US20060059606A1 - Multilayer air-cushion shell with energy-absorbing layer for use in the construction of protective headgear - Google Patents

Multilayer air-cushion shell with energy-absorbing layer for use in the construction of protective headgear Download PDF

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Publication number
US20060059606A1
US20060059606A1 US11/059,427 US5942705A US2006059606A1 US 20060059606 A1 US20060059606 A1 US 20060059606A1 US 5942705 A US5942705 A US 5942705A US 2006059606 A1 US2006059606 A1 US 2006059606A1
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
protective headgear
layer
outer layer
impact
compressible
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US11/059,427
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English (en)
Inventor
Vincent Ferrara
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Xenith LLC
Original Assignee
Xenith Athletics Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US10/946,672 external-priority patent/US20060059605A1/en
Application filed by Xenith Athletics Inc filed Critical Xenith Athletics Inc
Priority to US11/059,427 priority Critical patent/US20060059606A1/en
Assigned to XENITH ATHLETICS, INC. reassignment XENITH ATHLETICS, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: FERRARA, VINCENT R.
Priority to PCT/US2005/029466 priority patent/WO2006088500A1/en
Priority to AU2006214035A priority patent/AU2006214035A1/en
Priority to CA002598015A priority patent/CA2598015A1/en
Priority to JP2007556372A priority patent/JP2008529747A/ja
Priority to US11/816,145 priority patent/US20080155735A1/en
Priority to EP07123110A priority patent/EP1927294A3/en
Priority to ES06720890T priority patent/ES2330138T3/es
Priority to CA2820137A priority patent/CA2820137A1/en
Priority to CN2009102098713A priority patent/CN101720999B/zh
Priority to CNB2006800123363A priority patent/CN100571557C/zh
Priority to EP06720890A priority patent/EP1848293B1/en
Priority to US11/815,486 priority patent/US20080256686A1/en
Priority to PCT/US2006/005856 priority patent/WO2006089234A2/en
Priority to PCT/US2006/005857 priority patent/WO2006089235A1/en
Priority to DE602006007952T priority patent/DE602006007952D1/de
Publication of US20060059606A1 publication Critical patent/US20060059606A1/en
Assigned to XENITH, LLC reassignment XENITH, LLC ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: XENITH, INC.
Priority to HK08101160.4A priority patent/HK1112163A1/xx
Priority to US14/295,507 priority patent/US9683622B2/en
Assigned to SIENA LENDING GROUP LLC reassignment SIENA LENDING GROUP LLC SECURITY INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: XENITH, LLC
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A42—HEADWEAR
    • A42B—HATS; HEAD COVERINGS
    • A42B3/00—Helmets; Helmet covers ; Other protective head coverings
    • A42B3/04—Parts, details or accessories of helmets
    • A42B3/06—Impact-absorbing shells, e.g. of crash helmets
    • A42B3/062—Impact-absorbing shells, e.g. of crash helmets with reinforcing means
    • A42B3/063—Impact-absorbing shells, e.g. of crash helmets with reinforcing means using layered structures
    • A42B3/064—Impact-absorbing shells, e.g. of crash helmets with reinforcing means using layered structures with relative movement between layers
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
    • A01N25/18—Vapour or smoke emitting compositions with delayed or sustained release
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
    • A01N25/20—Combustible or heat-generating compositions
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
    • A01N25/34—Shaped forms, e.g. sheets, not provided for in any other sub-group of this main group
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A42—HEADWEAR
    • A42B—HATS; HEAD COVERINGS
    • A42B3/00—Helmets; Helmet covers ; Other protective head coverings
    • A42B3/04—Parts, details or accessories of helmets
    • A42B3/06—Impact-absorbing shells, e.g. of crash helmets
    • A42B3/066—Impact-absorbing shells, e.g. of crash helmets specially adapted for cycling helmets, e.g. for soft shelled helmets
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A42—HEADWEAR
    • A42B—HATS; HEAD COVERINGS
    • A42B3/00—Helmets; Helmet covers ; Other protective head coverings
    • A42B3/04—Parts, details or accessories of helmets
    • A42B3/10—Linings
    • A42B3/12—Cushioning devices
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A42—HEADWEAR
    • A42B—HATS; HEAD COVERINGS
    • A42B3/00—Helmets; Helmet covers ; Other protective head coverings
    • A42B3/04—Parts, details or accessories of helmets
    • A42B3/10—Linings
    • A42B3/12—Cushioning devices
    • A42B3/121—Cushioning devices with at least one layer or pad containing a fluid

Definitions

  • Concussions also called mild traumatic brain injury, are a common, serious problem in sports known to have detrimental effects on people in the short and long term.
