US11771755B2 - Self-asssembling nanostructure vaccines - Google Patents

Self-asssembling nanostructure vaccines Download PDF

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US11771755B2
US11771755B2 US16/971,278 US201916971278A US11771755B2 US 11771755 B2 US11771755 B2 US 11771755B2 US 201916971278 A US201916971278 A US 201916971278A US 11771755 B2 US11771755 B2 US 11771755B2
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amino acid
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acid sequence
nanostructure
protein
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Neil King
David Baker
Lance Stewart
Brooke FIALA
Daniel Ellis
Lauren Carter
Rashmi RAVICHANDRAN
George Ueda
Jorge Fallas
Una NATTERMANN
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University of Washington
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/12—Viral antigens
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/005—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from viruses
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
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    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
    • C12N15/85—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for animal cells
    • C12N15/86—Viral vectors
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/60—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characteristics by the carrier linked to the antigen
    • A61K2039/6031—Proteins
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y40/00—Manufacture or treatment of nanostructures
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y5/00—Nanobiotechnology or nanomedicine, e.g. protein engineering or drug delivery
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2710/00—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA dsDNA viruses
    • C12N2710/00011—Details
    • C12N2710/16011—Herpesviridae
    • C12N2710/16111—Cytomegalovirus, e.g. human herpesvirus 5
    • C12N2710/16134—Use of virus or viral component as vaccine, e.g. live-attenuated or inactivated virus, VLP, viral protein
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2710/00—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA dsDNA viruses
    • C12N2710/00011—Details
    • C12N2710/16011—Herpesviridae
    • C12N2710/16211—Lymphocryptovirus, e.g. human herpesvirus 4, Epstein-Barr Virus
    • C12N2710/16234—Use of virus or viral component as vaccine, e.g. live-attenuated or inactivated virus, VLP, viral protein
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2760/00—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA ssRNA viruses negative-sense
    • C12N2760/00011—Details
    • C12N2760/00034—Use of virus or viral component as vaccine, e.g. live-attenuated or inactivated virus, VLP, viral protein
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2760/00—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA ssRNA viruses negative-sense
    • C12N2760/00011—Details
    • C12N2760/18011—Paramyxoviridae
    • C12N2760/18511—Pneumovirus, e.g. human respiratory syncytial virus
    • C12N2760/18534—Use of virus or viral component as vaccine, e.g. live-attenuated or inactivated virus, VLP, viral protein
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

  • the .txt file contains a sequence listing entitled 18-235-PCT-US_SeqList_ST25.txt” created on Nov. 17, 2022 and having a size of 374 kilobytes.
  • the present disclosure relates generally to vaccines and methods of use thereof. Specifically, the disclosure relates to nanostructure-based vaccines capable of eliciting immune responses to antigens, such as antigenic proteins of various infectious agents, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites.
  • antigens such as antigenic proteins of various infectious agents, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites.
  • Vaccination is a treatment modality used to prevent or decrease the severity of infection with various infectious agents, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Development of new vaccines has important commercial and public health implications. In particular, lyme disease, pertussis, herpes virus, orthomyxovirus, paramyxovirus, pneumovirus, filovirus, flavivirus, reovirus, retrovirus, and malaria are infectious agents for which vaccines already exist, are being developed, or would be desirable.
  • Subunit vaccines are vaccines made from isolated antigens, usually proteins expressed recombinantly in bacterial, insect, or mammalian cell hosts.
  • the antigenic component of a subunit vaccine is selected from among the proteins of an infectious agent observed to elicit a natural immune response upon infection, although in some cases other components of the infectious agent can be used.
  • Typical antigens for use in subunit vaccines include protein expressed on the surface of the target infectious agent, as such surface-expressed envelope glycoproteins of viruses.
  • the antigen is a target for neutralizing antibodies. More preferably, the antigen is a target for broadly neutralizing antibodies, such that the immune response to the antigen covers immunity against multiple strains of the infectious agent.
  • glycans that are N-linked or O-linked to the subunit vaccine may also be important in vaccination, either by contributing to the epitope of the antigen or by guiding the immune response to particular epitopes on the antigen by steric hindrance.
  • the immune response that occurs in response to vaccination may be direct to the protein itself, to the glycan, or to both the protein and linked glycans.
  • Subunit vaccines have various advantages including that they contain no live pathogen, which eliminates concerns about infection of the patient by the vaccine; they may be designed using standard genetic engineering techniques; they are more homogenous than other forms of vaccine; and they can be manufactured in standardized recombinant protein expression production systems using well-characterized expression systems.
  • the antigen may be genetically engineered to favor generation of desirable antibodies, such as neutralizing or broadly neutralizing antibodies.
  • structural information about an antigen of interest obtained by X-ray crystallography, electron microscopy, or nuclear magnetic resonance experiments, can be used to guide rational design of subunit vaccines.
  • Nanostructure-based vaccines are one form of “nanoparticle vaccine.” In the present disclosure, nanostructure-based vaccines are distinguished from nanoparticle vaccines, because the term nanoparticle vaccine has been used in the art to refer to protein-based or glycoprotein-based vaccines (see. e.g. U.S. Pat. No.
  • Nanostructure-based vaccination represents a paradigm in vaccination with significant commercial and public health implications.
  • nanostructure-based vaccines and methods of use thereof for eliciting immune responses to infectious agents, such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites; and for preventing or decreasing the severity of infection with an infectious agent including, for example and without limitation, lyme disease, pertussis, herpes virus, orthomyxovirus, paramyxovirus, pneumovirus, filovirus, flavivirus, reovirus, retrovirus, meningococcus, and malaria.
  • nanostructures Described herein are nanostructures, vaccines, methods of use thereof, and methods of making said nanostructures.
  • the present disclosure provides nanostructures comprising a first plurality of polypeptides, wherein the first plurality of polypeptides are arranged according to at least one symmetry operator; the nanostructure comprises a first plurality of antigens; each of the first plurality of the antigens has a proximal end and a distal end; and the proximal ends of the antigens are each attached to a member of the first plurality of polypeptides.
  • the present disclosure provides vaccines comprising any of the nanostructures of the present disclosure, wherein the vaccine is capable of eliciting a neutralizing antibody response to an infectious agent.
  • the vaccine is provided in a pharmaceutical composition.
  • the present disclosure provides methods of generating immunity to an infectious agent in a subject, comprising administering any of the vaccines of the present disclosure.
  • the present disclosure provides methods of making any of the nanostructures of the present disclosure by in vitro assembly of component purified from one or more recombinant expression systems. In another aspect, the present disclosure provides methods of making any of the nanostructures of the present disclosure by co-expression of all components in a recombinant expression system, thereby generating the nanostructure, and purifying the nanostructure.
  • the nanostructure further comprises a second plurality of polypeptides, wherein the second plurality of polypeptides is attached to the first plurality of polypeptides.
  • the nanostructure further comprises a second plurality of antigens.
  • the nanostructure further comprises a second plurality of antigens, each of the second plurality of second antigens has a proximal end and a distal end, and the proximal ends of the second antigens are each attached to a member of the second plurality of polypeptides; and optionally, the proximal ends of the antigens are the N termini of the antigens or the C termini of the antigens.
  • the plurality of antigens is a plurality of antigenic proteins or antigenic fragments thereof.
  • the antigenic protein of the nanostructure is selected from SEQ ID NOs: 52-88 and 90-113 or a variant thereof; or the antigenic protein is at least 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, or 99% identical to a polypeptide selected from SEQ ID NOs: 52-88 and 90-97; or the antigenic protein is any of the following: HIV Env, RSV F, Influenza HA, EBV gp350, CMV gB, CMV UL128, CMV UL130, CMV UL131A, CMV gH, CMV gL, Lyme OspA, Pertussis toxin, Dengue E, SARS S, MERS S, Zaire ebolavirus GP, Sudan ebolavirus GP, Marburg virus GP, Hanta virus Gn, Hanta virus Gc, HepB surface antigen,
  • the nanostructure is configured to display a target epitope of the antigen; and optionally, the target epitope is accessible to an antibody as defined herein below.
  • the nanostructure comprises a plurality of antigenic proteins
  • the nanostructure is configured to elicit an immune response to the first plurality of antigenic proteins, which immune response is preferentially directed to a target epitope of the antigenic protein.
  • the target epitope is conserved, it is an epitope for neutralizing antibodies, it is an epitope for cross-reactive antibodies, or it is an epitope for a broadly-neutralizing antibody.
  • the plurality of antigens comprises at least one mutation selected from the group consisting of an interface-stabilizing mutation, complementary cysteine mutations configured to result in a disulfide bond, deletion of a loop, addition of an N-linked glycosylation site, removal of an N-linked glycosylation site, an epitope-destroying mutation, and an epitope-creating mutation.
  • the plurality of antigens comprises an antigenic oligosaccharide.
  • the neutralizing antibody response is protective against infection by an infectious agent.
  • the neutralizing antibody response is broadly-neutralizing against diverse strains of an infectious agent.
  • the infectious agent is any of the following: lyme disease, pertussis, herpesvirus, orthomyxovirus, paramyxovirus, pneumovirus, filovirus, flavivirus, reovirus, retrovirus, meningococcus, or malaria.
  • the infectious agent is a virus selected from the following: HIV, RSV, Influenza, EBV, CMV, Dengue, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) virus, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) virus, Ebola virus, Marburg virus, Hanta virus, Hepatitis B, HPV, Measles, Nipah virus, Rotavirus, Metapneumo virus, Parainfluenza virus, and Zika.
  • the infectious agent is lyme disease or pertussis.
  • the infectious agent is malaria.
  • the infectious agent is meningococcus.
  • the method further comprises administering an adjuvant. In an embodiment, the method further comprises administering the vaccine repeatedly. In an embodiment, the method further comprises administering a second vaccine which is selected from following: a nanoparticle-based vaccine, a protein-based vaccine, a live vaccine, a live attenuated vaccine, a whole germ vaccine, a DNA vaccine, or a RNA vaccine; and optionally the first vaccine is a prime and the second vaccine is a boost, or optionally the second vaccine is a prime and the first vaccine is a boost. In an embodiment, the method induces directed affinity maturation. In an embodiment, the method results in a broadly-neutralizing immune response.
  • the method achieves in vitro assembly of the nanostructure by sequentially or non-sequentially expressing the first plurality of polypeptides in a first recombinant expression system, expressing the first plurality of antigens in a second recombinant expression system, purifying the first plurality of polypeptides, purifying the first plurality of antigens, provided that expression of each component precedes purification of that component; and then mixing the first plurality of polypeptides and the first plurality of antigens; thereby generating the nanostructure.
  • the method achieves in vitro assembly of the nanostructure by sequentially or non-sequentially expressing the first plurality of polypeptides in a first recombinant expression system, expressing the first plurality of antigens in a second recombinant expression system, expressing the second plurality of polypeptides in a third recombinant expression system, purifying the first plurality of polypeptides, purifying the first plurality of antigens, purifying the second plurality of polypeptides, provided that expression of each component precedes purification of that component; and mixing the first plurality of polypeptides, the first plurality of antigens, and the second plurality of polypeptides; thereby generating the nanostructure.
  • the first recombinant expression system and the second recombinant expression system are the same, and the first plurality of polypeptides and the first plurality of antigens are purified together.
  • the method comprises expressing the first plurality of polypeptides and the first plurality of antigens in a single recombinant expression system, thereby generating the nanostructure, and purifying the nanostructure.
  • the method comprises expressing the first plurality of polypeptides, the first plurality of antigens, and the second plurality of polypeptides in a single recombinant expression system, thereby generating the nanostructure, and purifying the nanostructure.
  • the first plurality of polypeptides and the first plurality of antigens are encoded by a single open reading frame; and optionally, the single open reading frame encodes a fusion protein of the polypeptide and the antigen; and optionally, the single open reading frame encodes a self-cleaving peptide.
  • FIG. 1 A shows a schematic diagram of the production of antigen-bearing nanostructures by in vitro assembly.
  • the two components or building blocks of a given nanostructure can be expressed and purified individually, which allows assembly of the nanostructure to be initiated by mixing the purified components in vitro, a process referred to as in vitro assembly.
  • the two components of the nanostructure may be expressed in different expression hosts (e.g., human HEK293F cells or bacterial E. coli cells).
  • the figure schematically depicts assembly of a 120-subunit nanostructure bearing 20 trimeric antigens (60 antigen subunits) via in vitro assembly of an antigen-nanostructure trimer fusion protein produced in HEK293F cells and a nanostructure pentamer protein produced in E. coli.
