rate) can be absorbed.
  • the torque Ts of the compressor 8 may be calculated from an air temperature difference ⁇ t between the entrance and exit of the evaporator 12 , a compressor discharge pressure Pd, the duty factor of a control pulse signal for controlling the control valve 13 , and the number of revolutions Nc of the compressor 8 .
  • a constant value (a standard number of revolutions for idling and fuel-cut deceleration) is employed as the number of revolutions Nc of the compressor 8 in the expression (11).
  • the torque calculator 14 c stores, in an external or internal memory (not shown), the expression (12) and values for the constant terms A and B obtained by measurements under various conditions and calculates the torque Ts by entering data for the variable terms and constant terms of the expression (12).
  • the steady-state torque Tsn of the compressor 8 under a discharge capacity controlled state is dependent on the compressor discharge pressure Pd and the temperature difference ⁇ t before and after the evaporator 12 as shown in the expression (12).
  • step S 1 of FIG. 10 the capacity controller 14 b sets a normal mode duty factor for the control valve 13 .
  • step S 2 the capacity controller 14 b employs a normal controller 121 to calculate a target evaporator exit air temperature, calculates a duty factor according to the target evaporator exit air temperature and an actual evaporator exit air temperature, and provides the control valve 13 with a control signal having the calculated duty factor.
  • step S 3 the intake controller 14 f determines whether the intake door 40 is at the outside air introducing position or at the inside air circulating position according to information from the fresh air (FRE) switch 21 e and recirculation (REC) switch 21 f . If the intake door 40 is at the outside air introducing position, step S 4 is carried out in which the torque calculator 14 c receives a temperature detected by the ambient temperature sensor 21 j as an evaporator entrance air temperature, delays and corrects the received temperature signal, and provides a recognized ambient temperature signal.
  • FRE fresh air
  • REC recirculation
  • step S 5 is carried out in which the torque calculator 14 c receives a temperature detected by the interior temperature sensor 21 i as an evaporator entrance air temperature signal, delays and corrects the received temperature signal, and provides a recognized interior temperature signal.
  • step S 6 the torque calculator 14 c receives a temperature detected by the evaporator exit temperature sensor 21 l as an evaporator exit air temperature signal, delays and corrects the received temperature signal, and provides a recognized evaporator exit temperature signal.
  • step S 7 the torque calculator 14 c calculates a temperature difference ⁇ t before and after the evaporator 12 according to the above-mentioned data. Namely, if the intake door 40 is at the outside air introducing position, the torque calculator 14 c subtracts the recognized evaporator exit temperature from the recognized ambient temperature, to find determine the temperature difference ⁇ t. If the intake door 40 is at the inside air circulating position, the torque calculator 14 c subtracts the recognized evaporator exit temperature from the recognized interior temperature, to determine the temperature difference ⁇ t.
  • step S 8 the torque calculator 14 c fetches a pressure detected by the coolant pressure sensor 21 n , delays and corrects the detected pressure signal, and provides a recognized compressor discharge pressure signal.
  • step S 9 the torque calculator 14 c receives a duty factor of the control pulse signal provided by the capacity controller 14 b to the control valve 13 .
  • step S 10 the torque calculator 14 c checks to see if the duty factor is equal to or greater than 90%. If the duty factor is equal to or greater than 90%, step S 11 is carried out in which a steady-state full-stroke calculator 107 ( FIG. 4 ) of the torque calculator 14 c calculates a steady-state full-stroke torque Tsf according to the steady-state full-stroke torque expression (13) ( FIG. 7 ). If the duty factor is smaller than 90%, step S 12 is carried out in which a steady-state torque calculator 105 of the torque calculator 14 c calculates a steady-state torque Ts according to the steady-state torque expression (12).
  • This process is repeated to calculate the steady-state torque Ts (Tsn or Tsf) of the variable capacity compressor 8 in real time.
  • the engine control unit 3 controls an intake air quantity (a fuel mixture supply quantity) so as to prevent engine stall and excessive idling in an idling mode.
  • the torque calculator 14 c stores the expression (11) in an external or internal memory (not shown), the expression (11) involving, as variables, an air temperature difference ⁇ t between the entrance and exit of the evaporator 12 , a compressor discharge pressure Pd, a duty factor, and the number of revolutions Nc of the compressor 8 .
  • the torque calculator 14 c calculates a torque of the compressor 8 .
  • the modification additionally employs the number of revolutions Nc of the compressor 8 as data for calculating a torque of the compressor 8 .
