US20040176288A1 - Treatment and composition for wound healing - Google Patents

Treatment and composition for wound healing Download PDF

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US20040176288A1
US20040176288A1 US10/480,586 US48058604A US2004176288A1 US 20040176288 A1 US20040176288 A1 US 20040176288A1 US 48058604 A US48058604 A US 48058604A US 2004176288 A1 US2004176288 A1 US 2004176288A1
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apc
agent
protein
medicament
wounds
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Christopher Jackson
Philip Sambrook
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University of Sydney
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University of Sydney
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Priority claimed from AUPR5637A external-priority patent/AUPR563701A0/en
Priority claimed from AUPS1433A external-priority patent/AUPS143302A0/en
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Assigned to SYDNEY, UNIVERSITY OF, THE reassignment SYDNEY, UNIVERSITY OF, THE ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: JACKSON, CHRISTOPHER JOHN, SAMBROOK, PHILIP NEIL
Publication of US20040176288A1 publication Critical patent/US20040176288A1/en
Priority to US12/504,898 priority Critical patent/US8728512B2/en
Priority to US14/248,790 priority patent/US20140219991A1/en
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/43—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/46—Hydrolases (3)
    • A61K38/48—Hydrolases (3) acting on peptide bonds (3.4)
    • A61K38/482—Serine endopeptidases (3.4.21)
    • A61K38/4866—Protein C (3.4.21.69)
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0048—Eye, e.g. artificial tears
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
    • A61P17/02—Drugs for dermatological disorders for treating wounds, ulcers, burns, scars, keloids, or the like
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
    • A61P19/04—Drugs for skeletal disorders for non-specific disorders of the connective tissue
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
    • A61P19/08—Drugs for skeletal disorders for bone diseases, e.g. rachitism, Paget's disease
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/10—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system for treating ischaemic or atherosclerotic diseases, e.g. antianginal drugs, coronary vasodilators, drugs for myocardial infarction, retinopathy, cerebrovascula insufficiency, renal arteriosclerosis

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of medicine and, more particularly, to wound healing and methods and compositions for promoting wound healing.
  • activated protein C is administered to a slow healing wound by, for example, topical application.
  • Wounds are internal or external bodily injuries or lesions caused by physical means, such as mechanical, chemical, viral, bacterial, or thermal means, which disrupt the normal continuity of structures.
  • Such bodily injuries include contusions, wounds in which the skin is unbroken, incisions, wounds in which the skin is broken by a cutting instrument, lacerations, and wounds in which the skin is broken by a dull or blunt instrument. Wounds may be caused by accidents or by surgical procedures.
  • the healing of wounds is a complex process involving a number of stages. These include; 1) coagulation, which begins immediately after injury; 2) inflammation, which begins a few minutes later; 3) a migratory and proliferative process (granulation stage), which begins within hours to days; and 4) a remodelling process with subsequent development of full strength skin (1-3).
  • Coagulation controls haemostasis and initiates healing by releasing a variety of growth factors and cytokines from degranulated platelets.
  • platelet aggregation and dotting form a matrix which traps plasma proteins and blood cells to induce the influx of various types of cells.
  • Neutrophils are the first cells to arrive and function to phagocytise contaminating bacteria, digest the fibrin clot and release mediators to attract macrophages and activate fibroblasts and keratinocytes (3).
  • Macrophages digest pathogens, debride the wound and secrete cytokines/growth factors (eg interleukin-1(IL-1), epidermal growth factor (EGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor- ⁇ (TGF- ⁇ ), and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)) that stimulate fibroblasts and endothelial cells.
  • cytokines/growth factors eg interleukin-1(IL-1), epidermal growth factor (EGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor- ⁇ (TGF- ⁇ ), and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)
  • IL-1 interleukin-1
  • EGF epidermal growth factor
  • VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
  • TGF- ⁇ transforming growth factor- ⁇
  • bFGF basic fibroblast growth factor
  • lymphocytes and macrophages are involved, the predominant cell types are epithelial, fibroblast and endothelial.
  • an epidermal covering comprised mainly of keratinocytes, begins to migrate and cover the epidermis, a process known as re-epithelialisation. When they completely cover the wound they differentiate and stratify to form a new epidermis with a basal lamnina.
  • Angiogenesis ie the formation of new blood vessels
  • Fibroblasts migrate into the wound site and produce collagen and proteoglycans which ultimately give the wound tensile strength.