  • FIG. 1 B depicts example nanostructure architectures.
  • FIGS. 2 A- 2 C shows graphs illustrating detection of secreted DS-Cav1 ( FIG. 2 A ), DS-Cav1-foldon-T33-31A ( FIG. 2 B ), and DS-Cav1-T33-31A ( FIG. 2 C ) fusion proteins in tissue culture supernatants.
  • ELISA assays were performed on tissue culture supernatants from cells expressing DS-Cav1 (top), DS-Cav-1-foldon-T33-31A/T33-31B (bottom left), and DS-Cav-1-T33-31A/T33-31B (bottom right).
  • FIG. 3 shows size-exclusion chromatography of DS-Cav1-I53-50A. Protein purified from tissue culture supernatants by immobilized metal affinity chromatography was applied to a Superose 6 10/300 GL size exclusion column. The protein eluted as a single, monodisperse species.
  • FIG. 4 shows size exclusion chromatography of in vitro-assembled DS-Cav1-I53-50 nanostructures.
  • Purified DS-Cav1-I53-50A and I53-50B.4PT1 proteins were mixed at an approximately 1:1 molar ratio, incubated overnight at 4° C., and then applied to a Sephacryl S-500 16/60 HR size exclusion column.
  • the assembled nanostructure eluted as a single, monodisperse peak around 65 mL, while excess DS-Cav1-I53-50A trimeric component eluted around 90 mL.
  • FIG. 5 shows a negative stain electron micrograph and two-dimensional class averages of in vitro-assembled DS-Cav-I53-50 nanostructures.
  • In vitro-assembled DS-Cav1 ⁇ I53-50 nanostructures purified by size exclusion chromatography, were imaged by negative stain electron microscopy (top). Averaging many nanostructures yielded two-dimensional class averages (bottom) that indicate that the I53-50 portion of the nanostructures is highly ordered and consistent, while the precise three-dimensional position of the displayed antigen varies slightly due to the flexible nature of the linker between the DS-Cav1 and I53-50A domains of the DS-Cav1-I53-50A fusion protein.
  • FIGS. 6 A- 6 C shows a series of graphs depicting the antigenicity of DS-Cav1-I53-50 nanostructures.
  • This finding was confirmed by surface plasmon resonance measurements using multiple RSV F-specific antibodies, which, when compared to trimeric DS-Cav1 ( FIG. 6 C ), further suggested that multivalent display of DS-Cav1 ( FIG. 6 B ) results in an avidity effect that reduces the dissociation rate of the antibodies.
  • FIG. 7 is a graph depicting DS-Cav-specific serum antibody titers from mice immunized with DS-Cav1-I53-50 nanostructures. Groups of mice were immunized with I53-50 nanostructures lacking additional antigen, trimeric DS-Cav1, or I53-50 nanostructures bearing DS-Cav1 antigen at 33%, 66%, or 100% valency. DS-Cav1-specific serum antibody titers were measured by ELISA on plates coated with DS-Cav1. Serum antibody titers for each mouse are plotted as circles, with the geometric mean within each group plotted as a horizontal line and reported numerically at bottom.
  • FIG. 8 is a graph depicting serum neutralization activity elicited by immunization with DS-Cav1-I53-50 nanostructures.
  • Groups of mice were immunized with I53-50 nanostructures lacking additional antigen, trimeric DS-Cav1, or I53-50 nanostructures bearing DS-Cav1 antigen at 33%, 66%, or 100% valency.
  • Neutralization titers for each mouse are plotted as circles, with the geometric mean within each group plotted as a horizontal line.
  • FIGS. 9 A- 9 B are graphs depicting immunogenicity in a primate immune system elicited by immunization with DS-Cav1-foldon I53-50 nanostructures.
  • Rhesus macaques were injected with DS-Cav1-foldon-I53-50 nanostructures intramuscularly at weeks 0 and 4 with either free DS-Cav1 trimer or DS-Cav1-foldon-I53-50 nanostructures displaying DS-Cav1 at 100% valency.
  • the dose of DS-Cav1 antigen was 50 ⁇ g, and the immunogens were formulated with the MF59-like, squalene-based oil-in-water emulsion adjuvant SWE.
  • Sera obtained from the animals at weeks 6 and 16 were evaluated for anti-DS-Cav1 antibody titers ( FIG. 9 A ) and RSV-neutralizing antibody titers ( FIG. 9 A ).
  • FIG. 10 is a graph depicting the physical stability of DS-Cav1 when fused to I53-50A and/or when further assembled into the icosahedral nanostructure.
  • Samples of trimeric DS-Cav1, trimeric DS-Cav1-foldon-I53-50A, and DS-Cav1-foldon-I53-50 nanostructures containing equivalent concentrations (50 nM) of DS-Cav1 were split into four aliquots and incubated at 20, 50, 70 or 80° C. for 1 hour. After cooling to room temperature, D25 binding was assayed by surface plasmon resonance (SPR).
  • SPR surface plasmon resonance
  • FIGS. 11 A- 11 J are graphs depicting physical stability of the nanostructures.
  • Chemical denaturation in guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl) monitored by intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence, was used as a second, antibody-independent technique to evaluate physical stability of trimeric DS-Cav1 ( FIG. 1 A and FIG. 1 B ), DS-Cav1-foldon-I53-50A ( FIG. 1 C and FIG. 1 D ), DS-Cav1-foldon-I53-50 ( FIG. 1 E and FIG. 1 F ), I53-50 ( FIG. 1 G and FIG. 1 H ), and I53-50A ( FIG. 1 I and FIG. 11 J ).
  • the data indicate superior physical stability of the DS-Cav1 antigen when genetically fused to the I53-50A nanostructure component.
  • the present disclosure relates to nanostructures and nanostructure-based vaccines.
  • Some nanostructures of the present disclosure display antigens capable of eliciting immune responses to infectious agents, such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites.
  • Some vaccines of the present disclosure are useful for preventing or decreasing the severity of infection with an infectious agent including, for example and without limitation, lyme disease, pertussis, herpes virus, orthomyxovirus, paramyxovirus, pneumovirus, filovirus, flavivirus, reovirus, retrovirus, meningococcus, and malaria.
  • the antigens may be attached to the core of the nanostructure either non-covalently or covalently, including as a fusion protein or by other means disclosed herein. Multimeric antigens may optionally be displayed along a symmetry axis of the nanostructure.
  • proteins and nucleic acid molecules encoding such proteins, formulations, and methods of use.
  • the nanostructures of the present invention may comprise multimeric protein assemblies adapted for display of antigens or antigenic fragments.
  • the nanostructures of the present invention comprise at least a first plurality of polypeptides.
  • the first plurality of polypeptides may be derived from a naturally-occurring protein sequence by substitution of at least one amino acid residue or by additional at the N- or C-terminus of one or more residues.
  • the first plurality of polypeptides comprises a gene sequence determined de novo by computational methods. This first plurality of polypeptides may form the entire nanostructure; or the nanostructure may comprise one or more additional polypeptides, such that the nanostructure comprises two, three, four, five, six, seven, or more pluralities of polypeptides.
  • the first plurality will form trimers related by 3-fold rotational symmetry and the second plurality will form pentamers related by 5-fold rotational symmetry.
  • these one or more pluralities of polypeptides may be arranged such that the members of each plurality of polypeptides are related to one another by symmetry operators.
  • the “core” of the nanostructure is used herein to describe the central portion of the nanostructure that links together the antigens or antigenic fragments displayed by the nanostructure.
  • the core and the displayed antigens are the same polypeptide, meaning that antigens are themselves capable of self-assembly into a nanostructure.
  • An advantage of designing the antigens themselves to self-assemble is that the entire nanostructure then acts as the antigenic component of the vaccine.
  • the cores of the nanostructures of the present disclosure are generic platforms adaptable for display of any of various antigens that one might select for inclusion in a vaccine.
  • an advantage of designing a core to be a generic platform is that the one or more pluralities of polypeptides that comprise the core can be designed and optimized in advance and then applied to different antigens. It will be understood that in some cases, the same polypeptide may form a portion of the “core” and then extend outward as either an adaptor for attachment of an antigen and as the antigen itself (i.e., a fusion protein with the antigen).
  • the antigen is a protein, glycoprotein, or oligosaccharide of an infectious agent.
  • self-assembly may be further promoted by multimerization of the antigen even though the core would, in absence of the antigen, be independently capable of self-assembly. This would be the case for example when a homo-trimeric antigen (such as HIV gp140, influenza HA, or RSV F protein) is the antigen, or one of several antigens, displayed on the particle.
  • a homo-trimeric antigen such as HIV gp140, influenza HA, or RSV F protein
  • a trimeric antigen placed along a 3-fold axis of the nanostructure promotes proper folding and conformation stability of the antigen and makes self-assembly of the nanostructure a cooperative process, in that the antigen is trimerized properly in part due to its display on a 3-fold axis of the core of the nanostructure, and the nanostructure is stabilized in its assembled form, at least in part, by non-covalent or covalent interactions amongst the trimer units.
  • introduction of mutations to the antigen or to the nanostructure components may optionally further stabilize assembly, in particular if cysteine residues are position to create intramolecular disulfide bonds.
  • a dimeric, trimeric, tetrameric, pentameric, or hexameric antigen is displayed upon a core designed to have a matching 2-fold, 3-fold, 4-fold, 5-fold, or 6-fold symmetry axis such that the core accommodates the arrangement of the multimeric antigen with the native symmetry of the antigen.
  • FIG. 1 A depicts the RSV F protein genetically fused to a component (a first plurality of polypeptides) of the nanostructure, which is expressed recombinantly in 293F cells; along with a pentameric protein assembly (a second plurality of polypeptides), which is expressed recombinantly in E. coli cells, these two pluralities of polypeptides self-assembling into a nanostructure (a “designed nanoparticle immunogen”) displaying 20 F-protein trimers around an icosahedral core.
  • the core has a generic design.
  • the RSV F protein is replaced with other another antigen protein, such as a trimeric glycoprotein from another virus.
  • the nanostructure comprises the trimeric glycoproteins of HIV-1, HIV-2, EBV, CMV, RSV, influenza, Ebola, Marburg, Dengue, SARS, MERS, Hantaan, or Zika virus.
  • the nanostructure comprises the trimeric glycoproteins of viruses that are related evolutionarily or in sequence identity to any of these exemplary virus, including without limitation, a herpes virus, orthomyxovirus, paramyxovirus, pneumovirus, filovirus, flavivirus, reovirus, or retrovirus.
  • the nanostructure comprises the extracellular domain or domains of a transmembrane protein or glycoprotein, or an antigenic fragment thereof.
  • the nanostructure comprises the antigen proteins or protein fragments or antigenic oligosaccharides of a bacterial pathogen, including without limitation, Neisseria meningitides (also known as “meningococcus”), Haemophilus influenzae type B, Streptococcus pneumonia , and Listeria monocytogenes.
  • Trimeric antigens that may be used with this or similar nanostructures are in some cases, without limitation. HIV gp140, influenza HA, dengue E protein, or Ebola sGP. When other trimeric antigens are used, they may optionally be placed on the 3-fold symmetry axis of the nanostructure. In some cases, the antigen chosen is monomeric and nevertheless placed on a 3-fold axis. Thus, the nanostructure depicted in FIG. 1 A is capable of displaying 20 timeric antigens or 60 monomeric antigens. Additionally or alternatively the pentameric complexes of the nanostructure is used to display a 12 pentameric antigens or 70 monomeric antigens. In an embodiment, the nanostructure comprises 20 copies of a trimeric antigen and 12 copies of a pentameric antigen.
  • the nanostructure is adapted for display of up to 8 trimers; 8 timers and 12 dimers; 6 tetramers and 12 dimers; 6 tetramers and 8 trimers; 20 trimers and 30 dimers; 4 trimers and 6 dimers; 4 first trimers and 4 second trimers, or 8 trimers; 12 pentamers and 20 trimers; or 12 pentamers and 30 dimers; or 4 trimers.
  • the nanostructure is adapted for display of up to 8 trimers; 12 dimers; 6 tetramers; 20 trimers; 30 dimers; 4 trimers; 6 dimers, 8 trimers; or 12 pentamers.
  • monomeric antigens are displayed and thus, the nanostructure is adapted for display of up to 12, 24, 60, or 70 monomeric antigens.
  • the nanostructure comprises mixed pluralities of polypeptides such that otherwise identical polypeptides of the core of the nanostructure display different antigens or no antigen.
  • the nanostructure is in some cases adapted for display of between 1 and 130 antigens (e.g., on the 152 particle) where each of the antigens displayed may be the same or may be different members of mixed population in proportion to any ratio chosen.