  • the modification can reduce the quantity of data to be stored in the memory.
  • the modification can calculate a torque of the compressor 8 not only in the idling mode and fuel-cut deceleration mode of the air conditioner 6 but also in any other operation mode of the air conditioner 6 .
  • the number of revolutions Nc of the compressor 8 in the expression (11) may be replaced with a constant value (a standard number of revolutions for idling and fuel-cut deceleration), and the replaced expression may be stored in the memory. This may reduce the quantity of data to input and make the calculation of the expression simpler for idling and fuel-cut deceleration in which the number of revolutions Nc of the compressor 8 is substantially constant.
  • FIG. 12 is a flowchart showing a process of stopping the variable capacity compressor 8
  • FIG. 13 is a flowchart showing a process of restarting the compressor 8
  • FIG. 14 is a flowchart showing a process of calculating a start torque of the compressor 8
  • FIG. 15 is a timing chart showing an ON/OFF state of the air-conditioner clutch 43 and an output duty factor to stop the compressor 8
  • FIG. 16 is a timing chart showing an ON/OFF state of the air-conditioner clutch 43 , an output duty factor, and a torque calculating pattern when restarting the compressor 8
  • FIG. 17 shows experimental characteristic curves of start torque of the compressor 8
  • FIG. 18 shows a characteristic curve of ambient temperature Ta and additional torque related to the compressor 8 .
  • the embodiment is capable of calculating a start torque of the variable capacity compressor 8 , even at a restart of the compressor 8 just after a stoppage thereof.
  • the inventor determined through tests that, under certain conditions, the crankcase 48 and suction chamber 50 of the compressor 8 gradually attain an equal pressure in a predetermined time (six seconds in the embodiment) after the compressor 8 has stopped, thereby returning the piston 27 to an initial position. Based on this finding, the inventor has verified through tests that a start torque is calculable by determining whether the piston 27 is at the initial position or at an intermediate position when the compressor 8 is restarted.
  • step S 20 of FIG. 12 the air conditioner (A/C) switch 21 a is switched from ON to OFF, and the compressor controller 14 a starts a compressor stop process.
  • step S 21 the compressor controller 14 a determines whether or not the engine control unit 3 has changed the A/C clutch 43 from ON to OFF. If the A/C clutch 43 has been turned off, the capacity controller 14 b selects a maximum duty factor mode in step S 23 and provides the control valve 13 with a control pulse signal having a duty factor of 100% ( FIG. 15 ) in step S 24 .
  • step S 25 the counter 101 of the torque calculator 14 c counts an OFF time t 0 from the OFF time of the A/C clutch 43 .
  • step S 28 the determiner 103 of the torque calculator 14 c determines whether or not the OFF time t 0 is equal to or greater than 10 seconds, and if not, repeats steps S 26 and S 27 .
  • the capacity controller 14 b selects a minimum duty factor mode in step S 29 and provides the control valve 13 with a control pulse signal having a duty factor of 0% in step S 30 .
  • the capacity controller 14 b provides the control valve 13 with an external control signal having a duty factor of 100% for 10 seconds ( FIG. 15 ) after the A/C clutch 43 is turned off to stop the compressor 8 .
  • the control valve 13 is completely closed for ten seconds after stoppage of the compressor 8 . This is to maintain the crankcase pressure Pc without abruptly changing the same when the compressor 8 is stopped.
  • the control valve 13 at the closed position blocks the pressure introducing path 54 between the discharge chamber 49 and the crankcase 48 , so that no high-pressure coolant flows from the discharge chamber 49 into the crankcase 48 through the pressure introducing path 54 .
  • crankcase 48 and suction chamber 50 are always connected to each other through the pressure releasing path 55 , and therefore, coolant in the crankcase 48 flows into the suction chamber 50 to equalize the pressure Pc of the crankcase 48 to the low pressure Ps of the suction chamber 50 , thereby stabilizing the pressure Pc of the crankcase 48 .
  • the pressures of the crankcase 48 and suction chamber 50 gradually equalize with each other in a predetermined time (six seconds in this embodiment) after stoppage of the compressor 8 . Due to this gradual pressure change, the swash plate 26 d and piston 27 gradually return to their neutral positions in the predetermined time (six seconds in this embodiment) after the compressor 8 is stopped.
  • a start torque Tk is correctly calculable for a time point at which the piston 27 is at the neutral position after the compressor 8 has been stopped and for a time point at which the piston 27 is moving to the neutral position.
  • the predetermined time of six seconds for the compressor 8 of this embodiment is experimentally obtained.
