Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07J—STEROIDS
  • C07J1/00—Normal steroids containing carbon, hydrogen, halogen or oxygen, not substituted in position 17 beta by a carbon atom, e.g. estrane, androstane
  • C07J1/0051—Estrane derivatives
  • C07J1/0066—Estrane derivatives substituted in position 17 beta not substituted in position 17 alfa
  • C07J1/007—Estrane derivatives substituted in position 17 beta not substituted in position 17 alfa the substituent being an OH group free esterified or etherified
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07J—STEROIDS
  • C07J1/00—Normal steroids containing carbon, hydrogen, halogen or oxygen, not substituted in position 17 beta by a carbon atom, e.g. estrane, androstane
  • C07J1/0051—Estrane derivatives
  • C07J1/0066—Estrane derivatives substituted in position 17 beta not substituted in position 17 alfa
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07J—STEROIDS
  • C07J1/00—Normal steroids containing carbon, hydrogen, halogen or oxygen, not substituted in position 17 beta by a carbon atom, e.g. estrane, androstane
  • C07J1/0051—Estrane derivatives
  • C07J1/0059—Estrane derivatives substituted in position 17 by a keto group
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07J—STEROIDS
  • C07J21/00—Normal steroids containing carbon, hydrogen, halogen or oxygen having an oxygen-containing hetero ring spiro-condensed with the cyclopenta(a)hydrophenanthrene skeleton
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
  • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
  • Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
  • Y02P20/55—Design of synthesis routes, e.g. reducing the use of auxiliary or protecting groups

Definitions

• the present invention relates to the synthesis of estetrol [estra-1,3,5(10)-trien-3,15 ⁇ ,16 ⁇ ,17 ⁇ -tetraol; CAS Nr. 15183-37-6; for convenience, this compound is referred to in this patent application as “estetrol”] via estrone derived steroids, preferably to the synthesis of estetrol which is obtained with high yield and high purity.
• Estrogenic substances are commonly used in methods of Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) and methods of female contraception. These estrogenic substances can be divided in natural estrogens and synthetic estrogens. Examples of natural estrogens that have found pharmaceutical application include estradiol, estrone, estriol and conjugated equine estrogens. Examples of synthetic estrogens, which offer the advantage of high oral bioavailability include ethinyl estradiol and mestranol.
• Estetrol has been found effective as an estrogenic substance for use in HRT, disclosure of which is given in the Applicant's co-pending application WO 02/094276.
• Estetrol is a biogenic estrogen that is endogeneously produced by the fetal liver during human pregnancy.
• estetrol is in the fields of contraception, therapy of auto-immune diseases, prevention and therapy of breast and colon tumors, enhancement of libido, skin care, and wound healing as described in the Applicant's co-pending applications WO 02/094276, WO 02/094279, WO 02/094278, WO 02/094275, EP 2077272.9, EP 2077273.7, WO 03/041718, WO 03/018026, EP 2077812.2, and EP 2077322.2.
• estetrol and derivatives thereof on a laboratory scale basis is known in the art: Fishman J., Guzik H., J. Org. Chem. 33, 3133-3135 (1968); Nambara T. et al., Steroids 27, 111-121 (1976); or Suzuki E. et al., Steroids 60, 277-284 (1995).
• Suzuki E. et al., Steroids 60, 277-284 (1995) also discloses the synthesis of estetrol by using compound Vb of Nambara T. et al. as starting material.
• the carbonyl group at C 17 of this compound was first reduced followed by acetylation yielding estra-1,3,5(10),15-tetraene-3,17-diol-3,17-diacetate (compound 2b).
• the latter was subjected to oxidation with OsO4 which provided estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,15 ⁇ ,16 ⁇ ,17 ⁇ -tetraol-3,17-diacetate (compound 3b) in 46% yield.
• estetrol can be performed with a yield of approximately 8%, starting from estrone.
• Poirier D., et al., Tetrahedron 47, 7751-7766 (1991) discloses the following compounds which were prepared according to methods that have been used to prepare similar compounds:
• estetrol of high purity was obtained only in low yield when using an acetyl group as a protecting group for the 3-hydroxy group of estra-1,3,5(10),15-tetraen-3-ol-17-one, in particular because its sensitivity to hydrolysis and solvolysis.
• the lability of the acetyl group lead not only to an increased formation of byproducts during the reactions, but also during chromatography and crystallisation for purification of intermediate products when protic solvents such as methanol were used. Therefore, it is difficult to isolate purified estetrol and intermediates thereof in good yield.
