Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/02—Suppositories; Bougies; Bases therefor; Ovules
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
  • A61K9/16—Agglomerates; Granulates; Microbeadlets ; Microspheres; Pellets; Solid products obtained by spray drying, spray freeze drying, spray congealing,(multiple) emulsion solvent evaporation or extraction
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
  • A61F6/00—Contraceptive devices; Pessaries; Applicators therefor
  • A61F6/02—Contraceptive devices; Pessaries; Applicators therefor for use by males
  • A61F6/04—Condoms, sheaths or the like, e.g. combined with devices protecting against contagion
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
  • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/66—Phosphorus compounds
  • A61K31/675—Phosphorus compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. pyridoxal phosphate
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
  • A61K9/0014—Skin, i.e. galenical aspects of topical compositions
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
  • A61K9/0034—Urogenital system, e.g. vagina, uterus, cervix, penis, scrotum, urethra, bladder; Personal lubricants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/10—Dispersions; Emulsions
  • A61K9/12—Aerosols; Foams
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P15/00—Drugs for genital or sexual disorders; Contraceptives
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
  • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
  • A61P31/18—Antivirals for RNA viruses for HIV
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00

Definitions

• the invention relates generally to formulations of compounds with antiviral activity and more specifically with anti-HIV properties.
• HIV infection and related diseases are a major public health problem worldwide.
• One approach to the problem of HIV/AIDS is to reduce the risk of transmission of HIV and thus reduce the number of individuals who become newly infected. Even when treatments or cures become available, prevention of infections in the initial instance will likely remain as the first line of defense. For medical, psychological, and economic reasons, it is preferable to prevent the initial infection, rather than treating, individuals with AIDS.
• Nonoxynol-9, octoxynol-9, and benzalkonium chloride are generally available as suppositories, inserts, creams, films, foams, and gels.
• Examples of such commercial products include, for example, K-Y PlusTM. (2.2 percent nonoxynol-9; Advanced Care Products, Raritan, N.J.); EncareTM.
• the present invention relates to formulations of nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), preferably [2-(6-Amino-purin-9-yl)-1-methyl-ethoxymethyl]-phosphonic acid (tenofovir, PMPA), or a physiologically functional derivative thereof, suitable for topical (e.g. vaginal, rectal, etc.) application and their use in the prevention of HIV infections.
• NRTIs nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors
• PMPA tenofovir
• compositions and methods which prevent and/or reduce the risk of transmission of HIV through sexual activity.
• the compositions of this invention may also be used by parties engaged in other types of sexual conduct.
• the compositions of this invention could be used by parties engaged in anal intercourse (male/female or male/male); compositions of this invention intended to be used in anal intercourse are preferably modified to adjust the buffering capacity to pH values normally found in the rectum and by altering the lubricity of the formulation.
• the composition may be inserted into the vagina prior to intercourse.
• the composition may be inserted into the rectum prior to intercourse.
• the composition may also act as a lubricant.
• the composition be applied-before intercourse or other sexual activity and that, if appropriate, a condom be used.
• the composition may be reapplied as soon as possible after completion of the sexual activity.
• flavorants, scents, fragrances, and colorants may be incorporated into the composition so long as they do not interfere with the safety or efficacy of the composition. Indeed, incorporation of such flavorants, scents, fragrances, and colorants into the compositions of this invention may increase the probability that the composition will be used during sexual activity.
• One advantage of the present method is that it can be used for protection during a wide variety of sexual activities (vaginal or anal) by heterosexuals, bisexuals, and homosexuals.
• Another advantage of the present method of reducing the transmission of HIV is that this method may be implemented and/or used most easily by the party being penetrated.
• a woman may use the present method to protect herself (as well as her partner) with or without the partner's knowledge of the method being used.
• the partner would not be required to rely on his or her partner's claim of being AIDS-free or agreement to use condoms for protection.
• Either or both sexual parties could initiate and implement the use of the present method.
