Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
  • C07D471/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D471/04—Ortho-condensed systems
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D243/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing seven-membered rings having two nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D243/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing seven-membered rings having two nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the nitrogen atoms in positions 1 and 4
  • C07D243/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing seven-membered rings having two nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the nitrogen atoms in positions 1 and 4 condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/4353—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems
  • A61K31/437—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems the heterocyclic ring system containing a five-membered ring having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. indolizine, beta-carboline
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/535—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with at least one nitrogen and one oxygen as the ring hetero atoms, e.g. 1,2-oxazines
  • A61K31/5375—1,4-Oxazines, e.g. morpholine
  • A61K31/5377—1,4-Oxazines, e.g. morpholine not condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings, e.g. timolol
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
  • A61P31/20—Antivirals for DNA viruses
  • A61P31/22—Antivirals for DNA viruses for herpes viruses
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
  • A61P9/10—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system for treating ischaemic or atherosclerotic diseases, e.g. antianginal drugs, coronary vasodilators, drugs for myocardial infarction, retinopathy, cerebrovascula insufficiency, renal arteriosclerosis
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
  • C07D471/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains three hetero rings
  • C07D471/14—Ortho-condensed systems
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D515/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for in groups C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D499/00 - C07D507/00
  • C07D515/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for in groups C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D499/00 - C07D507/00 in which the condensed system contains three hetero rings
  • C07D515/18—Bridged systems

Definitions

• the present invention relates to novel bicyclic pyrazolopyridione compounds that are inhibitors of herpesvirus replication, and are thus useful to treat herpesvirus infections.
• the compounds inhibit viral DNA polymerases of various herpesviruses, including cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex viruses, and others.
• CMV cytomegalovirus
• the invention provides novel bicyclic pyrazolopyridione compounds as disclosed herein, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, and methods of using these compounds and compositions in the treatment and prevention of herpesvirus disease.
• Human CMV also known as human herpesvirus 5 (HHV-5)
• HHV-5 human herpesvirus 5
• HHV-5 human herpesvirus 5
• CMV can become life-threatening in immunocompromised individuals.
• CMV is also cause for concern during pregnancy, as it can be transmitted from mother to fetus and cause severe birth defects. No treatment is approved to prevent or treat congenital CMV infection.
• the current anti-CMV therapies include the nucleoside analogs Valganciclovir (valGCV), Ganciclovir (GCV) and Cidofovir (CDV), and a pyrophosphate analog, Foscarnet (FOS).
• the first line therapy consists of either prophylaxis or preemptive treatment with GCV, or the orally bioavailable prodrug valGCV.
• GCV significantly decreases the risk of disease, and can effectively treat active CMV infection.
• the drug is poorly tolerated.
• GCV and valGCV can cause severe bone marrow suppression which, in stem cell transplant recipients, puts the patient at risk for engraftment failure.
• Second line therapies such as CDV and FOS, are associated with severe nephrotoxicity.
• resistance to current anti-CMV nucleoside analogs is a significant cause of treatment failure.
• Novel classes of CMV therapeutic agents are therefore needed, particularly non-nucleoside compounds, to provide safer CMV treatments and to combat herpesviruses that are resistant to known classes of antivirals.
• herpesviruses that cause widespread human viral infections include Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Varicella zoster virus (VZV), and herpes simplex viruses HSV-1 and HSV-2.
• Epstein-Barr virus EBV
• VZV Varicella zoster virus
• HSV-1 and HSV-2 herpes simplex viruses
• Other herpesviruses that cause disease in humans include human herpesvirus 6, human herpesvirus 7, and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus
• Herpesvirus infections are not only widespread, they also persist lifelong in their host in latent stage. By one estimate, over 90% of adult humans are latently infected with at least one herpesvirus that may be reactivated years later. Zoster (Shingles), for example, results when the varicella zoster virus (VZV) is reactivated from latency, typically many years after the original infection (chicken pox) has been controlled. Zoster is a painful condition that affects primarily older adults and individuals with immune dysfunction. Complications include post-herpetic neuralgia, a potentially debilitating and chronic pain syndrome, against which anti-VZV inhibitors (nucleosides) only have a marginal impact.
• VZV varicella zoster virus
• the current invention provides novel compounds that are active against several herpesviruses, including CMV, HSV, VZV and EBV.
• the present invention provides novel non-nucleoside compounds that inhibit herpesvirus DNA polymerases, with potent antiviral activity in vitro.
• Compounds are active against several herpesviruses, including CMV, HSV, VZV and EBV.
• a potent non-nucleoside polymerase inhibitor has significant advantages over the current anti-CMV agents.
• the compounds are not incorporated by human polymerases and are thus expected to have a better safety profile than the current anti-CMV drugs.
• the compounds described herein are active on GCV-resistant virus, thus having a potential for rescue therapy in patients with cross-resistance to nucleoside analogs.
• the compounds are active against several human herpesviruses providing opportunity for a broad clinical use.
• the invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions containing the novel compounds as well as methods to use the compounds and compositions to inhibit herpesvirus replication or reactivation, and to treat disease conditions associated with or caused by herpesviruses. Further objects of this invention are described in the following description and the examples.
• the invention provides compounds of Formula (I):
• Another aspect of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the pharmaceutical composition according to this invention further comprises a therapeutically effective amount of at least one other antiviral agent.
• Another aspect of the invention involves a method of treating or preventing a herpes virus disease and/or infection in a human being by administering to the human being an antivirally effective amount of a compound of the invention, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a composition as described above, alone or in combination with at least one other antiviral agent, administered together or separately.
• Another aspect of the invention involves a method of treating or preventing a herpesvirus disease and/or infection in a human being by administering to the human being a compound of the invention, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a composition as described above, alone or in combination with at least one other antiviral agent, administered together or separately.
• Still another aspect of this invention relates to a method of inhibiting the replication of CMV or another herpesvirus, comprising exposing the virus to an effective amount of a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, under conditions where replication of the virus is inhibited.
• This method can be practiced in vitro or in vivo.
• Another aspect of the invention is the use of a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of a herpesvirus disease and/or infection in a human being, including CMV.
• Another embodiment of the invention provides a compound as described above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as a medicament.
• Another aspect of the invention is the use of a pharmaceutical composition as described hereinabove for the treatment of a CMV infection or other herpesvirus in a human being having or at risk of having the infection.
• Another aspect of the invention is the use of a pharmaceutical composition as described hereinabove for the treatment of CMV disease or other herpesvirus infection in a human being having or at risk of having the disease.
• Another aspect of the invention involves a method of treating viral disease and/or infection in a human being, the method comprising administering to the human being an antivirally effective amount of a compound of the invention, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a composition as described above, alone or in combination with at least one other antiviral agent, administered together or separately, wherein the viral disease or infection is selected from CMV infection in immunocompromised patients (e.g.
• congenital CMV congenital herpes
• oral herpes cold sores
• herpetic keratitis neonatal herpes
• herpes encephalitis varicella (chickenpox)
• herpes zoster shingles
• infectious mononucleosis post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD)
• Castelman's disease and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.
• Another aspect of the invention involves a method of treating a disorder that may be induced/exacerbated/accelerated by herpesvirus infections in a human being, the method comprising administering to the human being an effective amount of a compound of the invention, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a composition as described above, alone or in combination with at least one other antiviral agent, administered together or separately, wherein the disorder is selected from Alzheimer's disease, chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), celiac disease and type 1 diabetes.
• CFS chronic fatigue syndrome
• SLE systemic lupus erythematosus
• MS multiple sclerosis
• RA rheumatoid arthritis
• JIA juvenile idiopathic arthritis
• IBD inflammatory bowel disease
• celiac disease celiac
• Another aspect of the invention involves a method of treating a disorder that may be induced/exacerbated/accelerated by herpesvirus infections in a human being, the method comprising administering to the human being an effective amount of a compound of the invention, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a composition as described above, alone or in combination with at least one other antiviral agent, administered together or separately, wherein the disorder is selected from Alzheimer's disease, chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), atherosclerosis (AS), celiac disease and type 1 diabetes.
