US20030165940A1 - Disease detection by digital protein truncation assays - Google Patents

Disease detection by digital protein truncation assays Download PDF

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US20030165940A1
US20030165940A1 US10/307,505 US30750502A US2003165940A1 US 20030165940 A1 US20030165940 A1 US 20030165940A1 US 30750502 A US30750502 A US 30750502A US 2003165940 A1 US2003165940 A1 US 2003165940A1
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alleles
apc
proteins
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amplification
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C. Traverso
Kenneth Kinzler
Bert Vogelstein
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Johns Hopkins University
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
    • C12Q1/6876—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes
    • C12Q1/6883—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for diseases caused by alterations of genetic material
    • C12Q1/6886—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for diseases caused by alterations of genetic material for cancer
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/68—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q2600/00—Oligonucleotides characterized by their use
    • C12Q2600/156—Polymorphic or mutational markers

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  • This invention is related to the field of disease diagnosis and prognosis. In particular it relates to the detection of mutations in genes which are associated with a disease state or with predisposition to disease.
  • One of the most promising classes of new diagnostic markers comprises mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes 20 .
  • these mutations are directly responsible for neoplastic growth, they have clear conceptual advantages over indirect markers for neoplasia such as fecal occult blood.
  • these mutations only occur in a clonal fashion in neoplastic cells, they theoretically have very high specificity.
  • Several groups have reported that mutations in cancer-related genes can be detected in the stool of colorectal cancer patients 21-35 . However, the sensitivities and specificities achieved have been limited either by technical impediments or low frequencies of detectable mutations in any specific gene.
  • a method is provided of detecting tumors.
  • a test sample of APC alleles isolated from a patient is divided to form a plurality of aliquots of APC alleles.
  • the APC alleles in said plurality of aliquots are amplified to form amplified APC alleles.
  • the proteins are transcribed and translated in vitro using the amplified APC alleles as transcription templates. Size or composition of the proteins is determined. Proteins which differ in size or composition from the protein produced by a wild-type APC allele indicate a mutation in an amplified APC allele which indicates a tumor in the patient.
  • a method for detecting a disease associated with a mutation in a gene.
  • a test sample of alleles of the gene isolated from a patient is divided to form a plurality of aliquots of alleles of the gene.
  • the alleles in the plurality of aliquots are amplified to form amplified alleles.
  • the proteins are transcribed and translated in vitro using said amplified alleles as transcription templates.
  • the size or composition of the proteins is determined. Proteins which differ in size or composition from the protein produced by a wild-type allele of the gene indicate a mutation in an amplified allele of the gene which indicates the disease in the patient.
  • the present invention thus provides the art with diagnostic methods for detection of early stages of cancer and for detecting other diseases
  • FIG. 1 Digital Protein Truncation Test. Dig-PT relies on two basic principles: (1) the amplification of a small number of APC gene templates in each PCR, and (2) the detection of truncated polypeptides generated by in vitro transcription and translation (IVTT) of the PCR products.
  • the small lines in the left panel represent single stranded APC templates present in a DNA population, with black and red lines indicating wild-type and mutant APC gene copies, respectively.
  • Two situations are illustrated in circles A and B. In circle A, the mutant APC genes represent a large fraction of the total APC genes, as would be found in a tumor.
  • Lanes D, F, and G represent wells with no mutant products; lane C represents a well in which one of the two APC templates was mutant; lane E represents a well in which one of four templates was mutant.
  • the APC gene copies per well vary stochastically according to a Poisson distribution.
  • FIG. 2 Examples of Dig-PT results. Dig-PT analyses of six patients (ID# 28, 29, 35, 23, 15 and 34) with truncating mutations in APC are displayed. The wild-type protein product is 43 kDa (asterisk). The transcription-translation products from 30 individual reactions are shown in each case, and the abnormal polypeptides are indicated by red arrowheads. Because of the Poisson distribution of template molecules, an occasional lane will contain no templates and will be blank (e.g., lane 2 in patient #28).
