US1792273A - Electrical conductor - Google Patents

Electrical conductor Download PDF

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Publication number
US1792273A
US1792273A US232988A US23298827A US1792273A US 1792273 A US1792273 A US 1792273A US 232988 A US232988 A US 232988A US 23298827 A US23298827 A US 23298827A US 1792273 A US1792273 A US 1792273A
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Prior art keywords
transposition
sections
transpositions
circuits
side circuits
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US232988A
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English (en)
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Byk Alfred
Jordan Hans
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General Electric Co
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General Electric Co
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B11/00—Communication cables or conductors
    • H01B11/02—Cables with twisted pairs or quads

Definitions

  • This invention relates to electrical conductors, and particularly to multiplex cable circuits such as may be employed in telephony.
  • a low phantom capacity may be realized by twisting the two separatelytwisted pairs of conductors, one about the other, as is done in multiple twin cabling.
  • Such ⁇ a twisted quad has a veryv irregular shape and it is difficult to constructv such a quad to meet the req-uirements of precision in manufacture whlch are necessary to insure its freedom from high capacitative 2 coupling.
  • Far lgreater regularity in construction may be obtained in a quad' of square cross-sectional area in which the conductors located at adjacent corners of the square, or the conductors located at diagonally opposite corners, are employed as one ⁇ side circuit, the other remaining two conductors in either case being employed as the other side circuit.
  • any undesirably high phantom circuit capacity of the latterl arrangement may be greatly reduced and possibly completely avoided if adjacent conductors of the cablel quad are paired to represent each of the side circuits. In the latter case, it will be clear that both side circuits run .constantly parallel with eachother and are coupled with one another.
  • transpositions may be employed as in open wire construction in which one or both side circuits may be transposed in accordance with definite rules in order that the couplings of individual sections may be mutual.
  • Any practical transposition scheme must provide as much freedom from coupling in its ideal construction as is provided by the well-knownA form of star quadded coupling, i. e., a-quad in which the conductors are spirally wound about a common axis, the diagonally opposite conductors forming the respective side circuits.
  • star quadded coupling i. e., a-quad in which the conductors are spirally wound about a common axis, the diagonally opposite conductors forming the respective side circuits.
  • Any manufacturing irregularities may, in practice, introduce couplings only to a permissible and ⁇ predetermined extent.
  • a transposition has a finite extensionand has a definite influence on the coupling relationships as well ⁇ as on the mutual capacities. Any useful transposition scheme must take into account any unavoidable imperfections in the actual construction of a cable quad.
  • the primary advantage of this invention is to provide a transposition scheme which guaranteesA substantial freedom from coupling in the practical construction of the cable quad as well as in its ideal construction.
  • Figure 1 represents two side circuits of a quad having an equal number of transpositions
  • Figure 2 shows a similar arrangement of side circuits in which one has four transposition sections as compared to the one transpos1t1on section in the other
  • Figure 3 shows a similar arbe appreciable, l and, after n introduces-an additive effect of considerable
  • a transposition design Y has eleven transposition sections and the other seven
  • Figure 6 shows a modification of the arrangement in Figure 5 in which the transposition sections in one side circuit are displaced with respect to those in the other.
  • transposition arrangement in even pitch is shown in Figure l of the drawing.
  • the transposition sections on both side circuits are equal inr length, a transposition on one side circuittating place midway between two transposition's on the other side circuit.
  • it may occur through some necessary constructional measure or through a possible inaccuracy of slight order, that one of the movements of the transposing device employed in actual practice may be eiected so as to introduce a regularly recurring error.
  • the transposing device may produce a transposition regularly at an angle slightly more or less than 180 degrees. Such an error may be repeated continually under the same condiytions, introducing a systematic coupling disturbance, which in a single section may not but which occurs constantly passing through several sections,
  • the two. side circuits of a 'cable may be provided with transposition sections of different lengths and still be in even pitch, i.-e.,
  • each transposition section of the lower side circuit is four times as long as y a transposition section in the upper side circuit.
  • tions on the respective side circuits may be a further source of error introducing a disturbance in the balance between the side circuits.
  • transposition scheme of this invention it is intended to greatly minimize any from mechanical imperfections. This is accomplished by having the relative positions of the transpositions on the ⁇ respective side circuits as diverse as possible in order that any possible schematic coupling errors, which may be inappreciable in a single transposition section, may not additively exceed some definite amount. At the same time it is intended to suitably transpose each side circuit at regular intervals, so that the number of transposition sections on one ⁇ side circuit will not greatly preponderate over the number of transposition sections on the other side ⁇ circuit. This may be accomplished by providing certain transposition schemes in uneven pitch in place of the schemes in even pitch.
  • transposition sections In the case of transpositions in even pitch, although transposition sections may be different from each 4other on the respective side circuits, these sections are individually equal to each other on the sameside circuit.
  • the lengths of thetransposition sectionson both side circuits may, however be incommensurable.
  • An incommensurable relationship between the lengths of the transposition sections may, in practice, be closely simulated by some commensurable relationship.
  • the length of a transposition section may be so chosen in a quad in whichthe side circuits run parallel 4to each other, that the transpositions at the ends of a definite length of cable coincide, while there is no coincidence of transpositions anywhere within that length.
  • the length of the cable quad having equal sections on the respective side circuits providing coincident transpositions at its beginning and at its end, will be referred to hereinafter as the basic interval.
