US20060244170A1 - Method of producing a thermoplastically moldable fiber-reinforced semifinished product - Google Patents

Method of producing a thermoplastically moldable fiber-reinforced semifinished product Download PDF

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US20060244170A1
US20060244170A1 US11/397,773 US39777306A US2006244170A1 US 20060244170 A1 US20060244170 A1 US 20060244170A1 US 39777306 A US39777306 A US 39777306A US 2006244170 A1 US2006244170 A1 US 2006244170A1
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Prior art keywords
fibers
thermoplastic
reinforcing fibers
porous
heated
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US11/397,773
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Karl-Ludwig Brentrup
Harri Dittmar
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Quadrant Plastic Composites AG
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Quadrant Plastic Composites AG
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Priority claimed from US10/470,969 external-priority patent/US20040177911A1/en
Priority claimed from US10/472,530 external-priority patent/US7132025B2/en
Priority claimed from EP05009770A external-priority patent/EP1719611A1/de
Application filed by Quadrant Plastic Composites AG filed Critical Quadrant Plastic Composites AG
Priority to US11/397,773 priority Critical patent/US20060244170A1/en
Assigned to QUADRANT PLASTIC COMPOSITES AG reassignment QUADRANT PLASTIC COMPOSITES AG ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BRENTRUP, KARL-LUDWIG, DITTMAR, HARRI
Publication of US20060244170A1 publication Critical patent/US20060244170A1/en
Priority to US12/688,977 priority patent/US20100116407A1/en
Priority to US13/435,477 priority patent/US8540830B2/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
    • B29C70/04—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
    • B29C70/28—Shaping operations therefor
    • B29C70/40—Shaping or impregnating by compression not applied
    • B29C70/50—Shaping or impregnating by compression not applied for producing articles of indefinite length, e.g. prepregs, sheet moulding compounds [SMC] or cross moulding compounds [XMC]
    • B29C70/504—Shaping or impregnating by compression not applied for producing articles of indefinite length, e.g. prepregs, sheet moulding compounds [SMC] or cross moulding compounds [XMC] using rollers or pressure bands
    • B29C70/506—Shaping or impregnating by compression not applied for producing articles of indefinite length, e.g. prepregs, sheet moulding compounds [SMC] or cross moulding compounds [XMC] using rollers or pressure bands and impregnating by melting a solid material, e.g. sheet, powder, fibres
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
    • D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
    • D04H1/42—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece
    • D04H1/4209—Inorganic fibres
    • D04H1/4218—Glass fibres
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
    • D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
    • D04H1/42—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece
    • D04H1/4282—Addition polymers
    • D04H1/4291—Olefin series
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
    • D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
    • D04H1/44—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
    • D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
    • D04H1/44—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling
    • D04H1/46—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibres
    • D04H1/48—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibres in combination with at least one other method of consolidation
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
    • D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
    • D04H1/44—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling
    • D04H1/46—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibres
    • D04H1/48—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibres in combination with at least one other method of consolidation
    • D04H1/485—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibres in combination with at least one other method of consolidation in combination with weld-bonding
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
    • D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
    • D04H1/54—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by welding together the fibres, e.g. by partially melting or dissolving
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
    • D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
    • D04H1/54—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by welding together the fibres, e.g. by partially melting or dissolving
    • D04H1/542—Adhesive fibres
    • D04H1/544—Olefin series
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29B—PREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
    • B29B15/00—Pretreatment of the material to be shaped, not covered by groups B29B7/00 - B29B13/00
    • B29B15/08—Pretreatment of the material to be shaped, not covered by groups B29B7/00 - B29B13/00 of reinforcements or fillers
    • B29B15/10—Coating or impregnating independently of the moulding or shaping step
    • B29B15/12—Coating or impregnating independently of the moulding or shaping step of reinforcements of indefinite length

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a method for producing a thermoplastically moldable fiber-reinforced semifinished product from a mixed nonwoven containing thermoplastic fibers and reinforcing fibers.
  • Thermoplastically moldable semifinished products containing reinforcing fibers, in particular glass fibers, are being used to an increasing extent for the production of moldings, in particular for automotive parts.
  • Such “plastic panels” are characterized by high strength and toughness.