  • a concussion is a temporary and reversible neurological impairment, with or without loss of consciousness.
  • Another definition for a concussion is a traumatically induced alteration of brain function manifested by 1) an alteration of awareness or consciousness, and 2) signs and symptoms commonly associated with post-concussion syndrome, such as persistent headaches, loss of balance, and memory disturbances, to list but a few.
  • Some athletes have had their career abbreviated because of concussions, in particular because those who have sustained multiple concussions show a greater proclivity to further concussions and increasingly severe symptoms.
  • concussions are prevalent among athletes, the study of concussions is difficult, treatment options are virtually non-existent, and “return-to-play” guidelines are speculative. Accordingly, the best current solution to concussions is prevention and minimization.
  • Protective headgear is well known to help protect wearers from head injury by decreasing the magnitude of acceleration (or deceleration) experienced by their wearers.
  • helmets primarily address linear forces, but generally do not diminish the rotational forces experienced by the brain.
  • Helmets fall generally into two categories: single-impact helmets and multiple-impact helmets. Single-impact helmets undergo permanent deformation under impact, whereas multiple-impact helmets are capable of sustaining multiple blows. Applications of single-impact helmets include, for example, bicycling and motorcycling. Participants of contact sports, such as hockey and football, use multiple-impact helmets. Both categories of helmets have similar construction.
  • a semi-rigid outer shell distributes the force of impact over a wide area and a crushable inner layer reduces the force upon the wearer's head.
  • the inner layer of single-impact helmets are typically constructed of fused expanded polystyrene (EPS), a polymer impregnated with a foaming agent.
  • EPS fused expanded polystyrene
  • a thick inner layer requires a corresponding increase in the size of the outer shell, which increases the size and bulkiness of the helmet.
  • Inner layers designed for multiple-impact helmets absorb energy through elastic and viscoelastic deformation. To absorb multiple successive hits, these helmets need to rebound quickly to return to their original shape. Materials that rebound too quickly, however, permit some of the kinetic energy of the impact to transfer to the wearer's head. Examples of materials with positive rebound properties, also called elastic memory, include foamed polyurethane, expanded polypropylene, expanded polyethylene, and foamed vinylnitrile. Although some of these materials have desirable rebound qualities, an inner layer constructed therefrom must be sufficiently thick to prevent forceful impacts from penetrating its entire thickness. The drawback of a thick layer, as noted above, is the resulting bulkiness of the helmet.
  • the invention features protective headgear comprising an outer layer having an internally facing surface, an inner layer having a surface that faces the outer layer, and a middle layer having a plurality of compressible members disposed in a fluid-containing interstitial region bounded by the inner and outer layers. Each compressible member is attached to the surface of the inner layer and to the internally facing surface of the outer layer.
  • the protective headgear also has at least one passageway by which fluid can leave the middle layer when the protective headgear experiences an impact.
  • FIG. 1 is a side view of an embodiment of a helmet constructed in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a simplified manufacturing schematic for forming a multi-layer shell for use, for example, in constructing protective headgear.
  • FIG. 8A is a diagram of an embodiment of a compressible member having a hollow chamber for holding a volume of fluid.