  • granulation tissue is replaced by a network of collagen and elastin fibers leading to the formation of scar tissue.
  • Wound healing is affected by numerous factors, including local factors (eg growth factors, edema, ischemia, infection, arterial insufficiency, venous insufficiency or neuropathy), systemic factors (eg inadequate perfusion and metabolic disease) and other miscellaneous factors, such as nutritional state, exposure to radiation therapy and smoking.
  • local factors eg growth factors, edema, ischemia, infection, arterial insufficiency, venous insufficiency or neuropathy
  • systemic factors eg inadequate perfusion and metabolic disease
  • other miscellaneous factors such as nutritional state, exposure to radiation therapy and smoking.
  • Leucocytes particularly neutrophils, and macrophages persist in the surrounding tissue and secrete a range of proteases, including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and serine proteases (5). Excessive accumulation of these enzymes interferes with the matrix remodelling (6). It is thought that agents which inhibit proteases will benefit wound healing (7). Another feature of some chronic wounds is the reduction or absence of angiogenesis, which prevents nutrients from accessing the newly formed tissue (8).
  • MMPs matrix metalloproteinases
  • serine proteases serine proteases
  • Chronic wounds are initially managed by treatment comprising eschar debridement, antibiotic treatment where appropriate, and regular dressing (2).
  • Other dressings such as hydrogels, hydrocolloids, or alginates, may also be used.
  • Venous ulceration is treated by compression therapy, whereas arterial or diabetic ulcers require regular changes of dressings. Pressure sores are encouraged to heal by the relief of pressure at the injury site.
  • Some other physical devices such as laser treatment, hyperbaric oxygen and electrical stimulation for arterial ulcers, are also used to promote wound healing (2, 9, 10).
  • tissue-engineered skin such as Dermagraft or Apligraf
  • This therapy acts to prevent bacterial infection and allows the wound the chance to heal by normal reparative processes (11, 12).
  • the use of such skin replacements to accelerate wound healing depends on the availability of an existing vascular supply in the existing wound.
  • Another approach to wound healing involves the administration of growth factors/cytokines, which have been shown to accelerate cell proliferation in vitro and/or to promote wound healing in some animal models.
  • growth factors/cytokines include IL-1, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), EGF, VEGF, TGF- ⁇ , and bFGF (2).
  • PDGF platelet-derived growth factor
  • EGF EGF
  • VEGF VEGF
  • TGF- ⁇ bFGF
  • bFGF bFGF
  • Procuren an autologous platelet releasate, contains at least five growth factors, that aid in the formation of granulation tissue and re-epithelialisation.
  • This autologous growth factor mnix has achieved some success in human subjects with ulcerated limb lesions (13). However, on the whole, results from most clinical trials using growth factors/cytokines have been disappointing.
  • EGF failed to heal venous stasis ulcers and IL-1 failed to treat pressure sores effectively (2). Similar results were reported using bFGF (14). The reason for the lack of efficacy is not certain, but may relate to the multifactorial effects, some undesirable for healing, of growth factors/cytokines.
  • Activated protein C is a serine protease having a molecular weight of about 56 kD that plays a central role in physiological anticoagulation.
  • the inactive precursor, protein C is a vitamin K-dependent glycoprotein synthesised by the liver and endothelium and is found in plasma.
  • Activation of protein C occurs on the endothelial cell surface and is triggered by a complex formed between thrombin and thrombomodulin (15,16).
  • Another endothelial specific membrane protein, endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) has been shown to accelerate this reaction more than 1000-fold (17).
  • Endothelial APC functions as an anticoagulant by binding to the co-factor, protein S, on the endothelial surface, which inactivates the clotting factors Factor VIIIa and Factor Va.
  • the importance of APC as an anticoagulant is reflected by the findings that deficiencies in this molecule result in familial disorders of thrombosis (18).
  • APC additionally acts as an anti-inflammatory agent and directly activates the protease, gelatinase A (17, 20).
  • Gelatinase A is secreted by many different cell types, including smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts and endothelial cells. By degrading the coilagens present in the basement membrane (21) and allowing cells to invade the stroma, gelatinase A plays an important role in physiological remodelling and angiogenesis (22).