• CFS chronic fatigue syndrome
• SLE systemic lupus erythematosus
• MS multiple sclerosis
• RA rheumatoid arthritis
• JIA juvenile idiopathic arthritis
• IBD inflammatory bowel disease
• AS at
• Another aspect of the invention is the use of a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of a disorder that may be induced/exacerbated/accelerated by herpesvirus infections, wherein the disorder is selected from Alzheimer's disease, chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), celiac disease and type 1 diabetes.
• CFS chronic fatigue syndrome
• SLE systemic lupus erythematosus
• MS multiple sclerosis
• RA rheumatoid arthritis
• JIA juvenile idiopathic arthritis
• IBD inflammatory bowel disease
• celiac disease celiac disease
• Another aspect of the invention is the use of a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of a disorder that may be induced/exacerbated/accelerated by herpesvirus infections, wherein the disorder is selected from Alzheimer's disease, chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), atherosclerosis (AS), celiac disease and type 1 diabetes.
• CFS chronic fatigue syndrome
• SLE systemic lupus erythematosus
• MS multiple sclerosis
• RA rheumatoid arthritis
• JIA juvenile idiopathic arthritis
• IBD inflammatory bowel disease
• AS atherosclerosis
• celiac disease celiac disease and type 1 diabetes.
• Another aspect of the invention is the use of a pharmaceutical composition as described herein for the treatment of a viral disease and/or infection in a human being, wherein the viral disease or infection is selected from CMV infection in immunocompromised patients (e.g. transplant recipients), congenital CMV, genital herpes, oral herpes (cold sores), herpetic keratitis, neonatal herpes, herpes encephalitis, varicella (chickenpox), herpes zoster (shingles), infectious mononucleosis, post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD), Castelman's disease and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.
• CMV infection in immunocompromised patients (e.g. transplant recipients), congenital CMV, genital herpes, oral herpes (cold sores), herpetic keratitis, neonatal herpes, herpes encephalitis, varicella (chickenpox), her
• Another aspect of the invention is the use of a pharmaceutical composition as described herein for the treatment of a disorder that may be induced/exacerbated/accelerated by herpesvirus infections, wherein the disorder is selected from Alzheimer's disease, chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), celiac disease and type 1 diabetes.
• CFS chronic fatigue syndrome
• SLE systemic lupus erythematosus
• MS multiple sclerosis
• RA rheumatoid arthritis
• JIA juvenile idiopathic arthritis
• IBD inflammatory bowel disease
• celiac disease celiac disease
• Another aspect of the invention is the use of a pharmaceutical composition as described herein for the treatment of a disorder that may be induced/exacerbated/accelerated by herpesvirus infections, wherein the disorder is selected from Alzheimer's disease, chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), atherosclerosis (AS), celiac disease and type 1 diabetes.
• CFS chronic fatigue syndrome
• SLE systemic lupus erythematosus
• MS multiple sclerosis
• RA rheumatoid arthritis
• JIA juvenile idiopathic arthritis
• IBD inflammatory bowel disease
• AS atherosclerosis
• celiac disease celiac disease and type 1 diabetes.
• alkyl refers to a fully saturated branched or straight chain hydrocarbon.
• an alkyl group is a “C 1 -C 2 alkyl”, “C 1 -C 3 alkyl” “C 1 -C 4 alkyl”, “C 1 -C 5 alkyl”, “C 1 -C 6 alkyl”, “C 1 -C 7 alkyl”, “C 1 -C 8 alkyl”, “C 1 -C 9 alkyl” or “C 1 -C 10 alkyl”, wherein the terms “C 1 -C 2 alkyl”, “C 1 -C 3 alkyl”, “C 1 -C 4 alkyl”, “C 1 -C 5 alkyl”, “C 1 -C 6 alkyl”, “C 1 -C 7 alkyl”, “C 1 -C 8 alkyl”, “C 1 -C 9 alkyl” and “C 1 -C 10 alkyl”, as used herein, refer to an alkyl
• alkoxy refers to —O-alkyl or -alkyl-O—, wherein the “alkyl” group is as defined herein.
• an alkoxy group is a “C 1 -C 2 alkoxy”, “C 1 -C 3 alkoxy”, “C 1 -C 4 alkoxy”, “C 1 -C 5 alkoxy”, “C 1 -C 6 alkoxy”, “C 1 -C 7 alkoxy”, “C 1 -C 8 alkoxy”, “C 1 -C 9 alkoxy” or “C 1 -C 10 alkoxy”, wherein the terms “C 1 -C 2 alkoxy” “C 1 -C 3 alkoxy” “C 1 -C 4 alkoxy”, “C 1 -C 5 alkoxy”, “C 1 -C 6 alkoxy”, “C 1 -C 7 alkoxy”, “C 1 -C 8 alkoxy”, “C 1 -C 9 alkoxy” and “C 1 -C 10 alkoxy”, wherein
• alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, isobutoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, n-pentoxy, isopentoxy, hexoxy, heptoxy, octoxy, nonoxy, decoxy and the like.
• alkylene refers to a saturated branched or straight chain divalent hydrocarbon radical derived from an alkyl group as defined herein.
• an alkylene group is a “C 1 -C 3 alkylene”, “C 1 -C 4 alkylene” “C 1 -C 5 alkylene”, “C 1 -C 6 alkylene”, “C 1 -C 7 alkylene”, “C 1 -C 8 alkylene”, “C 1 -C 9 alkylene” or “C 1 -C 10 alkylene”, wherein the terms “C 1 -C 3 alkylene”, “C 1 -C 4 alkylene”, “C 1 -C 5 alkylene”, “C 1 -C 6 alkylene”, “C 1 -C 7 alkylene” and “C 1 -C 8 alkylene”, as used herein, refer to an alkylene group containing at least 1, and at most 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms respectively.
• Non-limiting examples of alkylene groups as used herein include, methylene, ethylene, n-propylene, isopropylene, n-butylene, isobutylene, sec-butylene, t-butylene, n-pentylene, isopentylene, hexylene, heptylene, octylene, nonylene, decylene and the like.
• an alkylene group is a “C 1 -C 2 alkylene”, referring to an alkylene group containing at least 1, and at most 2, carbon atoms respectively.
• C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl refers to a fully saturated, monocyclic hydrocarbon ring system having 3 to 8 carbon atoms as ring members.
• Non-limiting examples of such “C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl” groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and cyclooctyl groups.
• C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl refers to a fully saturated, monocyclic hydrocarbon ring system having 3 to 6 carbon atoms as ring members.
• Non-limiting examples of such “C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl” groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl groups.
• C 5 -C 8 cycloalkyl refers to a fully saturated, monocyclic hydrocarbon ring system having 5 to 8 carbon atoms as ring members.
• Non-limiting examples of such “C 5 -C 8 cycloalkyl” groups include cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and cyclooctyl groups.
• haloalkyl refers to an alkyl as defined herein, wherein at least one of the hydrogen atoms of the alkyl is replaced by a halo group as defined herein.
• the haloalkyl can be monohaloalkyl, dihaloalkyl, trihaloalkyl, or polyhaloalkyl including perhaloalkyl.
• a monohaloalkyl can have one iodo, bromo, chloro or fluoro within the alkyl group.
• Dihaloalkyl can have two and polyhaloalkyl groups can have two or more of the same halo atoms or a combination of different halo groups within the alkyl.
• the polyhaloalkyl contains up to 6, or 4, or 3, or 2 halo groups.
• haloalkyl include fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, chloromethyl, dichloromethyl, trichloromethyl, pentafluoroethyl, heptafluoropropyl, difluorochloromethyl, dichlorofluoromethyl, difluoroethyl, difluoropropyl, dichloroethyl and dichloropropyl.
• a perhalo-alkyl refers to an alkyl having all hydrogen atoms replaced with halo atoms, e.g., trifluoromethyl.
• haloalkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl and tert-butyl that have at least one hydrogen substituted with halogen, such as where the halogen is fluorine: CF 3 CF 2 —, (CF 3 ) 2 CH—, CH 3 —CF 2 —, CF 3 CF 2 —, CF 3 , CF 2 H—, CF 3 CF 2 CH(CF 3 )— or CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 CF 2 —.
