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Definitions

• Adenosine is an ubiquitous modulator of numerous physiological activities, particularly within the cardiovascular and nervous systems. The effects of adenosine appear to be mediated by specific cell surface receptor proteins. Adenosine modulates diverse physiological functions including induction of sedation, vasodilation, suppression of cardiac rate and contractility, inhibition of platelet aggregability, stimulation of gluconeogenesis and inhibition of lipolysis. In addition to its effects on adenylate cyclase, adenosine has been shown to open potassium channels, reduce flux through calcium channels, and inhibit or stimulate phosphoinositide turnover through receptor- mediated mechanisms (See for example, C. E. Muller and B.
• Adenosine receptors belong to the superfamily of purine receptors which are currently subdivided into P 1 (adenosine) and P 2 (ATP, ADP, and other nucleotides) receptors.
• P 1 adenosine
• P 2 ATP, ADP, and other nucleotides
• Four receptor subtypes for the nucleoside adenosine have been cloned so far from various species including humans.
• Two receptor subtypes (A 1 and A 2a ) exhibit affinity for adenosine in the nanomolar range while two other known subtypes A 2b and A 3 are low-affinity receptors, with affinity for adenosine in the low-micromolar range.
• a 1 and A 3 adenosine receptor activation can lead to an inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity, while A 2a and A 2b activation causes a stimulation of adenylate cyclase.
• a few A 1 antagonists have been developed for the treatment of cognitive disease, renal failure, and cardiac arrhythmias. It has been suggested that A 2a antagonists may be beneficial for patients suffering from Morbus Parkinson (Parkinson's disease). Particularly in view of the potential for local delivery, adenosine receptor antagonists may be valuable for treatment of allergic inflammation and asthma. Available information (for example, Nyce & Metzger “DNA antisense Therapy for Asthma in an Animal Model” Nature (1997) 385: 721-5)indicates that in this pathophysiologic context, A 1 antagonists may block contraction of smooth muscle underlying respiratory epithelia, while A 2b or A 3 receptor antagonists may block mast cell degranulation, mitigating the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators.
• a 2b receptors have been discovered throughout the gastrointestinal tract, especially in the colon and the intestinal epithelia. It has been suggested that A 2b receptors mediate cAMP response (Strohmeier et al., J. Bio. Chem . (1995) 270:2387-94).
• a 2b receptors have also been implicated in wide variety of physiological activities, thereby suggesting that treatment of associated disorders can be effected by blocking the A 2b receptor.
• a 2b receptor sites play a role in the degranulation of mast cells and hence in the treatment of asthma, myocardial reperfusion injury, allergic reactions including but not limited to rhinitis, poison ivy induced responses, urticaria, scleroderm arthritis, other autoimmune diseases and inflammatory bowel diseases (Gao, Z. et al., J. Biol. Chem . (1999), 274(9):5972-5980, Linden, J. et al., Life Sciences (1998), 62(17-18):1519-1524 and U.S.
• a 2b receptors have also been shown to: inhibit the growth of cardiac fibroblasts, thereby suggesting that they may prevent cardiac remodeling associated with hypertension, myocardial infarction and myocardial reperfusion after ischemia (Dubey, R. K. et al., Hypertension (2001), 37:716-721), mediate the role of adenosine in lymphocyte activation (Mirabet, M. et al., J. Cell. Sci . (1999), 112(4):491-502), regulate vasodilation and growth (Ralevic, V. and Burnstock, G., Pharmacol. Rev . (1998), 50(3):413-492, Corset, V.
• a 2b receptors are also coupled to Gs/Gq signaling which has been shown to be involved in cellular transformations such as cellular invasion (Faivre, K. et al., Molecular Pharmacology (2001), 60:363-372 and Regnauld, K. et al., Oncogene (2002), 21(25):4020-403 1), thereby suggesting that treatment of cancer can be effected with A 2b antagonists.
• Adenosine receptors have also been shown to exist on the retinas of various mammalian species including bovine, porcine, monkey, rat, guinea pig, mouse, rabbit and human (See, Blazynski et al., Discrete Distributions of Adenosine Receptors in Mammalian Retina, Journal of Neurochemistry , volume 54, pages 648-655 (1990); Woods et al., Characterization of Adenosine A 1 - Receptor Binding Sites in Bovine Retinal Membranes, Experimental Eve Research , volume 53, pages 325-331 (1991); and Braas et al., Endogenous adenosine and adenosine receptors localized to ganglion cells of the retina, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science , volume 84, pages 3906-3910 (1987)).
• adenosine receptor antagonists are needed as pharmacological tools and are of considerable interest as drugs for the above-referenced disease states and/or conditions.
• the subject invention provides compounds having the structure:
• R 1 is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, wherein the substituent is hydroxyl, dihydroxy, carboxyl, —C( ⁇ O)NR a R b , NR a R b , NR a C( ⁇ O)NR a R b , —NR a C( ⁇ O)OR a , —OC( ⁇ O)NR a R b , or —NHC( ⁇ O)R a ;
• R 2 is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, wherein the substituent is hydroxyl, dihydroxy, carboxyl, —C( ⁇ O)NR a R b , —NR a R b , —NR a C( ⁇ O)NR a R b , —NR a C( ⁇ O)OR a , —OC( ⁇ O)NR a R b , or —NHC( ⁇ O)R a , or
• R 1 , R 2 and N together form a substituted piperazine, substituted azetidine ring, or a pyrrolidine ring substituted with —(CH 2 ) 2 OH or —CH 2 C( ⁇ O)OH;
• R 3 is a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl or a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring, wherein the substituent is halogen, hydroxyl, cyano, (C 1 -C 15 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 15 )alkoxy, or —NR a R b ;
• R 4 is hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted (C 1 -C 15 )alkyl
• R 5 is —(CH 2 ) m OR 6 , —CHNOR 7 , —C( ⁇ O)NR 8 R 9 , (CH 2 ) m C( ⁇ O)OR 10 , —(CH 2 ) k C( ⁇ O)NR 11 R 12 ;
• R 6 is a substituted or unsubstituted (C 1 -C 30 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 10 )cycloalkyl, or an aryl, heteroaryl or 4-8 membered heterocyclic ring;
• R 7 is hydrogen, or a substituted or unsubstituted (C 1 -C 30 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 30 )alkylaryl;
• R 8 and R 9 are each independently hydrogen, or a substituted or unsubstituted (C 1 -C 30 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 30 )alkylaryl, (C 1 -C 30 )alkylamino, (C 1 -C 30 )alkoxy, or a saturated or unsaturated, monocyclic or bicyclic, carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, or
• R 8 , N, and R 9 together form a substituted or unsubstituted 4-8 membered heterocyclic ring;
• R 10 is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted (C 1 -C 30 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 10 )cycloalkyl, or an aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclic ring;
• R 11 , N and R 12 together form a 4-8 membered heterocyclic ring
• R a and R b are each independently hydrogen or alkyl
• m is 0, 1, 2 or 3;
• k is 1, 2 or 3
• the subject invention also provides compounds having the structure:
• R 3 is a substituted or unsubstituted 4-10 membered aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclic ring;
• R 20 is halogen or —NH(CHR 20 ′) n NHC( ⁇ O)CH 3 , where R 20 ′ is H, OH, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, or amino;
• R 21 is H or —C( ⁇ O)OH
• R 22 is H or SO 2 Ph
• n 2, 3, 4 or 5;
• R 20 is —NH(CHR 20 ′) n NHC( ⁇ O)CH 3
• R 21 is —C( ⁇ O)OH
• the subject invention also provides a method for treating a disease associated with the A 2b adenosine receptor in a subject in need of such treatment comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the compounds of Structure I so as to thereby treat the disease associated with the A 2b adenosine receptor in the subject, wherein the disease associated with the A 2b adenosine receptor is asthma, urticaria, scleroderm arthritis, myocardial infarction, myocardial reperfusion after ischemia, diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, diabetes, diarrhea, inflammatory bowel disease, proliferating tumor or is associated with mast cell degranulation, vasodilation, hypertension, hypersensitivity or the release of allergic mediators.