  • the predetermined time may be changed depending on the compressor. Operation of the compressor controller 14 a when the variable capacity compressor 8 is restarted will be explained with reference to FIG. 13 .
  • step S 40 of FIG. 13 the air-conditioner (A/C) switch 21 a is switched from OFF to ON.
  • the compressor controller 14 a determines whether or not the engine control unit 3 has changed the A/C clutch 43 from OFF to ON. If the A/C clutch 43 has been turned on, step S 42 is carried out in which the counter 101 of the compressor controller 14 a counts an ON time t 1 from the ON time of the A/C clutch 43 .
  • the capacity controller 14 b selects the maximum duty factor mode, and in step S 44 , provides the control valve 13 with a control pulse signal having a duty factor of 100% ( FIG. 16 ).
  • the capacity controller 14 b continuously provides the control pulse signal having a duty factor of 100% for ten seconds.
  • the control valve 13 moves to the totally closed position, to stabilize the low pressure of the suction chamber 50 and increase an estimation accuracy of a start torque.
  • the reason why the control pulse signal of duty factor 100% is continuously provided for ten seconds is because a time in which the suction pressure Ps of the suction chamber 50 stabilizes after a start of the compressor 8 is dependent on the ambient temperature Ta. For example, if the ambient temperature Ta is 35° C., it takes about six seconds to stabilize the suction pressure Ps, and if the ambient temperature Ta is 15° C., it takes about eight seconds. Accordingly, ten seconds are needed to surely stabilize the suction pressure Ps irrespective of the ambient temperature Ta.
  • step S 47 continues the calculation of a start torque Tk for four seconds from the restart of the compressor 8 . The details of the calculation of a start torque Tk will be explained later.
  • step S 47 determines that the ON time t 1 is equal to or greater than four seconds, i.e., if four seconds have passed from the restart of the compressor 8 , the start torque calculator 109 stops calculating a start torque Tk.
  • step S 48 the steady-state full-stroke calculator 107 calculates a steady-state full-stroke torque Tsf according to the expression (13). This is because it is presumed that the piston 27 attains a full stroke four seconds after the restart of the compressor 8 at the duty factor of 100%.
  • Step S 50 checks to see if the ON time t 1 is equal to or greater than ten seconds. If the ON time t 1 is equal to or greater than ten seconds, i.e., if ten seconds have passed from the restart of the compressor 8 , the starting process ends, and the steady-state torque calculation process ( FIG. 10 ) mentioned above starts.
  • step S 60 the torque calculator 14 c receives an ambient temperature Ta from the ambient temperature sensor 21 j , and in step S 61 , a coolant pressure Pd from the coolant pressure sensor 21 n.
  • step S 62 the torque calculator 14 c checks to see if the ambient temperature Ta is lower than 10° C. If so, a low-ambient-temperature start torque calculator 111 of the torque calculator 14 c calculates a low-ambient-temperature start torque according to a low-ambient-temperature start torque expression Tu and Tmin ( FIG. 17 ).
  • the characteristic curves Tu and Tmin are prepared from start torque values measured in tests that repeatedly restart the variable capacity compressor 8 .
  • step S 66 is carried out to determine whether the OFF time t 0 of the A/C clutch 43 is equal to or greater than six seconds. This is because, as mentioned above, the swash plate 26 d and piston 27 gradually return to their initial positions in the predetermined time of about six seconds after the compressor 8 is turned off.
  • step S 67 is carried out in which a transitional start torque calculator 113 ( FIG. 4 ) of the torque calculator 14 c calculates a start torque Tt according to a transitional start torque expression Tt shown in FIG. 17 .
  • the transitional start torque expression Tt is based on characteristic curves Tt shown in FIG. 17 that are prepared from start torque values measured in tests that start the compressor 8 when the piston 27 is between the full-stroke position and the initial stroke position.
  • the transitional start torque expression Tt includes, as input parameters, the ambient temperature Ta and high pressure (discharge pressure) Pd.
  • step S 67 Also calculated in step S 67 are an upper limit value Tmax (when the piston 27 is at the full-stroke position) for the transitional start torque Tt and a lower limit value Tmin (when the piston 27 is at the initial position) for the transitional start torque Tt.
  • Step S 68 determines whether the calculated transitional start torque Tt is less than the upper limit Tmax and greater than the lower limit Tmin. If so, step S 70 is carried out to adopt the transitional start torque Tt as a start torque Tc. If the transitional start torque Tt is greater than the upper limit Tmax in step S 68 , step S 71 is carried out to adopt the upper limit Tmax as a start torque Tc.