• C 1 -C 3 haloalkyl refers to the respective “C 1 -C 3 alkyl”, as defined herein, wherein at least one of the hydrogen atoms of the “C 1 -C 3 alkyl” is replaced by a halo atom.
• the C 1 -C 3 haloalkyl groups can be monoC 1 -C 3 haloalkyl, wherein such C 1 -C 3 haloalkyl groups have one iodo, one bromo, one chloro or one fluoro.
• the C 1 -C 3 haloalkyl groups can be diC 1 -C 3 haloalkyl wherein such C 1 -C 3 haloalkyl groups can have two halo atoms independently selected from iodo, bromo, chloro or fluoro.
• the C 1 -C 3 haloalkyl groups can be polyC 1 -C 3 haloalkyl wherein such C 1 -C 3 haloalkyl groups can have two or more of the same halo atoms or a combination of two or more different halo atoms.
• Such polyC 1 -C 3 haloalkyl can be perhaloC 1 -C 3 haloalkyl where all the hydrogen atoms of the respective C 1 -C 3 alkyl have been replaced with halo atoms and the halo atoms can be the same or a combination of different halo atoms.
• Non-limiting examples of “C 1 -C 3 haloalkyl” groups include fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, chloromethyl, dichloromethyl, trichloromethyl, pentafluoroethyl, heptafluoropropyl, difluorochloromethyl, dichlorofluoromethyl, fluoroethyl, difluoroethyl, trifluoroethyl, difluoropropyl, dichloroethyl and dichloropropyl.
• haloalkoxy refers to the group —O-alkyl, wherein the “alkyl” group is as defined herein and wherein at least one of the hydrogen atoms of the alkyl group is replaced by a halo group as defined herein for “haloalkyl”.
• the haloalkoxy can be monohaloalkoxy, dihaloalkoxy, trihaloalkoxy, or polyhaloalkoxy including perhaloalkoxy.
• a monohaloalkoxy can have one iodo, bromo, chloro or fluoro within the alkyl group.
• Dihaloalkoxy can have two and polyhaloalkoxy groups can have two or more of the same halo atoms or a combination of different halo groups within the alkyl. Typically the polyhaloalkoxy contains up to 6, or 4, or 3, or 2 halo groups.
• Non-limiting examples of haloalkoxy include fluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, chloromethoxy, dichloromethoxy, trichloromethoxy, pentafluoroethoxy, heptafluoropropoxy, difluorochloromethoxy, dichlorofluoromethoxy, difluoroethoxy, difluoropropoxy, dichloroethoxy and dichloropropoxy.
• a perhalo-alkoxy refers to an alkoxy having all hydrogen atoms replaced with halo atoms, e.g., trifluoromethoxy.
• Representative haloalkoxy groups include monofluoro-, difluoro- and trifluoro-substituted methoxy and ethoxy groups, e.g. —OCF 3 , —OCHF 2 , —OCH 2 F, —OCH 2 CHF 2 and —OCH 2 CF 3 .
• C 1 -C 4 haloalkoxy refers to the group —O—C 1 -C 4 alkyl, wherein the “alkyl” group is as defined herein and wherein at least one of the hydrogen atoms of the “C 1 -C 4 alkyl” is replaced by a halo atom as defined herein for “haloalkyl”.
• the C 1 -C 4 haloalkoxy groups can be monoC 1 -C 4 haloalkoxy, wherein such C 1 -C 4 haloalkoxy groups have one iodo, one bromo, one chloro or one fluoro.
• the C 1 -C 4 haloalkoxy groups can be diC 1 -C 4 haloalkoxy wherein such C 1 -C 4 haloalkoxy groups can have two halo atoms independently selected from iodo, bromo, chloro or fluoro.
• the C 1 -C 4 haloalkoxy groups can be polyC 1 -C 4 haloalkoxy wherein such C 1 -C 4 haloalkoxy groups can have two or more of the same halo atoms or a combination of two or more different halo atoms.
• Such polyC 1 -C 4 haloalkoxy can be perhaloC 1 -C 4 haloalkoxy where all the hydrogen atoms of the respective C 1 -C 4 alkoxy have been replaced with halo atoms and the halo atoms can be the same or a combination of different halo atoms.
• Non-limiting examples of “C 1 -C 4 haloalkoxy” groups include fluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, chloromethoxy, dichloromethoxy, trichloromethoxy, pentafluoroethoxy, heptafluoropropoxy, difluorochloromethoxy, dichlorofluoromethoxy, fluoroethoxy, difluoroethoxy, trifluoroethoxy, difluoropropoxy, dichloroethoxy and dichloropropoxy.
• halo or halogen as used herein, refer to fluoro (F), chloro (Cl), bromo (Br) or iodo (I).
• heteroaryl refers to aryl
• heteroaryl groups include benzofuranyl, benzo[c]thiophenyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, benzthiazolyl, benzimidazolyl, cinnolinyl, furazanyl, furyl, imidazolyl, indolyl, indolizinyl, indazolyl, isoindolyl, isoquinolinyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, oxaindolyl, oxadiazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyrrolyl, phthalazinyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinolinyl, quinazolinyl, tetrazolyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, thieny
• heteroatoms or “hetero atoms”, as used herein, refers to nitrogen (N), oxygen (O) or sulfur (S) atoms.
• heterocycloalkyl refers to a cycloalkyl group as defined herein having one to two carbon atoms in the ring structure being replaced with one to two groups independently selected from N, NH, NR 17 , O or —S—, wherein R 17 is H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl or C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl.
• a heterocycloalkyl can be,
• Non-limiting examples of heterocycloalkyl groups include azetadinyl, azetadin-1-yl, azetadin-2-yl, azetadin-3-yl, oxetanyl, oxetan-2-yl, oxetan-3-yl, oxetan-4-yl, thietanyl, thietan-2-yl, thietan-3-yl, thietan-4-yl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-2-yl, pyrrolidin-3-yl, pyrrolidin-4-yl, pyrrolidin-5-yl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrofuran-2-yl, tetrahydrofuran-3-yl, tetrahydrofuran-4-yl, tetrahydrofuran-5
• hydroxy or “hydroxyl” refers to the group —OH.
• heterocyclyl refers to a 4 to 14 membered, saturated or partially saturated hydrocarbon ring structure having 1 to 7, 1 to 5, 1 to 3 or 1 to 2 ring members independently selected from N, NH, NR 36 , O or S, wherein R 36 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl or C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl.
• heterocyclyl includes single ring groups, bicyclic ring groups, fused ring groups, spiro ring groups, and bridged ring groups.
• the heterocyclic group can be attached to another group at a nitrogen or a carbon atom.
• a heterocyclyl can be
• heterocycloalkyl groups include dihydrobenzofuranyl, dihydrobenzo[c]thiophenyl, dihydrobenzothiophenyl, dihydrobenzoxazolyl, dihydrobenzthiazolyl, dihydrobenzimidazolyl, dihydrocinnolinyl, dihydrofurazanyl, dihydrofuryl, dihydroimidazolyl, dihydroindolyl, dihydroindolizinyl, dihydroindazolyl, dihydroisoindolyl, dihydroisoquinolinyl, dihydroisoxazolyl, dihydroisothiazolyl, dihydrooxazolyl, dihydrooxaindolyl, dihydrooxadiazolyl, dihydropyrazolyl, dihydropyrrolyl, dihydrophthalazinyl, dihydropyridyl, dihydropyri
• the term “subject” refers to an animal.
• the animal is a mammal.
• a subject also refers to for example, primates (e.g., humans), cows, sheep, goats, horses, dogs, cats, rabbits, rats, mice, fish, birds and the like.
• the subject is a human.
• a “patient” as used herein refers to a human subject.
• linker refers to a bivalent chemical moiety that is capable of covalently linking together two spaced chemical moieties.
• the term “inhibition” or “inhibiting” refers to the reduction or suppression of a given condition, symptom, or disorder, or disease, or a decrease in the baseline activity of a biological activity or process.
• an optical isomer or “a stereoisomer” refers to any of the various stereoisomeric configurations which may exist for a given compound of the present invention and includes geometric isomers. It is understood that a substituent may be attached at a chiral center of a carbon atom.