  • Gelatinase A also plays an important role in numerous diseases, such as promoting the invasion of thymic epithelial tumors (23), promoting the destruction of the joint in arthritis by cleaving collagen from the cartilage matrix (24) and contributing to cardiac mechanical dysfunction during reperfusion after ischemia (25).
  • gelatinase A can also target other substrates. For example, it cleaves big endothelin-1 to yield a potent vasoconstrictor, implicating gelatinase A as a regulator of vascular reactivity (26).
  • Gelatinase A release can also mediate platelet aggregation (27).
  • APC is also able to promote regeneration of endothelial cells after wounding in vitro, stimulate re-epithelialisation fibroblast invasion and angiogenesis in a chicken embryo and enhance wound healing in a rat wounding model.
  • the present invention provides a method for promoting wound healing in a subject, said method comprising administering to said subject an effective amount of an agent comprising one or more of;
  • the present invention provides a medicament for promoting wound healing in a subject, said medicament comprising an amount of an agent comprising one or more of;
  • the present invention provides a delivery system (eg a gel, sponge, gauze or mesh) incorporating an amount of an agent comprising one or more of;
  • a delivery system eg a gel, sponge, gauze or mesh
  • said delivery system being suitable for application to a wound and thereafter promoting wound healing.
  • the present invention provides the use of an agent comprising one or more of;
  • the present invention provides the use of an agent comprising one or more of;
  • a delivery system for the preparation of a delivery system, said delivery system being suitable for application to a wound and thereafter promoting wound healing.
  • the APC and/or protein C utilised in the present invention may be obtained by purification from a suitable source (eg blood taken from humans or other animals) or produced by standard recombinant DNA techniques such as is described in, for example, Maniatis, T. et al., Molecular Cloning: a laboratory manual, Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
  • Recombinant APC or protein C may incorporate modifications (eg amino acid substitutions, deletions, and additions of heterologous amino add sequences), which may, for example, enhance biological activity or expression of the respective protein.
  • the present invention utilises human APC and/or protein C.
  • the APC and/or protein C may also be glycosylated by methods well known in the art and which may comprise enzymatic and non-enzymatic means.
  • Suitable functional fragments of an APC may be produced by cleaving purified natural APC or recombinant APC with well known proteases such as trypsin and the like, or more preferably, by recombinant DNA techniques or peptide/polypeptide synthesis.
  • Such functional fragments may be identified by generating candidate fragments and assessing biological activity by, for example, assaying for activation of MMP-2, promotion of repair of a wounded endothelial monolayer and/or angiogenesis in chicken embryo chorio-alantoic membrane (CAM) in a manner similar to that described in the examples provided herein.
  • functional fragments will be of 5 to 100 amino acids in length, more preferably, of 10 to 30 amino acids in length.
  • the functional fragments may be linear or circularised and may include modifications of the amino add sequence of the native APC sequence from whence they are derived (eg amino acid substitutions, deletions, and additions of heterologous amino acid sequences).
  • the functional fragments may also be glycosylated by methods well known in the art and which may comprise enzymatic and non-enzymatic means.
  • Suitable APC mimetic compounds may be designed using any of the methods well known in the art for designing mimetics of peptides based upon peptide sequences in the absence of secondary and tertiary structural information (28).
  • peptide mimetic compounds may be produced by modifying amino acid side chains to increase the hydrophobicity of defined regions of the peptide (eg substituting hydrogens with methyl groups on aromatic residues of the peptides), substituting amino acid side chains with non-amino acid side chains (eg substituting aromatic residues of the peptides with other aryl groups), and substituting amino- and/or carboxy-termini with various substituents (eg substituting aliphatic groups to increase hydrophobicity).
  • the mimetic compounds may be so-called peptoids (ie non-peptides) which include modification of the peptide backbone (ie by introducing amide bond surrogates by, for example, replacing the nitrogen atoms in the backbone with carbon atoms), or include N-substituted glycine residues, one or more D-amino acids (in place of L-amino acid(s)) and/or one or more ⁇ -amino acids (in place of ⁇ -amino acids or ⁇ -amino acids).
  • peptoids ie non-peptides
  • modification of the peptide backbone ie by introducing amide bond surrogates by, for example, replacing the nitrogen atoms in the backbone with carbon atoms
  • N-substituted glycine residues one or more D-amino acids (in place of L-amino acid(s)) and/or one or more ⁇ -amino acids (in place of ⁇ -amin
  • mimetic compound alternatives include “retro-inverso peptides” where the peptide bonds are reversed and D-amino acids assembled in reverse order to the order of the L-amino acids in the peptide sequence upon which they are based, and other non-peptide frameworks such as steroids, saccharides, benzazepine1,3,4-trisubstituted pyrrolidinone, pyridones and pyridopyrazines.