  • FIG. 3 Identification of the mutations producing truncated polypeptides in Dig-PT. PCR products that generated abnormal polypeptides in Dig-PT were used for sequence analyses as described in the Methods. In each case, primers were chosen based on the position of the mutation expected from the Dig-PT results. The top chromatogram in each case represents the wild-type (wt) sequence while the bottom chromatogram depicts the mutant (mut) sequence (black arrowheads mark site of genetic alteration). Examples of a base substitution (Patient #13), on bp insertion (Patient #34) and a five bp deletion (Patient #31) are illustrated. All mutations resulted in stop codons (black circles) immediately downstream of the mutations, as indicated on the right.
  • FIG. 4 APC mutation spectrum in fecal DNA.
  • the black bar depicts the APC region queried.
  • a total of 21 different mutations were identified among the 23 patients with positive Digital-PT tests. Mutations occurred in the form of deletions (red triangles), insertions (green squares) and base substitutions (yellow circles). The numbers within the symbols refer to patient ID# (Table 1).
  • FIG. 5A The protein of interest is labeled specifically at the N and C tennini with distinct epitopes. This allows the separation of full length protein (wild-type) from truncated ones.
  • FIG. 5B The signal to noise ratio can be dramatically improved by eliminating the full length proteins from the mixture as depicted by the immunoprecipitation with the FLAG antibody. The remaining truncated products can be directly analyzed or further purified by a second immunoselection.
  • FIGS. 6A and 6B are pictures of the same gel with a greater exposure in FIG. 6B.
  • An SDS-PAGE gel was used to separate fluorescently labeled proteins which had undergone imnuno-selection of APC proteins containing N-term-6-His and C-term-FLAG.
  • Lanes 1-3 contain the full length protein captured with FLAG antibody.
  • Lanes 4-6 contain the truncated product which was eluted from nickel agarose beads.
  • Protein truncation tests are useful for detecting mutations that result in stop codons, e.g., as a result of nonsense substitutions or out-of frame deletions or insertions. Such tests are the standard method for genetic diagnosis of familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). These techniques are described in Powell S M, Petersen G M, Krush A J, et al. Molecular diagnosis of familial adenomatous polyposis, N Engl J Med 1993; 329:1982-7, and van der Luijt R, Khan P M, Vasen H, et al.
  • analyte DNA markers are transcribed and translated in vitro and the size or composition of the products is determined.
  • the products are analyzed by gel electrophoresis, which can detect aberrant migration as a change in size or amino acid composition, but other methods can be used, including but not limited to gel chromatography.
  • Protein products can be analyzed using mass spectroscopy, for example. Any technique for determining properties of protein can be used, including immunological and sequencing techniques.
  • Templates can be obtained using any technique known in the art. Hybridization can be used to enrich for desired templates, using such reagents as beads, magnetic beads, chromatographic column packing matrix, and the like, which have attached sequence-specific oligonucleotides. The oligonucleotides will bind templates of the desired gene which is to be analyzed. Bound templates can be eluted using any technique which separates duplex DNA into single strands, such as heating above the T M .
  • a small number of template molecules for a DNA marker are analyzed in multiple aliquots.
  • the aliquots can be made by dividing up a single sample or by diluting a sample.
  • each aliquot will contain less than 20 templates. More preferably each aliquot will contain less than 10, less than 5, or less than 2 templates. At least some of the aliquots should contain at least 1 template, at least 5 templates or at least 10 templates. Using such small number of template molecules in each aliquot permits detection of mutations in templates which occur in less than 15% of template molecules.
  • Amplification of templates can be accomplished by any linear or exponential technique, including but not limited to polymerase chain reaction and rolling circle amplification. All or a portion of the desired analyte gene can be amplified. Preferably the mutation spectrum of the analyte gene will be known and the amplified portion will contain the majority of the mutations which occur in the population being tested. For example in the APC gene, about 65% of sporadic tumors harbor APC mutations in exon 15, between codons 1210 to 1581.
  • Transcription and translation can be performed using any particular techniques known in the art.
  • Products can be labeled, for example, using radiolabeled or fluorescently labeled amino acids and can be detected using autoradiography or scintillation counting.