  • the antigens may be co-expressed in a recombinant expression system and self-assembled before purification. Alternatively, the antigens may be expressed separately and then mixed together, either before or after purification from expression host and associated contaminants. In various embodiments, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, or more antigens are displayed.
  • Non-limiting exemplary nanostructures are provided in Bale et al.
  • the nanostructure displays two or more antigens from the same organism, such as without limitation HIV gp140 and HIV gp41; or Ebola virus GP 1 and GP 2 ; or Measles H and F proteins; or CMV gB and CMV UL128, UL130. UL131A, gH (UL75) and gL (UL115), on the same nanostructure.
  • the nanostructure displays two antigenic proteins or glycoproteins that are generated by post-transcriptional cleavage, such as cleavage of RSV F protein or influenza HA protein by proteases endogenous to the recombinant expression system, or by proteases supplied exogenously.
  • the nanostructure is adapted to display the same antigen from two or more diverse strain of a pathogenic organism.
  • the same nanostructure displays mixed populations of homotrimeric protein antigens or mixed heterotrimers of protein antigens from different strains of the infectious agent.
  • the nanostructure displays the HA proteins of an H1N1 influenza A and of an H3N2 influenza A proteins.
  • the nanostructure displays the HA proteins of an influenza A and of an influenza B.
  • the gp140 proteins from diverse strains of HIV are displayed on a single nanostructure. Two, three, four, five, or six strains of HIV may be displayed by the same nanostructure.
  • the nanostructure-based vaccine of the present disclosure is a universal influenza vaccine.
  • the nanostructure-based vaccine of the present disclosure is an HIV vaccine.
  • the nanostructure-based vaccine of the present disclosure provides enduring protection against HIV.
  • the nanostructure-based vaccine of the present disclosure provides enduring protection against influenza.
  • the nanostructure is adapted for display of the E proteins of Dengue type 1, type 2, type 3, and type 4.
  • the nanostructure-based vaccine comprises nanostructures that individually display the protein E from each of Dengue type 1, type 2, type 3, and type 4.
  • the nanostructure-based vaccine of the present disclosure provides immunity to Dengue virus without increased risk of dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome.
  • nanostructures When mixed nanostructures are made, it may be advantageous to ensure homomerization in a strain-specific manner rather than permit heterodimerization, such that, for example all H1N1 influenza A HA proteins are displayed on one 3-fold axis of a T33 particle whereas all H3N2 influenza A HA proteins are displayed on the other 3-fold axis of the T33 particle.
  • This may be achieved by use a nanostructure comprising two or more pluralities of polypeptides as the core of the nanostructure with each plurality of polypeptides attached to a different antigen.
  • a nanostructure may be engineered with one or more symmetry-breaking mutations, such as knob-in-hole mutations or intramolecular disulfide mutations, which have the effect of preventing trimer formation between the different antigens.
  • the nanostructure displays multimeric antigens from different strains at symmetrically equivalent positions on the nanostructure, but each position on the nanostructure is occupied by homomers from the same strain, with only an insignificant proportion of inter-strain heteromeric antigens.
  • the antigen itself may be genetically engineered to prevent inter-strain heterodimerization.
  • the nanostructure is engineered to prevent heteromization of two antigenic proteins with conserved structure but divergent antigenicity, such as for example, an HA protein from the 2009 H1N1 California influenza and the HA protein from the 1999 H1N1 New Caledonia influenza.
  • the nanostructure will comprise three or more different proteins, as the fusion proteins will share identical (or equivalent) domains used to form the core of the nanostructure with different antigenic domains, one for each antigen displayed on the nanostructure.
  • the nanostructures of the present disclosure display antigens in various ways including as gene fusion or by other means disclosed herein.
  • “attached to” denotes any means known in the art for causing two polypeptides to associate.
  • the association may be direct or indirect, reversible or irreversible, weak or strong, covalent or non-covalent, and selective or nonselective.
  • attachment is achieved by genetic engineering to create an N- or C-terminus fusion of an antigen to one of the pluralities of polypeptides composing the nanostructure.
  • the nanostructure may consist of, or consist essentially of, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten pluralities of polypeptides displaying one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten pluralities of antigens, where at least one of the pluralities of antigen is genetically fused to at least one of the plurality of polypeptides.
  • the nanostructure consists essentially of one plurality of polypeptides capable of self-assembly and comprising the plurality of antigens genetically fused thereto. In some cases, the nanostructure consists essentially of a first plurality of polypeptides comprising the plurality of antigens genetically fused thereto; and a second plurality of polypeptides capable of co-assembling into two-component nanostructure, one plurality of polypeptides linking the antigen to the nanostructure and the other plurality of polypeptides promoting self-assembly of the nanostructure.
  • attachment is achieved by post-translational covalent attachment between one or more pluralities of polypeptides and one or more pluralities of antigen.
  • chemical cross-linking is used to non-specifically attach the antigen to the nanostructure polypeptide.
  • chemical cross-linking is used to specifically attach the antigen to the nanostructure polypeptide.
  • chemistries are known in the art, such as Click chemistry and other methods.
  • any cross-linking chemistry used to link two proteins may be adapted for use in the presently disclosed nanostructures.
  • chemistries used in creation of immunoconjugates or antibody drug conjugates may be used.
  • an antigen-nanostructure conjugate is created using a cleavable or non-cleavable linker.
  • Processes and methods for conjugation of antigens to carriers are provided by, e.g., U.S. Patent Pub. No. US 2008/0145373 A1.
  • the antigen is a polysaccharide.
  • the antigen is a polysaccharide and the nanostructure acts as a hapten.
  • the target antigen is a protein and conjugation of the target antigen to a polysaccharide is used to enhance the immune response.
  • Processes for preparing protein-polysaccharide conjugates are provided in, e.g., U.S. Pat. No.
  • attachment is achieved by non-covalent attachment between one or more pluralities of polypeptides and one or more pluralities of antigen.
  • the antigen is engineered to be negatively charged on at least one surface and the polypeptide is engineered to be positively charged on at least one surface, or positively and negatively charged, respectively. This promotes intermolecular association between the antigen and the polypeptides of the nanostructure by electrostatic force.
  • shape complementarity is employed to cause linkage of antigen to nanostructure. Shape complementarity can be pre-existing or rationally designed.
  • computational designed of protein-protein interfaces is used to achieve attachment.
  • the antigen is biotin-labeled and the polypeptide comprises a streptavidin, or vice versa.
  • streptavidin is displayed by gene fusion or otherwise as a tetramer on a 4-fold axis of the nanostructure and the biotin-labeled antigen is monomeric, dimeric, or tetrameric, permitting association to the nanostructure in a configuration appropriate for native multimerization of the antigen.
  • a protein-based adaptor is used to capture the antigen.
  • the polypeptide is fused to a protein capable of binding a complementary protein, which is fused to the antigen.
  • the polypeptide is fused to the rotavirus VP6 protein, which forms a trimer, and the antigen is N-terminally fused to the N-terminal peptide of rotavirus VP7, permitting trimer-to-trimer association of antigen to nanostructure.
  • each of the first plurality of the antigenic proteins has a proximal end and a distal end, and the proximal ends of the antigenic proteins are each attached to a member of the first plurality of polypeptides.
  • the distal end of the antigenic protein is defined as the portion of the antigen furthest from the center of the nanostructure.
  • the antigenic protein comprises target epitope, and the nanostructure is configured to display the target epitope.
  • the antigenic protein may comprise more than one target epitope and the nanostructure is configured to display each of the target epitopes. Epitopes progressively closer to the distal end are (without being bound by theory) in some cases preferentially accessible to the immune system.
  • the distal end of the antigenic protein may be its N terminus, its C terminus, or neither terminus.
  • the antigenic protein may be displayed in any orientation.
  • the antigenic protein is displayed so that one or more known epitopes are oriented at or towards the distal end of the antigenic protein, such that these epitope(s) are preferentially accessible to the immune system.
  • the orientation will recapitulate the orientation of a viral protein with respect to the virus.
  • the antigenic protein HA may be oriented so that the receptor binding site is at the distal end of the protein, similar to the orientation of HA in the whole virus; or alternatively, the influenza HA protein may be oriented such that the stem epitope is preferentially accessible to the immune system.
  • the choice of orientation may direct the immune system to one or the other epitope.
  • the immune response to influenza may be guided to the receptor binding site or to the stem by choice of orientation.
  • the orientation of other antigens may influence the immune response. In some embodiments, orientation of the antigen results in an immune response targeted to a preferred epitope.
  • the antigenic protein is in some embodiments the Env protein of HIV-1 or HIV-2, or an antigenic fragment thereof.
  • the orientation of the Env or fragment thereof will in some cases recapitulate that the orientation of Env protein with respect to the HIV viron, such that the proximal end is the membrane-proximal end of the Env protein or fragment thereof.
  • the preferred epitope is selected from the group consisting of the CD4-binding site (CD4bs); the V2 proteoglycan moiety on the trimer apex of Env; the V3 proteoglycan moiety on the high mannose patch of Env; the membrane proximal external region (MPER) of the Env transmembrane domain; and the gp120-gp41 interface with or without fusion peptide.
  • CD4bs CD4-binding site
  • V2 proteoglycan moiety on the trimer apex of Env the V3 proteoglycan moiety on the high mannose patch of Env
  • the membrane proximal external region (MPER) of the Env transmembrane domain the gp120-gp41 interface with or without fusion peptide.
  • epitope preference is control by other means, such as positioning of glycans on the nanostructure by addition or subtraction of the N-linked glycan sequence motif N-X-[T/S] at predetermined positions in the amino acid sequence of any of the polypeptides of the nanostructure including in the amino acid sequence of the antigen.
  • the epitopes found at intermediate distances from the proximal to the distal end will be the preferred over epitopes more distally located depending on various considerations including but not limited to the overall geometry of the nanostructure, surface hydrophobicity, surface charge, and competitive binding of proteins endogenously present in the subject or proteins exogenously provided in the vaccine composition.
  • the present disclosure encompasses all known methods of rational design of protein structure and the foregoing is not intended to be limiting.
  • the one or more pluralities of polypeptides of the present disclosure may have any of various amino acids sequences.
  • U.S. Patent Pub No. US 2015/0356240 A1 describes various methods for designing nanostructures.
  • the isolated polypeptides of SEQ ID NOS:1-51 were designed for their ability to self-assemble in pairs to form nanostructures, such as icosahedral nanostructures.
  • the design involved design of suitable interface residues for each member of the polypeptide pair that can be assembled to form the nanostructure.
  • the nanostructures so formed include symmetrically repeated, non-natural, non-covalent polypeptide-polypeptide interfaces that orient a first assembly and a second assembly into a nanostructure, such as one with an icosahedral symmetry.
  • the first and second polypeptides are selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS:1-51.
  • the N-terminal methionine residue is optional.
  • Table 1 provides the amino acid sequence of the first and second polypeptides from embodiments of the present disclosure. In each case, the pairs of sequences together from an 153 icosahedron.
  • the right hand column in Table 1 identifies the residue numbers in each exemplary polypeptide that were identified as present at the interface of resulting assembled nanostructures (i.e.: “identified interface residues”). As can be seen, the number of interface residues for the exemplary polypeptides of SEQ ID NO:1-34 range from 4-13.
  • the first and second polypeptides comprise an amino acid sequence that is at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical over its length, and identical at least at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13 identified interface positions (depending on the number of interface residues for a given polypeptide), to the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 1-34.
  • SEQ ID NOs: 35-51 represent other amino acid sequences of the first and second polypeptides from embodiments of the present disclosure.
  • the first and second polypeptides comprise an amino acid sequence that is at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical over its length, and identical at least at 20%, 25%, 33%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 90%, or 100% of the identified interface positions, to the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS:1-51.
  • the polypeptides are expected to tolerate some variation in the designed sequences without disrupting subsequent assembly into nanostructures: particularly when such variation comprises conservative amino acid substitutions.
  • conservative amino acid substitution means that: hydrophobic amino acids (Ala, Cys, Gly, Pro, Met, Val, Ile, Leu) can only be substituted with other hydrophobic amino acids; hydrophobic amino acids with bulky side chains (Phe, Tyr, Trp) can only be substituted with other hydrophobic amino acids with bulky side chains; amino acids with positively charged side chains (Arg, His, Lys) can only be substituted with other amino acids with positively charged side chains; amino acids with negatively charged side chains (Asp, Glu) can only be substituted with other amino acids with negatively charged side chains; and amino acids with polar uncharged side chains (Ser, Thr, Asn, Gln) can only be substituted with other amino acids with polar uncharged side chains.