• estetrol it is an object of the present invention to provide a synthesis route for estetrol whereby high yields and high purities of estetrol are obtained.
• estetrol wherein the production of by-products is limited. i.e. preferably less than its detection level.
• a good yield it is meant a yield of at least 10%, preferably higher than 10%, more preferably of at least 12.5%, starting from estrone (100%).
• a good purity it is meant a purity of at least 97%, preferably of at least 98%, more preferably of at least 99%.
• single impurities are not allowed to exceed 1%.
• ⁇ -estradiol is not allowed to exceed the detection level.
• HPLC-MS is performed using a Hewlett Packard 1100 series:
• alkyl includes linear, branched and cyclic alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, c-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, c-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, t-pentyl, c-pentyl and methylcyclobutyl.
• the C 7 -C 12 benzylic group has to be understood as a benzyl group that may be substituted with one or more substituents at the ortho, meta and/or para position of the aromatic nucleus, wherein the substituents are aliphatic groups, optionally substituted by one or more heteroatoms and/or halogen atoms that do not adversely interfere with the synthetic process.
• the alkyl and benzylic groups are intended as a protecting group and these groups must therefore be relatively easy to add and relatively easy to remove under such conditions that do not have an adverse effect on the molecular structure of the estrone derived steroid molecules.
• a process for the obtainment of 1,3,5(10)-estratrien-3,15 ⁇ ,16 ⁇ ,17 ⁇ -tetraol which comprises the steps of:
• a process for the preparation of estra-1,3,5(10)-trien-3,15 ⁇ ,16 ⁇ ,17 ⁇ -tetraol (1) which comprises the steps of:
• the obtained compound as estrogenic substance, preferably for cosmetic and/or therapeutic applications selected from hormone replacement therapy, contraception, therapy of autoimmune diseases, prevention and therapy of breast and colon tumors, enhancement of libido, skin care, and wound healing.
• a process for the obtainment of 1,3,5(10)-estratrien-3,15 ⁇ ,16 ⁇ ,17 ⁇ -tetraol.
• the invention process comprises the steps of:
• A is a protecting group selected from a C 1 -C 5 alkyl group, preferably a methyl group, or a C 7 -C 12 benzylic group, preferably a benzyl group.
• This process for the preparation of 3-A-oxy-estra-1,3,5(10),15-tetraen-17-one (6) comprises a third embodiment of the invention and comprises the following steps:
• Estrone (7) is a product which is commercially available from Acros, Aldrich under the tradename estrone. Other suppliers of estrone are Andard-Mount Company Ltd., Diosynth B. V., Productos Quimicos Naturales S. A. de C. V.-Proquina, Schering A G, Mistsubishi Chemical Corporation.
• the protection of the 3-OH group by alkylation is typically carried out by reacting estrone with a component selected from an alkylating agent, preferably a C 1 -C 5 alkyl halogenide, preferably a methyl halogenide, or a C 7 -C 12 benzylic halogenide, preferably benzyl halogenide.
• an alkylating agent preferably a C 1 -C 5 alkyl halogenide, preferably a methyl halogenide, or a C 7 -C 12 benzylic halogenide, preferably benzyl halogenide.
• the halogen atom of the alkylating agent is bromide, chloride or iodide, most preferably bromide or iodide.
• the most preferred alkylating agent is benzyl bromide or methyl iodide, wherein benzyl bromide is even more preferred than methyl iodide.
• estrone (7) and potassium carbonate in a mixture of dichloromethane (DCM)/methanol.
• DCM dichloromethane
• a 1:1 mixture of DCM/methanol is preferred.
• the alkylating agent C 7 -C 12 benzylic halogenide, preferably benzyl bromide, is added and the resulting mixture is refluxed for a period of 8-16 hours. It is preferred to reflux the mixture for 16 hours.
• the reaction mixture is then cooled to Room Temperature (RT).
• RT Room Temperature
• the product is isolated by filtering off the solids.
• the filter cake is washed with a protic solvent, preferably methanol.
• the filtrate is concentrated to give a suspension which is filtered and washed with heptanes to give the product as a white solid.
• the product can be purified by recrystallisation from a mixture of DCM and MeOH to obtain a white crystalline solid, wherein the preferred ratio of DCM:MeOH is 1:2.
• estrone (7) and potassium carbonate in DMF.