  • Suitable mimetic compounds may also be designed/identified by structural modelling/determnination, by screening of natural products, the production of phage display libraries (29), minimised proteins (30), SELEX (Aptamer) selection (31), combinatorial libraries and focussed combinatorial libraries, virtual screening/database searching (32), and rational drug design techniques well known in the art (33).
  • the present invention is suitable for promoting wound healing generally, but is particularly suitable for application to the promotion of slow-healing wounds, otherwise known as “chronic wounds”, “impaired-healing wounds” or “ulcers”, and may be of any of the wound types discussed above. However, preferably, the present invention is applied to wounds selected from the group consisting of;
  • dermal ulcers such as those associated with pressure, vasculitis, arterial and venous diseases (eg in patients suffering from diabetes, in aged patients, associated with venous insufficiency and cerebrovascular incidents, and resulting from pressure sores or localised areas of tissue damage resulting from direct pressure on the skin or from shearing forces and friction),
  • eye wounds eg corneal wounds resulting from injury, surgery or laser therapy
  • non-cutaneous wounds eg stomach/oesophageal ulcers, vaginal ulcers and internal injury or surgery (including plastic surgery),
  • the agent may be one or a mixture of any or all of the group consisting of an APC, a functional fragment of an APC, an APC mimetic compound, and a protein C.
  • the agent is preferably administered to a subject after a sufficient period of time since wounding has elapsed such that the coagulation/inflammation stages of the wound healing process have substantially concluded.
  • administration of the agent occur within 1 to 48 hours after wounding, more preferably within 1 to 1 hours after wounding.
  • the agent may be administered to a subject through oral or systemic routes or by direct application (e.g. topical administration) to the wound as a medicament formulation, or as incorporated into a delivery system (eg gelatin sponge such as Gelfoam, fine gauze, nylon mesh, or an adhesive plastic strips such as a Band-aidTM) which is applied to the wound.
  • a delivery system eg gelatin sponge such as Gelfoam, fine gauze, nylon mesh, or an adhesive plastic strips such as a Band-aidTM
  • the effective amount of the agent may be expected to vary depending upon the type, site and seriousness of the wound to be treated. It would be well within the skill of persons skilled in the art to adjust the amount appropriately to obtain optimal results. It is, however, expected that generally the effective amount of the agent will be in the range of 0.01 to 10000 ⁇ g per kg of body weight, more preferably between 0.1 and 1000 ⁇ g per kg of body weight, and most preferably between about 1 and 200 ⁇ g per kg of body weight.
  • Medicaments according to the present invention preferably include an amount of the agent in the range of 0.01 to 1000 ⁇ g per g of medicament, in admixture with a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier (eg gelatin and/or collagen for cream or gel medicaments; isotonic saline, a phosphate buffered solution or the like for drops; or materials such as starch, gelatin, agar, sugar, carboxymethylcellulose, polyvinylalcohol, magnesium stearate, and sodiumalginate for dry powders).
  • a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier eg gelatin and/or collagen for cream or gel medicaments; isotonic saline, a phosphate buffered solution or the like for drops; or materials such as starch, gelatin, agar, sugar, carboxymethylcellulose, polyvinylalcohol, magnesium stearate, and sodiumalginate for dry powders.
  • a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier eg gelatin and/or collagen for cream or gel medicaments;
  • Medicaments and delivery systems may contain one or more other active compounds or substances such as other molecules involved in the protein C pathway (eg protein S, EPCR, factor V/Va or factor VIII/VIIIa); antimicrobial agents such as chlorhexidine, povidine-iodine and ciprofloxacin; anticoagulants such as heparin or antithrombin III; steroids such as dexamethasone; inhibitors of inflammation; cardiovascular drugs such as calcium channel blockers; cytokines/growth factors such as epidermal growth factor; local anaesthetics such as bupivacaine; antitumor drugs such as taxol; polyclonal, monoclonal or chimeric antibodies, or functional derivatives or fragments thereof such as antibodies to regulate cell proliferation.