• the subject invention provides compounds having the structure:
• R 1 is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, wherein the substituent is hydroxyl, dihydroxy, carboxyl, —C( ⁇ O)NR a R b , —NR a R b , —NR a C( ⁇ O)NR a R b , —NR a C( ⁇ O)OR a , —OC( ⁇ O)NR a R b , or —NHC( ⁇ O)R a ;
• R 2 is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, wherein the substituent is hydroxyl, dihydroxy, carboxyl, —C( ⁇ O)NR a R b , —NR a R b , —NR a C( ⁇ O)NR a R b , —NR a C( ⁇ O)OR a , —OC( ⁇ O)NR a R b , or —NHC( ⁇ O)R a , or
• R 1 , R 2 and N together form a substituted piperazine, substituted azetidine ring, or a pyrrolidine ring substituted with —(CH 2 ) 2 OH or —CH 2 C( ⁇ O)OH;
• R 3 is a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl or a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring, wherein the substituent is halogen, hydroxyl, cyano, (C 1 -C 15 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 15 )alkoxy, or —NR a R b ;
• R 4 is hydrogen-or substituted or unsubstituted (C 1 -C 15 )alkyl
• R 5 is —(CH 2 ) m OR 6 , —CHNOR 7 , —C( ⁇ O)NR 8 R 9 , —(CH 2 ) m C( ⁇ O)OR 10 , —(CH 2 ) k C( ⁇ O)NR 11 R 12 ;
• R 6 is a substituted or unsubstituted (C 1 -C 30 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 10 )cycloalkyl, or an aryl, heteroaryl or 4-8 membered heterocyclic ring;
• R 7 is hydrogen, or a substituted or unsubstituted (C 1 -C 30 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 30 )alkylaryl;
• R 8 and R 9 are each independently hydrogen, or a substituted or unsubstituted (C 1 -C 30 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 30 )alkylaryl, (C 1 -C 30 )alkylamino, (C 1 -C 30 )alkoxy, or a saturated or unsaturated, monocyclic or bicyclic, carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, or
• R 8 , N, and R 9 together form a substituted or unsubstituted 4-8 membered heterocyclic ring;
• R 10 is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted (C 1 -C 30 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 10 )cycloalkyl, or an aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclic ring;
• R 11 , N and R 12 together form a 4-8 membered heterocyclic ring
• R a and R b are each independently hydrogen or alkyl
• m is 0, 1, 2 or 3;
• k is 1, 2 or 3
• any heterocyclic or heteroaryl ring if present, is a piperazine, piperidine, pyrazine, pyridine, pyrroiidine, pyrazole, pyrimidine, thiophene, imidazole, azetidine, pyrrole, benzothiazole, benzodioxolane, dithiolane, oxathiine, imidazolidine, quinoline, isoquinoline, dihydro-1H-isoquinoline, dihydro-2H-pyridine, 1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-p-carboline, 2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decane, 2,5-diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, or [1,4]diazepane ring, dihydroisoquinoline, indole, isoindole, triazaspiro[4.5]decane, morpholine,
• R 1 is hydrogen or methyl
• R 2 is —(CH 2 ) 2 NHC( ⁇ O)CH 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 OH, —(CH 2 ) 2 NHC( ⁇ O)NHCH 3 , —CH 2 CH(CH 3 )OH, —CH(CH 2 OH)CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 , —CH(CH 2 OH) 2 , —CH(CH 3 )CH 2 OH, —CH(CH 2 OH)CH(CH 3 ) 2 , —(CH 2 ) 3 OH, —(CH 2 ) 2 NH 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 NHC( ⁇ O)N(CH 3 ) 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 C( ⁇ O)NH 2 , —CH 2 C( ⁇ O)NH 2 , —CH 3 , —CH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 OH, —CH 2 C( ⁇ O)(NC 5 H 8 [OCH 3 ])(C 6 H 4 Cl) or
• R 1 , R 2 and N together form a pyrrolidine ring substituted with —(CH 2 ) 2 OH or —CH 2 C( ⁇ O)OH, a piperazine ring substituted with —C( ⁇ O)CH 3 , or an azetidine ring substituted with —OH or CH 2 OH;
• R 4 is hydrogen, or methyl
• R 5 is —CH 2 O(C 6 H 5 ), —CH 2 O(C 6 H 4 Cl), —CH 2 O(C 6 H 4 Br), —CH 2 O(C 6 H 4 F), —CHNOCH 2 (C 6 H 5 ), —CH 2 O(C 6 H 4 [OCH 3 ]), —CH 2 O(C 6 H 4 [CH 3 ]), —CHNOC(CH 3 ) 3 , —CH 2 O(C 5 H 4 N), —CH 2 (NC 5 H 4 [O]), —CH 2 O(C 6 H 4 [NH 2 ]), —CH 2 O(C 5 H 9 N)SO 2 (C 6 H 5 ), —CH 2 O(C 5 H 9 N)SO 2 CH 2 (C 6 H 5 ), —CH 2 O(C 6 H 4 [NHC( ⁇ O)CH 3 ]), —CH 2 O(C 5 H 9 N)(CH 2 ) P (C 6 H 5 ), —CH 2 O(C 5 H 5 ),
• the subject invention provides compounds having the structure:
• R 1 , R 2 and N together form a substituted azetidine or piperazine ring
• R 4 is H
• R 6 is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl ring.
• R 1 , R 2 and N together form a substituted azetidine ring.
• R 1 , R 2 and N together form a substituted piperazine ring.
• R 6 is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl ring
• m is 0, 1, 2 or 3.
• R 4 is H.
• R 3 is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl.
• R 1 is —(CH 2 ) 2 NHC( ⁇ O)CH 3 ;
• R 2 is hydrogen or methyl
• R 4 is hydrogen or methyl
• R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl or pyridine.
• R 2 is H.
• R 6 is substituted phenyl.
• the compound is selected from the group consisting of:
• R 6 is a substituted or unsubstituted (C 1 -C 30 )alkyl or (C 3 -C 10 )cycloalkyl;
• m 0, 1, 2 or 3.
• R 4 is H
• R 3 is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl
• R 1 is —(CH 2 ) 2 NHC( ⁇ O)CH 3 ;
• R 2 is hydrogen or methyl
• R 4 is hydrogen or methyl
• R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted cyclopentyl.
• R 2 is H.
• the compound is N-(2-(6- ⁇ 2-[Methyl-(3-phenylallyl)amino]ethoxymethyl ⁇ -2-phenyl-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-ylamino ⁇ ethyl]acetamide.
• R 6 is a substituted or unsubstituted 4-8 membered heterocyclic ring
• m is 0, 1, 2 or 3.
• R 4 is H.
• R 3 is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl
• R 1 is —(CH 2 ) 2 NHC( ⁇ O)CH 3 ;
• R 2 is hydrogen or methyl
• R 4 is hydrogen or methyl
• R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted piperidine.
• R 2 is H.
• the compound is selected from the group consisting of:
• R 7 is hydrogen, or a substituted or unsubstituted (C 1 -C 30 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 30 )alkylaryl.
• R 3 is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl.
• R 4 is hydrogen
• R 8 , N, and R 9 together form a substituted or unsubstituted 4-8 membered heterocyclic ring.
• R 8 NR 9 together form a substituted or unsubstituted azetidine, pyrrolidine, piperazine, piperidine, morpholine, azocane, dihydro-1H-isoquinoline, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, dihydro-2H-pyridine, 1,3,4,9-tetrahydro- ⁇ -carboline, 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane, 2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decane, 2,5-diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, 1,4-dioxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane, or [1.4]diazepane ring.
• R 8 NR 9 together form a substituted or unsubstituted azetidine, pyrrolidine, piperazine, piperidine or [1.4]diazepane ring.
• the ring formed by R 8 NR 9 is substituted with one or more aryl, heteroaryl, (C 1 -C 30 )alkylaryl, (C 1 -C 30 )alkylheteroaryl, (C 1 -C 30 )alkenylaryl, (C 1 -C 30 )alkenylheteroaryl, (C 1 -C 30 )alkynylaryl, or (C 1 -C 30 )alkynylheteroaryl moiety, which itself can be substituted.
• R 3 is a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl.
• R 1 is —(CH 2 ) 2 NHC( ⁇ O)CH 3 ;
• R 2 is hydrogen or methyl
• R 4 is hydrogen or methyl.
• the compound is selected from the group consisting of:
• R 8 and R 9 are each independently hydrogen, or a substituted or unsubstituted (C 1 -C 30 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 30 )alkylaryl, (C 1 -C 30 )alkylamino, (C 1 -C 30 )alkoxy, or a saturated or unsaturated, monocyclic or bicyclic, carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring.
• R 8 or R 9 is a (C 1 -C 30 )alkyl substituted with one or more hydroxy, dihydroxy or amino moiety.
• R 8 or R 9 is a substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidine, piperidine, bicycle[2.2.1]heptane, 2-oxoazepan, indane, or cyclopropylbenzene ring.
• the compound is selected from the group consisting of:
• R 10 is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted (C 1 -C 30 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 10 )cycloalkyl, or an aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclic ring.
• R 10 is a substituted or unsubstituted piperidine ring.
• R 3 is a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl.
• R 4 is hydrogen
• R 1 is —(CH 2 ) 2 NHC( ⁇ O)CH 3 ;
• R 2 is hydrogen
• the compound has the structure:
• R 11 NR 12 together form a substituted or unsubstituted 4-8 membered heterocyclic ring
• k is 1, 2 or 3.
• R 11 NR 12 together form a substituted or unsubstituted azetidine, pyrrolidine, piperazine, piperidine, morpholine, azocane, dihydro-1H-isoquinoline, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, dihydro-2H-pyridine, 1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-p-carboline, 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane, 2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decane, 2,5-diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, 1,4-dioxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane, or [1.4]diazepane ring.
• R 11 NR 12 together form a substituted or unsubstituted azetidine, pyrrolidine, piperazine, piperidine or [1.4]diazepane ring.
• the ring formed by R 11 NR 12 is substituted with one or more aryl, heteroaryl, (C 1 -C 30 )alkylaryl, (C 1 -C 30 )alkylheteroaryl, (C 1 -C 30 )alkenylaryl, (C 1 -C 30 )alkenylheteroaryl, (C 1 -C 30 )alkynylaryl, or (C 1 -C 30 )alkynylheteroaryl moieties, which itself can be substituted.
• R 3 is a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl.
• R 4 is hydrogen
• R 1 is —(CH 2 ) 2 NHC( ⁇ O)CH 3 .