• the term “chiral” refers to molecules which have the property of non-superimposability on their mirror image partner, while the term “achiral” refers to molecules which are superimposable on their mirror image partner. Therefore, the invention includes enantiomers, diastereomers or racemates of the compound, “Enantiomers” are a pair of stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other.
• a 1:1 mixture of a pair of enantiomers is a “racemic” mixture.
• the term is used to designate a racemic mixture where appropriate.
• “Diastereoisomers” are stereoisomers that have at least two asymmetric atoms, but which are not mirror-images of each other.
• the absolute stereochemistry is specified according to the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog R-S system. When a compound is a pure enantiomer the stereochemistry at each chiral carbon may be specified by either R or S.
• Resolved compounds whose absolute configuration is unknown can be designated (+) or ( ⁇ ) depending on the direction (dextro- or levorotatory) which they rotate plane polarized light at the wavelength of the sodium D line.
• Certain compounds described herein contain one or more asymmetric centers or axes and may thus give rise to enantiomers, diastereomers, and other stereoisomeric forms that may be defined, in terms of absolute stereochemistry, as (R)- or (S)-.
• treating refers in one embodiment, to ameliorating the disease or disorder (i.e., slowing or arresting or reducing the development of the disease or at least one of the clinical symptoms thereof).
• treating refers to alleviating or ameliorating at least one physical parameter including those which may not be discernible by the patient.
• treating or “treatment” refers to modulating the disease or disorder, either physically, (e.g., stabilization of a discernible symptom), physiologically, (e.g., stabilization of a physical parameter), or both.
• “treating” or “treatment” refers to preventing or delaying the onset or development or progression of the disease or disorder.
• Optionally substituted means the group referred to can be substituted at one or more positions by any one or any combination of the radicals listed thereafter.
• the number, placement and selection of substituents is understood to encompass only those substitutions that a skilled chemist would expect to be reasonably stable; thus ‘oxo’ would not be a substituent on an aryl or heteroaryl ring, for example, and a single carbon atom would not have three hydroxy or amino substituents.
• Groups may be substituted at the same position that they join the remainder of the defined molecule. For instance, a group may be substituted with a cyclopropyl, and the cyclopropyl may, in turn, be substituted with another group, at the same carbon by which it is joined to the rest of the molecule.
• the term “compounds of the present invention”, “compounds of the invention” or “compounds provided herein” refers to compounds of Formula (I), Formula (II), Formula (IIa), Formula (Ib), Formula (IIIa), Formula (IIIb), Formula (IIIc), Formula (IVa), Formula (IVb), Formula (IVc), Formula (IVd), Formula (Va), Formula (Vb), Formula (Vc), Formula (VI), Formula (VII), and Formula (VIII), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, stereoisomers (including diastereoisomers and enantiomers), rotamers, tautomers and isotopically labeled compounds (including deuterium substitutions), as well as inherently formed moieties.
• the invention provides compounds having the structure of Formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:
• the compounds of the invention can be produced by organic synthesis methods known to one of ordinary skill in the art with reference to the following reaction general synthetic schemes below and in more detail in the Examples.
• protecting group only a readily removable group that is not a constituent of the particular desired end product of the compounds of the present invention is designated a “protecting group,” unless the context indicates otherwise.
• the protection of functional groups by such protecting groups, the protecting groups themselves, and their cleavage reactions are described for example in standard reference works, such as e.g., Science of Synthesis: Houben-Weyl Methods of Molecular Transformation. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany. 2005. 41627 pp. (URL: http://www.science-of-synthesis.com (Electronic Version, 48 Volumes)); J. F. W. McOmie, “Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry”, Plenum Press, London and New York 1973, in T. W. Greene and P. G.
• Scheme I shows general methods 1 to 7 for synthesizing compounds of Formula (I) wherein X is
• the bicyclic intermediate (e.g., Intermediate I-1) can be N-alkylated to attach the W-L- moiety of interest, for e.g. where L is attached through —CH 2 —.
• W-L-X 1 represents a suitable alkylating agent for such reactions, where X 1 is a leaving group such as halo (e.g. Br or I) or a sulfonate leaving group such as mesylate, tosylate, or triflate.
• the W-L- moiety can of course contain functional groups that can be further modified in the product of Formula (I), such as hydroxyl groups or amine groups, e.g. in protected form, which can be deprotected and further derivatized.
• R C can be a simple alkyl ester such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, t-butyl or n-butyl; and if W-L- contains an ester, R C can be a different ester such as benzyl that can be readily differentiated from the one in W-L-, so R C can be selectively hydrolyzed for the coupling reaction in Scheme I.
• the R C is an ester that hydrolyzes under the alkylation reaction conditions, presumably due to the presence of adventitious moisture or hydroxide; in other examples, a separate hydrolysis step is used such as addition of lithium, sodium or potassium hydroxide and water.
• the resulting free carboxylate compound is then readily coupled to a suitable amine containing a desired R B group using standard amide bond formation conditions and suitable reagents.
• This can be a direct amidation of the carboxylate (method 1 and method 2), or it can be accomplished by converting the carboxylic acid into an activated intermediate (acyl chloride, acyl anhydride, etc.) (method 4) as known in the art and illustrated by the accompanying examples.
• Examples of amide coupling reagents used in methods 1, 2, 4 and 5 include, but are not limited to, EDCI, HATU, HBTU, TBTU and T3P.
• the carboxylic acid can be converted into an activated intermediate (method 5) which undergoes subsequent etherification. Typical etherification occurs using a alkyl halides (Cl, Br, I) in the presence of a base such as KCO 3 or KOH.
• esterification reagents include diethyl azodicarboxylate (DEAD) or diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (DIAD), di-tert-butyl azodicarboxylate (DTBAD), dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC)/4-N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) and 2,4,6-trichlorobenzoyl chloride/4-N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP).
• DEAD diethyl azodicarboxylate
• DIAD diisopropyl azodicarboxylate
• DTBAD di-tert-butyl azodicarboxylate
• DCC dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
• DMAP 2,4,6-trichlorobenzoyl chloride/4-N,N-dimethylaminopyridine
• the secondary amine on the pyrazolyl ring can be alkylated (method 7) thereby forming a third fused ring.
• hydroamination and amine alkylation with alcohols can be used when R 15 comprises the appropriate reactive group.
• Scheme II shows general methods for synthesizing compounds of Formula (I), wherein X is a 5-6 membered heteroaryl, and Y is
• Scheme III shows general methods for synthesizing compounds of Formula (I), wherein X is a 5-6 membered heteroaryl or a 5-6 membered heterocyclyl, and Y is a bond or
• Scheme IV shows a general method for the synthesis of compounds of Formula (I) wherein LMC is present, and wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 15 , R B , t and L are as defined herein for compounds of Formula (I).
• the amine protected bicyclic intermediate (e.g., Intermediate I-1) described in Scheme (I), is utilized to obtain macrocyclic compounds of Formula (I).
• the bicyclic intermediate can be N-alkylated as described in Scheme I to attach the OH—Z-L- moiety of interest, e.g. where L is attached through —CH 2 —.
• the hydroxyl of the OH—Z-L group is alkylated, thereby attaching a linker moiety which, after deprotection of the amine, is further attached by N-alkylation of the deprotected amine.
• the ester is converted to the corresponding carboxylic acid which is subsequently amidated with a desired amine intermediate.
• Scheme V shows a general method for the synthesis of compounds of Formula (I) wherein LMC is present, and wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 15 , R B , t and L are as defined herein for compounds of Formula (I).
• the amine protected bicyclic intermediate (e.g., Intermediate I-1) described in Scheme (I), is utilized to obtain macrocyclic compounds of Formula (I).
• the bicyclic intermediate can be N-alkylated as described in Scheme to attach the OH—Z-L- moiety of interest, especially where Lis attached through —CH 2 —.
• the ester is then converted to the corresponding carboxylic acid which is subsequently amidated with a desired amine intermediate.
• the amine is alkylated to attach a linker which is subsequently activated with an azide moiety.
• the hydroxyl of the OH—Z-L group is converted to a carboxylic acid which is then amidated via the azide moiety thereby attaching the linker and completing the macrocycle formation.