  • active compounds or substances such as other molecules involved in the protein C pathway (eg protein S, EPCR, factor V/Va or factor VIII/VIIIa); antimicrobial agents such as chlorhexidine, povidine-iodine and ciprofloxaci
  • the medicaments and delivery systems may also include a suitable amount of an agent for activating the protein C (eg thrombin, kallikrein and/or thrombomodulin).
  • an agent for activating the protein C eg thrombin, kallikrein and/or thrombomodulin.
  • FIG. 1 shows the effect of APC on repair of a “wounded” foreskin endothelial (FSE) cell monolayer in culture.
  • FSE foreskin endothelial
  • FIG. 2 shows the effect of APC on chicken embryo chorio-allantoic membrane (CAM).
  • Chicken embryos were cracked into a sterile weigh boat on day 1.
  • gelatin sponges were treated with 5 ⁇ g APC in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) or PBS alone and then placed on top of the CAM.
  • PBS phosphate buffered saline
  • the embryos were fixed in Bouin's fluid, sectioned perpendicular to the top surface of the CAM, stained with Masson's stain and viewed under light microscopy.
  • APC-treated CAM showing complete re-epithelialisation over sponge (thin arrows) (A) and many new blood vessels (thick arrows) and fibroblast infiltration (hatched arrows) (B).
  • PBS-treated sponges there is no epithelial regrowth (thick arrows) and negligible invasion of cells into the sponge (C,D).
  • FIG. 3 shows the effect of APC on a rat wound healing model. Sprague-Dawley rats were wounded and then treated with A) saline or B) 20 ⁇ g APC and photographed after 4 days. C) Summary of results using 2 rats (total 8 wounds) each treated with saline or 20 ⁇ g APC. Results shown are mean +/ ⁇ S.D of wound area (mm 2 ) after 40 hr, 4 days and 7 days.
  • FIG. 4 shows the effect of different doses APC on a rat wound healing model.
  • Normal rats were wounded using an 8 mm punch biopsy and immediately treated with 0 ⁇ g (Control, 3 rats, 12 wounds), 10 ⁇ g (3 rats, 12 wounds), 40 ⁇ g (4 rats, 16 wounds), 70 ⁇ g (3 rats, 12 wounds) or 100 ⁇ k (3 rats, 12 wounds) of APC.
  • Wound size was measured by image analysis after 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 days and results shown are mean +/ ⁇ S.D of wound area (mm 2 ) after 1, 2, 3, 4 , 5, 7 and 9 days.
  • FIG. 5 shows the effect of APC on a rat wound healing model.
  • Normal rats were wounded using an 8 mm punch biopsy and not treated (Control, 2 rats, 7 wounds) or treated twice with APC (40 ⁇ g APC immediately after wounding followed by a second treatment of 40 ⁇ g APC after 1 day) (3 rats, 11 wounds).
  • Wound size was measured by image analysis and results shown are mean +/ ⁇ S.D of wound area (mm 2 ) after 1, 2, 3, 4 , 5, 7 and 9 days
  • FIG. 6 shows the effect of APC on a diabetic rat wound healing model. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were wounded using an 8 mm punch biopsy and immediately treated with 20 ⁇ g APC (2 rats, 7 wounds) or no test agent (Control; 1 rat, 4 wounds). Wound closure was assessed visually and after 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 9 days. There was a significant difference in the rate of wound healing (slope of the regression lines) between the control and APC-treated rats, with the latter healing faster (p ⁇ 0.01).
  • Activated protein C was tested for its ability to promote repair of endothelial wounding using a modification of an in vitro assay, as described previously (19). Briefly, confluent microvascular endothelial cells (FSE) from neonatal foreskins were cultured for 5 days in 24-well culture plates in growth medium (Biorich plus 50 ⁇ g/ml heparin, 50 ⁇ g/ml endothelial cell growth supplement and 5% human serum). The endothelial monolayers were wounded by a single stroke across the diameter of the well with a pipette tip. The media and dislodged cells were then aspirated, and the plates rinsed with Hanks buffer.
  • FSE microvascular endothelial cells
  • Fresh growth medium was added to the plates along with APC at various concentrations or the potent tumour-promoting angiogenic factor, phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) (10 ng/ml) and the cells were incubated at 37 degrees C. After 24 hr, the width of the wound was visualised microscopically and results at different doses of APC were quantified using image analysis and a dose-response curve was generated (FIG. 1). Cells cultured in the presence of 75 nM APC achieved almost complete wound closure within 24 hours, and showed more than twice the migratory response than did cells without APC. At 100 nM there was no further increase. APC (75 nM) had approximately the same activity as PMA.