• the method is used before the sexual activity and most preferably both before and after the sexual activity.
• the compositions of this invention offer the added benefit that they are also useful in the prevention and/or treatment of bacterial vaginosis.
• physiologically functional derivative means a pharmaceutically active compound with equivalent or near equivalent physiological functionality to a given NRTI.
• physiologically functional derivative includes any: physiologically acceptable salt, ether, ester, prodrug, solvate, stereoisomer including enantiomer, diastereomer or stereoisomerically enriched or racemic mixture, and any other compound which upon administration to the recipient, is capable of providing (directly or indirectly) such a compound or an antivirally active metabolite or residue thereof.
• Bioavailability is the degree to which the pharmaceutically active agent becomes available to the target tissue after the agent's introduction into the body. Enhancement of the bioavailability of a pharmaceutically active agent can provide a more efficient and effective treatment for patients because, for a given dose, more of the pharmaceutically active agent will be available at the targeted tissue sites.
• the compounds of the combinations of the invention may be referred to as “active ingredients” or “pharmaceutically active agents.”
• prodrug refers to any compound that when administered to a biological system generates the drug substance, i.e. active ingredient, as a result of spontaneous chemical reaction(s), enzyme catalyzed chemical reaction(s), and/or metabolic chemical reaction(s).
• Prodrug moiety means a labile functional group which separates from the active inhibitory compound during metabolism, systemically, inside a cell, by hydrolysis, enzymatic cleavage, or by some other process (Bundgaard, Hans, “Design and Application of Prodrugs” in Textbook of Drug Design and Development (1991), P. Krogsgaard-Larsen and H. Bundgaard, Eds. Harwood Academic Publishers, pp. 113-191). Prodrug moieties can serve to enhance solubility, absorption and lipophilicity to optimize drug delivery, bioavailability and efficacy. A “prodrug” is thus a covalently modified analog of a therapeutically-active compound.
• Alkyl means a saturated or unsaturated, branched, straight-chain, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbon radical derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from a single carbon atom of a parent alkane, alkene, or alkyne.
• Typical alkyl groups consist of 1-18 saturated and/or unsaturated carbons, such as normal, secondary, tertiary or cyclic carbon atoms.
• Examples include, but are not limited to: methyl, Me (—CH 3 ), ethyl, Et (—CH 2 CH 3 ), acetylenic (—C ⁇ CH), ethylene, vinyl (—CH ⁇ CH 2 ), 1-propyl, n-Pr, n-propyl (—CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 ), 2-propyl, i-Pr, i-propyl (—CH(CH 3 ) 2 ), allyl (—CH 2 CH ⁇ CH 2 ), propargyl (—CH 2 C ⁇ CH), cyclopropyl (—C 3 H 5 ), 1-butyl, n-Bu, n-butyl (—CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 ), 2-methyl-1-propyl, i-Bu, i-butyl (—CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 ), 2-butyl, s-Bu, s-butyl (—CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 ), 2-methyl-2-propyl, t-Bu
• Aryl means a monovalent aromatic hydrocarbon radical of 6-20 carbon atoms derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from a single carbon atom of a parent aromatic ring system.
• Typical aryl groups include, but are not limited to, radicals derived from benzene, substituted benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, biphenyl, and the like.
• Arylalkyl refers to an acyclic alkyl radical in which one of the hydrogen atoms bonded to a carbon atom, typically a terminal or sp 3 carbon atom, is replaced with an aryl radical.
• Typical arylalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, benzyl, 2-phenylethan-1-yl, 2-phenylethen-1-yl, naphthylmethyl, 2-naphthylethan-1-yl, 2-naphthylethen-1-yl, naphthobenzyl, 2-naphthophenylethan-1-yl and the like.
• the arylalkyl group 6 to 20 carbon atoms e.g., the alkyl moiety, including alkanyl, alkenyl or alkynyl groups, of the arylalkyl group is 1 to 6 carbon atoms and the aryl moiety is 5 to 14 carbon atoms.