  • FIG. 9B is cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a shell having openings formed in the outer and inner layers thereof for the passage of fluid.
  • FIG. 10A is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a shell having an outer shell, an inner layer, and a plurality of compressible members disposed therebetween.
  • FIG. 10B is a diagram illustrating the shell of FIG. 10A on a wearer's head.
  • FIG. 10D is a diagram illustrating the operation of protective headgear of FIG. 10A during a tangential impact.
  • FIG. 11B is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a shell having an outer shell, an inner layer, and a plurality of compressible members disposed therebetween.
  • the layered construction of the invention can be used to construct a variety of types of protective headgear including, but not limited to, safety helmets, motorcycle helmets, bicycle helmets, ski helmets, lacrosse helmets, hockey helmets, and football helmets, batting helmets for baseball and softball, headgear for rock and mountain climbers, and headgear for boxers.
  • Other applications can include helmets used on construction sites, in defense and military applications, and for underground activities.
  • the following description focuses primarily on protective headgear, it is to be understood that the layered construction of the invention applies to other types of equipment used for sports activities or for other applications, e.g., face masks, elbow pads, shoulder pads, and shin pads.
  • FIG. 1 shows a side view of an embodiment of a helmet 2 constructed in accordance with the invention.
  • the helmet 2 has an aerodynamic shape designed for use by bicyclists. This shape is merely exemplary; it is to be understood that the helmet shape can vary, depending upon the particular sporting event or activity for which the helmet is designed. Further, helmets of the invention can be constructed with various additional features, such as a cage for a hockey helmet, a face mask for a football helmet, a visor for a motorcycle helmet, retention straps, chin straps, and the like.
  • the compressible middle layer 24 covers an outer surface of the inner shell layer 28 .
  • the middle layer 24 attaches to the inner shell layer 28 .
  • a primary function of the middle layer 24 is impact energy absorption.
  • the middle layer 24 is constructed of a thermoplastic elastomer material.
  • Thermoplastic elastomers or TPEs are polymer blends or compounds, which exhibit thermoplastic characteristics that enable shaping into a fabricated article when heated above their melting temperature, and which possess elastomeric properties when cooled to their designed temperature range. Accordingly, TPEs combine the beneficial properties of plastic and rubber, that is, TPEs are moldable and shapeable into a desired shape when heated and are compressible and stretchable when cooled. In contrast, neither thermoplastics nor conventional rubber alone exhibits this combination of properties. Further, introduction of a chemical foaming agent during processing can change certain TPEs into foam. This foaming serves to reduce the density and weight of the material, and to increase its compressibility. The resulting foam material remains a TPE.
  • vulcanization a process often referred to as vulcanization. This process is slow, irreversible, and results in the individual polymer chain being linked together by covalent bonds that remain effective at normal processing temperatures. As a result, vulcanized rubbers do not become fluid when heated to these normal processing temperatures (i.e., the rubber cannot be melted). When heated well above normal processing temperatures, vulcanized rubbers eventually decompose, resulting in the loss of substantially all useful properties. Thus, conventional vulcanized rubbers cannot be formed into useful objects by processes that involve the shaping of a molten material. Such processes include injection molding, blow molding and extrusion, and are extensively used to produce useful articles from thermoplastics.
  • a material with low rebound resilience elasticity absorbs most of the applied energy from an impacting object and retransmits little or none of that energy.
  • a steel ball that falls upon material with low rebound resilience elasticity experiences little or no bounce; the material absorbs the energy of the falling ball. In contrast, the ball bounces substantially if it falls upon material with high rebound resilience elasticity.
  • Preferred embodiments of the middle layer 24 are constructed of a TPE material with low rebound resilience elasticity (here, a low rebound resilience elasticity corresponds to a rebound percentage of approximately 50% or less, and preferably 25% or less).