• the C 1 -C 5 alkyl halogenide preferably methyl iodide, is added with cooling, keeping the temperature between 18° and 22° C.
• the resulting mixture is stirred for a period of time at RT, preferably for 5 days.
• the reaction mixture is poured into water and stirred for 2 hours.
• the product is collected by filtration and washed with water.
• the product is dried to give a white crystalline solid.
• steps (a) and (b) can advantageously be performed simultaneously or sequentially without the need for purification and/or isolation of the intermediate products whilst still providing an end-product with good yield and purity.
• steps (a) and (b) can advantageously be performed simultaneously or sequentially without the need for purification and/or isolation of the intermediate products whilst still providing an end-product with good yield and purity.
• the order for carrying the synthesis is preferably by having first the protection of the 3-OH group (step (a)) and then protection of the 17-keto group (step (b)). Still, it is preferred to first have step (b) and then step (a) carried out. Indeed, by use of this order, the formation of by-products has been found reduced upon industrial process.
• This process for the preparation of 3-A-oxy-estra-1,3,5(10),15-tetraen-17-one (6) comprises a fourth embodiment of the invention and comprises the following steps:
• this is achieved by stirring a mixture of estrone (7), ethylene glycol and triethyl orthoformate to which is then added a catalytic amount of acid, preferably p-toluene sulfonic acid.
• the reaction temperature is then raised to between about 40° and about 60° C., preferably to about 45° C.
• the slurry is stirred at that same temperature until completion of the reaction, i.e. protection of the carbonyl function of estrone.
• the conversion is checked with HPLC.
• a solution of base preferably sodium methoxide in methanol is added resulting in a clear yellow solution.
• the 3-OH group is completely deprotonated which advantageously allows the use of the less reactive but more economical C 7 -C 12 benzylic chloride, preferably benzyl chloride, in the alkylation process.
• the temperature is raised to 65° C. This high temperature further enables a good crystallisation of the product. Although lower temperatures such as down to 20° C. can be used, it is believed that the low temperature would incur a lower reactivity, thus longer reaction times and probably incomplete conversions.
• C 7 -C 12 benzylic chloride, preferably benzyl chloride is then added over a few minutes, such as 5 minutes, upon which the solution becomes turbid and slowly thickens into a slurry. After 1.5 hours the conversion is checked with HPLC, usually a conversion of >95% is observed, which is sufficient for further processing.
• the mixture is allowed to cool to 20° C. while stirring, and then the solid product is isolated by filtration. The solid is then washed and dried.
• the fourth embodiment is more preferred than the third embodiment.
• the formation of the carbon-carbon double bond in ring D is preferably carried out by steps (c2) and (d2) defined above.
• the halogenation is carried out with a halogenating agent.
• Preferred halogenating agents are selected from bromine, phenyltrimethylammonium perbromide or pyridinium bromide perbromide.
• a more preferred halogenating agent for use herein is pyridinium bromide perbromide.
• the solvent is selected from CHCl 3 , dioxane, dimethoxyethane, ethylene glycol or THF.
• the preferred solvent is THF without any co-solvent.
• the dehydrohalogenation reaction is carried out by using a base selected from potassium tert-butoxide, DBU (1,8-diazabicylo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene) or potassium hydroxide and is preferably potassium tert-butoxide.
• the solvent is selected from benzene, xylene, methanol or DMSO.
• the more preferred base and solvent for use in this step are respectively potassium tert-butoxide and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).
• a suspension of the previously obtained 10 compound in DMSO to a solution of potassium tert-butoxide in DMSO.
• the resulting mixture is then stirred until completion of the reaction.
• the reaction mixture is poured into a mixture of ice and water.
• the product is extracted with an organic solvent, preferably DCM.
• the extract is dried using sodium sulfate and the solvents are evaporated to obtain a sticky oil which can be used without further purification.
• the dehydrohalogenation step for less than one hour and to perform the extraction with toluene at about 60° C.
• the toluene solution of compound 11 is preferably dried by azeotropic distillation before the next step is carried out.
• Deprotection of the carbonyl function is preferably carried out by a component selected from p-toluenesulfonic acid, pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate, and pyridinium chloride, preferably p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate. More preferably, the deprotection is performed using p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate in the presence of aqueous acetone as solvent.
• p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate to a solution of the previously obtained compound in aqueous acetone, preferably with 10-20% water.
• the mixture is stirred until completion of the reaction.
• DCM and saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate are added.
• the aqueous layer is extracted with DCM.