  • Products can also be analyzed and/or enriched using antibodies which recognize the products, including products which contain short oligopeptide tags.
  • Antibodies to N- and C-terminal epitopes, whether naturally occurring epitopes or introduced during amplification, can be used to immunoselect rare products or immunodeplete abundant products.
  • the antibodies can be used in conjunction with solid supports such as beads, magnetic beads, filters, microtiter dishes, column packing materials, etc.
  • N-terminal and C-terminal epitopes may be, but need not be the epitopes formed by the most terminal amino acids. Epitopes from these general regions, i.e., within the terminal ⁇ fraction (1/10) ⁇ , 1 ⁇ 8, 1 ⁇ 5, 1 ⁇ 4, or 1 ⁇ 3 of a protein may be used. Any detection and sizing methods known in the art can be used. Optionally, amplified products can be sequenced to ascertain the identity of a mutation which causes a truncated protein product.
  • Any means can be used for isolation of a DNA from a sample of a human or other test animal.
  • Stool samples can be treated, for example, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,177,251 or 5,910,407.
  • Other samples which can be used as sources of DNA include tears, saliva, urine, biopsy samples, tumor margins, serum, blood, plasma, endometrial washings, nipple aspirates, semen, and bronchoalveolar lavage.
  • Other body fluids and exudates can be used as is appropriate for the particular disease.
  • a disease when referred to in the present application it includes a finding of a predisposition to the disease.
  • an APC mutation can be inherited and cause a predisposition to develop colorectal and other cancers. APC mutations can also occur somatically in sporadic tumors. Mutations in APC indicate either the disease state or the predisposition.
  • Other diseases which can be detected using the present method include but are not limited to hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer, cystic fibrosis, von Hippel Landau disease, and neurofibromatosis.
  • a total of 68 stool samples were derived from a sequential collection of 315 patients evaluated at M. D. Anderson Cancer Center or surrounding hospitals between 1997 and 2000 for suspected colorectal neoplasia. Of these patients, 77 had cancer, including 30 with Dukes' B2 (T3N0M0) disease, five with in situ lesions, six with Duke's A, five with Duke's B1, 20 with Duke's C, nine with Duke's D, and two of unknown/other classes. We chose to focus on the Duke's B2 cases because these were the most common class and because the great majority of B2 cancers should be surgically curable, maximizing the potential impact of diagnostic detection through analysis of stool.
  • the crude DNA was dissolved in 10 mL of TE (0.01 mol/L Tris [pH 7.4] and 0.001 mol/L EDTA).
  • Hybrid capture of APC genes was performed by adding 300 ⁇ L of sample to an equal volume of 6 mol/L guanidine Isothiocyanate solution (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) containing biotinylated sequence-specific oligonucleotides (20 pmol; Midland Certified Reagent C., Midland, Tex.). After a 12-hour incubation at 25° C., streptavidin-coated magnetic beads were added to the solution, and the tubes incubated for an additional hour at room temperature.
  • the bead/hybrid capture complexes were then washed four times with 1 ⁇ B+W buffer (1mol/L NaCl, 0.01 mol/L Tris-HCl [pH7.2], 0.001 mol/L EDTA, and 0.1% Tween 20), and the sequence-specific captured DNA was eluted into 85° C. pre-warmed 40 ⁇ L L-TE (1 mmol/L Tris [pH 7.4] and 0.1 mol/L EDTA) for 4 minutes.
  • the concentration of amplifiable APC templates in captured DNA was determined by limiting dilution, using primers F1 and R1 for PCR, carried out as described below.
  • Each reaction contained 1 ⁇ PCR Buffer (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.), 0.2 mM dNTPs, 2 mM MgSO 4 , 0.9 ⁇ M oligonucleotides F1 and R1, and 0.015 U/ ⁇ l Platinum Taq DNA Polymerase High Fidelity (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.).
  • a single PCR mix containing ⁇ 580 APC template molecules, was prepared for each stool sample and the mix aliquotted to 144 wells; each well therefore contained ⁇ four APC templates. After an initial denaturation at 94° C. for 2 minutes, amplifications were performed as follows: 3 cycles of: 94° C for 30 seconds, 67° C.