  • GMT semifinished products are manufactured on a large scale industrially by combining continuous glass fiber strand mat and molten thermoplastic films in a double band press. This procedure consumes a substantial amount of energy, because the viscous melt must be pressed into the mat at pressures far above 1 bar. It is thus exceptionally difficult, in practice, to achieve a fiber content greater than 45 wt % and an areal weight below 2000 g/m 2 by this method.
  • the reinforcing fibers in the reinforcing fibers in the glass mats are generally in the form of fiber bundles or “strands”, impregnation with thermoplastic is never entirely complete and uniform, and therefore microscopically heterogeneous regions are present, thus resulting in a high standard deviation in the mechanical properties. This is also the case with thermally expanded GMT, which, due to the restoring forces of the glass fibers needled together, contains air pores which are irregularly distributed within the matrix.
  • German Patent Application DE-A 36 14 533 describes a method for producing molded articles of thermoplastics which contain a reinforcing insert. Based on textile fiber technology, a nonwoven blend of thermoplastic fibers and reinforcing fibers is produced by carding or air-laying methods and is consolidated, for example, by needling. Cut sections of this nonwoven blend are heated and pressed directly to form three-dimensional molded articles without prior consolidation into a semi-finished product. Complete impregnation is very difficult to obtain, especially with components having a complex shape, so that the mechanical properties of the moldings leave much to be desired.
  • blended strands of reinforcing fibers and thermoplastic fibers are first produced and then a nonwoven is produced from them. This nonwoven is pressed on a double band press at high temperature and high pressure to form a semifinished product. Production of mixed strands of reinforcing fibers and thermoplastic fibers is difficult due to the differing tensile elongations and modulus of the different fibers, and only a limited selection of blends is commercially available.
  • WO 02/062563 describes a continuous method for producing thermoplastically moldable thin semifinished products of a thermoplastic and long reinforcing fibers by dry blending thermoplastic fibers and reinforcing fibers to form a nonwoven blend; consolidating the fiber blend by needling; heating the consolidated nonwoven blend; compressing, employing a calender or a pair of pinch rollers to form a semifinished product, and optionally, laminating a functional layer thereto.
  • Sheet products produced in this manner are dense and have surface irregularities such as waviness.
  • WO 02/076711 describes a method similar to that of WO 02/062563 for producing thick nonwoven blends, wherein the step of compressing can also be performed by a laminating device at pressures between 1 bar and 10 bar.
  • the air pores are forced almost completely out of the softened nonwoven blend and the melt flows apart in length and width, resulting in an uncontrolled variation in areal weight and in distortion of the semifinished product, with the result that the boundaries of the semifinished product are wavy rather than smooth and straight.
  • the compression of mixed nonwovens in calenders or by pressure rollers has the further disadvantage that only low production speeds can be used and that a bulge is formed by the abrupt compression in the gap between rollers, which may result in strong distortion und even the formation of holes.
  • WO 03/086725 describes an apparatus and a process for making fiber-reinforced composites involving molding a mixed nonwoven mat in a continuous compression belt at relatively high pressure, up to 30 bar. “Pseudo-foamed composite sheets” are said to result from this process, but the air pore content is necessarily very low, and the high pressure will cause distortion of the non-woven and non-homogenous pore distribution. The sheet materials have a very high thermoplastic content, and thus strength and modulus are relatively low.
  • Example 1 shows an expanded panel whose weight per unit of area is much greater than 2000 g/m 2 .
  • the length of the glass fibers is 100 mm, and the content of glass fibers is 30 wt %.
  • an object of this invention is to provide a simple continuous method of producing a distortion-free semifinished product of thermoplastic material and reinforcing fibers which contains air pores with a uniform distribution, and which can be readily reshaped by thermoforming to provide finished parts having excellent and highly reproducible properties in all directions.
  • This and other objects are achieved by the inventive method, wherein individual thermoplastic fibers and individual reinforcing fibers are blended to form a mat of blended fibers, the mat is consolidated, preferably by needling, and is compressed twice, first in a heated compression mold, followed immediately by a cooled compression mold, in both cases at a pressure of less than 0.8 bar, to form an intermediate product which contains a uniform distribution of reinforcing fibers, thermoplastic, and air pores, the latter exceeding 25% by volume.
  • FIG. 1 is an SEM of an intermediate product of the present invention, showing a uniform porosity.
  • FIG. 2 is an SEM of an intermediate product of the present invention, at higher magnification.
  • FIG. 3 is an SEM of a prior art intermediate product illustrating the non-uniform porosity.