  • step S 69 is carried out to adopt the lower limit Tmin as a start torque Tc.
  • the transitional start torque Tt must be between the mechanical upper limit Tmax and lower limit Tmin. If the estimated transitional start torque Tt is abnormal to exceed the upper limit Tmax or lower the lower limit Tmin, the upper limit Tmax or lower limit Tmin is adopted as the start torque Tk (Tc).
  • an initial-stroke start torque calculator 115 ( FIG. 4 ) of the torque calculator 14 c calculates a start torque in steps S 72 and S 73 according to an initial-stroke start torque expression Tmin ( FIG. 17 ).
  • step S 72 of FIG. 14 calculates an additional torque (additional value a1 ⁇ Pd+b) according to the ambient temperature Ta, and step S 73 adds the additional torque to the start torque Tmin and provides the sum as the start torque Tk (Tc).
  • additional torque additional value a1 ⁇ Pd+b
  • step S 73 adds the additional torque to the start torque Tmin and provides the sum as the start torque Tk (Tc).
  • step S 72 the additional value added in step S 72 is based on the difference between an actual high pressure in the compressor 8 and the detected high pressure Pd.
  • step S 72 determines the additional value from a correlation map ( FIG. 18 ) according to the ambient temperature Ta detected by the ambient temperature sensor 21 j arranged in the vicinity of a radiator grill of the vehicle, and step S 73 adds the determined additional value to the start torque Tmin.
  • the embodiment is based on the finding of the inventor that the swash plate 26 d and piston 27 return to their initial positions in a predetermined time (six seconds in the embodiment) after the compressor 8 is switched from ON to OFF.
  • the embodiment estimates, in steps S 67 to S 71 and S 72 to S 73 , a start torque depending on whether or not an OFF time after the compressor 8 is turned off is less than the predetermined time. With this technique, the embodiment can correctly estimate a start torque even when the compressor 8 is restarted just after a stoppage thereof.
  • the embodiment controls the control valve 13 with an external control signal identical to a maximum capacity signal to achieve a full piston stroke. Namely, when the compressor 8 is turned off, the control valve 13 is totally closed. The totally closed control valve 13 blocks the pressure introducing path 54 between the discharge chamber 49 and the crankcase 48 , and therefore, no high-pressure coolant flows from the discharge chamber 49 into the crankcase 48 . At this time, coolant in the crankcase 48 gradually flows into the suction chamber 50 through the pressure releasing path 55 that always connects the crankcase 48 and suction chamber 50 to each other. As a result, the pressure Pc of the crankcase 48 becomes equal to the low pressure Ps of the suction chamber 50 and stabilizes.
  • the control valve 13 is at the totally closed position so that the pressure Pc of the crankcase 48 is maintained at a low level. Accordingly, when the compressor 8 is restarted, the maximum capacity operation of the compressor 8 is immediately started. In this way, the embodiment achieves a quick start ability.
  • the swash plate 26 d shifts to a maximum inclination angle, i.e., the piston 27 attains a full stroke. Accordingly, estimating a steady-state full-stroke torque in step S 48 and a steady-state operation can be quickly achieved.
  • the method of calculating a torque of the variable capacity compressor 8 counts (step S 25 ) an OFF time t 0 when the clutch 43 is turned off until the clutch 43 is next turned on, determines (step S 66 ) whether or not the OFF time t 0 is equal to or greater than a predetermined time (six seconds in this embodiment), and calculates (steps S 67 to S 71 and S 72 to S 73 ) a start torque depending on whether or not the OFF time t 0 is less than the predetermined time.
  • the apparatus for calculating a torque of the variable capacity compressor 8 includes the counter 101 (corresponding to step S 25 ) to count an OFF time t 0 when the clutch 43 is turned off until the clutch 43 is next turned on, the determiner 103 (corresponding to step S 66 ) to determine whether or not the OFF time t 0 is less than the predetermined time, and the start torque calculator 109 (corresponding to steps S 67 to S 71 and S 72 to S 73 ) to calculate a start torque depending on whether or not the OFF time t 0 is less than the predetermined time.
  • the embodiment checks to see if an elapsed time after the compressor 8 stops is less than the predetermined time (six seconds in this embodiment) in which the pressure of the compressor 8 establishes an equilibrium state and the piston 27 returns to an initial position.
  • the embodiment can correctly calculate a start torque, even if the compressor 8 is restarted just after a stoppage thereof.