  • TPEs with low rebound resilience elasticity include TrefsinTM, manufactured by Advanced Elastomer Systems of Akron, Ohio, and the product TP6DAA manufactured by Kraiburg TPE Corp of Duluth, Ga.
  • An advantage of these TPEs is that their low rebound characteristic exists over a wide range of temperatures.
  • the TPE material of the middle layer 24 has a glass-transition temperature of less than ⁇ 20 degrees Fahrenheit. The glass-transition temperature is the temperature below which the material loses its soft and rubbery qualities.
  • a TPE material with an appropriate glass-transition temperature can be selected for the middle layer 24 depending on the particular application of the helmet 2 (e.g., a glass-transition temperature of 0 degrees Fahrenheit may be sufficient for baseball helmets, whereas a glass-transition temperature of ⁇ 40 degrees Fahrenheit may be needed for football and hockey helmets).
  • TPEs can also be formed into a variety of structures.
  • the middle layer 24 is processed into individual members, such as cylindrical columns, or other shapes such as pyramids, spheres, or cubes, allowing for independent movement of each member structure, and for the free flow of air around the members during an impact.
  • the individual members each have an air-filled chamber, as described in more detail below.
  • the layer has a honeycomb structure (i.e., waffle-type).
  • the interconnected hexagonal cells of a honeycombed structure provide impact absorption and a high strength-to-weight ratio, which permits construction of a lightweight helmet.
  • the interconnected cells absorb and distribute the energy of an impact evenly throughout the structure.
  • the honeycomb structure also reduces material costs because much of the material volume is made of open cells.
  • This structure can be any one in which the material is formed into interconnected walls and open cells.
  • the cells can have a shape other than hexagonal, for example, square, rectangular, triangular, and circular, without departing from the principles of the invention.
  • the formation of the middle layer 24 on the inner shell layer 28 can be accomplished using an extrusion, blow molding, casting, or injection molding process.
  • the compressible middle layer 24 and inner shell layer 28 can be manufactured separately and adhered together after production, or they may be manufactured as one component, with the two layers being adhered to each other during manufacturing.
  • TPEs bond readily to various types of substrates, such as plastic, and, thus, TPEs and substrates are commonly manufactured together.
  • the softness (or conversely, the hardness) of the middle layer 24 can also be determined over a range of durometers. Preferably, the hardness range for these forms is between 5 and 90 on the Shore A scale, inclusive.
  • the thickness of the middle layer 24 can be varied without departing from the principles of the invention. In one embodiment, the middle layer 24 is approximately 1 ⁇ 4 to one inch thick.
  • the inner shell layer 28 is constructed of a hardened material, such as a rigid thermoplastic, a thermoplastic alloy, expanded polystyrene, or a fiber-reinforced material such as fiberglass, TWINTEX®, KEVLAR®, or BP CurvTM.
  • the inner shell layer 28 operates to provide structure to the helmet 2 , penetration resistance, and impact energy distribution to the internal liner 32 .
  • the thickness of the inner shell layer 28 is 1/16 th of an inch. The thickness of the inner shell layer 28 can be varied without departing from the principles of the invention.
  • the internal liner 32 contacts the wearer's head.
  • Other functions of the internal liner 32 may include sizing, resilience, airflow, and comfort.
  • the internal liner 32 is constructed of a thermoplastic elastomer, a foam material of, for example, approximately 1 ⁇ 2 to 1 inch thickness, or it may be constructed of expanded polystyrene.
  • the compressible internal liner 32 is attached to an inner surface of the inner shell layer 28 . The method of attachment depends upon the type of materials used (of the inner shell layer 28 and of the internal liner 32 ).
  • Embodiments of the internal liner 32 include one or more of the following, either alone or in combination: thermoplastic elastomer (TPE), expanded polystyrene, expanded polypropylene, vinyl nitrile, silicone gel, silicone foam, viscoelastic or memory foam, and polyurethane foam.