  • FIG. 4 is a higher magnification of the product used in FIG. 3 .
  • thermoplastic fibers and individual, nonbonded reinforcing fibers are blended together.
  • Suitable thermoplastics include all spinnable thermoplastics, e.g., polyolefins such as polyethylene and polypropylene, polyamides, linear polyesters, thermoplastic polyurethanes, polycarbonates, polyacetals, and the corresponding copolymers and thermoplastic blends, as well as polymers having high thermal stability, such as polyarylates, polysulfones, polyimides, polyetherimides and polyether ketones.
  • Particularly preferred is polypropylene with an MFI (230° C., 2.16 kp) according to DIN 53735 greater than 20 g/10 min, in particular between 25 and 150 g/10 Min.
  • the thermoplastic fibers generally have an average length (weight average) of 20 mm to 100 mm.
  • Preferred reinforcing fibers are glass fibers, but carbon fibers, basalt fibers and Aramid fibers may also be used.
  • natural fibers e.g., those made of flax, jute, hemp, kenaf, sisal and cotton are also useful.
  • basalt fibers which, in contrast to glass fibers do not melt and form a slag when fiber-reinforced finished parts are thermally processed.
  • the relatively expensive basalt fibers are preferably mixed with natural fibers in a weight ratio of 10:90 to 50:50.
  • the reinforcing fibers have an average length (weight average) of 20 mm to 100 mm. In order to be readily blendable with thermoplastic fibers, they must be substantially in the form of individual nonbonded fibers, i.e., they must not remain bonded together with polymer binders.
  • the reinforcing fibers may be supplied as precut or “staple” fibers, or may be cut to length shortly prior to the blending operation.
  • fibers whether precut or cut just prior to use, are in the form of multifilament strands. These strands must be capable of substantial individualizing of fibers. Of course, some fibers will generally be present in strands or partial strands, but the substantial majority of fibers will be present in individual form. To achieve this end, it is preferable that polymeric binders and the like be absent, or present in minimal amounts such that the strands may be “opened” by conventional textile equipment. Carding, for example, is highly efficient in opening strands of fibers.
  • the fibers may be dry or may be in the form of precut and only partially dried fibers.
  • thermoplastic and reinforcing fibers are supplied in the form of multi-fiber strands, are blended in an air stream, and deposited on a moving belt.
  • the fibers, which at this stage are in the form of strands, partially opened strands, and fibers, are subjected to one or more carding operations. Following carding, the number of unopened and partially opened strands is low, and the mat appears to be relatively homogenous. Following needling, a very homogenous appearance is achieved, with virtually no strands observable to the eye.
  • the mat product is lofty and contains in excess of 75% air pores, generally greater than 90%.
  • a thickness or “loft” of 2.5 cm to 15 cm prior to needling is typical, depending on the desired areal weight of the final product.
  • the average lengths of the thermoplastic fibers and of the reinforcing fibers differ by maximally 25%, preferably by maximally 10% and in particular, by maximally 3%.
  • the preferred glass fibers are commercially available as endless fibers or as cut fibers with lengths of 0.5 inch (12.7 mm). In addition, cut fibers with a length of e.g. 1 inch (25.4 mm) or 2 inches (50.8 mm) are also available.
  • the thermoplastic fibers are cut to approximately the same length as the glass fibers; i.e. in a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention both polypropylene fibers and glass fibers which have approximately the same length and which have an average length (weight average) in the range of 25 mm to 55 mm are employed.
  • This matching of fiber lengths has the advantage that during the production of the semifinished product, demixing of the fibers, which would result in inhomogeneities in the semifinished product, i.e. in glass-rich and polymer-rich domains, surprisingly does not occur. This is especially important if the fibers are blended by the airlay process.
  • thermoplastic fibers and reinforcing fibers are used in a weight ratio of 10:90 to 80:20, preferably 20:80 to 65:35, and in particular 25:75 to 55:45.
  • the glass fibers should be relatively dry which means that their water content should be less than 6 wt. % preferably 0.5 to 4 wt. %.
  • Blending is preferably performed according to the airlay or carding processes which are well-known in the textile technology. It has been surprisingly discovered that the carding process is relatively insensitive to water content, and thus the fibers can contain up to 15 wt. % of water.
  • Blending results in a non-woven continuous mat preferably having an areal weight of 200 to 2500 g/m 2 , more preferably from 250 to 1500 g/m 2 .