• the compound is N-(2- ⁇ 6-[3-(4-Benzylpiperazin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl]-2-phenyl-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-ylamino ⁇ -ethyl)-acetamide.
• R 11 NR 12 together form a substituted or unsubstituted 4-8 membered heterocyclic ring
• k is 1, 2 or 3.
• R 11 NR 12 together form a substituted or unsubstituted azetidine, pyrrolidine, piperazine, piperidine, morpholine, azocane, dihydro-1H-isoquinoline, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, dihydro-2H-pyridine, 1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-p-carboline, 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane, 2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decane, 2,5-diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, 1,4-dioxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane, or [1.4]diazepane ring.
• R 11 NR 12 together form a substituted or unsubstituted azetidine, pyrrolidine, piperazine, piperidine or [1.4]diazepane ring.
• the ring formed by R 11 NR 12 is substituted with one or more aryl, heteroaryl, (C 1 -C 30 )alkylaryl, (C 1 -C 30 )alkylheteroaryl, (C 1 -C 30 )alkenylaryl, (C 1 -C 30 )alkenylheteroaryl, (C 1 -C 30 )alkynylaryl, or (C 1 -C 30 )alkynylheteroaryl moiety.
• R 3 is a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl.
• R 4 is hydrogen
• R 1 is —(CH 2 ) 2 NHC( ⁇ O)CH 3 .
• the subject invention also provides compounds having the structure:
• R 13 and R 14 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or alkylaryl moiety
• R 13 NR 14 together form a substituted or unsubstituted 4 membered heterocyclic ring, a substituted or unsubstituted 5 membered ring, or a substituted or unsubstituted piperazine, wherein the five-membered ring is substituted with
• R 15 is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl
• R 16 is —CH 2 NR 17 , —CH 2 OR 17 , —CH 2 CH 2 C( ⁇ O)OR 17 , CH 2 CH 2 C( ⁇ O)NR 18 R 19 , —C( ⁇ O)NR 18 R 19 , or —C( ⁇ O)OR 17 , wherein R 17 , R 18 and R 19 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, aryl or alkylaryl moiety, or R 14 NR 15 together form a substituted or unsubstituted 4 to 8 membered heterocyclic ring.
• any alkyl is a straight chain (C 1 -C 30 )alkyl or a branched chain (C 3 -C 30 )alkyl.
• any heterocyclic ring is a substituted or unsubstituted morpholine, pyrrolidine, piperazine, piperidine, azocane, dihydro-1H-isoquinoline, dihydro-2H-pyridine, 1,3,4,9-tetrahydro- ⁇ -carboline, 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane, 2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decane, 2,5-diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, or [1,4]diazepane ring.
• the subject invention also provides compounds having the structure:
• R 3 is a substituted or unsubstituted 4-10 membered aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclic ring;
• R 20 is halogen or —NH(CHR 20 ′) n NHC( ⁇ O)CH 3 , where R 20 ′ is H, OH, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, or amino;
• R 21 is H or —C( ⁇ O)OH
• R 22 is H or SO 2 Ph
• n 2, 3, 4 or 5;
• R 20 is —NH(CHR 20 ′) n NHC( ⁇ O)CH 3
• R 21 is —C( ⁇ O)OH
• R 3 is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl.
• R 20 is Cl.
• R 22 is SO 2 Ph.
• R 21 is H.
• R 21 is —C( ⁇ O)OH.
• R 20 is —NH(CH 2 ) n NHC( ⁇ O)CH 3 and R 21 is —C( ⁇ O)OH.
• R 22 is H.
• R 22 is SO 2 Ph.
• the subject invention also provides a method for treating a disease associated with the A 2b adenosine receptor in a subject in need of such treatment comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the compounds of Structure I so as to thereby treat the disease associated with the A 2b adenosine receptor in the subject, wherein the disease associated with the A 2b adenosine receptor is asthma, urticaria, scleroderm arthritis, myocardial infarction, myocardial reperfusion after ischemia, diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, diabetes, diarrhea, inflammatory bowel disease, proliferating tumor or is associated with mast cell degranulation, vasodilation, hypertension, hypersensitivity or the release of allergic mediators.
• the disease associated with the A 2b adenosine receptor is diabetes.
• the disease associated with the A 2b adenosine receptor is asthma.
• the disease associated with the A 2b adenosine receptor is associated with mast cell degranulation.
• the disease associated with the A 2b adenosine receptor is a proliferating tumor.
• the subject invention also provides a method for treating a disease associated with the A 2b adenosine receptor in a subject in need of such treatment comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the compound.of Structure II so as to thereby treat the disease associated with the A 2b adenosine receptor in the subject, wherein the disease associated with the A 2b adenosine receptor is asthma, urticaria, scleroderm arthritis, myocardial infarction, myocardial reperfusion after ischemia, diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, diabetes, diarrhea, inflammatory bowel disease, proliferating tumor or is associated with mast cell degranulation, vasodilation, hypertension, hypersensitivity or the release of allergic mediators.
• the disease associated with the A 2b adenosine receptor is asthma, urticaria, scleroderm arthritis, myocardial infarction, myocardial reperfusion after ischemia, diabetic retinopathy
• the subject invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the pharmaceutical composition is formulated for oral, topical, parenteral or nasal administration.
• the subject invention also provides a process for the manufacture of a pharmaceutical composition comprising admiking a compound of the invention with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the subject invention also provides an article of manufacture comprising
• the subject invention also provides a process of manufacturing a compound having the structure:
• R 8 and R 9 are each independently hydrogen, or a substituted or unsubstituted (C 1 -C 30 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 30 )alkylaryl, (C 1 -C 30 )alkylamino, (C 1 -C 30 )alkoxy, or a saturated or unsaturated, monocyclic or bicyclic, carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, or
• R 8 , N, and R 9 together form a substituted or unsubstituted 4-8 membered heterocyclic ring
• step (b) reacting the product of step (a) with CO 2 in the presence of lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) and a solvent to produce:
• LDA lithium diisopropylamide
• step (d) reacting the product of step (c) with a hydroxide base and a coupling agent in solution to produce:
• step (e) reacting the product of step (d) with HNR 7 R 8 in the presence of a base to produce the compound.
• the reducing agent in step (a) is NaH and the solvent is dimethylformamide (DMF).
• the solvent in step (b) is tetrahydrofuran (THF).
• the solvent in step (c) is dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).
• the hydroxide base in step (d) is sodium hydroxide.
• the base in step (e) is triethylamine
• the coupling agent is O-(benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate (TBTU), benzotriazol-1-yl-oxytripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate, or 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide (EDC) and N-Hydroxybenzotriazole, and the solvent is DMF.
• TBTU O-(benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate
• EDC 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide
• N-Hydroxybenzotriazole the solvent is DMF.
• the order of the steps is (a), (b), (c), (e), then (d).
• the subject invention also provides a compound produced by the above process.
• the subject invention also provides the use of a compound of the invention for manufacturing a medicament useful for treating a disease associated with the A 2b adenosine receptor in a subject, wherein the disease associated with the A 2b adenosine receptor is asthma, urticaria, scleroderm arthritis, myocardial infarction, myocardial reperfusion after ischemia, diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, diabetes, diarrhea, inflammatory bowel disease, proliferating tumor, or is associated with mast cell degranulation, vasodilation, hypertension, hypersensitivity or the release of allergic mediators.
• asthma urticaria, scleroderm arthritis, myocardial infarction, myocardial reperfusion after ischemia, diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, diabetes, diarrhea, inflammatory bowel disease, proliferating tumor, or is associated with mast cell degranulation, vasodilation, hypertension, hypersensitivity or the release of
• the disease associated with the A 2b adenosine receptor is diabetes.
• the disease associated with the A 2b adenosine receptor is asthma.
• the disease associated with the A 2b adenosine receptor is associated with mast cell degranulation.
• the disease associated with the A 2b adenosine receptor is a proliferating tumor.
• the subject invention also provides any of the above compounds, wherein any substituent, if present, is selected from halogen, hydroxyl, carbonyl, straight chain (C 1 -C 30 )alkyl, branched chain (C 3 -C 30 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 10 )cycloalkyl, straight chain(C 1 -C 30 )alkylcarbonyloxy, branched chain (C 3 -C 30 )alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, straight chain(C 1 -C 30 )alkoxycarbonyloxy, branched chain(C 3 -C 30 )alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, straight chain(C 1 -C 30 )alkylcarbonyl, branched chain (C 3 -C 30 )alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, straight chain (C 1 -C 30 )alkoxycarbonyl, branched chain
• the subject invention also includes the specific compounds that are included by each of the above structures.
• the specific compounds are described in the examples.
• the number of carbons when represented as “(C 1 -C 30 )” or “(C 3 -C 30 )” is intended to mean any incremental whole number between 1 and 3 and 30, e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 . . . or 30.
• the present invention is based on compounds which selectively bind to adenosine A 2b receptor, thereby treating a disease associated with A 2b adenosine receptor in a subject by administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of such compounds.
• the diseases to be treated are associated with, for example, asthma, mast cell degranulation, myocardial reperfusion injury, allergic reactions including but not limited to rhinitis, poison ivy induced responses, urticaria, scleroderm arthritis, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, hypertension, myocardial infarction, myocardial reperfusion after ischemia, lymphocyte activation, vasodilation, growth, neural reflexes in the human gut, retinal angiogenesis, abberant neovascularization such as diabetic retinopathy and retinopathy of prematurity, modulation of intestinal tone and secretion and neurotransmission and neurosecretion.