• Substituted alkyl mean alkyl, aryl, and arylalkyl respectively, in which one or more hydrogen atoms are each independently replaced with a substituent.
• Typical substituents include, but are not limited to, —X, —R, —O ⁇ , —OR, —SR, —S ⁇ , —NR 2 , —NR 3 , ⁇ NR, —CX 3 , —CN, —OCN, —SCN, —N ⁇ C ⁇ O, —NCS, —NO, —NO 2 , ⁇ N 2 , —N 3 , NC( ⁇ O)R, —C( ⁇ O)R, —C( ⁇ O)NRR —S( ⁇ O) 2 O ⁇ , —S( ⁇ O) 2 OH, —S( ⁇ O) 2 R, —OS( ⁇ O) 2 OR, —S( ⁇ O) 2 NR, —S( ⁇ O)R, —OP( ⁇ O)O 2 RR —P( ⁇ O)O 2 RR —P( ⁇ O)(O ⁇ ) 2 , —P( ⁇ O)(OH) 2
• Heteroaryl and Heterocycle refer to a ring system in which one or more ring atoms is a heteroatom, e.g. nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (as opposed to carbon). Heterocycles are described in: Katritzky, Alan R., Rees, C. W., and Scriven, E. Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry (1996) Pergamon Press; Paquette, Leo A.; Principles of Modern Heterocyclic Chemistry W.A. Benjamin, New York, (1968), particularly Chapters 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 9; “The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, A series of Monographs” (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1950 to present), in particular Volumes 13, 14, 16, 19, and 28.
• heterocycles include but are not limited to pyrrole, indole, furan, benzofuran, thiophene, benzothiophene, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, 2-quinolyl, 3-quinolyl, 4-quinolyl, 2-imidazole, 4-imidazole, 3-pyrazole, 4-pyrazole, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, purine, cinnoline, pthalazine, quinazoline, quinoxaline, 3-(1,2,4-N)-triazolyl, 5-(1,2,4-N)-triazolyl, 5-tetrazolyl, 4-(1-O, 3-N)-oxazole, 5-(1-O, 3-N)-oxazole, 4-(1-S, 3-N)-thiazole, 5-(1-S, 3-N)-thiazole, 2-benzoxazole, 2-benzothiazole, 4-
• d and l or (+) and ( ⁇ ) are employed to designate the sign of rotation of plane-polarized light by the compound, with ( ⁇ ) or 1 meaning that the compound is levorotatory.
• a compound prefixed with (+) or d is dextrorotatory.
• these compounds, called stereoisomers are identical except that they are mirror images of one another.
• a specific stereoisomer may also be referred to as an enantiomer, and a mixture of such isomers is often called an enantiomeric mixture.
• a 50:50 mixture of enantiomers is referred to as a racemic mixture or a racemate.
• racemic mixture and “racemate” refer to an equimolar mixture of two enantiomeric species, devoid of optical activity.
• chiral refers to molecules which have the property of non-superimposability of the mirror image partner, while the term “achiral” refers to molecules which are superimposable on their mirror image partner.
• stereoisomers refers to compounds which have identical chemical constitution, but differ with regard to the arrangement of the atoms or groups in space.
• Diastereomer refers to a stereoisomer with two or more centers of chirality and whose molecules are not mirror images of one another. Diastereomers have different physical properties, e.g. melting points, boiling points, spectral properties, and reactivities. Mixtures of diastereomers may separate under high resolution analytical procedures such as electrophoresis and chromatography.
• Enantiomers refer to two stereoisomers of a compound which are non-superimposable mirror images of one another.
• Nucleoside and Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors include those compounds that exhibit anti-HIV effects by inhibiting the activity of HIV reverse transcriptase. Examples include, but are not limited to, abacavir (ABC), didanosine (ddI), emtricitabine (FTC), lamivudine (3TC), stavudine (d4T), tenofovir (TFV), zidovudine (AZT) and zalcitabine (ddC), and their physiologically functional derivatives.