  • glass fiber bundles are opened to a large extent or completely so that most or all of the glass the fibers are present as individual filaments.
  • the nonwoven blend thus obtained is then consolidated, preferably by needling on one or both sides. This may be accomplished with felting needles on conventional needling looms. Needling causes some breakage of the reinforcing fibers, so that the average fiber length is reduced; on the other hand, needling consolidates the nonwoven blend, so that it can be handled without problems in subsequent steps of the process. It is also possible, in principle, to perform the consolidation by thermal means, e.g., by IR irradiation or by means of hot air. However, in this case, the thermoplastic fibers should not melt completely, but rather should melt only superficially, to the extent that a semifinished product will have sufficient cohesion for ease of handling and transportability.
  • the needling operation causes a considerable decrease in the loft of the mat.
  • the loft may decrease by from 25% to 90% of the loft of the material following carding, for example.
  • the product at this stage still generally contains a very high amount of porosity. Only during the heated and cooled compression steps described below is the porosity reduced to the desired final product specification.
  • a blend of polypropylene fibers and glass fibers formed into a web of ca. 1000 g/m 2 by the air lay process will have a thickness of about 100 mm, of which >99% will be porosity. Needling reduces this thickness to about 15 mm, however the product is still very porous, with a porosity of 93% or more.
  • thermoformable intermediate product of 2 mm thickness results in a boardy product still having about 50% air voids.
  • the air void content of the 1 mm thick product is reduced to less than 5%. This is considered “full density,” as in most cases, complete elimination of porosity cannot be achieved.
  • the subject invention is also directed to a process for the stepwise consolidation of a composite material of reinforcing fibers and thermoplastic fibers, comprising forming a blended, lofty web having a void content, V, of preferably from 85% to >99%, more preferably 90 to 99%, consolidating this web in one or more thickness reducing operations, at least one of which is a needle punching operation, until the void content is reduced to between 0.85V to 0.95V, and further consolidating by heating the web to a temperature greater than the melting point of the thermoplastic fibers and compressing in a double band press as described herein until the porosity of the cooled intermediate product is in the range of 0.25 V to 0.8V, preferably 0.3V to 0.6V, and minimally about 25% porosity.
  • the consolidated nonwoven blend is then heated, preferably in a continuous oven or by IR irradiation, to temperatures above the softening temperature of the thermoplastic.
  • the temperature should preferably be 20° C. to 60° C. above the softening temperature.
  • the temperature is preferably between 180° C. and 220° C., in particular between 190° C. and 210° C.
  • the thermoplastic melt can easily “impregnate” the individual filaments, and one obtains a substantially better and more uniform impregnation of the glass fibers than with the above mentioned GMT method, where the majority of glass fiber bundles are not opened into individual filaments. This results, for example, in poor homogeneity of the properties of finished products produced from GMT semifinished products.
  • the fibers are not surrounded by resin. Rather, the thermoplastic adheres irregularly to the reinforcing fibers, often in the form of small globules. The distribution of thermoplastic, however, is substantially uniform.
  • the heated nonwoven is compressed.
  • a heated compression mold and a cooled compression mold are employed in succession.
  • the nonwoven blend is compressed at a pressure of less than 0.8 bar, preferably 0.05 to 0.5 bar, for at least 3 seconds.
  • the dwell time is preferably between 5 and 60 seconds, whereas in the cooled compression mold it can last for more than several minutes.
  • the upper limit of 0.8 bar is critical; at higher pressures, the air pore content becomes too low, and extensibility may become a problem.
  • Pressures, whether areal pressure or line pressure are measured by standard techniques. Generally speaking, the manufacturer of the press supplies instructions for measuring or calculating pressure, including in most cases, gauges for this purpose.
  • pressure plates are used on which two revolving fabric belts, e.g., made of teflon-coated glass or Aramid fabric, slide along the pressure plates and thereby entrain the nonwoven blend.
  • the heated compression mold is preferably heated to more than 80° C., in particular to 100° C. to 220° C., and the cooled compression mold is preferably kept at a temperature of less than 50° C., more preferably less than 30° C., and in particular at 15° C. to 25° C.
  • the dwell time must be lengthened, as the thermoplastic matrix material must be a solid when exiting this cool zone. Note that if not purposefully cooled, the temperature in this second zone of the press will increase to a relatively high level due to contact with the heated product.
  • the higher modulus of the reinforcing fibers will, in conjunction with the molten or hot thermoplastic, cause severe and unpredictable lofting of the composite sheet.