• allergic reactions including but not limited to rhinitis, poison ivy induced responses, urticaria, scleroderm arthritis, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, hypertension, myocardial infarction, myocardial reperfusion after ischemia, lymphocyte activation, vasodilation
• a 2b receptors have also been implicated in hypersensitivity, hay fever, serum sickness, allergic vasculitis, atopic dermatitis, dermatitis, eczema, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, eosinophilic chlorecystitis, chronic airway inflammation, hypereosinophilic syndromes, eosinophilic gastroenteritis, edema, eosinophilic myocardial disease, episodic angioedema with eosinophilia, ulcerative colitis, allergic granulomatosis, carcinomatosis, eosinophilic granuloma, familial histiocytosis, tumor, cardiac hypoxia, cerebral ischemia, diuresis, renal failure, neurological disorder, mental disorder, cognitive disorder, myocardial ischemia, bronchoconstriction, Crohn's disease, Grave's disease, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, anaemia, psoriasis,
• the invention further pertains to methods for treating A 2b associated disorders in a mammal by administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of the compounds of the present invention, such that treatment of the disorder in the mammal occurs.
• the invention further pertains to methods for treating A 2b associated disorders in a mammal by administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of the compounds of the present invention, such that treatment of the disorder in the mammal occurs.
• the present invention also pertains to packaged pharmaceutical compositions for treating A 2b associated disorders.
• the packaged pharmaceutical composition includes a container holding a therapeutically effective amount of at least one of the compounds of the present invention and instructions for using the said compounds for treating an A 2b associated disease.
• the compounds of this invention rqay advantageously be selective A 2b receptor antagonists.
• the compound is a water soluble prodrug that is capable of being metabolized in vivo to an active drug by, for example, esterase catalyzed hydrolysis.
• the invention features a method for inhibiting the activity of an adenosine receptor (e.g., A 2b ) in a cell, by contacting the cell with a compound of the present invention (e.g., preferably, an adenosine receptor antagonist).
• adenosine receptor e.g., A 2b
• a compound of the present invention e.g., preferably, an adenosine receptor antagonist
• the invention also features a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the present invention.
• the pharmaceutical preparation is an ophthalmic formulation (e.g., an periocular, retrobulbar or intraocular injection formulation, a systemic formulation, or a surgical irrigating solution).
• the present invention pertains to methods for treating an A 2b associated disorder in a mammal.
• the methods include administration of a therapeutically effective amount of the compounds of the invention, described infra, to the mammal, such that treatment of the A 2b associated disorder in the mammal occurs.
• treatment of an A 2b associated disorder refers to treatment which includes a significant diminishment of at least one symptom or effect of the disorder achieved with a compound of the invention.
• disorders are associated with an increase of adenosine within a host such that the host often experiences physiological symptoms which include, but are not limited to, urticaria, scleroderm arthritis, allergic rhinitis, asthma, inflammatory bowel diseases, hypertension, diabetic retinopathy and retinopathy of prematurity.
• physiological symptoms include, but are not limited to, urticaria, scleroderm arthritis, allergic rhinitis, asthma, inflammatory bowel diseases, hypertension, diabetic retinopathy and retinopathy of prematurity.
• the disorder includes those disease states which are mediated by stimulation of adenosine receptors, e.g., A 1 , A 2a , A 2b , A 3 , etc., such that calcium concentrations in cells and/or activation of PLC (phospholipase C) is modulated.
• the disorder is associated with adenosine receptor(s), e.g., the compound of the invention acts as an antagonist.
• suitable responsive states which can be treated by the compounds of the invention e.g., adenosine receptor subtypes which mediate biological effects, include central nervous system (CNS) effects, cardiovascular effects, renal effects, respiratory effects, immunological effects, gastro-intestinal effects and metabolic effects.
• CNS central nervous system
• the relative amount of adenosine in a subject can be associated with the effects listed below; that is increased levels of adenosine can trigger an effect, e.g., an undesired physiological response, e.g., an asthmatic attack.
• Immunological effects include mast cell degranulation (A 2b ).
• Therapeutic applications of antagonists include allergic and non allergic inflammation, e.g., release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators.
• Gastrointestinal effects include colonic, intestinal and diarrheal disease, e.g., diarrheal disease associated with intestinal inflammation (A 2b ).
• disease state is intended to include those conditions caused by or associated with unwanted levels of adenosine, adenylyl cyclase activity, increased physiological activity associated with aberrant stimulation of adenosine receptors and/or an increase in cAMP.
• the disease state is, for example, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, allergic rhinitis, bronchitis, renal disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, or eye disorders. Additional examples include chronic bronchitis and cystic fibrosis.
• Suitable examples of inflammatory diseases include non-lymphocytic leukemia, myocardial ischaemia, angina, infarction, cerebrovascular ischemia, intermittent claudication, critical limb ischemia, venous hypertension, varicose veins, venous ulceration and arteriosclerosis.
• Impaired reperfusion states include, for example, any post-surgical trauma, such as reconstructive surgery, thrombolysis or angioplasty.
• This invention also provides a combination therapy for glaucoma, comprising one of the compounds of the invention, and a prostagladin agonist, beta-2 agonist, or a muscarinic antagonist.
• the language “treating an A 2b associated disorder” or “treating an A 2b associated disease” is intended to include changes in a disease state or condition, as described above, such that physiological symptoms in a mammal can be significantly diminished or minimized.
• the language also includes control, prevention or inhibition of physiological symptoms or effects associated with an aberrant amount of adenosine.
• the control of the disease state or condition is such that the disease state or condition is eradicated.
• the control is selective such that aberrant levels of adenosine receptor activity are controlled while other physiologic systems and parameters are unaffected.
• the language “therapeutically effective amount” of the compounds of the invention refers to that amount of a therapeutic compound necessary or sufficient to perform its intended function within a mammal, e.g., treat an A 2b associated disorder, or a disease state in a mammal.
• An effective amount of the therapeutic compound can vary according to factors such as the amount of the causative agent already present in the mammal, the age, sex, and weight of the mammal, and the ability of the therapeutic compounds of the present invention to affect the A 2b associated disorder in the mammal.
• One of ordinary skill in the art would be able to study the aforementioned factors and make a determination regarding the effective amount of the therapeutic compound without undue experimentation.
• an in vitro or in vivo assay also can be used to determine an “effective amount” of the therapeutic compounds described infra.
• the ordinarily skilled artisan would select an appropriate amount of the therapeutic compound for use in the aforementioned assay or as a therapeutic treatment.
• a therapeutically effective amount preferably diminishes at least one symptom or effect associated with the A 2b associated disorder being treated by at least about 20%, (more preferably by at least about 40%, even more preferably by at least about 60%, and still more preferably by at least about 80%) relative to untreated subjects.
• Assays can be designed by one skilled in the art to measure the diminishment of such symptoms and/or effects. Any art recognized assay capable of measuring such parameters are intended to be included as part of this invention. For example, if asthma is the state being treated, then the volume of air expended from the lungs of a subject can be measured before and after treatment for measurement of increase in the volume using an art recognized technique. Likewise, if inflammation is the state being treated, then the area which is inflamed can be measured before and after treatment for measurement of diminishment in the area inflamed using an art recognized technique.
• cell includes both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
• animal includes any organism with adenosine receptors. Examples of animals include yeast, mammals, reptiles, and birds. It also includes transgenic animals.
• mammal is art recognized and is intended to include an animal, more preferably a warm-blooded animal, most preferably cattle, sheep, pigs, horses, dogs, cats, rats, mice, and humans. Mammals susceptible to A 2b associated disorders responsive state, inflammation, emphysema, asthma, central nervous system conditions, or acute respiratory distress syndrome, for example, are included as part of this invention.
• the present invention pertains to methods for modulating an adenosine receptor(s) in a mammal by administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of the compounds of the invention, such that modulation of the adenosine receptor in the mammal occurs.
• Suitable adenosine receptors include the families of A 1 , A 2 , or A 3
• the compound is an adenosine receptor antagonist.
• the language “modulating an adenosine receptor” is intended to include those instances where a compound interacts with an adenosine receptor(s), causing increased, decreased or abnormal physiological activity associated with an adenosine receptor or subsequent cascade effects resulting from the modulation of the adenosine receptor.
• Physiological activities associated with adenosine receptors include induction of sedation, vasodilation, suppression of cardiac rate and contractility, inhibition of platelet aggregbility, stimulation of gluconeogenesis, inhibition of lipolysis, opening of potassium channels, reducing flux of calcium channels, etc.
• modulate is intended to include preventing, eradicating, or inhibiting the resulting increase of undesired physiological activity associated with abnormal stimulation of an adenosine receptor, e.g., in the context of the therapeutic methods of the invention.
• the term modulate includes antagonistic effects, e.g., diminishment of the activity or production of mediators of allergy and allergic inflammation which results from the overstimulation of adenosine receptor(s).
• the therapeutic deazapurines of the invention can interact with an adenosine receptor to inhibit, for example, adenylate cyclase activity.