  • the method of calculating a torque of the variable capacity compressor 8 provides (step S 24 ) the pressure adjuster 13 with an external control signal for at least a predetermined time after the clutch 43 is turned off, the external control signal being identical to a maximum capacity signal to establish a full piston stroke, and when the clutch 43 is turned on, calculates (step S 45 ) a start torque of the compressor 8 .
  • the apparatus for calculating a torque of the variable capacity compressor 8 includes the capacity controller 14 b to provide the control valve 13 serving, as a pressure adjuster, with an external control signal.
  • the capacity controller 14 b has the start-torque-calculate adminicle 123 (corresponding to step S 24 ) to provide the pressure adjuster 13 with an external control signal for at least a predetermined time after the clutch 43 is turned off, the external control signal being identical to a maximum capacity signal to establish a full piston stroke.
  • the apparatus also includes the torque calculator 14 c for calculating a start torque of the compressor 8 .
  • the torque calculator 14 c includes the start torque calculator 109 (corresponding to step S 45 ) configured to calculate a start torque of the compressor 8 when the clutch 43 is turned on.
  • a combination of the above-mentioned items (1) and (2) also forms a method of calculating a torque of the variable capacity compressor 8 .
  • the combination method includes providing (S 24 ) the control valve 13 , serving as a pressure adjuster, with an external control signal after the clutch 43 is turned off, the external control signal being identical to a maximum capacity signal to establish a full piston stroke, counting (S 25 ) an OFF time t 0 when the clutch 43 is tuned off until the clutch 43 is next turned on, determining (S 66 ) whether or not the OFF time t 0 is less than a predetermined time, and calculating (S 67 to S 71 , S 72 to S 73 ) a start torque of the compressor 8 depending on the determination.
  • the combination of the above-mentioned items (1) and (2) provides a combination apparatus for calculating a torque of the variable capacity compressor 8 .
  • the apparatus includes the torque calculator 14 c to calculate torque of the compressor 8 .
  • the torque calculator 14 c includes the counter 101 to count an OFF time t 0 when the clutch 43 is tuned off until the clutch 43 is next turned on, the determiner 103 to determine whether or not the OFF time t 0 is less than a predetermined time, and the start torque calculator 109 to calculate a start torque of the compressor 8 depending on the determination of the determiner 103 .
  • the apparatus also includes the capacity controller 14 b to provide the control valve 13 with an external control signal.
  • the capacity controller 14 b includes the start-torque-calculate adminicle 123 to provide the control valve 13 with an external control signal for at least a predetermined time after the clutch 43 is turned off, the external control signal being identical to a maximum capacity signal to establish a full piston stroke.
  • the variable capacity compressor 8 includes the cylinder bores 51 , the suction chamber 50 and discharge chamber 49 arranged on a top-dead-center side of the cylinder bores 51 , the crankcase 48 arranged on a bottom-dead-center side of the cylinder bores 50 , the piston 27 arranged in each cylinder bore 51 , to suck coolant from the suction chamber 50 into the cylinder bore 51 , compress the sucked coolant, and discharge the compressed coolant into the discharge chamber 49 , the clutch 43 to be turned on to transmit driving force from the driving source 1 to each piston 27 so that the piston 27 operates and to be turned off to disconnect the driving force of the driving source 1 from each piston 27 so that the piston 27 stops, the pressure guiding path 54 to connect the discharge chamber 49 and crankcase 48 to each other, the pressure releasing path 55 to connect the crankcase 48 and suction chamber 50 to each other, and the control valve 13 serving as a pressure adjuster to change an opening of one of the pressure guiding path 54 and pressure releasing path
  • the start torque calculator ( 109 ) includes the transitional torque calculator 113 , serving as a first start torque calculator (corresponding to steps S 67 to S 71 ), to calculate a start torque of the compressor 8 if the OFF time t 0 is less than the predetermined time, and the initial-stroke start torque calculator 115 , serving as a second start torque calculator (corresponding to steps S 72 and S 73 ), to calculate a start torque of the compressor 8 if the OFF time t 0 is equal to or greater than the predetermined time.
  • the capacity controller 14 b includes the normal controller 121 that controls the control valve 13 to bring an actual evaporator exit air temperature closer to a target evaporator exit air temperature.
  • an actual evaporator exit air temperature is always brought closer to a target evaporator exit air temperature.
  • the control valve 13 serving as a pressure adjuster, includes the valve plug 31 a to change an opening of the pressure introducing path 54 , as well as the pressure sensitive element 32 to move the valve plug 31 a in a valve opening direction if a low pressure Ps of the refrigeration cycle 7 a decreases and in a valve closing direction if the low pressure Ps increases.