• Scheme VI shows a general method for the synthesis of compounds of Formula (I) wherein LMC is present, and wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 15 , R B , t and L are as defined herein for compounds of Formula (I).
• the amine protected bicyclic intermediate (e.g. Intermediate I-1) described in Scheme (I), is utilized to obtain macrocyclic compounds of Formula (I).
• the bicyclic intermediate can be N-alkylated as described in Scheme I to attach the OH—Z-L- moiety of interest, e.g. where L is attached through —CH 2 —.
• the ester is then converted to the corresponding carboxylic acid which is subsequently amidated with a desired amine intermediate.
• the amine is alkylated to attach a linker which is subsequently activated with an azide moiety.
• the hydroxyl of the OH—Z-L group is converted to an aldehyde which is then amidated via the azide moiety, thereby attaching the linker and completing the macrocycle formation.
• Intermediates and final products can be worked up and/or purified according to suitable methods, e.g., using chromatographic methods, distribution methods, (re-) crystallization, and the like.
• the compounds can be present in the form of one of the possible isomers or as mixtures thereof, for example as pure optical isomers, or as isomer mixtures, such as racemates and diastereoisomer mixtures, depending on the number of asymmetric carbon atoms.
• the present invention is meant to include all such possible stereoisomers, including racemic mixtures, diastereomeric mixtures and optically pure forms.
• Optically active (R)- and (S)-isomers may be prepared using chiral synthons or chiral reagents, or resolved using conventional techniques. If the compound contains a double bond, the substituent may be E or Z configuration. If the compound contains a disubstituted cycloalkyl, the cycloalkyl substituent may have a cis- or trans-configuration. All tautomeric forms are also intended to be included.
• Any resulting mixtures of isomers can be separated on the basis of the physicochemical differences of the constituents, into the pure or substantially pure geometric or optical isomers or diastereomers, for example, by chromatography and/or fractional crystallization.
• diastereoisomers can be separated in a manner known per se into the individual isomers; diastereoisomers can be separated, for example, by partitioning between polyphasic solvent mixtures, recrystallization and/or chromatographic separation, for example over silica gel or by, e.g., medium pressure liquid chromatography over a reversed phase column, and racemates can be separated, for example, by the formation of salts with optically pure salt-forming reagents and separation of the mixture of diastereoisomers so obtainable, for example by means of fractional crystallization, or by chromatography over optically active column materials.
• any resulting racemates of final products or intermediates can be resolved into the optical antipodes by known methods, e.g., by separation of the diastereomeric salts thereof, obtained with an optically active acid or base, and liberating the optically active acidic or basic compound.
• a basic moiety may thus be employed to resolve the compounds of the present invention into their optical antipodes, e.g., by fractional crystallization of a salt formed with an optically active acid, e.g., tartaric acid, dibenzoyl tartaric acid, diacetyl tartaric acid, di-O,O′-p-toluoyl tartaric acid, mandelic acid, malic acid or camphor-10-sulfonic acid.
• Racemic products can also be resolved by chiral chromatography, e.g., high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a chiral adsorbent.
• HPLC high pressure liquid chromatography
• Many compounds of the invention contain one or more chiral centers. These compounds may be made and used as single isomers or as mixtures of isomers. Methods for separating the isomers, including diastereomers and enantiomers, are known in the art, and examples of suitable methods are described herein.
• the compounds of the invention are used as a single substantially pure isomer, meaning at least 90% of a sample of the compound is the specified isomer and less than 10% of the sample is any other isomer or mixture of isomers. E.g., at least 95% of the sample is a single isomer.
• selection of a suitable isomer is within the ordinary level of skill.
• one isomer may be more active in the herpesvirus DNA polymerase in vitro assay described herein.
• in vitro activity differences between isomers are relatively small, e.g. less than about a factor of 4
• a single isomer may be selected based on activity level against viral replication in cell culture, using methods such as those described herein: e.g. the isomer having a lower IC 50 or EC 50 may be selected.
• the compounds of the present invention can also be obtained in the form of their hydrates, or include other solvents used for their crystallization.
• the compounds of the present invention may inherently or by design form solvates with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents (including water); therefore, it is intended that the invention embrace both solvated and unsolvated forms.
• solvate refers to a molecular complex of a compound of the present invention (including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof) with one or more solvent molecules.
• solvent molecules are those commonly used in the pharmaceutical art, which are known to be innocuous to the recipient, e.g., water, ethanol, and the like.
• hydrate refers to the complex where the solvent molecule is water.
• the compounds of the present invention including salts, hydrates and solvates thereof, may inherently or by design form polymorphs.
• salt refers to an acid addition or base addition salt of a compound of the present invention.
• Salts include in particular “pharmaceutically acceptable salts”.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salts refers to salts that retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the compounds of this invention and, which typically are not biologically or otherwise undesirable.
• the compounds of the present invention are capable of forming acid and/or base salts by virtue of the presence of amino and/or carboxyl groups or groups similar thereto.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts can be formed with inorganic acids and organic acids, e.g., acetate, aspartate, benzoate, besylate, bromide/hydrobromide, bicarbonate/carbonate, bisulfate/sulfate, camphorsulfonate, chloride/hydrochloride, chlortheophyllonate, citrate, ethandisulfonate, fumarate, gluceptate, gluconate, glucuronate, hippurate, hydroiodide/iodide, isethionate, lactate, lactobionate, laurylsulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, mandelate, mesylate, methylsulphate, naphthoate, napsylate, nicotinate, nitrate, octadecanoate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, phosphate/hydrogen phosphate/dihydrogen
• Inorganic acids from which salts can be derived include, for example, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like.
• Organic acids from which salts can be derived include, for example, acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, toluenesulfonic acid, sulfosalicylic acid, and the like.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts can be formed with inorganic and organic bases.
• Inorganic bases from which salts can be derived include, for example, ammonium salts and metals from columns I to XII of the periodic table.
• the salts are derived from sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium, magnesium, iron, silver, zinc, and copper; particularly suitable salts include ammonium, potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium salts.
• Organic bases from which salts can be derived include, for example, primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines, basic ion exchange resins, and the like.
• Certain organic amines include isopropylamine, benzathine, cholinate, diethanolamine, diethylamine, lysine, meglumine, piperazine and tromethamine.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the present invention can be synthesized from a basic or acidic moiety, by conventional chemical methods.
• such salts can be prepared by reacting free acid forms of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base (such as Na, Ca, Mg, or K hydroxide, carbonate, bicarbonate or the like), or by reacting free base forms of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate acid.
• a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base such as Na, Ca, Mg, or K hydroxide, carbonate, bicarbonate or the like
• Such reactions are typically carried out in water or in an organic solvent, or in a mixture of the two.
• use of non-aqueous media like ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol, or acetonitrile is desirable, where practicable.
• Salts of compounds of the present invention having at least one salt-forming group may be prepared in a manner known per se.
• salts of compounds of the present invention having acid groups may be formed, for example, by treating the compounds with metal compounds, such as alkali metal salts of suitable organic carboxylic acids, e.g., the sodium salt of 2-ethyl hexanoic acid, with organic alkali metal or alkaline earth metal compounds, such as the corresponding hydroxides, carbonates or hydrogen carbonates, such as sodium or potassium hydroxide, carbonate or hydrogen carbonate, with corresponding calcium compounds or with ammonia or a suitable organic amine, stoichiometric amounts or only a small excess of the salt-forming agent may be used.
• metal compounds such as alkali metal salts of suitable organic carboxylic acids, e.g., the sodium salt of 2-ethyl hexanoic acid
• organic alkali metal or alkaline earth metal compounds such as the corresponding hydroxides, carbonates or hydrogen carbonates,
• Acid addition salts of compounds of the present invention are obtained in customary manner, e.g., by treating the compounds with an acid or a suitable anion exchange reagent.
• Internal salts of compounds of the present invention containing acid and basic salt-forming groups, e.g., a free carboxy group and a free amino group, may be formed, e.g., by the neutralization of salts, such as acid addition salts, to the isoelectric point, e.g., with weak bases, or by treatment with ion exchangers.
• Salts can be converted in customary manner into the free compounds; metal and ammonium salts can be converted, for example, by treatment with suitable acids, and acid addition salts, for example, by treatment with a suitable basic agent.