  • the first polypeptides and the second polypeptides comprise polypeptides with the amino acid sequence selected from the following pairs, or modified versions thereof (i.e.: permissible modifications as disclosed for the polypeptides of the invention: isolated polypeptides comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 75% identical over its length, and/or identical at least at one identified interface position, to the amino acid sequence indicated by the SEQ ID NO.):
  • SEQ ID NO:1 and SEQ ID NO:2 (I53-34A and I53-34B);
  • SEQ ID NO:3 and SEQ ID NO:4 (I53-40A and I53-40B);
  • SEQ ID NO:3 and SEQ ID NO:24 (I53-40A and I53-40B.1);
  • SEQ ID NO:23 and SEQ ID NO:4 (I53-40A.1 and I53-40B);
  • SEQ ID NO:35 and SEQ ID NO:36 (I53-40A genus and I53-40B genus);
  • SEQ ID NO:5 and SEQ ID NO:6 (I53-47A and I53-47B):
  • SEQ ID NO:5 and SEQ ID NO:27 (I53-47A and I53-47B.1);
  • SEQ ID NO:5 and SEQ ID NO:28 (I53-47A and I53-47B.1NegT2):
  • SEQ ID NO:25 and SEQ ID NO:6 (I53-47A. and I53-47B);
  • SEQ ID NO:25 and SEQ ID NO:27 (I53-47A.1 and I53-47B.1);
  • SEQ ID NO:25 and SEQ ID NO:28 (I53-47A.1 and 15347B.1NegT2);
  • SEQ ID NO:26 and SEQ ID NO:6 (I53-47A.1NegT2 and I53-47B);
  • SEQ ID NO:26 and SEQ ID NO:27 (I53-47A.1NegT2 and I53-47B.1);
  • SEQ ID NO:26 and SEQ ID NO:28 (I53-47A.1NegT2 and I53-47B.1NegT2);
  • SEQ ID NO:37 and SEQ ID NO:38 (I53-47A genus and 15347B genus);
  • SEQ ID NO:7 and SEQ ID NO:8 (I53-50A and 53-50B);
  • SEQ ID NO:7 and SEQ ID NO:32 (I53-50A and I53-50B.1);
  • SEQ ID NO:7 and SEQ ID NO:33 (I53-50A and I53-50B.1NegT2);
  • SEQ ID NO:7 and SEQ ID NO:34 (I53-50A and I53-50B.4PosT1);
  • SEQ ID NO:29 and SEQ ID NO:8 (I53-50A.1 and I53-50B);
  • SEQ ID NO:29 and SEQ ID NO:32 (I53-50A.1 and 53-50B.1);
  • SEQ ID NO:29 and SEQ ID NO:33 (I53-50A.1 and I53-50B.1NegT2);
  • SEQ ID NO:29 and SEQ ID NO:34 (I53-50A.1 and I53-50B.4PosT1);
  • SEQ ID NO:30 and SEQ ID NO:8 (I53-50A.NegT2 and I53-50B);
  • SEQ ID NO:30 and SEQ ID NO:32 (I53-50A.1NegT2 and I53-50B.1);
  • SEQ ID NO:30 and SEQ ID NO:33 (I53-50A.NegT2 and 53-50B.1NegT2);
  • SEQ ID NO:30 and SEQ ID NO:34 (I53-50A.1NegT2 and I53-50B.4PosT1);
  • SEQ ID NO:31 and SEQ ID NO:8 (I53-50A.1PosT1 and 53-50B);
  • SEQ ID NO:31 and SEQ ID NO:32 (I53-50A.1PosT1 and I53-50B.1);
  • SEQ ID NO:31 and SEQ ID NO:33 (I53-50A.1PosT1 and I53-50B.1NegT2);
  • SEQ ID NO:31 and SEQ ID NO:34 (I53-50A.1PosT1 and I53-50B.4PosT1);
  • SEQ ID NO:39 and SEQ ID NO:40 (I53-50A genus and I53-50B genus);
  • SEQ ID NO:9 and SEQ ID NO:10 (I53-51A and I53-51B):
  • SEQ ID NO:11 and SEQ ID NO:12 (I52-03A and I52-03B);
  • SEQ ID NO:13 and SEQ ID NO:14 (I52-32A and I52-32B);
  • SEQ ID NO:17 and SEQ ID NO:18 (I32-06A and I32-06B);
  • SEQ ID NO:19 and SEQ ID NO:20 (I32-19A and I32-19B);
  • SEQ ID NO:21 and SEQ ID NO:22 (I32-28A and I32-28B);
  • SEQ ID NO:23 and SEQ ID NO:24 (I53-40A.1 and I53-40B.1);
  • SEQ ID NO:41 and SEQ ID NO:42 (T32-28A and T32-28B):
  • SEQ ID NO:43 and SEQ ID NO:44 (T33-09A and T33-09B);
  • SEQ ID NO:45 and SEQ ID NO:46 (T33-15A and T33-15B);
  • SEQ ID NO:47 and SEQ ID NO:48 (T33-21A and T33-21B);
  • SEQ ID NO:49 and SEQ ID NO:50 (T33-28A and T32-28B);
  • SEQ ID NO:51 and SEQ ID NO:44 (T33-31A and T33-09B (also referred to as T33-31B))
  • the one or more proteins, or antigenic fragments thereof are expressed as a fusion protein with the first and/or second polypeptides.
  • one or more proteins, or antigenic fragments thereof are present at the N terminus of the fusion protein, whenever this configuration can facilitate presentation of the one or more proteins, or antigenic fragments thereof on an exterior of the nanostructure.
  • a preference for the presence of the protein at the N terminus of the fusion protein occurs whenever from the location of the C terminus of the proteins is at proximal end of the protein.
  • one or more proteins, or antigenic fragments thereof are present at the C terminus of the fusion protein, whenever this configuration can facilitate presentation of the one or more proteins, or antigenic fragments thereof on an exterior of the nanostructure.
  • a preference for the presence of the protein at the C terminus of the fusion protein occurs whenever from the location of the M terminus of the proteins is at proximal end of the protein.
  • Non-limiting examples of nanostructures useful in vaccines of the present disclosure include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 9,630,994 and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/481,331, which are incorporated herein in its entirety.
  • the present disclosure provides nanostructure-based vaccines for any of the various known bacteria, viruses, or parasites relevant to human or animal disease.
  • the present disclosure relates to vaccines for lyme disease, pertussis, herpes virus, orthomyxovirus, paramyxovirus, pneumovirus, filovirus, flavivirus, reovirus, retrovirus, malaria, viral meningitis, fungal meningitis, and bacterial meningitis including Neisseria meningitides (also known as “meningococcus”), Haemophilus influenzae type B, Streptococcus pneumonia , and Listeria monocytogenes .
  • Neisseria meningitides also known as “meningococcus”
  • Haemophilus influenzae type B
  • Streptococcus pneumonia Listeria monocytogenes
  • antigens proteins or polysaccharides capable of generating protective immune responses are known.
  • the present disclosure relates to incorporation of any of these antigens-particularly antigenic proteins-into nanostructure-based vaccines.
  • Guidance is particularly available from studies of the immune response to infection or vaccination, such as isolation of binding or neutralizing antibodies, genetic analysis of antigen sequence, structural studies of antigenic proteins and antibodies, and most particularly clinical and veterinary experience with subunit vaccines.
  • any known subunit vaccine can be adapted for use with the nanostructures of the present disclosure by employing the display modalities provided above.
  • the nanostructure-based vaccines of the present disclosure comprise an oligosaccharide (e.g., a meningococcal oligosaccharide) conjugated directly or through an intermediate protein (e.g., diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid, or CRM197) to the nanostructure.
  • the nanostructure-based vaccines of the present disclosure comprise antigens or antigenic fragments from the list provided in Table 2.
  • Hantaan virus Gn and Gc Hantavirus Gn and Ge Envelope Glycoproteins Key envelope Structural Units for Virus Cell Entry and Virus glycoproteins Assembly. Viruses. 2014 April; 6 (4): 1801-1822. Hepatitis B HepB surface Raldao et al. Virus-like particles in vaccine antigen (HBs) development. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2010 October; 9 (10): 1149-76. Measles H and F proteins Lobanova et al. The recombinant globular head domain of the measles virus hemagglutinin protein as a subunit vaccine against measles. Vaccine. 2012 Apr. 26; 30 (20): 3061-7.
  • HMPV Metapneumo metapneumovirus
  • CSP protein
  • the antigen is an antigenic protein is selected from a polypeptide of SEQ ID NOs: 52-88 and 90-113 or a variant thereof, as provided in Table 3.
  • the nanostructure comprises a trimeric assembly.
  • the trimeric assembly comprises a protein-protein interface that induces three copies of the first polypeptides to self-associate to form trimeric building blocks.
  • Each copy of the first polypeptides further comprises a surface-exposed interface that interacts with a complementary surface-exposed interface on a second assembly domain.
  • the complementary protein-protein interface between the trimeric assembly domain and second assembly domain drives the assembly of multiple copies of the trimeric assembly domain and second assembly domain to a target nanostructure.
  • each copy of the trimeric assembly domains of the nanostructure bears an antigenic proteins, or antigenic fragment thereof, as a genetic fusion; these nanostructures display the proteins at full valency.
  • the nanostructures of the invention comprise one or more copies of trimeric assembly domains bearing antigens proteins, or antigenic fragments thereof as genetic fusions as well as one or more trimeric assembly domains that do not bear antigenic proteins as genetic fusions; these nanostructures display the F proteins at partial valency.
  • the trimeric assembly domain can be any polypeptide sequence that forms a trimer and interacts with a second assembly domain to drive assembly to a target nanostructure.
  • the nanostructure comprises first and second polypeptides selected from those disclosed in US 20130274441 A1, US 2015/0356240 A1, US 2016/0122392 A1, WO 2018/187325 A1, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
  • the antigenic protein and the core of the nanostructure may be genetically fused such that they are both present in a single polypeptide.
  • the linkage between the protein and the core of the nanostructure allows the protein, or antigenic fragment thereof, to be displayed on the exterior of the nanostructure.
  • the point of connection to the core of the nanostructure should be on the exterior of the core of the nanostructure formed.
  • linkers Any suitable linker can be used; there is no amino acid sequence requirement to serve as an appropriate linker.
  • the linker impose a rigid relative orientation of the protein or antigenic fragment thereof to the core of the nanostructure beyond enabling the protein or antigenic fragment thereof to be displayed on the exterior of the nanostructure.
  • the linker includes additional trimerization domains (e.g., the foldon domain of T4 fibritin) that assist in stabilizing the trimeric form of the F protein.
  • the linker may comprise a Gly-Ser linker (i.e. a linker consisting of glycine and serine residues) of any suitable length.
  • the Gly-Ser linker may be 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, or more amino acids in length.
  • the Gly-Ser linker may comprise or consist of the amino acid sequence of GSGGSGSGSGGSGSG, GGSGGSGS or GSGGSGSG.
  • one or more purified samples of pluralities of the polypeptides for use in forming a nanostructure are mixed in an approximately equimolar molar ratio in aqueous conditions.
  • the polypeptides interact with one another to drive assembly of the target nanostructure.
  • Successful assembly of the target nanostructure can be confirmed by analyzing the in vitro assembly reaction by common biochemical or biophysical methods used to assess the physical size of proteins or protein assemblies, including but not limited to size exclusion chromatography, native (non-denaturing) gel electrophoresis, dynamic light scattering, multi-angle light scattering, analytical ultracentrifugation, negative stain electron microscopy, cryo-electron microscopy, or X-ray crystallography.
  • the assembled nanostructure can be purified from other species or molecules present in the in vitro assembly reaction using preparative techniques commonly used to isolate proteins by their physical size, including but not limited to size exclusion chromatography, preparative ultracentrifugation, tangential flow filtration, or preparative gel electrophoresis.
  • the presence of the antigenic protein in the nanostructure can be assessed by techniques commonly used to determine the identity of protein molecules in aqueous solutions, including but not limited to SDS-PAGE, mass spectrometry, protein sequencing, or amino acid analysis.
  • the accessibility of the protein on the exterior of the particle, as well as its conformation or antigenicity, can be assessed by techniques commonly used to detect the presence and conformation of an antigen, including but not limited to binding by monoclonal antibodies, conformation-specific monoclonal antibodies, or anti-sera specific to the antigen.