  • TPE thermoplastic elastomer
  • expanded polystyrene expanded polystyrene
  • expanded polypropylene vinyl nitrile
  • silicone gel silicone gel
  • silicone foam viscoelastic or memory foam
  • polyurethane foam polyurethane foam
  • the helmet 2 ′ has ventilation openings 6 ′ near the top and on the sides of the helmet 2 ′ and an ear hole 8 . Again, for clarity sake, the various layers of materials used in the construction of the helmet 2 ′ appear in each opening 6 ′ as a single layer 14 ′.
  • FIG. 4 shows a cross-section of an embodiment of a layered shell 30 ′ for use, for example, in the construction of protective headgear.
  • the shell 30 ′ has an outer layer 20 ′, an inner layer 28 ′, and a plurality of independent compressible members 50 disposed between the inner and outer layers 28 ′, 20 ′.
  • Each member 50 attaches to an internally facing surface of the outer layer 20 ′ and to a surface of the inner layer 28 ′ that faces the outer layer 20 ′.
  • Members 50 are independent in that each individual member 50 can compress or shear independently of the other members 50 .
  • members 50 have a resilient, compressible solid or foam construction.
  • Members 50 can range from approximately one-eighth inch to one inch in height and one-eighth inch to one-half inch in diameter, and need not be of uniform height or diameter.
  • the members 50 can have a variety of shapes, for example, pyramidal, cubic, rectangular, spherical, disc-shaped, and blob-shaped.
  • the members 50 are constructed of TPE material (e.g., solid form, foam), although other types of compressible materials can be used for producing the members 50 , without departing from the principles of the invention, provided such materials can make the members sufficiently resilient to respond to various types of impact by leaning, stretching, shearing, and compressing.
  • an elastic adhesive or another intervening substance or material can be applied in between the two layers in order to make the layers 20 ′, 28 ′ closely approximate other.
  • This adhesive can be an elastomeric gel (similar to rubber cement) or an adhesive strip that attaches to each layer 20 ′, 28 ′.
  • the outer layer can still move relative to the inner layer in scalp-like fashion. Gaps may be present in this adhesive at various locations along the edge of the shell to permit air to escape from the middle layer 24 ′ during an impact to the shell or to enter the middle layer 24 ′ when the impact is over, as described in more detail below.
  • FIG. 5 shows an embodiment of a simplified manufacturing schematic for producing the shell 30 ′ for use in constructing protective headgear.
  • the compressible members 50 are constructed of TPE material 54 .
  • a TPE foam 58 is produced from the TPE material 54 , as described above.
  • the TPE foam 58 is extruded into a desired structure 61 , here, for example, columnar members.
  • Initial construction of the compressible members may be in the form of a chain (i.e., a single continuous string of multiple members, analogous to coupling between cars of a train).
  • the compressible members may be formed together as a larger unit, which has an appearance analogous to that of a rake when the TPE structure 61 is laid flat and which takes a hemispherical shape when laid onto the inner layer 28 ′.
  • Other techniques for forming the members together can be practiced to produce the desired structure 61 .
  • the TPE foam structure 61 is placed (step 68 ) between and attached to a first sheet 62 of material, to serve as the inner layer 28 ′, and a second sheet 63 of material to serve as the outer layer 20 ′.
  • the compressible members may be attached to the inner layer 28 ′ one member 50 at a time, for example, by adhesive.
  • each member 50 can have a point, nozzle, stem, which can be inserted into an appropriately shaped opening in the inner layer 28 ′ to hold that member in place.
  • the TPE foam structure 61 has a common chemical component as the sheets 62 , 63 for the inner and outer layers, thus enabling chemical adhesion between the TPE foam structure and each layer during the manufacturing process.
  • the resulting sheet of composite structure 65 can then be cut (step 72 ) and formed (step 76 ) into the desired shape of the shell 30 ′ (only a portion of the shell being shown).