• any formula given herein is intended to represent unlabeled forms as well as isotopically labeled forms of the compounds of the present invention having up to three atoms with non-natural isotope distributions, e.g., sites that are enriched in deuterium or 13 C or 15 N.
• Isotopically labeled compounds have structures depicted by the formulas given herein except that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having a selected atomic mass or mass number other than the natural-abundance mass distribution.
• isotopes that can be usefully over-incorporated into compounds of the invention include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, fluorine, and chlorine, such as 2 H, 3 H, 11 C, 13 C, 14 C, 15 N, 18 F, 31 P, 32 P, 35 S, 36 Cl, 125 I respectively.
• the invention includes various isotopically labeled compounds of the present invention, for example those into which radioactive isotopes, such as 3 H and 14 C, or those in which non-radioactive isotopes, such as 2 H and 13 C are present at levels substantially above normal isotope distribution.
• Such isotopically labelled compounds are useful in metabolic studies (with 14 C, for example), reaction kinetic studies (with, for example 2 H or 3 H), detection or imaging techniques, such as positron emission tomography (PET) or single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) including drug or substrate tissue distribution assays, or in radioactive treatment of patients.
• PET positron emission tomography
• SPECT single-photon emission computed tomography
• an 18 F labeled compound of the present invention may be particularly desirable for PET or SPECT studies.
• Isotopically-labeled compounds of the present invention can generally be prepared by conventional techniques known to those skilled in the art or by processes analogous to those described in the accompanying Examples and Preparations using an appropriate isotopically-labeled reagent in place of the non-labeled reagent typically employed. Labeled samples may be useful with quite low isotope incorporation, such as where a radiolabel is used to detect trace amounts of the compound.
• isotopic enrichment factor means the ratio between the isotopic abundance and the natural abundance of a specified isotope.
• a substituent in a compound of this invention is denoted deuterium, such compound has an isotopic enrichment factor for each designated deuterium atom of at least 3500 (52.5% deuterium incorporation at each designated deuterium atom), at least 4000 (60% deuterium incorporation), at least 4500 (67.5% deuterium incorporation), at least 5000 (75% deuterium incorporation), at least 5500 (82.5% deuterium incorporation), at least 6000 (90% deuterium incorporation), at least 6333.3 (95% deuterium incorporation), at least 6466.7 (97% deuterium incorporation), at least 6600 (99% deuterium incorporation), or at least 6633.3 (99.5% deuterium incorporation).
• solvates in accordance with the invention include those wherein the solvent of crystallization may be isotopically substituted, e.g. D 2 O, d 6 -acetone, d 6 -DMSO.
• Compounds of the present invention that contain groups capable of acting as donors and/or acceptors for hydrogen bonds may be capable of forming co-crystals with suitable co-crystal formers.
• These co-crystals may be prepared from compounds of the present invention by known co-crystal forming procedures. Such procedures include grinding, heating, co-subliming, co-melting, or contacting in solution compounds of the present invention with the co-crystal former under crystallization conditions and isolating co-crystals thereby formed.
• Suitable co-crystal formers include those described in WO 2004/078163. Hence the invention further provides co-crystals comprising a compound of the present invention.
• the invention also provides methods of making compounds of Formula I as described herein and intermediates useful for preparation of compounds of Formula (I).
• the invention thus also includes a method to make a compound of Formula (I), which comprises: contacting a compound of Formula (A)
• the compounds of Formula (A) and Formula (I-2) are brought together or mixed in the presence of an inert solvent under conditions suitable for formation of an amide bond, including known methods used for peptide synthesis.
• an inert solvent including known methods used for peptide synthesis.
• X represents —OH
• any of wide range of dehydrating agents suitable for formation of an amide bond from an amine and a carboxylic acid can be used.
• carbodiimides e.g., dicyclohexyl carbodiimide; diisopropyl carbodiimide; EDC; and the like.
• reaction with a carbodiimide can be facilitated by the presence of an activating agent such as HOBt, HOAt, N-hydroxysuccinimide, or the like.
• an activating agent such as HOBt, HOAt, N-hydroxysuccinimide, or the like.
• the acid of Formula (A) or a salt thereof can be activated by reaction with an activating agent such as HATU, HBTU, BOP, PyBOP, PyBrOP, TBTU, COMU, or TFFH, optionally in the presence of a base such as triethylamine, DIPEA, DMAP, pyridine, and the like, prior to being contacted with the amine compound of Formula (I-2).
• X represents a leaving group, it can be halo (e.g. Cl), or an acyl group such as —OC(O)—O—R* where R* represents a C 1 -C 6 alkyl, optionally substituted with up to three halo or C 1-3
• the compound of Formula (A) is a compound of Formula (VII):
• R C is H; L is —CH 2 —; and W is cyclopropyl substituted with —SO 2 R 10 , —SO 2 NR 14 R 10 , or —SO 2 NR 13 R 14 , where t, R 10 , R 13 and R 14 are as defined for Formula (A).
• the invention further includes any variant of the present processes, in which an intermediate product obtainable at any stage thereof is used as starting material and the remaining steps are carried out, or in which the starting materials are formed in situ under the reaction conditions, or in which the reaction components are used in the form of their salts or optically pure material.
• the invention relates also to those forms of the process in which a compound obtainable as an intermediate at any stage of the process is used as starting material and the remaining process steps are carried out, or in which a starting material is formed under the reaction conditions or is used in the form of a derivative, for example in a protected form or in the form of a salt, or a compound obtainable by the process according to the invention is produced under the process conditions and processed further in situ.
• composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the pharmaceutical composition according to this invention further comprises a therapeutically effective amount of at least one other antiviral agent.
• the compounds of the invention can be administered by known methods, including oral, parenteral, inhalation, and the like.
• the compound of the invention is administered orally, as a pill, lozenge, troche, capsule, solution, or suspension.
• a compound of the invention is administered by injection or infusion. Infusion is typically performed intravenously, often over a period of time between about 15 minutes and 4 hours.
• a compound of the invention is administered intranasally or by inhalation; inhalation methods are particularly useful for treatment of respiratory infections.
• Compounds of the present invention exhibit oral bioavailability, and can be administered by oral administration.
• pharmaceutical composition includes preparations suitable for administration to mammals, e.g. humans.
• the compounds of the present invention are administered as pharmaceuticals to mammals, e.g., humans, they can be given per se or as a pharmaceutical composition containing, for example, 0.1 to 99.5% (e.g., 0.5 to 90%) of at least one compound of Formula (I) or any subgenus thereof as active ingredient in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, or optionally two or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
• phrases “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” is art recognized and includes a pharmaceutically acceptable material, composition or vehicle, suitable for administering compounds of the present invention to mammals.
• the carriers include liquid or solid filler, diluent, excipient, solvent or encapsulating material, involved in carrying or transporting the subject agent from one organ, or portion of the body, to another organ, or portion of the body.
• Each carrier must be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not injurious to the patient.
• materials which can serve as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include: sugars, such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; starches, such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose, and its derivatives, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc; excipients, such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; oils, such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and soybean oil; glycols, such as propylene glycol; polyols, such as glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol and polyethylene glycol; esters, such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; agar; buffering agents, such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; alginic acid; pyrogen-free water; isotonic saline; Ringer'
• wetting agents such as sodium lauryl sulfate and magnesium stearate, as well as coloring agents, release agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents, preservatives and antioxidants can also be present in the compositions.
• antioxidants examples include: water soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite and the like; oil-soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), lecithin, propyl gallate, ⁇ -tocopherol, and the like; and metal chelating agents, such as citric acid, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), sorbitol, tartaric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like.
• water soluble antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite and the like
• oil-soluble antioxidants such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), lecithin
• Formulations of the present invention include those suitable for oral, nasal, inhalation, topical, transdermal, buccal, sublingual, rectal, vaginal and/or parenteral administration.
• the formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by suitable methods.
• the amount of active ingredient that can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will generally be that amount of the compound that produces a therapeutic effect. Generally, out of one hundred percent, this amount will range from about 1 percent to about ninety-nine percent of active ingredient, e.g. from about 5 percent to about 70 percent, or from about 10 percent to about 30 percent.