• condition characterized by aberrant adenosine receptor activity is intended to include those diseases, disorders or conditions which are associated with aberrant stimulation of an adenosine receptor, in that the stimulation of the receptor causes a biochemical and or physiological chain of events that is directly or indirectly associated with the disease, disorder or condition.
• This stimulation of an adenosine receptor does not have to be the sole causative agent of the disease, disorder or condition but merely be responsible for causing some of the symptoms typically associated with the disease, disorder, or condition being treated.
• the aberrant stimulation of the receptor can be the sole factor or at least one other agent can be involved in the state being treated. Examples of conditions include those disease states listed supra, and those symptoms manifested by the presence of increased adenosine receptor activity.
• the language “treating or treatment of a condition characterized by aberrant adenosine receptor activity” is intended to include the alleviation of or diminishment of at least one symptom typically associated with the condition.
• the treatment also includes alleviation or diminishment of more than one symptom.
• the treatment cures, e.g., substantially eliminates, the symptoms associated with the condition.
• the invention further pertains to a method for inhibiting the activity of an adenosine receptor (e.g., an A 2b adenosine receptor) in a cell by contacting the cell with a compound of the invention.
• an adenosine receptor e.g., an A 2b adenosine receptor
• the compound is an antagonist of the receptor.
• the invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition containing a compound of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the invention also pertains to a method for treating an A 2b associated disease in an animal, by administering to a mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention, such that treatment of the A 2b associated disorder occurs.
• the disease state may be a disorder mediated by adenosine.
• preferred disease states include: central nervous system disorders, cardiovascular disorders, renal disorders, inflammatory disorders, allergic disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, eye disorders, and respiratory disorders.
• alkyl refers to the radical of saturated aliphatic groups, including straight-chain alkyl groups, branched-chain alkyl groups, cycloalkyl (alicyclic) groups, alkyl substituted cycloalkyl groups, and cycloalkyl substituted alkyl groups.
• a straight chain or branched chain alkyl has 30 or fewer carbon atoms in its backbone (e.g., C 1 -C 30 for straight chain, C 3 -C 30 for branched chain), and more preferably 20 or fewer.
• preferred cycloalkyls have from 4-10 carbon atoms in their ring structure, and more preferably have 5, 6 or 7 carbons in the ring structure.
• substituted alkyls refers to alkyl moieties having substituents replacing a hydrogen on one or more carbons of the hydrocarbon backbone.
• substituents can include, for example, halogen, hydroxyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxyl, phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, cyano, amino (including alkyl amino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, and alkylarylamino), acylamino (including alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido), amidino, imino, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, arylthio,
• alkylaryl is an alkyl substituted with an aryl (e.g., phenylmethyl (benzyl)).
• alkyl also includes unsaturated aliphatic groups analogous in length and possible substitution to the alkyls described above, but that contain at least one double or triple bond respectively.
• aryl refers to the radical of aryl groups, including 5- and 6-membered single-ring aromatic groups that may include from zero to four heteroatoms, for example, benzene, pyrrole, furan, thiophene, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, triazole, tetrazole, pyrazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyridazine and pyrimidine, and the like.
• Aryl groups also include polycyclic fused aromatic groups such as naphthyl, quinolyl, indolyl, and the like.
• aryl groups having heteroatoms in the ring structure may also be referred to as “aryl heterocycles”, “heteroaryls” or “heteroaromatics”.
• the aromatic ring can be substituted at one or more ring positions with such substituents as described above, as for example, halogen, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, cyano, amino (including alkyl amino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, and alkylarylamino), acylamino (including alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido), amidino, imino, s
• alkenyl and alkynyl refer to unsaturated aliphatic groups analogous in length and possible substitution to the alkyls described above, but that contain at least one double or triple bond respectively.
• the invention contemplates cyano and propargyl groups.
• lower alkyl as used herein means an alkyl group, as defined above, but having from one to ten carbons, more preferably from one to six carbon atoms in its backbone structure, even more preferably one to three carbon atoms in its backbone structure.
• lower alkenyl and “lower alkynyl” have similar chain lengths.
• alkoxyalkyl refers to alkyl groups, as described above, which further include oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur atoms replacing one or more carbons of the hydrocarbon backbone, e.g., oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur atoms.
• polycyclyl or “polycyclic radical” refer to the radical of two or more cyclic rings (e.g., cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls, aryls and/or heterocyclyls) in which two or more atoms are common to two adjoining rings, e.g., the rings are “fused rings”. Rings that are joined through non-adjacent atoms are termed “bridged” rings.
• Each of the rings of the polycycle can be substituted with such substituents as described above, as for example, halogen, hydroxyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxyl, phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, cyano, amino (including alkyl amino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, and alkylarylamino), acylamino (including alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido), amidino, imino, sulfbydryl, alkylthio, arylthio, thiocarboxylate, sulfates, sulfonato, sulfamoyl,
• heteroatom as used herein means an atom of any element other than carbon or hydrogen. Preferred heteroatoms are nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur and phosphorus.
• heterocycle or “heterocyclic system” as used herein is intended to mean a stable 5, 6 or 7-membered monocyclic or 7, 8, 9, 10 or 11- membered bicyclic heterocyclic ring which is saturated or partially unsaturated.
• amino acids includes naturally and unnaturally occurring amino acids found in proteins such as glycine, alanine, valine, cysteine, leucine, isoleucine, serine, threonine, methionine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glutamine, asparagine, lysine, arginine, proline, histidine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan.
• Amino acid analogs include amino acids with lengthened or shortened side chains or variant side chains with appropriate functional groups. Amino acids also include D and L stereoisomers of an amino acid when the structure of the amino acid admits of stereoisomeric forms.
• dipeptide includes two or more amino acids linked together.
• dipeptides are two amino acids linked via a peptide linkage.
• Particularly preferred dipeptides include, for example, alanine-alanine and glycine-alanine.
• the structure of some of the compounds of this invention includes asymmetric carbon atoms and thus occur as racemates and racemic mixtures, single enantiomers, diastereomeric mixtures and individual diastereomers. All such isomeric forms of these compounds are expressly included in this invention.
• Each stereogenic carbon may be of the R or S configuration. It is to be understood accordingly that the isomers arising from such asymmetry (e.g., all enantiomers and diastereomers) are included within the scope of this invention, unless indicated otherwise.
• Such isomers can be obtained in substantially pure form by classical separation techniques and by stereochemically controlled synthesis.
• the invention further pertains to pharmaceutical compositions for treating A 2b associated disorders in a mammal.
• the pharmaceutical composition includes a therapeutically effective amount of a. compound of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. It is to be understood, that all of the compounds described below are included for therapeutic treatment. It is to be further understood that the compounds of the invention can be used alone or in combination with other compounds of the invention or in combination with additional therapeutic compounds, such as antibiotics, antiinflammatories, or anticancer agents, for example.
• antibiotic is art recognized and is intended to include those substances produced by growing microorganisms and synthetic derivatives thereof, which eliminate or inhibit growth of pathogens and are selectively toxic to the pathogen while producing minimal or no deleterious effects upon the infected host subject.
• Suitable examples of antibiotics include, but are not limited to, the principle classes of aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, chloramphenicols, fuscidic acids, macrolides, penicillins, polymixins, tetracyclines and streptomycins.
• antiinflammatory is art recognized and is intended to include those agents which act on body mechanisms, without directly antagonizing the causative agent of the inflammation such as glucocorticoids, aspirin, ibuprofen, NSAIDS, etc.
• anticancer agent is art recognized and is intended to include those agents which diminish, eradicate, or prevent growth of cancer cells without, preferably, adversely affecting other physiological functions.
• Representative examples include cisplatin and cyclophosphamide.
• cancer as used herein is intended to mean a cellular malignancy whose unique trait—loss of normal controls—results in unregulated growth, lack of differentiation, and ability to invade local tissues and metastasize.
• the presence of a cellular malignancy is often indicated by the presence of a tumor. Local tissue invasion can result from local tumor pressure on normal tissues that can lead to inflammation, or the tumor may elaborate substances that lead to enzymatic destruction.
• the compounds of the present invention are administered as pharmaceuticals, to humans and mammals, they can be given per se or as a pharmaceutical composition containing, for example, 0.1 to 99.5% (more preferably, 0.5 to 90%) of active ingredient in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• phrases “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” as used herein means a pharmaceutically acceptable material, composition or vehicle, such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, excipient, solvent or encapsulating material, involved in carrying or transporting a compound(s) of the present invention within or to the subject such that it can performs its intended function. Typically, such compounds are carried or transported from one organ, or portion of the body, to another organ, or portion of the body. Each carrier must be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not injurious to the patient.
• materials which can serve as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include: sugars, such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; starches, such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose, and its derivatives, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc; excipients, such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; oils, such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and soybean oil; glycols, such as propylene glycol; polyols, such as glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol and polyethylene glycol; esters, such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; agar; buffering agents, such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; alginic acid; pyrogen-free water; isotonic saline; Ringer'
• certain embodiments of the present compounds can contain a basic functional group, such as amino or alkylamino, and are, thus, capable of forming pharmaceutically acceptable salts with pharmaceutically acceptable acids.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salts refers to the relatively non-toxic, inorganic and organic acid addition salts of compounds of the present invention. These salts can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds of the invention, or by separately reacting a purified compound of the invention in its free base form with a suitable organic or inorganic acid, and isolating the salt thus formed.