  • the basic interval may be considered as composed of m and n transposition sections on the respective side circuits, m and n being whole numbers. lt will be assumed hereinafter that m is greater than n. Moreover, a basic inter- -tion section in a side circuit having m sections is proportional to n, and conversely, the length of al transposition section in the other side circuit is proportional to m.
  • sleIsiH l in which c is a positive whole number and CZ is an odd number.
  • n must necessarily be unity, for the right side of the Equation (l) Vwould not have an integral value unless m were divisible by n and unless m and n were relatively prime numbers. This, obviously, can only be true when n is unity.
  • Transpositions in uneven pitch are those in which the relationship between m and n, 1. e. E is not represented by an even integer.
  • An arrangement in which the number of transposition sections in the basic interval is even in one side circuit and uneven in the other, the uneven number ditfering from unity, or vice versa, represents a case in uneven pitch.
  • an arrangement in which the transposition sections in the basic interval are uneven integers in the respective side circuits, even though the smaller number be unity, represents another case of uneven pitch.
  • an arrangement in which the transpositions in both side circuits are even integers is not here considered'because two even numbers ⁇ are not relatively prime.
  • Figure 3 shows portions of the arrangement enclosed by rectangles defined by dotted lines.
  • the entire basic interval is symmetrical about a plane intersecting the quad at its center. Since only one transposition is located atl the center o f the basic interval, that transposition being in the sidecircuit of shorter spacing in which m is even, the two symmetrical transposition sections on both sides of the center line will be separated from each other by an uneven number of transpositions.
  • Figure 4 shows another arrangement in which m equals 3 and n'equals l. Since n equals 1, the conclusions derived hereinabove do not apply, and this particular case of uneven transpositions becomes of little interest.
  • Figure 5 shows an arrangement in which m and n are both uneven.
  • m equals 11 and n equals 7.
  • the last transposif tions on the respective side circuits are coincident.
  • no transposition is located at the center of the basic interval.
  • Two transposition sections which are symmetrical about the center are separated from each other by an even number of transpositions and, consequently, their disturbances are additive.
  • each basic interval may be considered to have a transposition section exhibiting a positive charge at its beginning.
  • the disturbances of the individual bas-ic intervals are Aalso additive. To eliminate interferences, it
  • the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and Y6 occur, each occurring but once.
  • Figure 6 of the drawing shows the arrangement of Figure 5 where m equals ⁇ 11 and n equals 7 ,A the terminal transpositions being displaced by one-half with respect yto each other.
  • the arrangementin Figurev 6j provides the followingl spacing within the basicv interval upon the side circuit having ⁇ fewer transpositions: 0; 0.5; 7; 11.5; 14; 21;
  • the net positive disturbance is equalto one-half of the length of the entire basic interval:
  • the negative transposition sections introduce a negative effective disturbance of 38.5, the negative disturbance exactly compensating the positive disturbance.
  • y l The particular advantages to be derived from an arrangement having an odd number Aof transposition sections become even more evident as the number of transposition sections with the ⁇ basic. interval increases.
  • mand n comparfatively 'large numbers these numbers representing one number ⁇ of transposition sections within the basic interval in the respecof the relative positions taking place within that interval.
  • the length of the transposition section on one of the side circuits may be selected freely, the length tive side circuits, no periodicity or repetition of the sections on the other side circuits being ldetermined from the relationship existing between fm and n. If m or n beof substantially the same order of magnitude as their difference, then it may occur as a result of the practically insignificant yariatio'ns in the length of the transposition sections, that fm, and n have a common divisor, whereupon the ratio of m to n becomes considerably smaller than anticipated.
  • the order of magnitude of lml and also that of n, initially of the same order of magnitude may be safely kept at a suitably high value. Consequently, the number ofv transpositions on the side circuits should not diii'er from each other too much, so vthat any unequal distribution of the transpositions on the respective side circuits Will not result in disturbing capacitative/unbalances. In general, a difference in the number of transpositions on the respective side circuits in excess of 20% may become objectionable. rllhis permissible percentage limitation depends on the accuracy to be acconiplished in practice in the formation of the transpositions as Well as on'the degree of immunity from interference required.
  • the basic interval containing essentially 99 long sections and 100 short sections and coincidentV terminal transpositions
  • the method ot accomplishing the transposition scheme may be changed to thereby increase its eiiectiveness. Accordingly, a single side cir ⁇ cuit may be transposed, iirst in one direction and then in the other.
  • the tirst transposition may be accomplished by turningone y conductor about the other to the right through an angle ot 180 degrees, followed by a turn in the reverse direction through 180 degrees; then, by a transposition to the leftthrough 180 degrees; then by a turn in the reverse direction, and so on. Accordingly, one of the conductors of one side circuit andy then the other of its conductors are alternately located adjacent to the second circuit. Such an arrangement m'ay be brought to an even higher efficiency by preventing the coincidence of transposition sections exhibiting the same relative positions in both side circuits.
  • the method ot constructing a cable quad which consists in transposing one pair of wires representing one side circuit so as to form a definite number of sections within a predetermined interval, transposing the other pair of wires of the quad representing the other side circuit so as to form a diierent number ot sections within the same predetermined interval, the number of sections in one side circuit bearing a ratio to the number of sections in the other side circuit as do two odd prime integers, and displacing one pair of Wires with respect to the other pair of wires by a predetermined distance.
  • a cable quad to be employed for the transmission and reception of telephone messages comprising four wires Wound about a common axis having point-like transpositions equally spaced in each pair of wires,thelength of the transposition sections in one pair of wires bearing the relation to the lengths of the transposition sections in the other pair of wires in accordance with two prime unequal integers, one of which is an odd integer diterent from unity, one pair of wires being displaced with respect to the other pair ot wires by a predetermined distance.