• Methods of preparing these formulations or compositions include the step of bringing into association a compound of the present invention with the carrier and, optionally, one or more accessory ingredients.
• the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association a compound of the present invention with liquid carriers, or finely divided solid carriers, or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.
• Formulations of the invention suitable for oral administration may be in the form of capsules, cachets, pills, tablets, lozenges (using a flavored base, for example, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth), powders, granules, or as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid, or as an oil-in-water or water-in-oil liquid emulsion, or as an elixir or syrup, or as pastilles (using an inert base, such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia) and/or as mouth washes and the like, each containing a predetermined amount of a compound of the present invention as an active ingredient.
• a compound of the present invention may also be administered as a bolus, electuary or paste.
• the active ingredient is mixed with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate, and/or any of the following: fillers or extenders, such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and/or silicic acid; binders, such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sucrose and/or acacia; humectants, such as glycerol; disintegrating agents, such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate; solution retarding agents, such as paraffin; absorption accelerators, such as quaternary ammonium compounds; wetting agents, such as, for example, cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostea
• compositions may also comprise buffering agents.
• Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugars, as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.
• a tablet may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients.
• Compressed tablets may be prepared using binder (for example, gelatin or hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose), lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, disintegrant (for example, sodium starch glycolate or cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose), surface-active or dispersing agent.
• Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent.
• the tablets, and other solid dosage forms of the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may optionally be scored or prepared with coatings and shells, such as enteric coatings and other coatings. They may also be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein using, for example, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose in varying proportions to provide the desired release profile, other polymer matrices, liposomes and/or microspheres. They may be sterilized by, for example, filtration through a bacteria-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions that can be dissolved in sterile water, or some other sterile injectable medium immediately before use.
• compositions may also optionally contain opacifying agents and may be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain portion of the gastrointestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner.
• opacifying agents include polymeric substances and waxes.
• the active ingredient can also be in micro-encapsulated form, if appropriate, with one or more of the above-described excipients.
• Liquid dosage forms for oral administration of the compounds of the invention include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs.
• the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluent commonly used in the art, such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers, such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof.
• inert diluent commonly used in the art, such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and e
• the oral compositions can also include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, coloring, perfuming and preservative agents.
• adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, coloring, perfuming and preservative agents.
• Suspensions in addition to the active compounds, may contain suspending agents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, and mixtures thereof.
• suspending agents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, and mixtures thereof.
• Formulations of the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention for rectal or vaginal administration may be presented as a suppository, which may be prepared by mixing one or more compounds of the invention with one or more suitable nonirritating excipients or carriers comprising, for example, cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, a suppository wax or a salicylate, and which is solid at room temperature, but liquid at body temperature and, therefore, will melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound.
• suitable nonirritating excipients or carriers comprising, for example, cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, a suppository wax or a salicylate, and which is solid at room temperature, but liquid at body temperature and, therefore, will melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound.
• Formulations of the present invention which are suitable for vaginal administration also include pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or spray formulations containing such carriers as are known in the art to be appropriate.
• Dosage forms for the topical or transdermal administration of a compound of this invention include powders, sprays, ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, solutions, patches and inhalants.
• the active compound may be mixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and with any preservatives, buffers, or propellants that may be required.
• the ointments, pastes, creams and gels may contain, in addition to an active compound of this invention, excipients, such as animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof.
• excipients such as animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof.
• Powders and sprays can contain, in addition to a compound of this invention, excipients such as lactose, talc, silicic acid, aluminum hydroxide, calcium silicates and polyamide powder, or mixtures of these substances.
• Sprays can additionally contain customary propellants, such as chlorofluorohydrocarbons and volatile unsubstituted hydrocarbons, such as butane and propane.
• Transdermal patches have the added advantage of providing controlled delivery of a compound of the present invention to the body.
• dosage forms can be made by dissolving or dispersing the compound in the proper medium.
• Absorption enhancers can also be used to increase the flux of the compound across the skin. The rate of such flux can be controlled by either providing a rate controlling membrane or dispersing the active compound in a polymer matrix or gel.
• Ophthalmic formulations are also contemplated as being within the scope of this invention.
• compositions of this invention suitable for parenteral administration may comprise one or more compounds of the invention in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers such as sterile isotonic aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions, or sterile powders which may be reconstituted into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions just prior to use, which may contain antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient or suspending or thickening agents.
• pharmaceutically acceptable carriers such as sterile isotonic aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions, or sterile powders which may be reconstituted into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions just prior to use, which may contain antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient or suspending or thickening agents.
• aqueous and nonaqueous carriers examples include water, ethanol, glycol ethers, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils, such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters, such as ethyl oleate.
• suitable aqueous and nonaqueous carriers include water, ethanol, glycol ethers, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils, such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters, such as ethyl oleate.
• Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of coating materials, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions, and by the use of surfactants.
• compositions may also contain adjuvants such as preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifying agents and dispersing agents. Prevention of the action of microorganisms may be ensured by the inclusion of various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol sorbic acid, and the like. It may also be desirable to include isotonic agents, such as sugars, sodium chloride, and the like into the compositions. In addition, prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form may be brought about by the inclusion of agents that delay absorption such as aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
• the absorption of the drug in order to prolong the effect of a drug, it is desirable to slow the absorption of the drug from subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. This may be accomplished by the use of a liquid suspension of crystalline or amorphous material having poor water solubility. The rate of absorption of the drug then depends upon its rate of dissolution which, in turn, may depend upon crystal size and crystalline form. Alternatively, delayed absorption of a parenterally-administered drug form is accomplished by dissolving or suspending the drug in an oil vehicle.
• Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsule matrices of the subject compounds in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide. Depending on the ratio of drug to polymer, and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of drug release can be controlled. Examples of other biodegradable polymers include poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depot injectable formulations are also prepared by entrapping the drug in liposomes or microemulsions that are compatible with body tissue.
• the preparations of the present invention may be given orally, parenterally, topically, or rectally. They are of course given by forms suitable for each administration route. For example, they are administered in tablets or capsule form, by injection, inhalation, eye lotion, ointment, suppository, etc., administration by injection, infusion or inhalation; topical by lotion or ointment; and rectal by suppositories.
• parenteral administration and “administered parenterally” as used herein means modes of administration other than enteral and topical administration, usually by injection, and includes, without limitation, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarterial, intrathecal, intracapsular, intraorbital, intracardiac, intradermal, intraperitoneal, transtracheal, subcutaneous, subcuticular, intraarticular, subcapsular, subarachnoid, intraspinal and intrasternal injection and infusion.
• compounds of the invention are administered by Intravenous infusion. Infusion may be used to deliver a single daily dose or multiple doses. In some embodiments, a compound of the invention is administered by infusion over an interval between 15 minutes and 4 hours, typically between 0.5 and 3 hours. Such infusion may be used once per day, twice per day or up to three times per day.
• systemic administration means the administration of a compound, drug or other material other than directly into the central nervous system, such that it enters the patient's system and, thus, is subject to metabolism and other like processes, for example, subcutaneous administration.
• These compounds may be administered to humans and other animals for therapy by any suitable route of administration, including orally, nasally, as by, for example, a spray, rectally, intravaginally, parenterally, intracisternally and topically, as by powders, ointments or drops, including buccally and sublingually.
• the compounds of the present invention which may be used in a suitable hydrated form, and/or the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention, are formulated into pharmaceutically acceptable dosage forms by conventional methods known to those of skill in the art.
• Actual dosage levels of the active ingredients in the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may be varied so as to obtain an amount of the active ingredient which is effective to achieve the desired therapeutic response for a particular patient, composition, and mode of administration, without being toxic to the patient.
• the selected dosage level will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the particular compound of the present invention employed, or the ester, salt or amide thereof, the route of administration, the time of administration, the rate of excretion of the particular compound being employed, the duration of the treatment, other drugs, compounds and/or materials used in combination with the particular compound employed, the age, sex, weight, condition, general health and prior medical history of the patient being treated, and like factors.
• a physician or veterinarian having ordinary skill in the art can determine and prescribe the effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition required.