  • the nanostructures of the invention comprise two or more distinct first polypeptides bearing different antigenic proteins as genetic fusions; these nanostructures co-display multiple different proteins on the same nanostructure.
  • These multi-antigen nanostructures are produced by performing in vitro assembly with mixtures of first polypeptides in which each first polypeptide bears one of two or more distinct proteins as a genetic fusion. The fraction of each first polypeptide in the mixture determines the average valency of each antigenic protein in the resulting nanostructures. The presence and average valency of each protein-bearing first polypeptides in a given sample can be assessed by quantitative analysis using the techniques described above for evaluating the presence of antigenic proteins in full-valency nanostructures.
  • the nanostructures are between about 20 nanometers (nm) to about 40 nm in diameter, with interior lumens between about 15 nm to about 32 nm across and pore sizes in the protein shells between about 1 nm to about 14 nm in their longest dimensions.
  • the nanostructure has icosahedral symmetry.
  • the nanostructure may comprise 60 copies of a first polypeptide and 60 copies of a second polypeptide.
  • the number of identical first polypeptides in each first assembly is different than the number of identical second polypeptides in each second assembly.
  • the nanostructure comprises twelve first assemblies and twenty second assemblies; in this embodiment, each first assembly may, for example, comprise five copies of the identical first polypeptide, and each second assembly may, for example, comprise three copies of the identical second polypeptide.
  • the nanostructure comprises twelve first assemblies and thirty second assemblies; in this embodiment, each first assembly may, for example, comprise five copies of the identical first polypeptide, and each second assembly may, for example, comprise two copies of the identical second polypeptide.
  • the nanostructure comprises twenty first assemblies and thirty second assemblies; in this embodiment, each first assembly may, for example, comprise three copies of the identical first polypeptide, and each second assembly may, for example, comprise two copies of the identical second polypeptide. All of these embodiments are capable of forming synthetic nanomaterials with regular icosahedral symmetry.
  • oligomeric states of the first and second polypeptides are as follows:
  • I53-34A trimer+I53-34B: pentamer
  • I53-40A pentamer+I53-40B: trimer
  • I53-47A trimer+I53-47B: pentamer
  • I53-50A trimer+I53-50B: pentamer
  • I53-51A trimer+I53-51B: pentamer
  • I32-06A dimer+I32-06B: trimer
  • I32-19A trimer+I32-19B: dimer
  • I32-28A trimer+I32-28B: dimer
  • I52-03A pentamer+I52-03B: dimer:
  • I52-33A pentamer+I52-33B: dimer
  • the present disclosure provides isolated nucleic acids encoding a fusion protein of the present disclosure.
  • the isolated nucleic acid sequence may comprise RNA or DNA.
  • isolated nucleic acids are those that have been removed from their normal surrounding nucleic acid sequences in the genome or in cDNA sequences.
  • Such isolated nucleic acid sequences may comprise additional sequences useful for promoting expression and/or purification of the encoded protein, including but not limited to polyA sequences, modified Kozak sequences, and sequences encoding epitope tags, export signals, and secretory signals, nuclear localization signals, and plasma membrane localization signals. It will be apparent to those of skill in the art, based on the teachings herein, what nucleic acid sequences will encode the proteins of the disclosure.
  • the present disclosure provides recombinant expression vectors comprising the isolated nucleic acid of any embodiment or combination of embodiments of the disclosure operatively linked a suitable control sequence.
  • “Recombinant expression vector” includes vectors that operatively link a nucleic acid coding region or gene to any control sequences capable of effecting expression of the gene product.
  • “Control sequences” operably linked to the nucleic acid sequences of the disclosure are nucleic acid sequences capable of effecting the expression of the nucleic acid molecules. The control sequences need not be contiguous with the nucleic acid sequences, so long as they function to direct the expression thereof.
  • intervening untranslated yet transcribed sequences can be present between a promoter sequence and the nucleic acid sequences and the promoter sequence can still be considered “operably linked” to the coding sequence.
  • Other such control sequences include, but are not limited to, polyadenylation signals, termination signals, and ribosome binding sites.
  • Such expression vectors can be of any type known in the art, including but not limited to plasmid and viral-based expression vectors.
  • control sequence used to drive expression of the disclosed nucleic acid sequences in a mammalian system may be constitutive (driven by any of a variety of promoters, including but not limited to, CMV, SV40, RSV, actin, EF) or inducible (driven by any of a number of inducible promoters including, but not limited to, tetracycline, ecdysone, steroid responsive).
  • inducible promoters including, but not limited to, tetracycline, ecdysone, steroid responsive.
  • the construction of expression vectors for use in transfecting prokaryotic cells is also well known in the art, and thus can be accomplished via standard techniques. (See, for example, Sambrook, Fritsch, and Maniatis, in: Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989; Gene Transfer and Expression Protocols, pp.
  • the expression vector must be replicable in the host organisms either as an episome or by integration into host chromosomal DNA.
  • the expression vector comprises a plasmid.
  • the disclosure is intended to include other expression vectors that serve equivalent functions, such as viral vectors.
  • the present disclosure provides host cells that have been transfected with the recombinant expression vectors disclosed herein, wherein the host cells can be either prokaryotic or eukaryotic.
  • the cells can be transiently or stably transfected.
  • transfection of expression vectors into prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells can be accomplished via any technique known in the art, including but not limited to standard bacterial transformations, calcium phosphate co-precipitation, electroporation, or liposome mediated-, DEAE dextran mediated-, polycationic mediated-, or viral mediated transfection.
  • a method of producing a polypeptide according to the disclosure is an additional part of the disclosure.
  • the method comprises the steps of (a) culturing a host according to this aspect of the disclosure under conditions conducive to the expression of the polypeptide, and (b) optionally, recovering the expressed polypeptide.
  • the disclosure also provides vaccines comprising the nanostructures described herein.
  • Such compositions can be used to raise antibodies in a mammal (e.g. a human).
  • the vaccines compositions of the disclosure typically include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and a thorough discussion of such carriers is available in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy.
  • the pH of the composition is usually between about 4.5 to about 11, such as between about 5 to about 11, between about 5.5 to about 11, between about 6 to about 11, between about 5 to about 10.5, between about 5.5 to about 10.5, between about 6 to about 10.5, between about 5 to about 10, between about 5.5 to about 10, between about 6 to about 10, between about 5 to about 9.5, between about 5.5 to about 9.5, between about 6 to about 9.5, between about 5 to about 9, between about 5.5 to about 9, between about 6 to about 9, between about 5 to about 8.5, between about 5.5 to about 8.5, between about 6 to about 8.5, between about 5 to about 8, between about 5.5 to about 8, between about 6 to about 8, about 4.5, about 5, about 6.5, about 6, about 6.5, about 7, about 7.5, about 8, about 8.5, about 9, about 9.5, about 10, about 10.5, about 11, etc.
  • Stable pH may be maintained by the use of a buffer e.g. a Tris buffer, a citrate buffer, phosphate buffer, or a histidine buffer.
  • compositions may be sterile and/or pyrogen free. Compositions may be isotonic with respect to humans.
  • a vaccine composition comprises an immunologically effective amount of its antigen(s).
  • An “immunologically effective amount” is an amount which, when administered to a subject, is effective for eliciting an antibody response against the antigen. This amount can vary depending upon the health and physical condition of the individual to be treated, their age, the capacity of the individual's immune system to synthesize antibodies, the degree of protection desired, the formulation of the vaccine, the treating doctor's assessment of the medical situation, and other relevant factors. It is expected that the amount will fall in a relatively broad range that can be determined through routine trials.
  • the antigen content of compositions of the disclosure will generally be expressed in terms of the mass of protein per dose. A dose of 10-500 ⁇ g (e.g. 50 ⁇ g) per antigen can be useful.
  • Vaccine compositions may include an immunological adjuvant.
  • exemplary adjuvants include the following: 1. mineral-containing compositions; 2. oil emulsions: 3. saponin formulations; 4. virosomes and virus-like particles; 5. bacterial or microbial derivatives; 6. bioadhesives and mucoadhesives; 7. liposomes; 8. polyoxyethylene ether and polyoxyethylene ester formulations: 9. polyphosphazene (pcpp); 10. muramyl peptides; 11. imidazoquinolone compounds: 12. thiosemicarbazone compounds; 13. tryptanthrin compounds; 14. human immunomodulators; 15. lipopeptides; 16. benzonaphthyridines; 17. microparticles; 18. immunostimulatory polynucleotide (such as ma or dna; e.g., cpg-containing oligonucleotides).
  • the composition may include an aluminum salt adjuvant, an oil in water emulsion (e.g. an oil-in-water emulsion comprising squalene, such as MF59 or AS3), a TLR7 agonist (such as imidazoquinoline or imiquimod), or a combination thereof.
  • Suitable aluminum salts include hydroxides (e.g. oxyhydroxides), phosphates (e.g. hydroxyphosphates, orthophosphates), (e.g. see chapters 8 & 9 of Vaccine Design . . . (1995) eds. Powell & Newman. ISBN: 030644867X. Plenum), or mixtures thereof.
  • the salts can take any suitable form (e.g.
  • the concentration of Al +++ in a composition for administration to a patient may be less than 5 mg/ml e.g. ⁇ 4 mg/ml, ⁇ 3 mg/ml, ⁇ 2 mg/ml, ⁇ 1 mg/ml, etc. A preferred range is between 0.3 and 1 mg/ml. A maximum of 0.85 mg/dose is preferred.
  • Aluminum hydroxide and aluminium phosphate adjuvants are suitable for use with the disclosure.
  • Exemplary adjuvants include, but are not limited to, Adju-Phos, Adjumerlm, albumin-heparin microparticles, Algal Glucan, Algammulin, Alum, Antigen Formulation, AS-2 adjuvant, autologous dendritic cells, autologous PBMC, AvridineTM, B7-2, BAK, BAY R1005, Bupivacaine, Bupivacaine-HCl, BWZL, Calcitriol, Calcium Phosphate Gel, CCR5 peptides, CFA, Cholera holotoxin (CT) and Cholera toxin B subunit (CTB), Cholera toxin A1-subunit-Protein A D-fragment fusion protein, CpG, CRL1005, Cytokine-containing Liposomes, D-Murapalmitine, DDA, DHEA, Diphtheria toxoid, DL-PGL, DMPC, DMPG, DOC/Alum Complex, Fo
  • One suitable immunological adjuvant comprises a compound of Formula (I) as defined in WO2011/027222, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, adsorbed to an aluminum salt.
  • Many further adjuvants can be used, including any of those disclosed in Powell & Newman (1995).
  • Compositions may include an antimicrobial, particularly when packaged in multiple dose format.
  • Antimicrobials such as thiomersal and 2-phenoxyethanol are commonly found in vaccines, but sometimes it may be desirable to use either a mercury-free preservative or no preservative at all.
  • Compositions may comprise detergent e.g. a polysorbate, such as polysorbate 80.
  • Detergents are generally present at low levels e.g. ⁇ 0.01%.
  • Compositions may include sodium salts (e.g. sodium chloride) to give tonicity.
  • sodium salts e.g. sodium chloride
  • a concentration of 10 ⁇ 2 mg/ml NaCl is typical e.g. about 9 mg/ml.
  • the buffer in the vaccine composition is a Tris buffer, a histidine buffer, a phosphate buffer, a citrate buffer or an acetate buffer.
  • the composition may also include a lyoprotectant, e.g. sucrose, sorbitol or trehalose.
  • the composition includes a preservative e.g.
  • the composition includes a bulking agent, like glycine.
  • the composition includes a surfactant e.g., polysorbate-20, polysorbate-40, polysorbate-60, polysorbate-65, polysorbate-80 polysorbate-85, poloxamer-188, sorbitan monolaurate, sorbitan monopalmitate, sorbitan monostearate, sorbitan monooleate, sorbitan trilaurate, sorbitan tristearate, sorbitan trioleaste, or a combination thereof.
  • the composition may also include a tonicity adjusting agent, e.g., a compound that renders the formulation substantially isotonic or isoosmotic with human blood.
  • Exemplary tonicity adjusting agents include sucrose, sorbitol, glycine, methionine, mannitol, dextrose, inositol, sodium chloride, arginine and arginine hydrochloride.
  • the composition additionally includes a stabilizer, e.g., a molecule which substantially prevents or reduces chemical and/or physical instability of the nanostructure, in lyophilized or liquid form.
  • Exemplary stabilizers include sucrose, sorbitol, glycine, inositol, sodium chloride, methionine, arginine, and arginine hydrochloride.
  • the disclosure provides a method of inducing an immune response against an infectious agent, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an immunologically effective amount of the immunogenic composition described herein, which comprises the nanostructure as described herein.