• APC abacavir
• ddI didanosine
• FTC emtricitabine
• FTC lamivudine
• d4T stavudine
• TFV tenofovir
• ZT zidovudine
• ddC zidovudine
• ddC zalcitabine
• Topical formulations include those suitable for nasal, oral, rectal, transdermal, and vaginal administration.
• PMPA or tenofovir (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,808,716, 5,733,788, 6,057,305) has the structure:
• the chemical names of PMPA, tenofovir include: (R)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine; and phosphonic acid, [[(1R)-2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-1-methylethoxy]methyl].
• the CAS Registry number is 147127-20-6.
• Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor approved in the United States for the treatment of HIV-1 infection in combination with other antiretroviral agents.
• Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate or Viread® (Gilead Science, Inc.) is the fumarate salt of tenofovir disoproxil.
• Viread® may be named as: 2,4,6,8-Tetraoxa-5-phosphanonanedioic acid, 5-[[(1R)-2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-1-methylethoxy]methyl]-, bis(1-methylethyl) ester, 5-oxide, (2E)-2-butenedioate (1:1).
• the CAS Registry number is 202138-50-9.
• Physiologically functional derivatives of tenofovir include the compounds PMEA and PMPA.
• PMEA and PMPA have the structures: where PMEA (R 3 is H) and PMPA (R 3 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 substituted alkyl, or CH 2 OR 8 where R 8 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 hydroxyalkyl or C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl.
• R 6 and R 7 are independently H or C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
• R 4 and R 5 are independently H, NH 2 , NHR or NR 2 where R is C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
• R 1 and R 2 are independently H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 substituted alkyl, C 6 -C 20 aryl, C 6 -C 20 substituted aryl, C 6 -C 20 arylalkyl, C 6 -C 20 substituted arylalkyl, acyloxymethyl esters —CH 2 C( ⁇ O)R 9 (e.g. POM) or acyloxymethyl carbonates —CH 2 C( ⁇ O)OR 9 (e.g. POC) where R 9 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 substituted alkyl, C 6 -C 20 aryl or C 6 -C 20 substituted aryl.
• R 1 and R 2 may be pivaloyloxymethoxy, POM, —CH 2 C( ⁇ O)C(CH 3 ) 3 or POC, —CH 2 C( ⁇ O)OC(CH 3 ) 3 .
• tenofovir has the structure where R 3 is CH 3 , and R 1 , R 2 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 are H.
• Dialkyl phosphonates may be prepared according to the methods of: Quast et. al. (1974) Synthesis 490; Stowell et. al. (1990) Tetrahedron Lett. 3261; U.S. Pat. No. 5,663,159.
• PMPA may be enantiomerically-enriched or purified (single stereoisomer) where the carbon atom bearing R 3 may be the R or S enantiomer.
• PMPA may be a racemate, i.e. a mixture of R and S stereoisomers.
• the invention includes all enantiomers, diastereomers, racemates, and enriched stereoisomer mixtures of PMPA, and physiologically functional derivatives thereof.
• the invention includes all prodrugs of tenofovir.
• a large number of structurally-diverse prodrugs have been described for phosphonic acids (Freeman and Ross in Progress in Medicinal Chemistry 34: 112-147 (1997).
• a commonly used prodrug class is the acyloxyalkyl ester, which was first used as a prodrug strategy for carboxylic acids and then applied to phosphates and phosphonates by Farquhar et. al. (1983) J. Pharm. Sci. 72: 324; also U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,816,570, 4,968,788, 5,663,159 and 5,792,756.
• the acyloxyalkyl ester was used to deliver phosphonic acids across cell membranes and to enhance oral bioavailability.
• Aryl esters of phosphorus groups, especially phenyl esters, are reported to enhance oral bioavailability (DeLambert et. al. (1994) J. Med. Chem. 37: 498). Phenyl esters containing a carboxylic ester ortho to the phosphate have also been described (Khamnei and Torrence, (1996) J. Med. Chem.