• Representative salts include the hydrobromide, hydrochloride, sulfate, bisulfate, phosphate, nitrate, acetate, valerate, oleate, palmitate, stearate, laurate, benzoate, lactate, phosphate, tosylate, citrate, maleate, fumarate, succinate, tartrate, napthylate, mesylate, glucoheptonate, lactobionate, and laurylsulphonate salts and the like. (See, e.g., Berge et al. (1977) “Pharmaceutical Salts”, J. Pharm. Sci. 66:1-19).
• the compounds of the present invention may contain one or more acidic functional groups and, thus, are capable of forming pharmaceutically acceptable salts with pharmaceutically acceptable bases.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salts refers to the relatively non-toxic, inorganic and organic base addition salts of compounds of the present invention. These salts can likewise be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds, or by separately reacting the purified compound in its free acid form with a suitable base, such as the hydroxide, carbonate or bicarbonate of a pharmaceutically acceptable metal cation, with ammonia, or with a pharmaceutically acceptablesorganic primary, secondary or tertiary amine.
• Representative alkali or alkaline earth salts include the lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and aluminum salts and the like.
• Representative organic amines useful for the formation of base addition salts include ethylamine, diethylamine, ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, piperazine and the like.
• esters refers to the relatively non-toxic, esterified products of the compounds of the present invention. These esters can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds, or by separately reacting the purified compound in its free acid form or hydroxyl with a suitable esterifying agent.
• Carboxylic acids can be converted into esters via treatment with an alcohol in the presence of a catalyst.
• Hydroxyl containing derivatives can be converted into esters via treatment with an esterifying agent such as alkanoyl halides.
• the term is further intended to include lower hydrocarbon groups capable of being solvated under physiological conditions, e.g., alkyl esters, methyl, ethyl and propyl esters. (See, for example, Berge et al., supra.)
• the invention further contemplates the use of prodrugs which are converted in vivo to the therapeutic compounds of the invention (see, e.g., R.B. Silverman, 1992, “The Organic Chemistry of Drug Design and Drug Action”, Academic Press, Chapter 8).
• prodrugs can be used to alter the biodistribution (e.g., to allow compounds which would not typically enter the reactive site of the protease) or the pharmacokinetics of the therapeutic compound.
• a carboxylic acid group can be esterified, e.g., with a methyl group or an ethyl group to yield an ester.
• the ester When the ester is administered to a subject, the ester is cleaved, enzymatically or non-enzymatically, reductively or hydrolytically, to reveal the anionic group.
• An anionic group can be esterified with moieties (e.g., acyloxymethyl esters) which are cleaved to reveal an intermediate compound which subsequently decomposes to yield the active compound.
• the prodrug is a reduced form of a sulfate or sulfonate, e.g., a thiol, which is oxidized in vivo to the therapeutic compound.
• an anionic moiety can be esterified to a group which is actively transported in vivo, or which is selectively taken up by target organs.
• the ester can be selected to allow specific targeting of the therapeutic moieties to particular reactive sites, as described below for carrier moieties.
• wetting agents such as sodium lauryl sulfate and magnesium stearate, as well as coloring agents, release agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents, preservatives and antioxidants can also be present in the compositions.
• antioxidants examples include: water soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite and the like; oil-soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), lecithin, propyl gallate, alpha-tocopherol, and the like; and metal chelating agents, such as citric acid, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), sorbitol, tartaric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like.
• water soluble antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite and the like
• oil-soluble antioxidants such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), lecithin
• Formulations of the present invention include those suitable for oral, nasal, topical, transdermal, buccal, sublingual, rectal, vaginal and/or parenteral administration.
• the formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any methods well known in the art of pharmacy.
• the amount of active ingredient which can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will generally be that amount of the compound which produces a therapeutic effect. Generally, out of one hundred percent, this amount will range from about 1 percent to about ninety-nine percent of active ingredient, preferably from about 5 percent to about 70 percent, most preferably from about 10 percent to about 30 percent.
• Methods of preparing these formulations or compositions include the step of bringing into association a compound of the present invention with the carrier and, optionally, one or more accessory ingredients.
• the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association a compound of the present invention with liquid carriers, or finely divided solid carriers, or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.
• Formulations of the invention suitable for oral administration may be in the form of capsules, cachets, pills, tablets, lozenges (using a flavored basis, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth), powders, granules, or as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid, or as an oil-in-water or water-in-oil liquid emulsion, or as an elixir or syrup, or as pastilles (using an inert base, such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia) and/or as mouth washes and the like, each containing a predetermined amount of a compound of the present invention as an active ingredient.
• a compound of the present invention may also be administered as a bolus, electuary or paste.
• the active ingredient is mixed with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate, and/or any of the following: fillers or extenders, such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and/or silicic acid; binders, such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sucrose and/or acacia; humectants, such as glycerol; disintegrating agents, such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate; solution retarding agents, such as paraffin; absorption accelerators, such as quaternary ammonium compounds; wetting agents, such as, for example, acetyl alcohol and g
• compositions may also comprise buffering agents.
• Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugars, as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.
• a tablet may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients.
• Compressed tablets may be prepared using binder (for example, gelatin or hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose), lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, disintegrant (for example, sodium starch glycolate or cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose), surface-active or dispersing agent.
• Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent.
• the tablets, and other solid dosage forms of the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may optionally be scored or prepared with coatings and shells, such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical-formulating art. They may also be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein using, for example, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose in varying proportions to provide the desired release profile, other polymer matrices, liposomes and/or microspheres.
• compositions may be sterilized by, for example, filtration through a bacteria-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved in sterile water, or some other sterile injectable medium immediately before use.
• These compositions may also optionally contain opacifying agents and may be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain portion of the gastrointestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner.
• embedding compositions which can be used include polymeric substances and waxes.
• the active ingredient can also be in micro-encapsulated form, if appropriate, with one or more of the above-described excipients.
• Liquid dosage forms for oral administration of the compounds of the invention include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs.
• the liquid dosage forms may contain inert dilutents commonly used in the art, such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers, such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof.
• inert dilutents commonly used in the art, such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and e
• the oral compositions can also include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, coloring, perfuming and preservative agents.
• adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, coloring, perfuming and preservative agents.
• Suspensions in addition to the active compounds, may contain suspending agents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, and mixtures thereof.
• suspending agents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, and mixtures thereof.
• Formulations of the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention for rectal or vaginal administration may be presented as a suppository, which may be prepared by mixing one or more compounds of the invention with one or more suitable nonirritating excipients or carriers comprising, for example, cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, a suppository wax or a salicylate, and which is solid at room temperature, but liquid at body temperature and, therefore, will melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound.
• suitable nonirritating excipients or carriers comprising, for example, cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, a suppository wax or a salicylate, and which is solid at room temperature, but liquid at body temperature and, therefore, will melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound.
• Formulations of the present invention which are suitable for vaginal administration also include pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or spray formulations containing such carriers as are known in the art to be appropriate.
• Dosage forms for the topical or transdermal administration of a compound of this invention include powders, sprays, ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, solutions, patches and inhalants.
• the active compound may be mixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and with any preservatives, buffers, or propellants which may be required.
• the ointments, pastes, creams and gels rhay contain, in addition to an active compound of this invention, excipients, such as animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof.
• excipients such as animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof.
• Powders and sprays can contain, in addition to a compound of this invention, excipients such as lactose, talc, silicic acid, aluminum hydroxide, calcium silicates and polyamide powder, or mixtures of these substances.
• Sprays can additionally contain customary propellants, such as chlorofluorohydrocarbons and volatile unsubstituted hydrocarbons, such as butane and propane.
• Transdermnal patches have the added advantage of providing controlled delivery of a compound of the present invention to the body.
• dosage forms can be made by dissolving or dispersing the compound in the proper medium.
• Absorption enhancers can also be used to increase the flux of the compound across the skin. The rate of such flux can be controlled by either providing a rate controlling membrane or dispersing the active compound in a polymer matrix or gel.
• Ophthalmic formulations eye ointments, powders, solutions and the like, are also contemplated as being within the scope of this invention.
• the pharmaceutical preparation is an ophthalmic formulation (e.g., an periocular, retrobulbar or intraocular injection formulation, a systemic formulation, or a surgical irrigating solution).
• the ophthalmic formulations of the present invention may include one or more of the compounds of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.
• Various types of vehicles may be used.
• the vehicles will generally be aqueous in nature.
• Aqueous solutions are generally preferred, based on case of formulation, as well as a patient's ability to easily administer such compositions by means of instilling one to two drops of the solutions in the affected eyes.
• the deazapurines of the present invention may also be readily incorporated into other types of compositions, such as suspensions, viscous or semi-viscous gels or other types of solid or semi-solid compositions.
• the ophthalmic compositions of the present invention may also include various other ingredients, such as buffers, preservatives, co-solvents and viscosity building agents.
• An appropriate buffer system e.g., sodium phosphate, sodium acetate or sodium borate
• sodium phosphate, sodium acetate or sodium borate may be added to prevent pH drift under storage conditions.
• Ophthalmic products are typically packaged in multidose form. Preservatives are thus required to prevent microbial contamination during use. Suitable preservatives include: benzalkonium chloride, thimerosal, chlorobutanol, methyl paraben, propyl paraben, phenylethyl alcohol, edetate disodium, sorbic acid, polyquaternium-1, or other agents known to those skilled in the art. Such preservatives are typically employed at a level of from 0.001 to 1.0% weight/volume (“% w/v”).