  • the immune response comprises the production of neutralizing antibodies against an infectious agent.
  • the neutralizing antibodies are complement-independent.
  • the immune response can comprise a humoral immune response, a cell-mediated immune response, or both.
  • an immune response is induced against each delivered antigenic protein.
  • a cell-mediated immune response can comprise a Helper T-cell (Th) response, a CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) response, or both.
  • the immune response comprises a humoral immune response, and the antibodies are neutralizing antibodies.
  • Neutralizing antibodies block viral infection of cells. Viruses infect epithelial cells and also fibroblast cells.
  • the immune response reduces or prevents infection of both cell types.
  • Neutralizing antibody responses can be complement-dependent or complement-independent.
  • the neutralizing antibody response is complement-independent.
  • the neutralizing antibody response is cross-neutralizing; i.e., an antibody generated against an administered composition neutralizes a virus of a strain other than the strain used in the composition.
  • a useful measure of antibody potency in the art is “50% neutralization titer.”
  • serum from immunized animals is diluted to assess how dilute serum can be yet retain the ability to block entry of 50% of viruses into cells.
  • a titer of 700 means that serum retained the ability to neutralize 50% of virus after being diluted 700-fold.
  • higher titers indicate more potent neutralizing antibody responses.
  • this titer is in a range having a lower limit of about 200, about 400, about 600, about 800, about 1000, about 1500, about 2000, about 2500, about 3000, about 3500, about 4000, about 4500, about 5000, about 5500.
  • the 50% neutralization titer range can have an upper limit of about 400, about 600, about 800, about 1000, about 1500, about 2000, about 2500, about 3000, about 3500, about 4000, about 4500, about 5000, about 5500, about 6000, about 6500, about 7000, about 8000, about 9000, about 10000, about 11000, about 12000, about 13000, about 14000, about 15000, about 16000, about 17000, about 18000, about 19000, about 20000, about 21000, about 22000, about 23000, about 24000, about 25000, about 26000, about 27000, about 28000, about 29000, or about 30000.
  • the 50% neutralization titer can be about 3000 to about 25000. “About” means plus or minus 10% of the recited value.
  • compositions of the disclosure will generally be administered directly to a subject.
  • Direct delivery may be accomplished by parenteral injection (e.g. subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, intravenously, intramuscularly, or to the interstitial space of a tissue), or by any other suitable route.
  • parenteral injection e.g. subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, intravenously, intramuscularly, or to the interstitial space of a tissue
  • intramuscular administration may be used e.g. to the thigh or the upper arm.
  • Injection may be via a needle (e.g. a hypodermic needle), but needle-free injection may alternatively be used.
  • a typical intramuscular dosage volume is 0.5 ml.
  • Dosage can be by a single dose schedule or a multiple dose schedule. Multiple doses may be used in a primary immunization schedule and/or in a booster immunization schedule. In a multiple dose schedule the various doses may be given by the same or different routes, e.g., a parenteral prime and mucosal boost, a mucosal prime and parenteral boost, etc. Multiple doses will typically be administered at least 1 week apart (e.g., about 2 weeks, about 3 weeks, about 4 weeks, about 6 weeks, about 8 weeks, about 10 weeks, about 12 weeks, about 16 weeks, etc.).
  • the subject may be an animal, preferably a vertebrate, more preferably a mammal.
  • exemplary subject includes, e.g., a human, a cow, a pig, a chicken, a cat or a dog, as the infectious agents covered herein may be problematic across a wide range of species.
  • the human is preferably a child (e.g., a toddler or infant), a teenager, or an adult: where the vaccine is for therapeutic use, the human is preferably a teenager or an adult.
  • a vaccine intended for children may also be administered to adults, e.g., to assess safety, dosage, immunogenicity, etc.
  • Vaccines of the disclosure may be prophylactic (i.e. to prevent disease) or therapeutic (i.e. to reduce or eliminate the symptoms of a disease).
  • the term prophylactic may be considered as reducing the severity of or preventing the onset of a particular condition.
  • prophylactic vaccine may also refer to vaccines that ameliorate the effects of a future infection, for example by reducing the severity or duration of such an infection.
  • Isolated and/or purified nanostructures described herein can be administered alone or as either prime or boost in mixed-modality regimes, such as a RNA prime followed by a protein boost.
  • Benefits of the RNA-prime/protein-boost strategy, as compared to a protein-prime/protein-boost strategy, include, for example, increased antibody titers, a more balanced IgG1:IgG2a subtype profile, induction of TH1-type CD4+ T cell-mediated immune response that was similar to that of viral particles, and reduced production of non-neutralizing antibodies.
  • the RNA prime can increase the immunogenicity of compositions regardless of whether they contain or do not contain an adjuvant.
  • RNA-prime/protein boost-strategy the RNA and the protein are directed to the same target antigen.
  • suitable modes of delivering RNAs include virus-like replicon particles (VRPs), alphavirus RNA, replicons encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) or formulated RNAs, such as replicons formulated with cationic nanoemulsions (CNEs).
  • VRPs virus-like replicon particles
  • LNPs lipid nanoparticles
  • CNEs formulated RNAs, such as replicons formulated with cationic nanoemulsions
  • Suitable cationic oil-in-water nanoemulsions are disclosed in WO2012/006380 e.g. comprising an oil core (e.g. comprising squalene) and a cationic lipid (e.g. DOTAP, DMTAP, DSTAP, DC-cholesterol, etc.).
  • the RNA molecule is encapsulated in, bound to or adsorbed on a cationic lipid, a liposome, a cochleate, a virosome, an immune-stimulating complex, a microparticle, a microsphere, a nanosphere, a unilamellar vesicle, a multilamellar vesicle, an oil-in-water emulsion, a water-in-oil emulsion, an emulsome, a polycationic peptide, a cationic nanoemulsion, or combinations thereof.
  • kits for administration of nucleic acid e.g., RNA
  • purified proteins e.g., purified proteins
  • purified nanostructures described herein e.g., RNA
  • instructions for use e.g., RNA
  • the disclosure also provides a delivery device pre-filled with a composition or a vaccine disclosed herein.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions described herein can be administered in combination with one or more additional therapeutic agents.
  • the additional therapeutic agents may include, but are not limited to antibiotics or antibacterial agents, antiemetic agents, antifungal agents, anti-inflammatory agents, antiviral agents.
  • immunomodulatory agents cytokines, antidepressants, hormones, alkylating agents, antimetabolites, antitumour antibiotics, antimitotic agents, topoisomerase inhibitors, cytostatic agents, anti-invasion agents, antiangiogenic agents, inhibitors of growth factor function inhibitors of viral replication, viral enzyme inhibitors, anticancer agents, ⁇ -interferons, ⁇ -interferon, ribavirin, hormones, and other toll-like receptor modulators, immunoglobulins (Igs), and antibodies modulating Ig function (such as anti-IgE (omalizumab)).
  • compositions disclosed herein may be used as a medicament, e.g., for use in inducing or enhancing an immune response in a subject in need thereof, such as a mammal.
  • compositions disclosed herein may be used in the manufacture of a medicament for inducing or enhancing an immune response in a subject in need thereof, such as a mammal.
  • One way of checking efficacy of therapeutic treatment involves monitoring infection by an infectious agent after administration of the compositions or vaccines disclosed herein.
  • One way of checking efficacy of prophylactic treatment involves monitoring immune responses, systemically (such as monitoring the level of IgG1 and IgG2a production) and/or mucosally (such as monitoring the level of IgA production), against the antigen.
  • immune responses systemically (such as monitoring the level of IgG1 and IgG2a production) and/or mucosally (such as monitoring the level of IgA production)
  • antigen-specific serum antibody responses are determined post-immunization but pre-challenge whereas antigen-specific mucosal antibody responses are determined post-immunization and post-challenge.
  • any concentration range, percentage range, ratio range, or integer range is to be understood to include the value of any integer within the recited range and, when appropriate, fractions thereof (such as one tenth and one hundredth of an integer), unless otherwise indicated.
  • the term “about”, when immediately preceding a number or numeral, means that the number or numeral ranges plus or minus 10%.
  • the terms “a” and “an” as used herein refer to “one or more” of the enumerated components unless otherwise indicated.
  • the use of the alternative e.g., “or” should be understood to mean either one, both, or any combination thereof of the alternatives.
  • the term “and/or” should be understood to mean either one, or both of the alternatives.
  • the terms “include” and “comprise” are used synonymously.
  • protein refers to a protein or a glycoprotein.
  • immunogenic refers to the ability of a specific protein, or a specific region thereof, to elicit an immune response to the specific protein, or to proteins comprising an amino acid sequence having a high degree of identity with the specific protein.
  • two proteins having a high degree of identity have amino acid sequences at least 80% identical, at least 85% identical, at least 87% identical, at least 90% identical, at least 92% identical, at least 94% identical, at least 96% identical, at least 98% identical or at least 99% identical.
  • an immune response to a vaccine, or nanostructure, of the present disclosure is the development in a subject of a humoral and/or a cellular immune response to an antigenic protein present in the vaccine.
  • a “humoral immune response” refers to an immune response mediated by antibody molecules, including secretory (IgA) or IgG molecules, while a “cellular immune response” is one mediated by T-lymphocytes and/or other white blood cells.
  • IgA secretory
  • cellular immune response is one mediated by T-lymphocytes and/or other white blood cells.
  • CTLs cytolytic T-cells
  • CTLs have specificity for peptide antigens that are presented in association with proteins encoded by the major histocompatibility complex (NIHC) and expressed on the surfaces of cells.
  • NIHC major histocompatibility complex
  • helper T-cells help induce and promote the destruction of intracellular microbes, or the lysis of cells infected with such microbes.
  • Another aspect of cellular immunity involves an antigen-specific response by helper T-cells.
  • Helper T-cells act to help stimulate the function, and focus the activity of, nonspecific effector cells against cells displaying peptide antigens in association with MHC molecules on their surface.
  • a cellular immune response also refers to the production of cytokines, chemokines and other such molecules produced by activated T-cells and/or other white blood cells, including those derived from CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells.
  • an immunological response may be one that stimulates CTLs, and/or the production or activation of helper T-cells.
  • the production of chemokines and/or cytokines may also be stimulated.
  • the vaccine may also elicit an antibody-mediated immune response.
  • an immunological response may include one or more of the following effects: the production of antibodies (e.g., IgA or IgG) by B-cells; and/or the activation of suppressor, cytotoxic, or helper T-cells and/or T-cells directed specifically to a hemagglutinin protein present in the vaccine.
  • responses may serve to neutralize infectivity, and/or mediate antibody-complement, or antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) to provide protection to an immunized individual.
  • ADCC antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity
  • Such responses can be determined using standard immunoassays and neutralization assays, well known in the art.
  • antibody includes intact molecules as well as functional fragments thereof, such as Fab, F(ab′)2, Fv, scFv, dsFv, or single domain molecules such as VH and VL that are capable of specifically binding to an epitope of an antigen.
  • antibody encompasses B-cell receptors.
  • antibody further encompasses camelid antibodies.
  • neutralizing antibodies are antibodies that prevent virus from completing one round of replication.
  • one round of replication refers the life cycle of the virus, starting with attachment of the virus to a host cell and ending with budding of newly formed virus from the host cell. This life cycle includes, but is not limited to, the steps of attaching to a cell, entering a cell, cleavage and rearrangement of viral proteins, fusion of the viral membrane with the endosomal membrane, release of viral ribonucleoproteins into the cytoplasm, formation of new viral particles and budding of viral particles from the host cell membrane.
  • broadly neutralizing antibodies are antibodies that neutralize more than one type, subtype and/or strain of bacteria, virus, or parasite.
  • broadly neutralizing antibodies elicited against an influenza HA protein from a Type A influenza virus may neutralize a Type B or Type C virus.
  • broadly neutralizing antibodies elicited against an influenza HA protein from Group I influenza virus may neutralize a Group 2 virus.
  • broadly neutralizing antibodies elicited against an HA protein from one sub-type or strain of virus may neutralize another sub-type or strain of virus.
  • broadly neutralizing antibodies elicited against an HA protein from an H1 influenza virus may neutralize viruses from one or more sub-types selected from the group consisting of H2, H3, H4, H5, H6, H7, H8, H8, H10, H11, H12, H13, H14, H15 or H16.
  • antigen proteins from different strains may have different lengths due to mutations (insertions, deletions) in the protein.