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US232988A 1927-03-30 1927-11-14 Electrical conductor Expired - Lifetime US1792273A (en)

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NL (1) NL25669C (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2673895A (en) * 1940-09-24 1954-03-30 Int Standard Electric Corp Balancing of carrier cables
US3761842A (en) * 1972-06-01 1973-09-25 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Twisted pair flat conductor cable with means to equalize impedance and propagation velocity
US3764727A (en) * 1972-06-12 1973-10-09 Western Electric Co Electrically conductive flat cable structures
US3809796A (en) * 1971-06-12 1974-05-07 Sumitomo Electric Industries Inductive radio transmission line
WO1983001706A1 (en) * 1981-11-05 1983-05-11 Western Electric Co Telecommunications cable and method of making same
WO1995006955A1 (en) * 1993-08-31 1995-03-09 Motorola, Inc. A twisted-pair planar conductor line off-set structure
US6057512A (en) * 1996-12-27 2000-05-02 Molex Incorporated Flexible printed circuitry with pseudo-twisted conductors
GB2506637A (en) * 2012-08-28 2014-04-09 Cambridge Silicon Radio Ltd Clock distribution scheme for quadrature local oscillator signals

Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2673895A (en) * 1940-09-24 1954-03-30 Int Standard Electric Corp Balancing of carrier cables
US2696526A (en) * 1940-09-24 1954-12-07 Int Standard Electric Corp Balancing of carrier cables
US3809796A (en) * 1971-06-12 1974-05-07 Sumitomo Electric Industries Inductive radio transmission line
US3761842A (en) * 1972-06-01 1973-09-25 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Twisted pair flat conductor cable with means to equalize impedance and propagation velocity
US3764727A (en) * 1972-06-12 1973-10-09 Western Electric Co Electrically conductive flat cable structures
WO1983001706A1 (en) * 1981-11-05 1983-05-11 Western Electric Co Telecommunications cable and method of making same
US4408443A (en) * 1981-11-05 1983-10-11 Western Electric Company, Inc. Telecommunications cable and method of making same
WO1995006955A1 (en) * 1993-08-31 1995-03-09 Motorola, Inc. A twisted-pair planar conductor line off-set structure
US5430247A (en) * 1993-08-31 1995-07-04 Motorola, Inc. Twisted-pair planar conductor line off-set structure
US6057512A (en) * 1996-12-27 2000-05-02 Molex Incorporated Flexible printed circuitry with pseudo-twisted conductors
GB2506637A (en) * 2012-08-28 2014-04-09 Cambridge Silicon Radio Ltd Clock distribution scheme for quadrature local oscillator signals

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Publication number Publication date
NL25669C (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

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