• Benzyl esters are reported to generate the parent phosphonic acid. In some cases, substituents at the ortho- or para-position may accelerate the hydrolysis. Benzyl analogs with an acylated phenol or an alkylated phenol may generate the phenolic compound through the action of enzymes, e.g. esterases, oxidases, etc., which in turn undergoes cleavage at the benzylic C—O bond to generate the phosphoric acid and the quinone methide intermediate. Examples of this class of prodrugs are described by Mitchell et. al. (1992) J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1 2345; Brook et. al., WO 91/19721.
• benzylic prodrugs have been described containing a carboxylic ester-containing group attached to the benzylic methylene (Glazier et. al., WO 91/19721).
• Thio-containing prodrugs are reported to be useful for the intracellular delivery of phosphonate drugs.
• These proesters contain an ethylthio group in which the thiol group is either esterified with an acyl group or combined with another thiol group to form a disulfide. Deesterification or reduction of the disulfide generates the free thio intermediate which subsequently breaks down to the phosphoric acid and episulfide (Puech et. al.
• Cyclic phosphonate esters have also been described as prodrugs of phosphorus-containing compounds.
• Prodrug esters in accordance with the invention are independently selected from the following groups: (1) mono-, di-, and tri-phosphate esters of tenofovir or any other compound which upon administration to a human subject is capable of providing (directly or indirectly) said mono-, di, or triphosphate ester; (2) carboxylic acid esters (3) sulphonate esters, such as alkyl- or aralkylsulphonyl (for example, methanesulphonyl); (4) amino acid esters (for example, alanine, L-valyl or L-isoleucyl); (5) phosphonate; and (6) phosphonamidate esters.
• Ester groups (1)-(6) may be substituted with; straight or branched chain C 1 -C 18 alkyl (for example, methyl, n-propyl, t-butyl, or n-butyl); C 3 -C 12 cycloalkyl; alkoxyalkyl (for example, methoxymethyl); arylalkyl (for example, benzyl); aryloxyalkyl (for example, phenoxymethyl); C 1 -C 20 aryl (for example, phenyl optionally substituted by, for example, halogen, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, or C 1 -C 4 alkoxy); or amino.
• C 1 -C 18 alkyl for example, methyl, n-propyl, t-butyl, or n-butyl
• C 3 -C 12 cycloalkyl alkoxyalkyl (for example, methoxymethyl); arylalkyl (for example, benzyl); aryl
• An exemplary aryl moiety present in such esters comprises a phenyl or substituted phenyl group.
• Many phosphate prodrug moieties are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,312,662; Jones et. al. (1995) Antiviral Research 27:1-17; Kucera et. al. (1990) AIDS Res. Hum. Retro Viruses 6:491-501; Piantadosi et. al. (1991) J. Med. Chem. 34:1408-14; Hosteller et. al. (1992) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 36:2025-29; Hostetler et. al. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265:611127; and Siddiqui et. al. (1999) J. Med. Chem. 42:4122-28.
• prodrugs refer to a compound that is metabolized in the host, for example hydrolyzed or oxidized, by either enzymatic action or by general acid or base solvolysis, to form an active ingredient.
• Typical examples of prodrugs of the active ingredients of the combinations of the invention have biologically labile protecting groups on a functional moiety of the active compound.
• Prodrugs include compounds that can be oxidized, reduced, aminated, deaminated, esterified, deesterified, alkylated, dealkylated, acylated, deacylated, phosphorylated, dephosphorylated, or other functional group change or conversion involving forming or breaking chemical bonds on the prodrug.
• physiologically acceptable salts of tenofovir and is physiologically acceptable derivatives include salts derived from an appropriate base, such as an alkali metal (for example, sodium), an alkaline earth (for example, magnesium), ammonium and NX 4 + (wherein X is C 1 -C 4 alkyl).