  • reference to a corresponding region refers to a region of another proteins that is identical, or nearly so (e.g., at least 95%, identical, at least 98% identical or at least 99% identical), in sequence. structure and/or function to the region being compared.
  • the corresponding region in a corresponding protein from a different strain of the organism may not have the same residue numbers, but will have a similar or nearly identical sequence and will perform the same function.
  • a trimerization domain is a series of amino acids that when joined (also referred to as fused) to a protein or peptide, allow the fusion protein to interact with other fusion proteins containing the trimerization domain, such that a trimeric structure is formed.
  • Any known trimerization domain can be used in the present disclosure.
  • trimerization domains include, but are not limited to, the HIV-1 gp41 trimerization domain, the SIV gp41 trimerization domain, the Ebola virus gp-2 trimerization domain, the HTLV-1 gp-21 trimerization domain, the T4 fibritin trimerization domain (i.e., foldon), the yeast heat shock transcription factor trimerization domain, and the human collagen trimerization domain.
  • a variant refers to a protein, or nucleic acid molecule, the sequence of which is similar, but not identical to, a reference sequence. wherein the activity of the variant protein (or the protein encoded by the variant nucleic acid molecule) is not significantly altered.
  • These variations in sequence can be naturally occurring variations or they can be engineered through the use of genetic engineering technique known to those skilled in the art. Examples of such techniques are found in Sambrook J, Fritsch E F, Maniatis T et al., in Molecular Cloning—A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989, pp. 9.31-9.57). or in Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y. (1989), 6.3.1-6.3.6, both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
  • any type of alteration in the amino acid, or nucleic acid, sequence is permissible so long as the resulting variant protein retains the ability to elicit neutralizing antibodies against an influenza virus.
  • variations include, but are not limited to, deletions, insertions, substitutions and combinations thereof.
  • amino acids can often be removed from the amino and/or carboxy terminal ends of a protein without significantly affecting the activity of that protein.
  • one or more (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10) amino acids can often be inserted into a protein without significantly affecting the activity of the protein.
  • variant proteins of the present disclosure can contain amino acid substitutions relative to the nanostructure antigen proteins disclosed herein. Any amino acid substitution is permissible so long as the activity of the protein is not significantly affected.
  • amino acids can be classified into groups based on their physical properties. Examples of such groups include, but are not limited to, charged amino acids, uncharged amino acids, polar uncharged amino acids, and hydrophobic amino acids.
  • Preferred variants that contain substitutions are those in which an amino acid is substituted with an amino acid from the same group. Such substitutions are referred to as conservative substitutions.
  • amino acid residues are abbreviated as follows: alanine (Ala; A), asparagine (Asn; N), aspartic acid (Asp; D), arginine (Arg; R), cysteine (Cys; C), glutamic acid (Glu; E), glutamine (Gln; Q), glycine (Gly; G), histidine (His; H), isoleucine (Ile; I), leucine (Leu; L), lysine (Lys; K), methionine (Met; M), phenylalanine (Phe: F), praline (Pro; P), serine (Ser; S), threonine (Thr; T), tryptophan (Trp; W), tyrosine (Tyr; Y), and valine (Val; V).
  • “about” means+/ ⁇ 5% of the recited parameter.
  • Naturally occurring residues may be divided into classes based on common side chain properties: 1) hydrophobic: Met, Ala, Val, Leu, lie: 2) neutral hydrophilic: Cys, Ser, Thr; 3) acidic: Asp, Glu: 4) basic: Asn, Gln, His, Lys, Arg; 5) residues that influence chain orientation: Gly, Pro; and 6) aromatic: Trp, Tyr, Phe.
  • non-conservative substitutions may involve the exchange of a member of one of these classes for a member from another class.
  • hydropathic index of amino acids may be considered. Each amino acid has been assigned a hydropathic index on the basis of its hydrophobicity and charge characteristics.
  • the hydropathic indices are: isoleucine (+4.5); valine (+4.2); leucine (+3.8); phenylalanine (+2.8); cysteine/cystine (+2.5); methionine (+1.9): alanine (+1.8): glycine ( ⁇ 0.4); threonine ( ⁇ 0.7); serine ( ⁇ 0.8): tryptophan ( ⁇ 0.9); tyrosine ( ⁇ 1.3); proline ( ⁇ 1.6); histidine ( ⁇ 3.2); glutamate ( ⁇ 3.5): glutamine ( ⁇ 3.5); aspartate ( ⁇ 3.5); asparagine ( ⁇ 3.5); lysine ( ⁇ 3.9); and arginine ( ⁇ 4.5).
  • hydropathic amino acid index in conferring interactive biological function on a protein is generally understood in the art (Kyte et al., 1982, J. Mol. Biol. 157:105-31). It is known that certain amino acids may be substituted for other amino acids having a similar hydropathic index or score and still retain a similar biological activity. In making changes based upon the hydropathic index, the substitution of amino acids whose hydropathic indices are within +2 is preferred, those within +1 are particularly preferred, and those within +0.5 are even more particularly preferred.
  • hydrophilicity values have been assigned to these amino acid residues: arginine (+3.0); lysine (+3.0); aspartate (+3.0 ⁇ 1); glutamate (+3.0 ⁇ 1); serine (+0.3): asparagine (+0.2); glutamine (+0.2): glycine (0); threonine ( ⁇ 0.4): proline ( ⁇ 0.5 ⁇ 1); alanine ( ⁇ 0.5): histidine ( ⁇ 0.5); cysteine ( ⁇ 1.0); methionine ( ⁇ 1.3); valine ( ⁇ 1.5); leucine ( ⁇ 1.8); isoleucine ( ⁇ 1.8); tyrosine ( ⁇ 2.3); phenylalanine ( ⁇ 2.5); and tryptophan ( ⁇ 3.4).
  • Desired amino acid substitutions can be determined by those skilled in the art at the time such substitutions are desired.
  • amino acid substitutions can be used to identify important residues of the HA protein, or to increase or decrease the immunogenicity, solubility or stability of the HA proteins described herein. Exemplary amino acid substitutions are shown below in Table 4.
  • the phrase “significantly affect a protein's activity” refers to a decrease in the activity of a protein by at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40% or at least 50%.
  • an activity may be measured, for example, as the ability of a protein to elicit neutralizing antibodies against a virus.
  • Such activity may be measured by measuring the titer of such antibodies against virus, or by measuring the number of types, subtypes or strains neutralized by the elicited antibodies. Methods of determining antibody titers and methods of performing virus neutralization assays are known to those skilled in the art.
  • other activities that may be measured include the ability to agglutinate red blood cells and the binding affinity of the protein for a cell. Methods of measuring such activities are known to those skilled in the art.
  • a fusion protein is a recombinant protein containing amino acid sequence from at least two unrelated proteins that have been joined together, via a peptide bond, to make a single protein.
  • the unrelated amino acid sequences can be joined directly to each other or they can be joined using a linker sequence.
  • proteins are unrelated, if their amino acid sequences are not normally found joined together via a peptide bond in their natural environment(s) (e.g., inside a cell). For example, the amino acid sequences of monomeric subunits that make up a polypeptide, and the amino acid sequences of antigen proteins are not normally found joined together via a peptide bond.
  • the terms individual, subject, and patient are well-recognized in the art, and are herein used interchangeably to refer to any human or other animal susceptible to infection. Examples include, but are not limited to, humans and other primates, including non-human primates such as chimpanzees and other apes and monkey species; farm animals such as cattle, sheep, pigs, seals, goats and horses: domestic mammals such as dogs and cats; laboratory animals including rodents such as mice, rats and guinea pigs, birds, including domestic. wild and game birds such as chickens. turkeys and other gallinaceous birds, ducks, geese, and the like.
  • individuals of any age are intended to be covered by the present disclosure and include, but are not limited to the elderly, adults, children, babies, infants, and toddlers.
  • the methods of the present disclosure can be applied to any race, including, for example, Caucasian (white), African-American (black), Native American, Native Hawaiian, Hispanic, Latino, Asian, and European.
  • a vaccinated subject is a subject that has been administered a vaccine that is intended to provide a protective effect against a bacteria, virus, or parasite.
  • the terms exposed, exposure, and the like indicate the subject has come in contact with a person of animal that is known to be infected with a bacteria, virus, or parasite.
  • RSV F protein is present as a fusion protein with the first polypeptide and a linker is used, the F protein-linker sequence may comprise the following:
  • first polypeptides comprise or consist of first polypeptides having a sequence selected from the following (optional residues in parentheses):
  • Trimeric Building Blocks Comprising an F Protein and a Trimeric Assembly Domain.
  • PEI polyethyleneimine
  • Lentivirus was harvested 48 h post-transfection and concentrated 100-fold by low-speed centrifugation at 8000 g for 18 h. Transduction of the target cell line was carried out in 125 mL shake flasks containing 10 ⁇ 10 6 cells in 10 mL of growth media. 100 uL of 100 ⁇ lentivirus was added to the flask and the cells were incubated with shaking (225 rpm) at 37° C., in 8% CO 2 for 4-6 h. 20 mL of growth media was added to the shake flask after 4-6 h.
  • Transduced cells were expanded every other day to a density of 1 ⁇ 10 6 cells/ml until a final culture size of 4 L was reached.
  • the media was harvested after 17 days of total incubation after measuring final cell concentration ( ⁇ 5 ⁇ 10 6 cells/mL) and viability ( ⁇ 90% viable).
  • Culture supernatant was harvested by low-speed centrifugation to remove cells from the supernatant. NaCl and NaN 3 were added to final concentrations of 250 mM and 0.02%, respectively.
  • the supernatant was loaded over one 5 mL HisTrap FF Crude column (GE Healthsciences) at 5 ml/min by an AKTA Pure (GE Healthsciences).
  • the nickel elution was applied to a HiLoad 16/600 Superdex 200 ⁇ g column (GE Healthsciences) to further purify the target protein by size-exclusion chromatography.
  • the size-exclusion purified target protein was snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at ⁇ 80° C.
  • valency particles (20 DS-Cav1 trimers per icosahedral nanostructure) were prepared by mixing DS-Cav1-foldon-I53-50A trimers and I53-50B.4PT1 pentamers at 50 ⁇ M each and incubating with rocking overnight at 4° C.
  • assembled nanostructures were purified from excess components remaining in the in vitro assembly reaction using a GE Sephacryl S-500 HR 16/60 column in a buffer comprising 25 mM Tris pH 8, 250 mM NaCl, 5% glycerol.
  • Sample load and SEC fractions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE in the presence and absence of reducing agent. Peak fractions were pooled, concentrated using a GE Vivaspin 20 30 kDa MWCO centrifugal filter, and quantified using an Agilent 8454 spectrophotometer.
  • valency particles ( ⁇ 14 DS-Cav1 trimers per icosahedral nanostructure) were prepared by mixing DS-Cav1-foldon-I53-50A trimers, I53-50A trimers, and I53-50B.4PosT1 pentamers at 50, 25, and 75 ⁇ M, respectively.
  • 33% valency particles ( ⁇ 7 DS-Cav1 trimers per icosahedral nanostructure) were prepared by mixing DS-Cav1-foldon-I53-50A trimers, I53-50A trimers, and I53-50B.4PosT1 pentamers at 25, 50, and 75 M, respectively.
  • in vitro assembly reactions were allowed to incubate with rocking overnight at 4° C.
  • assembled nanostructures were purified from excess components remaining in the in vitro assembly reaction using a GE Sephacryl S-500 HR 16/60 column in a buffer comprising 25 mM Tris pH 8, 250 mM NaCl, 5% glycerol.
  • Sample load and SEC fractions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE in the presence and absence of reducing agent. Peak fractions were pooled, concentrated using a GE Vivaspin 20 30 kDa MWCO centrifugal filter, and quantified using an Agilent 8454 spectrophotometer after centrifuging at ⁇ 21,000 g for 10 minutes at 4° C.
  • Samples were then transferred to cryogenic tubes in 1 mL aliquots at 1.1 mg/mL for the 33% valency particles and 0.6 mg/mL for the 66% valency particles, flash frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at ⁇ 80° C.
  • Samples were prepared for negative stain EM by diluting to 0.01 mg/mL using 25 mM Tris pH 8, 250 mM NaCl, 5% glycerol and 3.5 ⁇ L was incubated on a glow-discharged, copper, carbon-coated grid for 20 seconds before blotting away the liquid with a piece of Whatman No. 1 filter paper. Within seconds of blotting away the sample, a 3.5 ⁇ L droplet of stain (2% w/v uranyl formate) was deposited and blotted away immediately, and then a second cycle of staining/blotting was performed.