  • Such lofted sheets contain too many air voids, and are difficult to thermoform. In particular, heating prior to thermoforming is difficult.
  • the cooling pressure is too high, a product with low stiffness, and which is difficult to handle, will be produced. Too much pressure during cooling will also damage pressure sensitive surface layers.
  • the cooled intermediate product produced as described herein is reheated uniformly to the melt temperature of the thermoplastic matrix or above, while being under little or no pressure, and allowing the product to expand uniformly in the thickness direction to produce a thicker and correspondingly less dense product which may be thermoformed to finished products which also have low density.
  • the re-expansion of the web to form this lower density intermediate product may take place after full consolidation in the double band press, i.e. as a separate step, or the expansion may be allowed in the cooling zone of the press by lowering the pressure in that section or establishing essentially pressureless contact.
  • Such materials cannot be made by allowing the hot consolidated product from the heated zone of the press to exit the press and rise unconstrained, since expansion under these conditions will produce an irregular and commercially unacceptable product.
  • the increase in thickness must be limited by contact, either in a double band press or other type of press.
  • cut sheets of dense intermediate product with an air void content of 40% and a thickness of 2 mm may be heated within a press having a 3 mm gap. Upon expansion to 3 mm, further expansion is restrained. The product is preferably cooled in this condition, which is why the use of a double band press is preferred.
  • a platten press or the like it is preferable to heat the dense intermediate product so that the minimal thickness expansion, e.g. in local areas, is about the thickness desired in the final product or slightly more, and then the cool press is closed, exerting only so much pressure that the desired final thickness is achieved and thickness variations are eliminated.
  • a heated roll pair is preferably situated upstream from the heated compression mold and a cooled roll pair is preferably situated downstream from the heated compression mold.
  • These roll pairs are preferably located within the double band press, i.e. within the continuous bands.
  • the heated roll pair serves mainly to supply functional layers and to apply them to the heated nonwoven blend.
  • a low lineal or “line” pressure of less than 10 N/mm is sufficient for this purpose.
  • the compression mold which is preferably heated to 150° C. to 200° C., causes the reinforcing fibers to be pressed into the thermoplastic melt and to be wetted to a sufficient extent, and it also causes some of the air to be forced out.
  • the cooled roll pair presses the functional layers tightly onto the partially consolidated semifinished product with a line pressure of preferably 10 to 50 N/mm, so that the functional layer(s) are bonded thereto. Furthermore, if desirable, the cooled roll pairs can be set to cause a further reduction in thickness.
  • the thermoplastic melt is completely solidified by the cooled compression mold so that restoring forces can no longer act, any functional layers are firmly fused to the product, and the semifinished product is thus consolidated.
  • the compression operation is performed under such gentle conditions that the resulting semifinished product still has an air pore (“void”) content between 25 and 75 vol %, in particular 35 to 65 vol %. Due to this fact, in contrast with compact or almost compact semifinished products, this product can be processed more easily, e.g., by thermoforming in compression molds. Due to the above mentioned uniform impregnation of the glass fibers with the thermoplastic matrix, the air pores are homogeneously distributed in the semifinished product. This is in the contrast to expanded GMT, which has an irregular distribution of air pores, and contains unopened glass fiber bundles and matrix agglomerates.
  • void air pore
  • thermoplastic films are brought into contact with one or both sides of the heated nonwoven blend simultaneously with the compression operation and are jointly compressed.
  • additional layers may be decorative layers, thin fiber nonwovens, thermoplastic films or fabric sheeting, for example, and may be supplied for aesthetic and/or structural purposes. Further examples include carpeting, woven or non-woven scrim, fabrics, metal foils, metallized plastic films, wood veneer, composite films, etc.
  • the preferred films are compatible thermoplastic films.
  • compatible is means that the thermoplastic is of the same type as the thermoplastic of the thermoplastic fibers, or can form a strong fusion bond with the thermoplastic of the thermoplastic fibers.
  • the resulting flat semifinished product preferably has a thickness of 0.5 mm to 10 mm, in particular from 1.0 to 5.0 mm. For special applications, the thickness may also amount to more than 10 mm.
  • the average length (weight average) of the reinforcing fibers in the semifinished product is 15 mm to 100 mm, preferably 20 mm to 60 mm, and in particular 25 mm to 50 mm.