  • One ⁇ L of the reaction was added to a 10- ⁇ L PCR reaction of the same makeup as the one described above except that primers F2 and R2 were used. Following a 2 minute denaturation step at 94° C., the reaction was cycled for 15 cycles of 94° C. for 30 seconds, 58° C. for 30 seconds, 70° C. for 1 minute.
  • Primer sequences were: F1, 5′-GGTAATTTTGAAGCAGTCTGGGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 1); R1, 5′-ACGTCATGTGGATCAGCCTATTG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 2); F2: 5′-GGATCCTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGAGACCACCATGATGATGA TGATGATGATGATGATGATGATGTCTGGACAAAGCAGTAAAACCG -3′ (SEQ ID NO: 3); and R2: 5′-TTTTTTTTAACGCTGATGACTTTGTTGGCATGGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 4).
  • PCR products from wells yielding truncated peptides in the Dig-PT assay were isolated and gel purified using the Q1Aquick Gel Extraction kit (Qiagen, Valencia, Calif.). The DNA was then cloned using the TOPO Cloning kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). Single colonies were used for PCR and the products sequenced with dye terminators (Applied Biosystems Prism Cycle Sequencing, v. 3.0). Sequencing reactions were analyzed on an SCE-9610 96-well capillary electrophoresis system (SpectruMedix Corporation, State College, Pa.).
  • APC 36, 37 APC mutations generally initiate colorectal neoplasia and therefore are present in tumors at an earlier stage than any other genetic alteration 38 .
  • detection of mutations in APC present extraordinarily difficult technical challenges.
  • mutations in APC can occur virtually anywhere within the first 1600 codons of the gene 43 .
  • the nature of individual mutations base substitutions, insertions or deletions of diverse length
  • APC mutations can be detected relatively easily in tumors, where they are present in every neoplastic cell, they are much harder to detect in fecal DNA, where they may be present in less than one in a hundred of the total APC genes present in the sample.
  • the sensitivity of the conventional method was limited to mutations that were present in more than 15% of template molecules while mutant APC genes were expected to be present in fecal DNA at much lower frequency.
  • Dig-PT Digital Protein Truncation
  • a small number of template molecules was included in each reaction and the protein products of each reaction separated through polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (FIG. 1). In this way we could analyze as many gene copies as desired from each sample.
  • FOG. 1 polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
  • the test was scored positive for mutation only when the same size truncated protein product was identified at least twice among the ⁇ 576 APC gene copies analyzed.
  • Dig-PT was used to analyze stool samples from the 74 patients described in Methods. Of the 46 patients with neoplasia, mutations were identified in 26 (57%, Cl 41% to 71%). Representative positive Dig-PT assays are shown in FIG. 2. In FIG. 2, for example, it is clear that several independent PCR products from stool #5 generated a truncated polypeptide of 12 kDa in addition to the normal protein of 43 kDa in size Different truncated polypeptides were identified in other patients (FIG. 2). No mutations were identified in the Dig-PT assay in the 28 control individuals without neoplastic disease (0%, CI 0 to 12%).
  • the Dig-PT assay provided evidence for mutations that were predicted to truncate the protein at specific positions within the gene. To confirm that the abnormal polypeptides observed in this assay represented APC mutations, and to determine the nature of these mutations, we determined the sequence of corresponding PCR products. The PCR products from two wells whose transcription/translation products produced truncated proteins of identical size were purified and cloned from each patient scoring positively in the Dig-PT assay. These cloned PCR products were then subjected to automated sequencing. In each of the 26 cases, we observed a mutation that was predicted to result in a truncated polypeptide of exactly the size observed in the Dig-PT assay (examples shown in FIG. 3).
  • one way of improving the signal-to-noise ratio is by way of a controlled dilution of the DNA sample. It is also possible to improve the signal-to-noise ratio at the protein level by subtracting full-length protein from a mixed population of truncated and full-length proteins.