  • PMA potent tumour-promoting angiogenic factor
  • PMA phorbol myristate acetate
  • APC was investigated as to whether it could promote angiogenesis.
  • APC was added to the chicken embryo chorio-allantoic membrane (CAM) assay using gelatin sponges (Gelfoam). Sponges were cut to approximately 2 mm ⁇ 2 mm.
  • PBS phosphate buffered saline
  • the endoderm also demonstrated stratification with villous formation in some sections and the presence of cells being shed from the villi (not shown). In contrast to the APC-treated sponges, there was little evidence of any re-epithelialisation, endothelial cell or fibroblast infiltration in the PBS control sponges.
  • APC was examined for a capacity to improve wound healing in a rat model.
  • Sprague-Dawley rats were anaesthetised and four full-thickness wounds were excised, using a 8 mm punch biopsy, on the back of the rat, exposing the underlying dorsolateral skeletal muscle fascia. Hemostasis was achieved by even compression with sterile gauze.
  • APC was diluted in isotonic, sterile, pyrogen-free saline solution and each excision was treated with a 50 ⁇ l topical application of sterile, pyrogen-free saline solution or saline containing 20 ⁇ g APC.
  • the wounds were left open with no dressing and rats caged one per cage. Wound closure was assessed visually and after 40 hr, 4 days and 7 days. At each timepoint the wounds were digitally photographed using a Nikon Coolpix 950, with a distance calibration scale in the frame. The area of the wound was calculated by image analysis (Scion Image). After 40 hr there was a marked visual improvement in the wound closure in APC-treated wounds compared to controls. On day 4 image analysis results revealed a significant reduction in wound size of APC-treated wounds compared to controls (FIG. 3). This difference was maintained on day 7 (FIG. 3 c , **p ⁇ 0.01, ***p ⁇ 0.001).
  • APC was further examined for a capacity to improve wound healing in a rat model.
  • Sprague-Dawley rats were anaesthetised and four full-thickness wounds were excised, using a 8 mm punch biopsy, on the back of the rat, exposing the underlying dorsolateral skeletal muscle fascia. Hemostasis was achieved by even compression with sterile gauze.
  • APC was diluted in isotonic, sterile, pyrogen-free saline solution and each excision was immediately treated with a 50 ⁇ l topical application of sterile, pyrogen-free saline solution or saline containing the following: 0 g APC (Control, 3 rats, 12 wounds), 10 g APC (3 rats, 12 wounds), 40 ⁇ g APC (4 rats, 16 wounds ), 70 ⁇ g APC (3 rats, 12 wounds) or 100 ⁇ g APC (3 rats, 12 wounds). The wounds were left open with no dressing and rats caged one per cage. Wound size was measured by image analysis after 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 days. At each timepoint, the wounds were digitally photographed using a Nikon Coolpix 995.
  • the area of the wound was calculated by image analysis (Scion Image). Results are shown in FIG. 4. After 1 day, there was a significant reduction in the size of the wounds treated with 10 or 40 ⁇ g APC. There was no difference between the controls and rats treated with 70 or 100 ⁇ g APC. The significant reduction in wound size was most notable with 40 ⁇ g APC and seen on days 1, 3, 7 and 9.(**p ⁇ 0.01, * p ⁇ 0.05, Student's t-test, using CoStat).
  • APC was further examined for a capacity to improve wound healing in a rat model. Sprague-Dawley rats were wounded as described in Example 4. APC was diluted in isotonic, sterile, pyrogen-free saline solution and each excision was treated with a 50 ⁇ l topical application of sterile, pyrogen-free saline solution or saline containing 40 ⁇ g APC. After 48 hr, wounds were treated with a second application of 40 ⁇ g APC. The wounds were left open with no dressing and rats caged one per cage. Wound closure was assessed visually and after 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 9 days. At each timepoint, the wounds were digitally photographed using a Nikon Coolpix 995.
  • the area of the wound was calculated by image analysis (Scion Image). Results are shown in FIG. 5. There was a significant difference in the size of the wounds after 1 day, with APC-treated rats healing faster than controls (p ⁇ 0.01). This difference was also observed at days 2, 3 and 7 (**p ⁇ 0.01, *p ⁇ 0.05, Studentzz's t-test, using CoStat).