• an alkali metal for example, sodium
• an alkaline earth for example, magnesium
• ammonium and NX 4 + (wherein X is C 1 -C 4 alkyl).
• Physiologically acceptable salts of an hydrogen atom or an amino group include salts of organic carboxylic acids such as acetic, benzoic, lactic, fumaric, tartaric, maleic, malonic, malic, isethionic, lactobionic and succinic acids; organic sulfonic acids, such as methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic and p-toluenesulfonic acids; and inorganic acids, such as hydrochloric, sulfuric, phosphoric and sulfamic acids.
• organic carboxylic acids such as acetic, benzoic, lactic, fumaric, tartaric, maleic, malonic, malic, isethionic, lactobionic and succinic acids
• organic sulfonic acids such as methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic and p-toluenesulfonic acids
• Physiologically acceptable salts of a compound of an hydroxy group include the anion of said compound in combination with a suitable cation such as Na + and NX 4 + (wherein X is independently selected from H or a C 1 -C 4 alkyl group).
• salts of active ingredients of the invention will be physiologically acceptable, i.e. they will be salts derived from a physiologically acceptable acid or base.
• salts of acids or bases which are not physiologically acceptable may also find use, for example, in the preparation or purification of a physiologically acceptable compound. All salts, whether or not derived form a physiologically acceptable acid or base, are within the scope of the present invention.
• Formulations include those suitable for nasal, oral, rectal, transdermal, and vaginal administration.
• Formulations suitable for topical administration in the mouth include lozenges comprising the active ingredient in a flavored base, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth; pastilles comprising the active ingredient in an inert basis such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia; and mouthwashes comprising the active ingredient in a suitable liquid carrier.
• Formulations for rectal administration may be presented as a suppository with a suitable base comprising, for example, cocoa butter.
• Formulations suitable for vaginal administration may be presented as tablets, pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or spray formulations containing in addition to the active ingredient such carriers as are known in the art to be appropriate.
• compositions suitable for rectal administration wherein the carrier is a solid are most preferably presented as unit dose suppositories.
• Suitable carriers include cocoa butter and other materials commonly used in the art.
• the suppositories may be conveniently formed by admixture of the active ingredient with the softened or melted carrier(s) followed by chilling and shaping in moulds.
• topical application includes application to the body cavities as well as to the skin.
• the NRTI is applied to a body cavity such as the anus, the mouth, or the vagina.
• the NRTI is applied to the vagina.
• the present method may involve topical application to the vagina to prevent HIV infection as a result of vaginal intercourse.
• the topical application is carried out prior to the beginning of vaginal intercourse, suitably 0 to 60 minutes, preferably 0 to 5 minutes, prior to the beginning of vaginal intercourse.
• the NRTI may be applied to the vagina in a number of forms including aerosols, foams, jellies, creams, suppositories, tablets, tampons, etc.
• Compositions suitable for application to the vagina are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos.
• the present method may be carried out by applying the NRTI to the vagina in the form of such a composition.
• the composition containing the NRTI may be applied to the vagina in any conventional manner. Suitable devices for applying the composition to the vagina are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,826,828, 4,108,309, 4,360,013, and 4,589,880, which are incorporated herein by reference.
• the present invention involves topical administration of the NRTI to the anus.
• the composition administered to the anus is suitably a foam, cream, jelly, etc., such as those described above with regard to vaginal application.
• an applicator which distributes the composition substantially evenly throughout the anus.
• a suitable applicator is a tube 2.5 to 25 cm, preferably 5 to 10 cm, in length having holes distributed regularly along its length.
• the present method may be carried out by applying the NRTI orally.
• Oral application is suitably carried out by applying a composition which is in the form of a mouthwash or gargle.
• Oral application is especially preferred to prevent infection during dental procedures.
• the composition is applied just prior to the beginning of the dental procedure and periodically throughout the procedure.