  • the interior components of a helmet i.e., the liner, inner layer, and middle layer
  • can have standardized construction i.e., the same appearance irrespective of the type of sports helmet for which the interior components are to be used
  • the outer sport-specific layer which is adhered to the middle layer, or injection molded around the interior components, providing the customization of the helmet for a particular sport.
  • a compressible (e.g., foam) internal liner 32 ′ can then be added (step 80 ) to the multilayer shell 30 ′.
  • FIG. 6 shows a cross-section of a portion of the shell 30 ′ and of the internal liner 32 ′.
  • the internal liner 32 ′ is attached (e.g., with an adhesive) to an internally facing surface of the inner layer 28 ′.
  • the shape of the internal liner 32 ′ conforms to the general shape of the shell 30 ′ and to the shape of a wearer's head.
  • the shell 30 ′ of the invention may reduce both linear acceleration and rotational acceleration experienced by the head of the headgear wearer.
  • Linear acceleration occurs when the center of gravity of the wearer's head becomes rapidly displaced in a linear direction, such as might occur when the headgear is struck from the side.
  • Rotational acceleration widely believed to be a primary cause of concussion, can occur when the head rotates rapidly around the center of gravity, such as might occur when the headgear is struck tangentially. Most impacts impart both types of accelerations.
  • FIG. 7A illustrates an exemplary simulated operation of the shell 30 ′, with solid or foam members 50 , undergoing a direct impact from an object 100 .
  • the shell 30 ′ operates to reduce linear acceleration of the headgear wearer's head 104 .
  • the members 50 directly beneath the outer layer 20 ′ at the point of impact compress.
  • the compression of the shell 30 ′ also causes air to exit the middle layer 24 ′ (arrow 108 ) through one or more openings at an edge of the shell 30 ′ where the inner and outer layers 28 ′, 20 ′ approach each other. Air also moves through the interstitial region away from the point of impact (arrow 110 ).
  • FIG. 7B illustrates an exemplary simulated operation of the shell 30 ′, with solid or foam members 50 , undergoing a tangential impact from an object 100 .
  • the shell 30 ′ operates to reduce rotational acceleration of the wearer's head 104 .
  • the outer layer 20 ′ shears with respect to the inner layer 28 ′ in a direction of motion of the object, as illustrated by arrows 112 .
  • the smoothness of the outer layer 20 ′ can operate to reduce friction with the object 100 and, correspondingly, to reduce the rotational force experienced by the shell 30 ′.
  • Members 50 at the point of impact compress to some extent and shear with the outer layer 20 ′.
  • FIG. 7B illustrates an exemplary simulated operation of the shell 30 ′, with solid or foam members 50 , undergoing a tangential impact from an object 100 .
  • the shell 30 ′ operates to reduce rotational acceleration of the wearer's head 104 .
  • the outer layer 20 ′ shears with respect to the inner layer
  • FIG. 8A shows an embodiment of a compressible member 50 ′ for use in constructing the middle layer 24 ′ for the shell 30 ′ in accordance with the invention.
  • Embodiments of the invention can use this type of member 50 ′ in conjunction with or instead of openings at the edge of the shell 30 ′.
  • Making the member 50 ′ of TPE material further operates to improve the energy-absorbing effect of the shell, although other types of compressible materials can be used for producing the member 50 ′.
  • the member 50 ′ has a top surface 120 , a bottom surface 124 , and a sidewall 128 that define a hollow internal chamber 132 .
  • the top surface 120 attaches to the outer layer 20 ′ of the shell 74
  • the bottom surface 124 attaches to the inner layer 28 ′.
  • the bottom surface 124 has a small opening 136 formed therein.
  • the size of the opening 136 is designed to produce a rate-sensitive response to any impact causing compression of the member 50 ′. For instance, if the application of force upon the member 50 ′ is gradual or of relatively low energy, the opening 136 permits sufficient air to pass through so that the member 50 ′ compresses gradually and presents little resistance against the force. For example, an individual may be able to compress the shell of the protective headgear manually with a moderate touch of a hand or finger, because the energy-absorbing middle layer and, in some embodiments, the outer and inner layers are made of compressible materials. Because the application of the force is gradual, the wearer's head is not likely to accelerate significantly and thus is less likely to experience concussion. In addition, the wearer may feel the air being expelled from the members 50 ′ onto his or her head, as described further below.