• the combined extracts are washed with brine and concentrated to give a suspension.
• the product is collected by filtration and is washed with organic solvents, preferably with cold acetone and heptane.
• the product can be purified by recrystallization.
• Reduction of the 17-keto group is preferably performed by reacting 3-A-oxy-estra-1,3,5(10),15-tetraen-17-one (6) with a reducing agent selected from the group of metal hydride compounds, said group of metal hydride compounds preferably comprising LiAlH 4 , AlH 3 , NaBH 4 , NaBH(OAc) 3 , ZnBH 4 , and NaBH 4 /CeCl 3 .
• the metal hydride compound is NaBH 4 /CeCl 3 .
• More preferred reducing agents for use herein are those that will provide a chemo- and stereo-selective reduction of the 17-keto group in favour of the P position. For that reason, the most preferred chemo- and stereo-selective reducing agent for use herein is NaBH 4 in combination with CeCl 3 hydrate, preferably the heptahydrate.
• reaction mixture preferably 2 N HCl
• an acid preferably 2 N HCl
• the temperature is then raised to about 70° C. to induce phase separation.
• the organic phase is then separated, washed with an aqueous solution of Na 2 CO 3 and water.
• the final organic phase is dried by azeotropic distillation, cooled to about 50° C. and used for the next step.
• the 17-OH group is protected by preferably selected by acetylation using a reagent selected from acetic anhydride or acetyl chloride.
• a reagent selected from acetic anhydride or acetyl chloride.
• acetic anhydride is used.
• a solution of the compound in pyridine with acetic anhydride and 4-dimethylaminopyridine.
• the mixture is stirred for a period of time. Preferably after 2 hours at room temperature the volatiles are removed.
• the residue is dissolved in ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and the resulting solution is washed with water and brine.
• the solution is dried using sodium sulphate and concentrated to give the crude product. Recrystallization from a mixture of organic solvents, preferably ethyl acetate, heptane and ethanol gives the product as a white solid.
• 4-dimethylaminopyridine is toxic and difficult to remove by distillation, it is more preferred to perform the reaction with a trialkylamine, preferably triethylamine, and an acetyl halide (about two equivalents), preferably acetyl chloride (about 1.5 equivalent) in toluene at about 25° to about 60° C., preferably about 40° to about 50° C.
• the work up is then performed by washing with water, aqueous acid and aqueous base.
• Purification of the product is then achieved by crystallisation, i.e. by removing the toluene by distillation, dissolving the crude product in ethyl acetate and heating this solution to about 70° to about 80°. To this heated solution, small portions of ethanol are added to induce crystallisation (preferred ratio of ethyl acetate to ethanol is about 1 to about 8).
• the oxidation of carbon-carbon double bond inn ring D is carried with an oxidising agent providing selective cis-hydroxylation of the carbon-carbon double bond.
• the oxidising agent is osmium tetroxide and more preferably the oxidising agent is osmium tetroxide immobilized on PVP (OsO 4 —PVP) that is used in a catalytic amount (cf. G. Cainelli, M. Contento, F. Manesclachi, L. Plessi, Synthesis, 45-47 (1989)) in combination with a co-oxidant selected from trimethylamine-N-oxide, N-methyl morpholine-N-oxide or hydrogen peroxide, preferably trimethylamine-N-oxide. More preferably, OsO 4 —PVP and trimethylamine-N-oxide are used with TBF as the solvent.
• OsO 4 —PVP a heated solution of the compound prepared in the previous step in THF.
• the addition is performed at 50° C. followed by the addition of trimethylamine-N-oxide.
• the addition of trimethylamine-N-oxide is performed portion wise during 1 hour.
• the mixture is stirred at this temperature for a period of time.
• after 12 hours the mixture is cooled to room temperature and filtered.
• the volatiles are removed and the residue is dissolved in ethyl acetate and water is added.
• the aqueous layer is acidified and the layers are separated.
• the aqueous layer is extracted with ethyl acetate.
• the combined extracts are dried with sodium sulphate and concentrated.
• the resulting residue is triturated with heptanes and ethyl acetate to give the product as a white precipitate that is filtered off.
• the product is purified by recrystallization from a mixture of organic solvents, preferably ethyl acetate, heptane and ethanol to give the product as a white solid.
• Removal of the protecting groups is also an important aspect of the present invention process. Indeed, it has been found that not all protective groups can be removed without adverse effects on the obtained product. Hence, where for example a methyl group is used as the protective group for the 3-OH group, removal with pyridine.HCl has been found to lead to decomposition of the product.