  • the embodiment can ensure a coolant flow rate appropriate for the load on the evaporator 12 and can correctly estimate a start torque of the compressor 8 .
  • the A/C clutch 43 is turned on and off by turning on and off the air-conditioner switch 21 a .
  • any other on/off control element may be employed to turn the A/C clutch 43 on and off.
  • a modification of the embodiment may employ an element to turn off the A/C clutch 43 when an air temperature at the exit of the evaporator 12 decreases below a predetermined temperature (for example, 5° C.).
  • Another modification of the embodiment may employ an element to turn the A/C clutch 43 on and off according to an engine condition, such as an acceleration condition.
  • control valve 13 includes the pressure sensitive part (diaphragm) 32 to sense a suction pressure Ps and control a valve opening as shown in FIG. 3 .
  • the control valve 13 may sense a discharge pressure (high pressure) Pd.
  • the swash plate 26 d and piston 27 return to their initial positions when the compressor 8 establishes a pressure equilibrium and the initial positions are intermediate between a full-stroke position and a destroke position.
  • the initial positions may be other optional positions instead of the intermediate positions.
  • a start torque map is prepared according to the optional initial positions.
  • the embodiment employs the duty factor of a control pulse signal to externally control the discharge capacity of coolant of the compressor 8 .
  • any other electrical quantity may be used to control the discharge capacity of coolant of the compressor 8 .
  • the embodiment employs a vehicle engine as a driving source of the compressor 8 .
  • the driving source of the compressor 8 may be an electric motor.
  • the capacity controller 14 b and torque calculator 14 c are arranged in the air-conditioner control unit 14 .
  • the capacity controller 14 b and torque calculator 14 c may be arranged in the engine control unit 3 . It is also possible to arrange the capacity controller 14 b and torque calculator 14 c separately.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
  • Control Of Positive-Displacement Pumps (AREA)
  • Compressors, Vaccum Pumps And Other Relevant Systems (AREA)
  • Air-Conditioning For Vehicles (AREA)
US11/440,459 2005-05-25 2006-05-25 Control apparatus for variable capacity compressor and method of calculating torque of variable capacity compressor Abandoned US20060275145A1 (en)

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JP2005153188A JP4866568B2 (ja) 2005-05-25 2005-05-25 可変容量コンプレッサのトルク算出装置
JP2005-153188 2005-05-25

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US9033679B2 (en) * 2007-02-09 2015-05-19 Sanden Corporation Displacement control system for variable displacement compressor
US20100145527A1 (en) * 2007-03-20 2010-06-10 Sjoeberg Andreas Method for operating a variable displacement compressor and system with a variable displacement compressor
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US20110076161A1 (en) * 2008-05-28 2011-03-31 Yukihiko Taguchi Displacement Control System for Variable Displacement Compressor
US8506261B2 (en) * 2008-05-28 2013-08-13 Sanden Corporation Displacement control system for variable displacement compressor
US20100122808A1 (en) * 2008-11-19 2010-05-20 Wabtec Holding Corp. Temperature Management System for a 2CD Type Air Compressor
US8128379B2 (en) 2008-11-19 2012-03-06 Wabtec Holding Corp. Temperature management system for a 2CD type air compressor
US20170101952A1 (en) * 2015-10-08 2017-04-13 Cummins Inc. Idle engine operation based on vehicle cabin temperature
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CN109562676A (zh) * 2016-06-30 2019-04-02 艾默生环境优化技术有限公司 减少溢流启动情况的启动控制系统和方法
US10538146B2 (en) * 2016-12-06 2020-01-21 Ford Global Technologies Llc Reducing externally variable displacement compressor (EVDC) start-up delay
US20180320943A1 (en) * 2017-05-08 2018-11-08 Thermo King Corporation Methods and systems for preventing premature compressor failure from improper operation
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US11060902B2 (en) * 2018-06-26 2021-07-13 Kobe Steel, Ltd. Abnormality treatment apparatus for rotating machine, and rotating machine system
US20230241945A1 (en) * 2022-01-31 2023-08-03 Thermo King Corporation Clutch burnishing
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CN1869556A (zh) 2006-11-29
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DE602006003941D1 (de) 2009-01-15
EP1867875A2 (en) 2007-12-19
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EP1726829A2 (en) 2006-11-29
EP1726829B1 (en) 2008-12-03

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