  • FIG. 8E shows the embodiment of the compressible member 50 ′ after becoming compressed. Because of its resilient nature, the tendency of the member 50 ′ is to return to its uncompressed shape.
  • the inner and outer layers 28 ′, 20 ′ to which the member 50 ′ is attached also contribute to the restoration of the member 50 ′ to its uncompressed shape.
  • FIG. 8F illustrates a simulated sequence of expansion of a rate-sensitive compressible member 50 ′, as the force is removed.
  • FIG. 9A shows a cross-section of another embodiment of a rate-sensitive compressible member 50 ′′ that is generally rectangular in shape (i.e., a strip).
  • the member 50 ′′ has a top surface 160 , a bottom surface 164 , sidewalls 168 - 1 , 168 - 2 (generally, 168 ), and a hollow internal chamber 172 .
  • the top surface 160 attaches to the internally facing surface of the outer layer 20 ′ of the shell 30 ′′, and the bottom surface 164 attaches to a surface of the inner layer 28 ′.
  • Each sidewall 168 has a respective small opening 176 - 1 , 176 - 2 (generally, 176 ) formed therein.
  • FIG. 10A shows a cross-section of an embodiment of a shell 230 having an outer layer 220 , an inner layer 228 , and a plurality of the rate-sensitive compressible members 50 ′ ( FIG. 8A ) disposed therebetween.
  • the opening 136 of each rate-sensitive compressible member 50 ′ aligns with an opening (not shown) in the surface of the inner layer 228 and through any liner 232 so that expelled or inhaled air (arrows 210 ) can pass into the interior of the protective headgear.
  • openings 136 can be on the sides of the compressible member 50 ′, allowing the release and return of air through the interstitial region of the shell 230 .
  • FIG. 10B shows the shell 230 , with rate-sensitive compressible members 50 ′ and an internal liner 232 , on the head 234 of a user.
  • FIG. 10D illustrates an exemplary simulated operation of the shell 230 , with rate-sensitive compressible members 50 ′, undergoing a tangential impact from an object 236 .
  • the shell 230 operates to reduce rotational acceleration of the wearer's head 234 .
  • the outer layer shears with respect to the inner layer in a direction of motion of the object, as illustrated by arrows 240 .
  • Members 50 ′ at the point of impact compress to some extent and shear with the outer layer.
  • the compression causes air to exit the members 50 ′ and to enter the interior of the headgear.
  • FIG. 11A shows a rear view of an embodiment of protective headgear 250 embodying the invention.
  • the headgear 250 includes a pattern 254 of strip-shaped members 50 ′′ ( FIG. 9A ) disposed between outer and inner layers of the shell.
  • FIG. 11B shows a side view of the headgear 250 with another pattern 258 of strip-shaped members 50 ′′.
  • a variety of other patterns is possible without departing from the principles of the invention.