• removal of the protecting C 1 -C 5 alkyl group is preferably performed using BBr 3 without leading to major decomposition of the product.
• Removal of the protective C 7 -C 12 benzylic group is preferably be performed using catalytic hydrogenation conditions (Pd./H 2 ) as is well known to the person skilled in the art.
• the protected estrone (protected estetrol (3)) in a protic solvent, preferably methanol.
• a catalytic amount of 10% Pd on carbon is added as a preformed suspension in methanol and the mixture is placed under an atmosphere of hydrogen, preferably 1 atmosphere. After stirring the mixture for 3 hours at room temperature it is filtered over Celite. The filtrate is concentrated to give 17-OC protected estetrol (2) as a white solid.
• Removal of protecting group C is effective using a protic solvent such as methanol and a base, preferably K 2 CO 3 , to yield estetrol.
• a protic solvent such as methanol and a base, preferably K 2 CO 3
• estetrol it is preferred to dissolve the compound obtained in the previous step in methanol. Potassium carbonate is added and the mixture is stirred for 2 hours at room temperature. Then the volatiles are evaporated and water and chloroform are added. The mixture is neutralized with 0.1 N HCl and the product is collected by filtration. It is then washed with water and dried to give estetrol as a white solid.
• the order of the two deprotection steps above can be reversed.
• the complete deprotection can be accomplished by first deprotection of protecting group C followed by catalytic hydrogenation to remove protecting group A where A is a protective C 7 -C 12 benzylic group.
• the procedures are identical to the ones described above.
• the first order of the deprotection steps that is described hereinbefore is preferred over the latter, i.e. that according to the invention it is preferred to first remove protecting group A and subsequently protective group C.
• the deprotection reactions i.e. the removal of A and C
• A is a protective C 7 -C 12 benzylic group.
• compound 3 is dissolved in a C 1 -C 3 alkyl alcohol, preferably methanol, and subjected to hydrogenation at room temperature over night.
• the solution of compound 2 is preferably used in the subsequent step, i.e. the removal of C as described above.
• Work up of the reaction mixture is then preferably carried out by concentrating the solution to about 20% of its original volume and by adding an amount of water approximately equal to the volume of the concentrated solution.
• concentrated acid preferably concentrated HCl, is added dropwise resulting in a white suspension which is filtered off, washed with water and dried.
• the use of the product as obtainable by the invention process for the manufacture of a pharmaceutical composition preferably for use in a method selected from a method of hormone replacement therapy, a method of treating vaginal dryness, a method of contraception, a method of enhancing libido, a method of treating skin, a method of promoting wound healing, and a method of treating or preventing a disorder selected from the group consisting of autoimmune diseases, breast tumours and colorectal tumours.
• HPLC-MS was performed using a Hewlett Packard 1100 series:
• Solution A 9.65 g NH4OAc, 2250 mL H2O, 150 mL MeOH, 100 mL CH3CN
• Solution B 9.65 g NH4OAc, 250 mL H2O, 1350 mL MeOH, 900 mL CH3CN
• the filtrate was concentrated further (to a total volume of 100 mL) and triturated with heptane.
• the resulting precipitate was filtered off and combined with the first batch of product.
• the product (153 g, max 0.370 mol) still contained traces off benzyl bromide but was used without further purification.
• the product can be purified by recrystallization from DCM/MeOH (1/2).
• a reaction flask equipped with mechanical stirrer, thermometer, nitrogen purge, condenser and dropping funnel was used for the process.
• the flask was charged with 27 g (100 mmol) of estrone, 50 ml (55 g, 9 equivalents) of glycol and 24 g of triethylorthoformate.
• the resulting mixture was stirred.
• 0.5 g of toluenesulfonic acid was added and the reaction temperature was raised to 45° C. At about 35-40° C. an exothermic was observed.
• the slurry is stirred for 1 hour at 45° C.
• the conversion is checked with LC. Usually after 1 hour almost complete conversion is observed.
• the mixture is allowed to cool to 20° C. while stirring, and then the solid product is isolated by filtration.
• the solid is washed with methanol (2*30 ml) and dried under atmospheric conditions.
• estetrol as a white solid (12.2 g, 40.1 mmol, 92.5%, overall yield from estrone 10.8%) after drying at 40° C. in an air-ventilated oven.

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• 2003
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