  • a further object of this invention is to provide a thermoplastically moldable semifinished product of 25 to 55 wt % of a thermoplastic material and 75 to 45 wt % reinforcing fibers with an average length (weight average) of 20 mm to 50 mm, containing 35 to 65 vol %, preferably 45 to 55 vol % air pores with uniform distribution.
  • the semifinished product preferably has a weight per unit of area of 250 to 1800 g/m 2 and contains 25 wt % to 55 wt % polypropylene and accordingly 75 wt % to 45 wt % glass fibers.
  • the glass fibers preferably have an average length (weight average) of 25 mm to 50 mm, and the fibers of the non-woven are consolidated by needling together.
  • the semi-finished product contains 35 to 80 weight percent of glass fibers, the latter present predominately, preferably by more than 80%, and in particular more than 90%, as individual filaments.
  • Staple fibers of PP having a melt flow index (230° C., 2.16 kg) of 25 g/10 min and a length of about 40 mm are mixed together with chopped glass fibers having a length of 50.8 mm and a water content of about 1%.
  • Mixing is carried out in a blending unit before providing the fibers to a continuous airlay process for further mixing, and the resulting continuous nonwoven fleece, having an areal weight of 1200 g/m 2 , is needled from one side on a conventional needle loom.
  • the thus preconsolidated fleece is heated in an air flow oven to about 190° C. to melt the PP and thereafter immediately conveyed to a heated double belt laminator. There it is compressed at a pressure of 0.5 bar for about 15 sec.
  • the laminator temperature is about 150° C., to maintain the core of the fleece above the softening point of the PP and to enable it to penetrate the glass fibers homogeneously.
  • the three-dimensional randomly oriented glass fibers partially resists the pressure and keeps a certain portion of air voids within the fleece.
  • the fleece is introduced into a cold double belt laminator held at 20° C., where it is compressed at a pressure of 0.2 bar to 90 seconds to solidify the PP.
  • the resulting semifinished product is cut to blanks having a size of 2 m by 2 m. Their thickness is 2.3 mm, the average glass fiber length is slightly less than 50 mm.
  • FIG. 2 is an enlarged view (200 ⁇ ) of the intermediate product.
  • the high percentage of individual fibers (>90%) is noteworthy.
  • the blanks show a high stiffness, no distortion and can easily be handled, e.g. by robotic handling equipment.
  • Example 1 is repeated, except that compression is carried out in the heated double belt laminator at a pressure of 3 bar for 40 seconds and in the cooled double belt laminator at 2 bar for 100 seconds.
  • the resulting semifinished product has a thickness of only 1.1 mm.
  • a fully consolidated sheet would have a thickness of 1.0 mm. Accordingly, the calculated voids content is only 9 vol. %. Due to the high pressure neither thin films nor scrims can be applied without damage by the glass fibers. The thin large sheets can only be handled with difficulty due to their low structural stiffness.
  • the same non-woven fleece (1200 g/m 2 , 40% GF, 60% PP-Fibers) as in Example 1 is cut into 250 mm wide rolls to adjust the width to a laboratory calendering machine, having a drum dimension of 300 ⁇ 200 mm (width ⁇ diameter).
  • the fleece is heated to 180° C. by passing through an air flow oven and then introduced into the calender nip.
  • the 2 rollers of the calender are adjusted to 40° C. surface temperature, a linear load of 300 N/mm and a speed of 5 m/min.
  • the compressed fleece shows an elongation of 100%, caused by the high pressure, and cannot be used due to extreme shape distortion and fiber orientation.
  • the linear load is reduced to 50 N/mm and the line speed to a very low 2 m/min.
  • the heated (180° C.) fleece is compressed in the calender nip but is still useless due to high distortion and inner stress.
  • Surface layers like PP-films of 150 micron thickness and scrims of 30 g/m 2 could be co-calendered, with good adhesion, but are useless due to the previously mentioned distortion and orientation of the reinforcing fibers.
  • Example 1 of DE-A-19520477 two needled glass fiber mats which together presented an areal weight of 1240 g/m 2 and a glass fiber length of 100 mm are impregnated with molten polypropylene of areal weight 2860 g/m 2 in the heated zone of a double band press at a pressure of 3 bar.
  • the laminate contacts the belt in a pressureless manner, whereby the impregnated mat expands due to the continued presence of molten polypropylene.