  • CD spectra from F proteins (0.5 mg ml ⁇ 1 ) were recorded on a Chirascan spectropolarimeter (Applied Photophysics) over the wavelength range of 195 to 260 nm at a bandwidth of 1 nm, step size of 0.5 nm, and 1 s per step.
  • the spectra in the far-ultraviolet region required an average of three scans and were subtracted from blank spectra performed with buffer.
  • Thermal denaturation was monitored by performing scans at intervals of 1° C., after equilibration for 1 min at each temperature. Data were fitted to a simple first order curve.
  • the values of ⁇ A222 are represented on the y axis as the percentage of the values recorded at 20° C.
  • 96-well MaxiSorp plates were coated with serial dilutions of tissue culture supernatants from cells expressing trimeric building blocks comprising F proteins and a trimeric assembly domain or 2 ⁇ g ml ⁇ 1 of the following purified proteins: Ds-Cav1 with foldon, Ds-Cav1 fused to a trimeric first polypeptide or DS-Cav1-displaying nanostructures.
  • the experiments were carried out at 25° C. on a ProteON XPR-36 instrument (Bio-Rad Laboratories) in a PBS buffer (Gibco, Invitrogen), 0.05% Tween-20.
  • the D25 mAb was immobilized on a GLM sensor chip surface through amine coupling at 1000 response units (RU) and a blank surface with no protein was created under identical coupling conditions for use as a reference.
  • Monoclonal antibodies (D25, MPE8, Palivizumab and 131-2a) were injected at a flow rate of 100 ⁇ l/min, at concentrations of 50 nM in different sensor channels.
  • the data were processed using Proteon software and double referenced by subtraction of the blank surface and buffer only injection before local fitting of the data.
  • mice 6-9 wk of age were obtained from Harlan Laboratories Inc. All procedures were performed in accordance with guidelines of the Swiss Federal Veterinary Office and after obtaining local ethical approval. Mice were immunized i.p. with 100 ⁇ L of immunogen formulation on day 0, 14, and 28. Priming infection at day 0 was performed with the Murine TLR9 ligand agonist (ODN 1668, InvivoGen). Mice were bled on day 10, 20 and 40, and antigen- and site-specific IgG titers were measured in the serum by ELISA. Neutralizing titers were also determined on HEp-2 cell as described below.
  • Trimeric Building Blocks Comprising an F Protein and a Trimeric Assembly Domain
  • FIG. 2 shows an example of ELISA data analyzing the supernatant of HEK293F cells expressing DS-Cav1-foldon, DS-Cav1-foldon-T33-31A, and DS-Cav1-T33-31A.
  • Several other trimeric building blocks yielded detectable secretion of well-folded, prefusion F proteins.
  • a lentiviral vector encoding DS-Cav1-foldon-I53-50A was used to transduce HEK293F cells for large-scale expression.
  • the secreted protein was purified from tissue culture supernatants by immobilized metal affinity chromatography and size exclusion chromatography. Size exclusion chromatograms ( FIG. 3 ) indicated that the purified protein formed a single, monodisperse species.
  • I53-50B.4PT a pentameric protein comprising a second assembly domain that interacts with the trimeric assembly domain in I53-50A or DS-Cav1-foldon-I53-50A to drive assembly of icosahedral I53-50-based nanostructures, was expressed and purified as described in Bale et al. and patent publication US20160122392 A1.
  • I53-50 is a 120-subunit two-component nanostructure with icosahedral symmetry comprising 20 trimeric (I53-50A) and 12 pentameric (I53-50B) building blocks, as recently described by Bale et al.
  • the N terminus of I53-50A is exposed on the exterior of the I53-50 nanostructure, which enables the display of antigens on the nanostructure exterior through genetic fusion to the I53-530A N terminus.
  • DS-Cav1-foldon-I53-50A and I53-50B.4PT were assembled in vitro to form 120-subunit icosahedral nanostructures displaying various amounts of DS-Cav1 on the nanostructure exteriors by mixing the two purified proteins in various molar ratios.
  • nanostructures displaying DS-Cav1 at valencies of 100% (20 trimers), 66% ( ⁇ 14 trimers), and 33% ( ⁇ 7 trimers) were prepared as described above.
  • the species present in the in vitro assembly reactions after overnight incubation were assessed by several techniques, including size exclusion chromatography-multi-angle light scattering (SEC-MALS), dynamic light scattering, and UV/vis spectroscopy.
  • Assembled, 120-subunit nanostructures were purified from the in vitro assembly reactions using size exclusion chromatography (an example chromatogram obtained using the 100% valency nanostructures is presented in FIG. 4 ).
  • the purified nanostructures were characterized by negative stain electron microscopy, which revealed fields of monodiperse particles in which DS-Cav1 was clearly visible as spikes projecting outward from the core icosahedral I53-50 assembly (an example micrograph obtained using the 100% valency particles is presented in FIG. 5 ).
  • ELSA assays using monoclonal antibodies specific to the prefusion conformation confirmed that the DS-Cav1 thus displayed on the nanostructure exteriors was well-folded and antigenically intact ( FIG. 6 ).
  • mice The DS-Cav1-foldon-I53-50 nanostructures displaying DS-Cav1 at 33%, 66%, and 100% valency were injected into mice using a prime-boost strategy as described above. Additional groups of mice were injected with trimeric DS-Cav1-foldon as a benchmark for the humoral immune response induced against DS-Cav1 by the nanostructures or I53-50 nanostructures lacking displayed DS-Cav1 as negative controls for a DS-Cav1 specific response. ELISA assays of serum extracted from the mice at defined timepoints after the injections were used to measure DS-Cav1 specific antibody titers present in the sera of the injected animals ( FIG. 7 ).
  • DS-Cav1-specific titers were roughly 2.5-fold higher on average in mice injected with 100% valency DS-Cav1-foldon-I53-50 nanostructures compared to DS-Cav1.
  • the sera from the mice injected with the series of immunogens described above was also evaluated for the presence of neutralizing antibody titers using the standard neutralization assay in HEp-2 cells ( FIG. 8 ).
  • the trend in serum neutralizing antibody titers correlated highly with the trend observed in DS-Cav1-specific binding antibody titers.
  • Sera from animals injected with the I53-50 nanostructures lacking displayed DS-Cav1 did not neutralize virus, consistent with the lack of DS-Cav1-specific antibodies in these sera.
  • prefusion F Given the key antigenic properties of prefusion F. we used two orthogonal approaches to measure the physical stability of DS-Cav1 when fused to I53-50A and/or when further assembled into the icosahedral nanostructure.
  • the first assay measured the retention of binding by a prefusion-specific mAb (D25) after thermal stress, an approach that has been used previously to characterize prefusion F stability (McLellan et al. 2013; Joyce et al. 2016; Krarup et al. 2015). Samples of trimeric DS-Cav1, trimeric DS-Cav1-I53-50A.
  • I53-50A is derived from the KDPG aldolase of the hyperthermophilic bacterium T. maritima and only began to exhibit changes in fluorescence at very high (5.75 M) GdnHCl concentrations ( FIGS. 11 A- 11 J ).
  • Plasmids capable of expressing the relevant constructs were transformed into NEB 5a E. coli cells and selected on LB+carbenicillin agar plates. 1 mL cultures were prepared by inoculating TB media with a bacterial colony and again selecting with 50 ug/mL carbenicillin. A Qiagen Mini Prep kit was used to purify plasmid from the E. coli cultures in accordance with their protocol.
  • Expi293FTM Cells were cultured in Expi293TM Expression Medium (ThermoFisher) supplemented with penicillin (100 u/mL) and streptomycin (100 ⁇ g/mL) at 8% CO 2 , 37° C., and 125 rpm shaking.
  • the 1 mL cultures were harvested 5 days post-transfection, and the cells were pelleted from the supernatant by centrifugation at 1,500 ⁇ g for 5 minutes at 4° C. Supernatants were filtered through a 0.45 ⁇ M filter with a PVDF membrane.
  • Filtered supernatants containing DS-Cav1-I53-50A constructs were denatured and boiled for 10 minutes at 95° C. for 10 minutes in 2 ⁇ Laemmli buffer with 2-mercaptoethanol. SDS-PAGE separated the sample fractions, which were then transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane and probed with palivizumab, followed with a secondary antibody, anti-human conjugated to HRP. Blot was imaged using Clarity Western ECL Blotting Substrate (Bio-Rad).
  • Filtered supernatants containing DS-Cav1-I53-50A constructs were bound to Nunc MaxiSorp 96-well plates in a two-fold dilution series.
  • the pre-fusion conformation-specific antibody D25 was used to detect DS-Cav1-I53-50A. followed by a secondary anti-human antibody conjugated to HRP. Protein yield was determined colorimetrically via the substrate TMB and absorbances were collected at 450 nm.
  • the expression yields and binding of the prefusion-specific mAb D25 indicate that all constructs express well and are in the prefusion conformation.
  • a heterologous trimerization domain e.g., the foldon
  • Our results indicate that the I53-50A nanostructure component can support the expression and proper folding of DS-Cav1 without the use of a trimerization domain like the foldon. Binding of D25 to these constructs suggests that they are antigenically intact and would be expected to induce potent immune responses, including neutralizing antibodies, similarly to nanostructures comprising the DS-Cav1-foldon-I53-50 fusion polypeptide.
  • Protein-based vaccines for CMV are described, for example, in U.S. Patent Pub. Nos. US 2016/0159864 A1 and US 2017/0369532 A1; International Patent Pub No. WO 2016/092460 A3; and Kirchmeier al. Enveloped virus-like particle expression of human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B antigen induces antibodies with potent and broad neutralizing activity. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2014; 21(2):174-80.
  • the homotrimer complex of gB, the trimeric gH/gL/gO complex, or the pentameric gH/gL/pUL128/pUL130/pUL131A complex are considered the three major targets for CMV vaccination.
  • the first of these targets, gB forms a trimeric structure which comprises several hydrophobic surfaces.
  • the C terminus of the extracellular domain of gB is proximal to the transmembrane region and lies near the 3-fold axis of the molecule.
  • Chandramouli et al Structure of HCMV glycoprotein B in the postfusion conformation bound to a neutralizing human antibody. Nat Commun. 2015 Sep. 14; 6:8176.
  • the gB protein of CMV is N-terminally linked to a nanostructure having a free N terminus at or near the 3-fold axis of the nanostructure.
  • the resulting nanostructure has displays 20 copies of the gB trimer on its surface and effectively elicits a immune response to CMV gB.
  • the second of these targets the trimeric gH/gL/gO complex
  • the third of these targets the pentameric gH/gL/pUL128/pUL130/pUL131A. form by mutually exclusive interactions of the envelope glycoproteins gH/gL with either gO or pUL128/pUL130/pUL131A. See Ciferri et al. Structural and biochemical studies of HCMV gHgL/gO and Pentamer reveal mutually exclusive cell entry complexes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112, 1767-1772 (2015).
  • the gH component is targeted by antibodies neutralizing infection of both fibroblasts and endothelial/epithelial cells.
  • the UL region contains the binding sites for potently neutralizing antibodies of epithelial and endothelial cells infection.
  • the gH component is expressed as a gene fusion to a nanostructure polypeptide and either gL/gO or gL/pUL128/pUL130/pUL131A are co-expressed.
  • the expressed proteins self-assemble into either gH/gL/gO or gH/gL/pUL128/pUL130/pUL131A nanostructure-based vaccines, respectively.
  • Expression and correct folding of the nanostructure is assessed by binding of the MSL-109 antibody of an Fab fragment thereof to the nanostructure. Correct folding and antigenicity of the pentameric complex is assessed using antibodies and Fab fragments described in Chandramouli et al. Structural basis for potent antibody-mediated neutralization of human cytomegalovirus Sci. Immunol. 2, eaan1457 (2017).
  • Epstein-Barr virus represents a major global health problem. Though it is associated with infectious mononucleosis and ⁇ 200,000 cancers annually worldwide. a vaccine is not available.
  • the major target of immunity is EBV glycoprotein 350/220 (gp350) that mediates attachment to B cells through complement receptor 2 (CR2/CD21). See Kanekiyo et al. Rational Design of an Epstein-Barr Virus Vaccine Targeting the Receptor-Binding Site. Cell 162(5):1090-1100 (2015).
  • the gp350 ectodomain or the D 123 fragment of gp350 is expressed as a gene fusion to a nanostructure polypeptides as either an N-terminal or C-terminal fusion.
  • the resulting gene fusions are expressed, assembled, and formulated into nanostructure-based vaccines. Antigenicity is determined using the monoclonal antibodies 72A1 and 2L10.

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