  • the protein can be tagged at the N- and C-termini by the addition of distinct epitopes (e.g., HA, FLAG, 6-His, myc, etc.).
  • the bulk of DNA in the stool is derived from sloughed normal cells whose number undoubtedly reflects the vagaries of diet and bowel habits. Though intestinal epithelial cells normally turn over at a high rate, most of their DNA appears to be reabsorbed through phagocytosis rather than shed into the stool 48 .
  • Another advantage of the approach described here is that only a single PCR product, encompassing APC codons 1210 to 1581 was used for analysis.
  • Prior studies generally employed multiple PCR products from the same gene or from several genes to increase sensitivity. Even with such multiple tests, past studies have not documented sensitivities as high as those described here in patients with equivalent disease status. In particular, our study is the first to focus on relatively early stage lesions. All of the patients we analyzed had either pre-malignant adenomas or pre-metastatic carcinomas. Because of the high potential for cure through surgical or endoscopic removal of these lesions, their detection through non-invasive methods like Dig-PT offers outstanding opportunities for reducing morbidity and mortality in the future.

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US20030092031A1 (en) * 1999-08-25 2003-05-15 Ambergen, Inc. Methods for the detection, analysis and isolation of nascent proteins
US20100041048A1 (en) * 2008-07-31 2010-02-18 The Johns Hopkins University Circulating Mutant DNA to Assess Tumor Dynamics
US20100331199A1 (en) * 2006-03-31 2010-12-30 Dieter Stoll Method for the detection and/or enrichment of analyte proteins and/or analyte peptides from a complex protein mixture
US10072283B2 (en) 2010-09-24 2018-09-11 The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University Direct capture, amplification and sequencing of target DNA using immobilized primers
CN117649880A (zh) * 2024-01-30 2024-03-05 北京大学口腔医学院 用于口腔脱落细胞生物检测的数据匹配方法
US11965211B2 (en) 2008-09-05 2024-04-23 Aqtual, Inc. Methods for sequencing samples

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US20100042433A1 (en) * 2008-08-12 2010-02-18 Cerner Innovation, Inc. Cross continuum associated therapy reconciliation
WO2011004517A1 (fr) * 2009-07-06 2011-01-13 オリンパス株式会社 Procédé pour la détection d’acide nucléique cible, et procédé de dépistage du cancer colorectal

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Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20030092031A1 (en) * 1999-08-25 2003-05-15 Ambergen, Inc. Methods for the detection, analysis and isolation of nascent proteins
US7897335B2 (en) * 1999-08-25 2011-03-01 Ambergen, Inc. Methods for the detection, analysis and isolation of nascent proteins
US20100331199A1 (en) * 2006-03-31 2010-12-30 Dieter Stoll Method for the detection and/or enrichment of analyte proteins and/or analyte peptides from a complex protein mixture
US20100041048A1 (en) * 2008-07-31 2010-02-18 The Johns Hopkins University Circulating Mutant DNA to Assess Tumor Dynamics
US20240002948A1 (en) * 2008-07-31 2024-01-04 The Johns Hopkins University Circulating mutant dna to assess tumor dynamics
US11965211B2 (en) 2008-09-05 2024-04-23 Aqtual, Inc. Methods for sequencing samples
US12018336B2 (en) 2008-09-05 2024-06-25 Aqtual, Inc. Methods for sequencing samples
US10072283B2 (en) 2010-09-24 2018-09-11 The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University Direct capture, amplification and sequencing of target DNA using immobilized primers
CN117649880A (zh) * 2024-01-30 2024-03-05 北京大学口腔医学院 用于口腔脱落细胞生物检测的数据匹配方法

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CA2836656A1 (fr) 2004-04-29
US20090117546A1 (en) 2009-05-07
CA2836656C (fr) 2017-06-13
EP2960343A1 (fr) 2015-12-30
EP2192194B8 (fr) 2015-06-24
WO2004036171A3 (fr) 2005-02-24
ATE458833T1 (de) 2010-03-15
EP1523573A4 (fr) 2006-03-08
EP1523573B1 (fr) 2010-02-24
US20110195416A1 (en) 2011-08-11

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