• BSS® Sterile Irrigating Solution and BSS Plus® Sterile Intraocular Irrigating Solution are examples of physiologically balanced intraocular irrigating solutions.
• the latter type of solution is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,550,022 (Garabedian, et al.), the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated in the present specification by reference.
• Retrobulbar and periocular injections are known to those skilled in the art and are described in numerous publications including, for example, Ophthalmic Surgery: Principles of Practice , Ed., G. L. Spaeth. W. B. Sanders Co., Philadelphia, Pa., U.S.A., pages 85-87 (1990).
• Ophthalmic conditions which may be treated include, but are not limited to, retinopathies and damage associated with injuries to ophthalmic tissues, such as ischemia reperfusion injuries.
• the compounds may be used for acute treatment of temporary conditions, or may be administered chronically, especially in the case of degenerative disease.
• the compounds may also be used prophylactically, especially prior to ocular surgery or noninvasive ophthalmic procedures, or other types of surgery.
• compositions of this invention suitable for parenteral administration comprise one or more compounds of the invention in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable sterile isotonic aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions, or sterile powders which may be reconstituted into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions just prior to use, which may contain antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient or suspending or thickening agents.
• aqueous and nonaqueous carriers examples include water, ethanol, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils, such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters, such as ethyl oleate.
• polyols such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like
• vegetable oils such as olive oil
• injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate.
• Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of coating materials, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions, and by the use of surfactants.
• compositions may also contain adjuvants such as preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifying agents and dispersing agents. Prevention of the action of microorganisms may be ensured by the inclusion of various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol sorbic acid, and the like. It may also be desirable to include isotonic agents, such as sugars, sodium chloride, and the like into the compositions. In addition, prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form may be brought about by the inclusion of agents which delay absorption such as aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
• adjuvants such as preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifying agents and dispersing agents. Prevention of the action of microorganisms may be ensured by the inclusion of various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol sorbic acid, and the like. It may also be desirable to include isotonic agents, such as sugars, sodium chloride, and
• Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsule matrices of the subject compounds in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide. Depending on the ratio of drug to polymer, and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of drug release can be controlled. Examples of other biodegradable polymers include poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depot injectable formulations are also prepared by entrapping the drug in liposomes or microemulsions which are compatible with body tissue.
• biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide.
• Depot injectable formulations are also prepared by entrapping the drug in liposomes or microemulsions which are compatible with body tissue.
• the preparations of the present invention may be given orally, parenterally, topically, or rectally. They are of course given by forms suitable for each administration route. For example, they are administered in tablets or capsule form, by injection, inhalation, eye lotion, ointment, suppository, etc. administration by injection, infusion or inhalation; topical by lotion or ointment; and rectal by suppositories. Oral administration is preferred.
• parenteral administration and “administered parenterally” as used herein means modes of administration other than enteral and topical administration, usually by injection, and includes, without limitation, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarterial, intrathecal, intracapsular, intraorbital, intracardiac, intradermal, intraperitoneal, transtracheal, subcutaneous, subcuticular, intraarticular, subcapsular, subarachnoid, intraspinal and intrastemal injection and infusion.
• systemic administration means the administration of a compound, drug or other material other than directly into the central nervous system, such that it enters the patient's system and, thus, is subject to metabolism and other like processes, for example, subcutaneous administration.
• These compounds may be administered to humans and other animals for therapy by any suitable route of administration, including orally, nasally, as by, for example, a spray, rectally, intravaginally, parenterally, intracisternally and topically, as by powders, ointments or drops, including buccally and sublingually.
• the compounds of the present invention which may be used in a suitable hydrated form, and/or the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention, are formulated into pharmaceutically acceptable dosage forms by conventional methods known to those of skill in the art.
• the selected dosage level will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the particular compound of the present invention employed, or the ester, salt or amide thereof, the route of administration, thetime of administration, the rate of excretion of the particular compound being employed, the duration of the treatment, other drugs, compounds and/or materials used in combination with the particular compound employed, the age, sex, weight, condition, general health and prior medical history of the patient being treated, and like factors well known in the medical arts.
• a physician or veterinarian having ordinary skill in the art can readily determine and prescribe the effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition required.
• the physician or veterinarian could start doses of the compounds of the invention employed in the pharmaceutical composition at levels lower than that required in order to achieve the desired therapeutic effect and gradually increase the dosage until the desired effect is achieved.
• a suitable daily dose of a compound of the invention will be that amount of the compound which is the lowest dose effective to produce a therapeutic effect. Such an effective dose will generally depend upon the factors described above.
• intravenous and subcutaneous doses of the compounds of this invention for a patient when used for the indicated analgesic effects, will range from about 0.0001 to about 200 mg per kilogram of body weight per day, more preferably from about 0.01 to about 150 mg per kg per day, and still more preferably from about 0.2 to about 140 mg per kg per day.
• the effective daily dose of the active compound may be administered as two, three, four, five, six or more sub-doses administered separately at appropriate intervals throughout the day, optionally, in unit dosage forms.
• the present invention also pertains to packaged pharmaceutical compositions for treating A 2b associated disorders in a mammal.
• the packaged pharmaceutical compositions include a container hoiding a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound of the invention, as described below, and instructions for using the compound for treating the A 2b associated disorder in the mammal.
• the compounds of the invention may comprise water-soluble prodrugs which are described in WO 99/33815, International Application No. PCT/US98/04595, filed Mar. 9, 1998 and published Jul. 8, 1999. The entire content of WO 99/33815 is expressly incorporated herein by reference.
• the water-soluble prodrugs are metabolized in vivo to an active drug, e.g., by esterase catalyzed hydrolysis.
• the invention features a method for treating damage to the eye of an animal(e.g., a human) by administering to the animal an effective amount of the compounds of the present invention.
• the compound is an antagonist of A 2b adenosine receptors in cells of the animal.
• the damage is to the retina or the optic nerve head and may be acute or chronic. The damage may be the result of, for example, glaucoma, edema, ischemia, hypoxia or trauma.
• the invention further pertains to a method for inhibiting the activity of an adenosine receptor (e.g., an A 2b adenosine receptor) in a cell by contacting the cell with a compound of the invention.
• an adenosine receptor e.g., an A 2b adenosine receptor
• the compound is an antagonist of the receptor.
• the invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition containing a compound of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the invention also pertains to a method for treating an A 2b associated disease state in an animal, by administering to a mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention, such that treatment of disorder in the animal occurs.
• the disease state may be a disorder mediated by adenosine.
• preferred disease states include: central nervous system disorders, cardiovascular disorders, renal disorders, inflammatory disorders, allergic disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, eye disorders, and respiratory disorders.
• the invention further pertains to pharmaceutical compositions for treating an A 2b associated disease state in a mammal, e.g., respiratory disorders (e.g., asthma, bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, and allergic rhinitis), renal disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, and eye disorders.
• the pharmaceutical composition includes a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention, described below, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. It is to be understood, that all of the compounds described below are included for therapeutic treatment. It is to be further understood that the compounds of the invention can be used alone or in combination with other compounds of the invention or in combination with additional therapeutic compounds, such as antibiotics, antuinflammatories, or anticancer agents, for example.
• Ophthalmic conditions which may be treated include, but are not limited to, retinopathies, macular degeneration, ocular ischemia, glaucoma, and damage associated with injuries to ophthalmic tissues, such as ischemia reperfusion injuries, photochemical injuries, and injuries associated with ocular surgery, particularly injuries to the retina or optic nerve head by exposure to light or surgical instruments.
• the compounds may also be used as an adjunct to ophthalmic surgery, such as by vitreal or subconjunctival injection following ophthalmic surgery.
• the compounds may be used for acute treatment of temporary conditions, or may be administered chronically, especially in the case of degenerative disease.
• the compounds may also be used prophylactically, especially prior to ocular surgery or noninvasive ophthalmic procedures, or other types of surgery.
• LC/MS analysis was performed using a Gilson 215 autosampler and Gilson 819 autoinjector, attached to a Hewlett Packard HP110.
• Mass spectra were obtained on a Micromass Platform II mass spectrometer, using positive electrospray ionization.
• IR spectra were recorded on a Perkin-Elmer Spectrum 1000 FT-IR spectrometer as thin films using diffuse reflectance.
• Method B (I-Mg exchange): To a solution of 2-chlorojodobenzene (145 ⁇ L, 1.19 mmol) in THF (3 mL), cooled to ⁇ 20 to ⁇ 15° C., was added iPrMgCl (2M in THF, 0.6 mL, 1.2 mmol). After 30 min, a solution of N-Boc-4-piperidone (Boc-29.155) (203 mg, 1.02 mmol) in THF (2 mL) was added, and the reaction mixture was stirred overnight, warming up to ambient temperature. Sat. NH 4 Cl solution and water were added, and the solution was extracted with EtOAc (3 ⁇ 15 mL).
• 29.193 and 29.195-29.196 were prepared in the same way.
• Boc-29.84 was obtained (75.5 mg, 47% yield).