  • a porous, expanded intermediate product is obtained, having a glass fiber content of 30 weight percent, a density of 0.6 g/cm 3 , and a porosity of 50 vol. percent.
  • the areal weight was 4100 g/m 2 , and is too high for most automotive applications.
  • FIG. 3 is an SEM (32 ⁇ ) of the product, while FIG. 4 is a further SEM (200 ⁇ ).
  • FIGS. 3 and 4 The great differences between low density intermediate products produced by “lofting” GMT by heating and allowing the mat to expand, as compared with an intermediate product of the subject invention is demonstrated by the Figures.
  • a GMT intermediate containing about 30 weight percent glass fibers and a ratio of unconsolidated thickness to fully consolidated thickness of 1.5:1 prepared in Comparative Example 4 has large areas with virtually no porosity and other areas which are completely pore dominated. This structure is typical of products consolidated at high pressure.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate a product of the subject invention with substantially the same glass fiber content and the same loft. The porosity is uniformly distributed.
  • the semifinished product produced according to the present invention may be rolled up and stored or cut immediately into sheets, e.g., with dimensions of 400 mm to 3000 mm ⁇ 300 mm to 2300 mm. It may be processed thermoplastically to form three-dimensional finished parts. To do so, appropriate cut sections are first heated to temperatures above the softening temperature of the thermoplastic and then are reshaped. In doing so, the semifinished product expands due to the restoring forces of the needled fiber nonwoven; the more it expands, the greater is the air pore content. For example, a semifinished product that has expanded to more than twice its original thickness, and preferably more than three times its original thickness, can be reshaped more easily during thermoforming than a compact sheet. In reshaping, the semifinished product is compressed by means of the usual two-part molds or is shaped by deep drawing.
  • the finished parts can be used in the transportation sector as automotive, railway and aircraft parts, as vehicle body parts, or as large area panels and furniture parts. In addition, they may be used as cover layers in sandwich laminates for shell elements or partitions.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Composite Materials (AREA)
  • Nonwoven Fabrics (AREA)
  • Casting Or Compression Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
  • Reinforced Plastic Materials (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
US11/397,773 2003-10-24 2006-04-04 Method of producing a thermoplastically moldable fiber-reinforced semifinished product Abandoned US20060244170A1 (en)

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US11/397,773 US20060244170A1 (en) 2003-10-24 2006-04-04 Method of producing a thermoplastically moldable fiber-reinforced semifinished product
US12/688,977 US20100116407A1 (en) 2003-10-24 2010-01-18 Method Of Producing A Thermoplastically Moldable Fiber-Reinforced Semifinished Product
US13/435,477 US8540830B2 (en) 2003-10-24 2012-03-30 Method of producing a thermoplastically moldable fiber-reinforced semifinished product

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US10/470,969 US20040177911A1 (en) 2001-02-08 2002-01-26 Method for producing a thermoplastically deformadable, fibre-reinforced semi-finished product
US10/472,530 US7132025B2 (en) 2001-03-24 2002-03-09 Method of producing a thick, thermoformable, fiber-reinforced semi-finished product
EP05007391.5 2005-04-05
EP05007391 2005-04-05
EP05009770.8 2005-05-04
EP05009770A EP1719611A1 (de) 2005-05-04 2005-05-04 Verfahren zur Herstellung eines thermoplastisch verformbaren faserverstärkten Halbzeugs
US11/397,773 US20060244170A1 (en) 2003-10-24 2006-04-04 Method of producing a thermoplastically moldable fiber-reinforced semifinished product

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US10/472,530 Continuation-In-Part US7132025B2 (en) 2001-03-24 2002-03-09 Method of producing a thick, thermoformable, fiber-reinforced semi-finished product

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CN101189117B (zh) 2010-05-19
EP1868796A1 (de) 2007-12-26
CN101838473B (zh) 2012-03-28
KR20070120570A (ko) 2007-12-24
CN101838473A (zh) 2010-09-22
WO2006105682A1 (de) 2006-10-12
US8540830B2 (en) 2013-09-24
DE502006002749D1 (de) 2009-03-19
ATE421920T1 (de) 2009-02-15
JP2008534813A (ja) 2008-08-28
CN101189117A (zh) 2008-05-28
KR101348269B1 (ko) 2014-01-08
EP1868796B1 (de) 2009-01-28
JP5215841B2 (ja) 2013-06-19
US20100116407A1 (en) 2010-05-13
US20120181716A1 (en) 2012-07-19

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