  • APC was examined for a capacity to improve wound healing in a diabetic rat model.
  • the diabetic model was selected because it is a well-described model for slow wound healing (35). Diabetes was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats using the standard procedure of an IP injection of streptozotocin. After 1 week the blood glucose levels of the rats were >20 mM, indicative of diabetes. Diabetic rats were wounded using an 8 mm punch biopsy, as described above in Example 4, and immediately treated with 20 ⁇ g APC (2 rats, 7 wounds) or no test agent (Control, 1 rat, 4 wounds). The wounds were left open with no dressing and rats caged one per cage. Wound closure was assessed visually and after 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 9 days.
  • APC ability of APC to repair endothelial wounding promote re-epithelialisation, fibroblast infiltration and angiogenesis, as well as accelerate wound healing in the rat, indicates that it will be an effective wound healing agent.

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US20080293631A1 (en) * 2005-01-07 2008-11-27 Christopher John Jackson Treatment for Autoimmune and Inflammatory Conditions
US20170035862A1 (en) * 2014-04-16 2017-02-09 Zz Biotech Llc Use of APC analogue for wound healing

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US7183381B2 (en) 2004-10-26 2007-02-27 Agennix, Inc. Composition of lactoferrin related peptides and uses thereof
CN104277117A (zh) * 2005-01-24 2015-01-14 得克萨斯大学体系董事会 与磷脂酰丝氨酸结合的Fc融合构建体及其治疗用途
BRPI0613227A2 (pt) * 2005-06-09 2011-01-04 Chiang Chuan Chi uma composição para cicatrização de ferida e uso desta
US20070212342A1 (en) * 2005-12-20 2007-09-13 Swiss-American Products, Inc. Protease compositions for the treatment of damaged tissue
GR1005700B (el) * 2006-09-01 2007-10-22 (40%) ����� �������� Τροπος αντιμετωπισης της 1ης φασης του εγκαυματοσσε μη σηπτικους ασθενεις με συνεχη ενδοφλεβια χορηγηση ενεργοποιημενης πρωτεινης-c για 48 ωρες με στοχο τη μειωση της τελικης εγκαυματικης βλαβης καιαυξηση της ταχυτητας επουλωσης κατα τα πρωτα επτα μετεγκαυματικα 24ωρα
EP2014296A1 (en) * 2007-07-10 2009-01-14 PAION Deutschland GmbH Novel strategies for increasing the reperfusion in obstructed blood vessel
AR067345A1 (es) * 2007-07-10 2009-10-07 Paion Deutschland Gmbh Uso de trombomodulina para la preparacion de un medicamento trombolitico
GB2457965B8 (en) * 2008-07-01 2011-02-16 Renovo Ltd Methods and systems for determining efficacy of medicaments.
US20130259854A1 (en) * 2012-04-02 2013-10-03 Saint Louis University, A Non-Profit Organization Methods and compositions for reducing the incidence of post-surgical adhesions
RU2662564C2 (ru) * 2012-07-04 2018-07-26 ЗЗ Байотек ЛЛС Лечение воспалительных заболеваний кожи
ES2890675T3 (es) * 2014-04-16 2022-01-21 Zz Biotech Llc APC para uso en el tratamiento de cicatrices cutáneas anormales

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US20080293631A1 (en) * 2005-01-07 2008-11-27 Christopher John Jackson Treatment for Autoimmune and Inflammatory Conditions
US20170035862A1 (en) * 2014-04-16 2017-02-09 Zz Biotech Llc Use of APC analogue for wound healing

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JP2004532892A (ja) 2004-10-28
ES2384099T3 (es) 2012-06-29
EP1404412A1 (en) 2004-04-07
US20140219991A1 (en) 2014-08-07
JP4351041B2 (ja) 2009-10-28
EP1404412A4 (en) 2006-03-01
WO2002100445A8 (en) 2006-10-26
ATE550073T1 (de) 2012-04-15
US8728512B2 (en) 2014-05-20
EP1404412B1 (en) 2012-03-21
AU2002302192B2 (en) 2007-08-16
US20130280234A1 (en) 2013-10-24
WO2002100445A1 (en) 2002-12-19

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