• compositions useful for preventing the spread of HIV infection may be in the form of foams, creams, jellies, suppositories, tablets, aerosols, gargles, mouthwashes, etc.
• Particularly preferred are vaginal gels.
• the concentration of NRTI in the composition is such to achieve an effective local anal, oral or vaginal concentration upon administration of the usual amount of the type of composition being applied.
• the suppository will usually be 1 to 5 grams, preferably about 3 grams, and the entire suppository will be applied.
• a vaginal tablet will suitably be 1 to 5 grams, preferably about 2 grams, and the entire tablet will be applied.
• vaginal cream suitably 0.1 to 2 grams, preferably about 0.5 grams of the cream will be applied.
• a water-soluble vaginal cream suitably 0.1 to 2 grams, preferably about 0.6 grams, are applied.
• vaginal spray-foam suitably 0.1 to 2 grams, preferably about 0.5 grams, of the spray-foam are applied.
• an anal cream suitably 0.1 to 2 grams, preferably about 0.5 grams of the cream is applied.
• composition is an anal spray-foam, suitably 0.1 to 2 grams, preferably about 0.5 grams of the spray-foam are applied.
• composition is a mouthwash or gargle, suitably 1 to 10 ml, preferably about 5 ml are applied.
• a mouthwash or gargle it may be preferred to include in the composition an agent which will mask the taste and/or odor of the NRTI.
• agents include those flavoring agents typically found in mouthwashes and gargles, such as spearmint oil, cinnamon oil, etc.
• the present compositions may also be in the form of a time-release composition.
• the NRTI is incorporated in a composition which will release the active ingredient at a rate which will result in an effective vaginal or anal concentration of NRTI.
• Time-release compositions are disclosed in Controlled Release of Pesticides and Pharmaceuticals, D. H. Lew, Ed., Plenum Press, New York, 1981; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,185,155; 5,248,700; 4,011,312; 3,887,699; 5,143,731; 3,640,741; 4,895,724; 4,795,642; Bodmeier et al, Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 78 (1989); Amies, Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology, vol. 77 (1959); and Pfister et al, Journal of Controlled Release, vol. 3, pp. 229-233 (1986), all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
• compositions may also be in the form which releases the NRTI in response to some event such as vaginal or anal intercourse.
• the composition may contain the NRTI in vesicles or liposomes, which are disrupted by the mechanical action of intercourse.
• Compositions comprising liposomes are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,231,112 and Deamer and Uster, “Liposome Preparation: Methods and Mechanisms”, in Liposomes, pp. 27-51 (1983); Sessa et al, J. Biol. Chem., vol. 245, pp. 3295-3300 (1970); Journal of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, vol. 34, pp. 473-474 (1982); and Topics in Pharmaceutical Sciences, D. D. Breimer and P. Suiter, Eds., Elsevier, New York, pp. 345-358 (1985), which are incorporated herein by reference.
• compositions may be associated with an article, such as an intrauterine device (IUD), vaginal diaphragm, vaginal sponge, pessary condom, etc.
• IUD intrauterine device
• vaginal diaphragm vaginal sponge
• pessary condom etc.
• time-release and/or mechanical-release compositions may be preferred, while in the case of condoms, mechanical-release compositions are preferred.
• the present invention provides novel articles, which are useful for the prevention of HIV infection.
• the present articles are those which release the NRTI when placed on an appropriate body part or in an appropriate body cavity.
• the present invention provides IUDs, vaginal diaphragms, vaginal sponges, pessaries, or condoms which contain or are associated with an NRTI.
• the present article may be an IUD which contains one or more NRTIs. Suitable IUDs are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,888,975 and 4,283,325 which are incorporated herein by reference.
• the present article may be an intravaginal sponge which comprises and releases, in a time-controlled fashion, the NRTI. Intravaginal sponges are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,916,898 and 4,360,013, which are incorporated herein by reference.
• the present article may also be a vaginal dispenser, which releases the NRTI. Vaginal dispensers are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,961,931, which is incorporated herein by reference.