• Boe-29.204 4-Hydroxymethylpiperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
• 1 equiv. of Boe-29.151 was dissolved in THF (anhydrous) and taken down to 0° C. in an ice-bath then 0.7 equiv. of LiAlH 4 (1M in THF) was added dropwise to this stirring solution and was stirred for 2 hours at 0° C.
• Reaction mixture was then quenched at 0° C. with water and 2M sodium hydroxide and filtered through a fritted funnel and solid was washed with ethyl acetate. The filtrate was washed with water, brine, and dried. with sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated.
• Phenyl ethers were synthesized from N-Boc-hydroxypiperidines 36 and 37 and the phenols by Mitsunobu reaction, and from N-Boc-4-hydroxymethylpiperidine (Boc-29.204) via mesylate formation and displacement with phenolates.
• Benzyl ethers were prepared by alkylation with benzyl bromide.
• Benzyl piperidines 29.28, 29.29, 29.81, and 29.82 were prepared from the corresponding ketone by reduction with TFA/Et 3 SiH ( J. Med. Chem. 1992, 35, 4903-4910).
• Substituted (phenylpropyl)piperazines were prepared starting from the commercially available aylpropionic acids 40, either by formation of the acid chloride using thionyl chloride, reaction with piperazine and reduction of the amide thus formed with LiAlH4 to the amine 29, or EDC coupling of the acid with monoprotected piperazine followed by deprotection and reduction to the amine 29.
• the latter sequence was also used for the preparation of phenylpropylhomopiperazine (29.192).
• alkylarylpiperazines were prepared from the mono-Boc-protected derivatives by reductive amination with the appropriate aldehyde using NaBH(OAc) 3 as reducing agent followed by deprotection HCl/MeOH, or by reductive amination with 26.22 and 26.31.
• Homopiperazine 29.189 was prepared from 41 by Buchwald-Hartwig coupling.
• the piperazinyl acetamides 29.200 and 29.206 were prepared in 4 or 5 steps, respectively, from the nitrophenyl-piperazine 42.
• N-Methyl-N-(4-piperazin-1-ylphenyl)-acetamide (29.206) 1 equiv of Boc-29.206 was dissolved in a 25% TFA in DCM solution and stirred at room temp. under a nitrogen atmosphere and was allowed to stir for 1 hour. Solvent was removed and crude mixture was partitioned between DCM and sat'd sodium bicarbonate and aqueous was washed 3 times with DCM. The organic washes were combined dried with sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The aqueous was concentrated and triturated with DMC/MeOH. The organic was combined with the previous organic washes and resulted in a pale yellow solid (71% yield). MS (ES) 234.2 [MH + ]
• N-(4-Piperazin-1-ylphenyl)-acetamide (29.200): Following the procedure for 29.206, 29.200 was prepared from Boc-29.200 in 87% yield, pale yellow solid. MS (ES) 220.1 [MH + ].
• the key intermediate for pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines with phenoxymethylene, alkoxymethylene or oxinme ether moieties at C-6 is the bromide 7, which is prepared in 6 steps from methyl cyanoacetate and chloroacetone (scheme 4).
• the monoalkylation product 2 is protected as 1,3-dioxolane, then the pyrimidine ring is formed by reaction with a benzamidine. Cyclization of the pyrrole ring occurs on reaction with aqueous HCl, and refluxing with POCl 3 yields the chloride 5.
• Boc-protection of the pyrrole followed by radical bromination with NBS gives the bromide 7.
• N-Bromosuccinimide (508 mg, 2.86 mmol) and AIBN (112 mg, 0.68 mmol) were added to a solution containing 6 (935 mg, 2.71 mmol) and CCl 4 (50 mL). The solution was heated to reflux. After 2 h the reaction was cooled to room temperature and concentrated in vacuo to yield a white solid. Flash chromatography (SiO 2 ; 1/1 CH 2 Cl 2 /Hexanes, R f 0.30) yielded 960 mg of a white solid (84%).
• Alkoxymethylene derivatives are conveniently prepared by silver-mediated displacement of the bromide in 7 with alcohols.
• a series of piperidine sulfonamides 15 was prepared from the intermediate 10 by Boc removal, C-4 chloride displacement, and sulfonylation (scheme 6).
• N-(2- ⁇ 6-[1-(Benzylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yloxymethyl]-2-phenyl-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-ylamino ⁇ ethyl)acetamide (15.2): Following the general procedure for C-4 chloride displacement, 15.2 was prepared from 13.2 in 68% yield.
• N-(2- ⁇ 6-11-(4-Cyanobenzenesulfonyl)piperidin4-yloxymethyll -2-phenyl-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-ylamino ⁇ ethyl)acetamide (15.3): Amine 14 (62 mg) and NEt 3 (00.1 mL) were stirred in THF (6 mL) and DCM (6 mL) and cooled to 5° C. 4-Cyanophenylsulfonyl chloride (30 mg) was added dropwise by syringe, and stirring was continued at rt for 2 h, then the reaction mixture was concentrated.
• N-Alkylpiperidine derivatives 17.1-17.19 were prepared by alkylation of 11 and by reductive amination of 14 using NaBH(OAc) 3 as reducing agent (scheme 7).
• Oxime ethers 22 were prepared from the bromide 7 via Komblum oxidation to the aldehyde 20, followed by oxime ether formation and C-4 chloride displacement (scheme 9).
• the key intermediate for pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines 26 with an amide moiety at C-6 is the N-benzenesulfonyl-protected pyrrolopyrimidine 24.
• the amide moiety can be introduced directly by metalation and quench with carbamoyl chlorides or isocyanates, followed by displacement of the chloride at C-4 with amines and concomitant removal of the benzenesulfonyl group (scheme 10).
• the anion of 24 is reacted with carbon dioxide to give the lithium salt 27, which is used as such because the free acid decarboxylates readily.
• Chloride displacement at C-4 with amines followed by removal of the sulfonyl group and amide coupling using PyBOP, TBTU, or EDC yields the A 2B antagonists 26.
• the amide formation could be accomplished very conveniently by reacting the hydroxysuccinimide ester 32 (prepared from the acid 30 using EDC and HOBt for the coupling) with the amines.
• the order of the last two steps i.e., pyrrole deprotection and amide formation
• Selected amides were converted to their methanesulfonic acid salts.
• Lithium 7-benzenesulfonyl-4-chloro-2-phenyl-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate (27): To a solution of the N-sulfonyl compound 24 (1.504 g, 4.07 mmol) in dry THF (150 mL), cooled by dry ice/acetone, is added LDA-THF (3.8 mL, 1.5M solution in cyclohexane, 5.7 mmol). After 45 min, carbon dioxide is bubbled into the solution for 5 min, then the cooling bath is removed.
• succinimide 4-(2-Acetylaminoethylamino)-2-phenyl-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid 2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl ester (“succinimide”) (32): Acid 30a (3.0 g, 8.84 mmol), EDC (5.1 g, 26.0 mmol), hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate (1.35 g, 8.84 mmol) and hydroxysuccinimide (3.1 g, 26 mmol) were dissolved in DMF (70 mL). 4-Dimethylamino-pyridine (216 mg, 0.2 mmol) was added and the reaction was stirred at room temperature.
• IR (film): v 3295 cm ⁇ 1 , 3066, 3027, 2934, 2809, 1654, 1598, 1574, 1533, 1453, 1432, 1387, 1327, 1297, 1170, 1132, 1029, 1000, 776, 749, 703.
• IR (film): v 3302 cm ⁇ 1 , 3061, 3022, 2924, 2850, 1654, 1589, 1573, 1531, 1455, 1429, 1386, 1367, 1327, 1298, 1270, 1171, 1135, 1027, 999, 970, 803, 776, 755, 704, 691.
• IR (film): v 3286 cm ⁇ 1 , 3059, 2940, 2868, 1649, 1589, 1573, 1531, 1509, 1447, 1432, 1386, 1327, 1299, 1271, 1220, 1168, 1105, 1068, 954, 837, 803, 776, 732, 705.
• IR (film): v 3301 cm ⁇ 1 , 3049, 2923, 2861, 1654, 1590, 1574, 1532, 1508, 1430, 1387, 1328, 1277, 1232, 1164, 1027, 916, 828, 816, 776, 731, 706.
• Methanesulfonic acid (290 mg, 3.01 mmol) is added, 10 mL of MeOH are evaporated, and Et 2 O is added until a persistent precipitate just forms (85 mL). After standing for 1 h at ambient temp., crystallization is completed by cooling to ⁇ 20° C. overnight. The solid is filtered off and dried, giving 1.613 g (2.508 mmol, 87%) of the salt as white solid, mp. 190-191° C.
• Acid 26.85 (16 mg, 0.0304 mmol) and triethylamine (8.51lw, 2 eq.) were dissolved in DMF (2 ml) and cooled in ice bath. 5 min. later, TBTU (11.7 mg, 1.2 eq.) was added. 30 min later, pyrrolidine (3.1 ⁇ l, 1.2 eq.) was added and then stirred at rt for 2 days.
• reaction mixture was poured into 10 ml of 5% HOAc aqueous solution, extracted with 5 ⁇ 8 ml of EtOAc, washed with 8 ml of 5% HOAc aqueous solution, 2 ⁇ 8 ml of H 2 O and 8 ml of brine, dried over MgSO 4 . Filter out and remove solvent and purify by TLC to obtain 12.6 mg of 26.104 as off-white solid.

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• 2002
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