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  • Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
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US11/059,427 2004-04-21 2005-02-16 Multilayer air-cushion shell with energy-absorbing layer for use in the construction of protective headgear Abandoned US20060059606A1 (en)

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US11/059,427 US20060059606A1 (en) 2004-09-22 2005-02-16 Multilayer air-cushion shell with energy-absorbing layer for use in the construction of protective headgear
PCT/US2005/029466 WO2006088500A1 (en) 2005-02-16 2005-08-18 Multilayer air-cushion shell with energy-absorbing layer for use in the construction of protective headgear
PCT/US2006/005857 WO2006089235A1 (en) 2005-02-16 2006-02-16 Air venting, impact-absorbing compressible members
DE602006007952T DE602006007952D1 (de) 2005-02-16 2006-02-16 Energieabsorbierende schichten zur verwendung in einem kopfschutzsystem
CN2009102098713A CN101720999B (zh) 2005-02-16 2006-02-16 与保护性安全帽一起使用的能量吸收衬垫及形状适应层
EP06720890A EP1848293B1 (en) 2005-02-16 2006-02-16 Energy-absorbing liners for use with protective headgear
JP2007556372A JP2008529747A (ja) 2005-02-16 2006-02-16 保護用ヘッドギアに使用するためのエネルギー吸収ライナー及び形状適合層
US11/816,145 US20080155735A1 (en) 2005-02-16 2006-02-16 Energy-Absorbing Liners and Shape Conforming Layers for Use with Pro-Tective Headgear
EP07123110A EP1927294A3 (en) 2005-02-16 2006-02-16 Energy-absorbing liners for use with protective headgear
ES06720890T ES2330138T3 (es) 2005-02-16 2006-02-16 Recubrimientos absorventes de energia para uso en un equipo de proteccion para la cabeza.
CA2820137A CA2820137A1 (en) 2005-02-16 2006-02-16 Energy-absorbing liners and shape conforming layers for use with protective headgear
AU2006214035A AU2006214035A1 (en) 2005-02-16 2006-02-16 Energy-absorbing liners and shape conforming layers for use with protective headgear
CNB2006800123363A CN100571557C (zh) 2005-02-16 2006-02-16 与保护性安全帽一起使用的能量吸收衬垫及形状适应层
CA002598015A CA2598015A1 (en) 2005-02-16 2006-02-16 Energy-absorbing liners and shape conforming layers for use with protective headgear
US11/815,486 US20080256686A1 (en) 2005-02-16 2006-02-16 Air Venting, Impact-Absorbing Compressible Members
PCT/US2006/005856 WO2006089234A2 (en) 2005-02-16 2006-02-16 Energy-absorbing liners and shape conforming layers for use with protective headgear
HK08101160.4A HK1112163A1 (en) 2005-02-16 2008-01-30 Energy-absorbing liners for use with protective headgear
US14/295,507 US9683622B2 (en) 2004-04-21 2014-06-04 Air venting, impact-absorbing compressible members

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US10/946,672 US20060059605A1 (en) 2004-09-22 2004-09-22 Layered construction of protective headgear with one or more compressible layers of thermoplastic elastomer material
US11/059,427 US20060059606A1 (en) 2004-09-22 2005-02-16 Multilayer air-cushion shell with energy-absorbing layer for use in the construction of protective headgear

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US11/815,486 Continuation-In-Part US20080256686A1 (en) 2004-04-21 2006-02-16 Air Venting, Impact-Absorbing Compressible Members
US11/816,145 Continuation-In-Part US20080155735A1 (en) 2005-02-16 2006-02-16 Energy-Absorbing Liners and Shape Conforming Layers for Use with Pro-Tective Headgear
US11815486 Continuation-In-Part 2007-08-03

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CA2598015A1 (en) 2006-08-24
EP1927294A3 (en) 2008-06-25
ES2330138T3 (es) 2009-12-04
CN101720999A (zh) 2010-06-09
JP2008529747A (ja) 2008-08-07
WO2006089234A2 (en) 2006-08-24
EP1848293A2 (en) 2007-10-31
CN101227842A (zh) 2008-07-23
EP1848293B1 (en) 2009-07-22
CN101720999B (zh) 2013-07-17
CN100571557C (zh) 2009-12-23
AU2006214035A1 (en) 2006-08-24
EP1927294A2 (en) 2008-06-04
HK1112163A1 (en) 2008-08-29
US20080155735A1 (en) 2008-07-03
CA2820137A1 (en) 2006-08-24
DE602006007952D1 (de) 2009-09-03
WO2006089234A3 (en) 2006-11-23
WO2006088500A1 (en) 2006-08-24

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