• the present article may also be a condom which is coated with an NRTI.
• the condom is coated with a lubricant or penetration enhancing agent which comprises an NRTI.
• Lubricants and penetration enhancing agents are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,537,776; 4,552,872; 4,557,934; 4,130,667, 3,989,816; 4,017,641; 4,954,487; 5,208,031; and 4,499,154, which are incorporated herein by reference.
• Active ingredient denotes one or more NRTIs, as defined above, preferably tenofovir or a physiologically functional derivative thereof.
• This formulation is prepared by wet granulation of the ingredients with purified water, followed by the addition of magnesium stearate and compression.
• the hypromellose can utilize varying viscosity grades.
• mg/tablet Active ingredient 300 Hypromellose 112 Lactose Monohydrate 53 Pregelatinized Starch 28
• Magnesium Stearate 7 Purified Water q.s. Drug release takes place over a period of about 6-8 hours and is complete after 12 hours.
• Formulation B Controlled Release Capsule
• the following controlled release capsule formulation is manufactured by preparing a wet granulation of ingredients a, b, c and e, and then extruding the material using an extruder, followed by spheronization of the extrudate and drying. The dried pellets are then coated with a release-controlling membrane (d) or polymer. The final product is filled into a two-piece, hard gelatin or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose capsule.
• mg/capsule (a) Active Ingredient 300 (b) Microcrystalline Cellulose 125 (c) Lactose Monohydrate 125 (d) Ethyl Cellulose 13 (e) Purified Water q.s. (f) Gelatin capsules Formulation C (Oral Suspension):
• Active Ingredient 300 mg Confectioner's Sugar 2000 mg Simethicone 300 mg Methylparaben 30 mg Propylparaben 10 mg Flavor, Peach 500 mg Purified Water q.s. to 5.00 ml Formulation D (Suppository):
• Witepsol H15 is melted in a steam-jacketed pan at 45° C. maximum.
• the active ingredients are sifted through a 200 micron sieve and added to the molten base with mixing, using a Silverson fitted with a cutting head, until a smooth dispersion is achieved. Maintaining the mixture at 45° C., the remaining Witepsol H15 is added to the suspension and stirred to ensure a homogenous mix.
• the entire suspension is passed through a 250 micron stainless steel screen and, with continuous stirring, is allowed to cool to 40° C. At a temperature of 38° C. to 40° C., 2.02 g of the mixture is filled into suitable, 2 ml plastic molds.
• the suppositories are allowed to cool to room temperature.
• Formulation F (Vaginal cream) Active ingredient 300 mg Nonionic autoemulsifying base 4 g Water balance to 100 g Formulation G (Vaginal spray-foam) Active ingredient 300 mg Polyethylene glycol 6000 2 g Nonionic emulsifying agent 2 g Water 85 g Freon 12/144 (70:30) 10 g Formulation H (Vaginal gel) Tenofovir 1.00 (% w/w) Hydroxyethylcellulose, NF (Natrasol ® ⁇ 250H) 2.50 Propylparaben, NF 0.02 Methylparaben, NF 0.18 Edetate Disodium, USP 0.05 Glycerin, USP 20.00 Citric Acid, USP 1.00 Purified Water, USP 75.25 Total 100.00 Sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid are used as 10 % w/w solutions to adjust pH to a target of 4.4.
• methylparaben and propylparaben are dissolved in heated glycerin. Hydroxyethylcellulose is added and dispersed to form an organic phase. Edetate disodium and citric acid are dissolved in purified water, tenofovir is added and dispersed, pH adjusted to 4.4, and solution clarified by passage through a 0.22 ⁇ m filter. Aqueous and organic phases are mixed, stirred well then filled into tubes or applicators.
• Tenofovir vaginal gel used 1% BID was well-tolerated in abstinent and sexually active HIV( ⁇ ) and HIV(+) women, with limited systemic absorption and with possible beneficial effects on vaginal microflora.

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