• the physician or veterinarian could start doses of the compounds of the invention employed in the pharmaceutical composition at levels lower than that required in order to achieve the desired therapeutic effect and gradually increase the dosage until the desired effect is achieved.
• a suitable daily dose of a compound of the invention will be that amount of the compound that is the lowest dose effective to produce a therapeutic effect. Such an effective dose will generally depend upon the factors described above. Generally, intravenous and subcutaneous doses of the compounds of this invention for a patient, when used for the indicated effects, will range from about 0.0001 to about 100 mg per kilogram of body weight per day, more e.g. from about 0.01 to about 50 mg per kg per day, or from about 0.1 to about 20 mg per kg per day. An effective amount is that amount which prevents or treats a viral infection, such as CMV or another herpesvirus.
• the effective daily dose of the active compound may be administered as a single dose per day, or as two, three, four, five, six or more sub-doses administered separately at appropriate intervals throughout the day, optionally, in unit dosage forms.
• Compounds delivered orally or by inhalation are commonly administered in one to four doses per day.
• Compounds delivered by injection are typically administered once per day, or once every other day.
• Compounds delivered by infusion are typically administered in one to three doses per day.
• the doses may be administered at intervals of about 4 hours, about 6 hours, about 8 hours or about 12 hours.
• a compound of the present invention While it is possible for a compound of the present invention to be administered alone, they are generally administered as a pharmaceutical composition such as those described herein.
• methods of using the compounds of the invention include administering the compound as a pharmaceutical composition, wherein at least one compound of the invention is admixed with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier prior to administration.
• compositions of the invention are described herein. It will be recognized that features specified in each embodiment may be combined with other specified features to provide further embodiments. The following enumerated embodiments are representative of the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention.
• Another aspect of the invention involves a method of treating or preventing a herpesvirus disease and/or infection in a human being by administering to the human being an antivirally effective amount of a compound of the invention, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a composition as described above, alone or in combination with at least one other antiviral agent, administered together or separately.
• Still another aspect of this invention relates to a method of inhibiting the replication of CMV or another herpesvirus, comprising exposing the virus to an effective amount of the compound of Formula (I), or a salt thereof, under conditions where replication of the virus is inhibited.
• This method can be practiced in vitro or in vivo.
• a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of a herpesvirus disease and/or infection in a human being, including CMV.
• Another embodiment of the invention provides a compound as described above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as a medicament.
• the invention also provides the use of a pharmaceutical composition as described herein for the treatment of a CMV infection or other herpesvirus in a human being having or at risk of having the infection.
• the invention also provides the use of a pharmaceutical composition as described herein for the treatment of CMV disease or other herpesvirus infection in a human being having or at risk of having the disease.
• An additional aspect of this invention refers to an article of manufacture comprising a composition effective to treat a herpesvirus disease and/or infection; and packaging material comprising a label which indicates that the composition can be used to treat disease and/or infection by a herpesvirus such as CMV; wherein the composition comprises a compound of Formula (I) according to this invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the dose range of the compounds of the invention applicable per day is usually from 0.01 to 100 mg/kg of body weight, e.g. from 0.1 to 50 mg/kg of body weight.
• Each dosage unit may conveniently contain from 5% to 95% active compound (w/w).
• such preparations contain from 20% to 80% active compound.
• the actual pharmaceutically effective amount or therapeutic dosage will of course depend on factors known by those skilled in the art such as age and weight of the patient, route of administration and severity of disease. In any case the combination will be administered at dosages and in a manner which allows a pharmaceutically effective amount to be delivered based upon patient's unique condition.
• an “effective amount” of a compound is that amount necessary or sufficient to treat or prevent a viral infection and/or a disease or condition described herein.
• an effective amount of a herpesvirus or CMV DNA polymerase inhibitor of Formula I is an amount sufficient to treat viral infection in a subject.
• an effective amount of the DNA polymerase inhibitor is an amount sufficient to treat a viral infection, such as, but not limited to CMV, VZV or EBV, in a subject in need of such treatment.
• the effective amount can vary depending on such factors as the size and weight of the subject, the type of illness, or the particular compound of the invention. For example, the choice of the compound of the invention can affect what constitutes an “effective amount.”
• One of ordinary skill in the art would be able to study the factors contained herein and make the determination regarding the effective amount of the compounds of the invention without undue experimentation.
• the regimen of administration can affect what constitutes an effective amount.
• the compound of the invention can be administered to the subject either prior to or after the onset of a viral infection. Further, several divided dosages, as well as staggered dosages, can be administered daily or sequentially, or the dose can be continuously infused, or can be a bolus injection. Further, the dosages of the compound(s) of the invention can be proportionally increased or decreased as indicated by the exigencies of the therapeutic or prophylactic situation.
• Compounds of the invention may be used in the treatment of states, disorders or diseases as described herein, or for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions for use in the treatment of these diseases.
• the invention provides methods of use of compounds of the present invention in the treatment of these diseases or for preparation of pharmaceutical compositions having compounds of the present invention for the treatment of these diseases.
• Another aspect of the invention involves a method of treating viral disease and/or infection in a human being, the method comprising administering to the human being an antivirally effective amount of a compound of the invention, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a composition as described above, alone or in combination with at least one other antiviral agent, administered together or separately, wherein the viral disease or infection is selected from CMV infection in immunocompromised patients (e.g.
• congenital CMV congenital herpes
• oral herpes cold sores
• herpetic keratitis neonatal herpes
• herpes encephalitis varicella (chickenpox)
• herpes zoster shingles
• infectious mononucleosis post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD)
• Castelman's disease and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.
• Another aspect of the invention involves a method of treating a disorder that may be induced/exacerbated/accelerated by herpesvirus infections in a human being, the method comprising administering to the human being an effective amount of a compound of the invention, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a composition as described above, alone or in combination with at least one other antiviral agent, administered together or separately, wherein the disorder is selected from Alzheimer's disease, chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), celiac disease and type 1 diabetes.
• CFS chronic fatigue syndrome
• SLE systemic lupus erythematosus
• MS multiple sclerosis
• RA rheumatoid arthritis
• JIA juvenile idiopathic arthritis
• IBD inflammatory bowel disease
• celiac disease celiac
• Another aspect of the invention involves a method of treating a disorder that may be induced/exacerbated/accelerated by herpesvirus infections in a human being, the method comprising administering to the human being an effective amount of a compound of the invention, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a composition as described above, alone or in combination with at least one other antiviral agent, administered together or separately, wherein the disorder is selected from Alzheimer's disease, chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), atherosclerosis (AS), celiac disease and type 1 diabetes.
• CFS chronic fatigue syndrome
• SLE systemic lupus erythematosus
• MS multiple sclerosis
• RA rheumatoid arthritis
• JIA juvenile idiopathic arthritis
• IBD inflammatory bowel disease
• AS at
• Another aspect of the invention is the use of a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of a disorder that may be induced/exacerbated/accelerated by herpesvirus infections, wherein the disorder is selected from Alzheimer's disease, chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), celiac disease and type 1 diabetes.
• CFS chronic fatigue syndrome
• SLE systemic lupus erythematosus
• MS multiple sclerosis
• RA rheumatoid arthritis
• JIA juvenile idiopathic arthritis
• IBD inflammatory bowel disease
• celiac disease celiac disease
• Another aspect of the invention is the use of a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of a disorder that may be induced/exacerbated/accelerated by herpesvirus infections, wherein the disorder is selected from Alzheimer's disease, chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), atherosclerosis (AS), celiac disease and type 1 diabetes.
• CFS chronic fatigue syndrome
• SLE systemic lupus erythematosus
• MS multiple sclerosis
• RA rheumatoid arthritis
• JIA juvenile idiopathic arthritis
• IBD inflammatory bowel disease
• AS atherosclerosis
• celiac disease celiac disease and type 1 diabetes.
• Another aspect of the invention is the use of a pharmaceutical composition as described herein for the treatment of a viral disease and/or infection in a human being, wherein the viral disease or infection is selected from CMV infection in immunocompromised patients (e.g. transplant recipients), congenital CMV, genital herpes, oral herpes (cold sores), herpetic keratitis, neonatal herpes, herpes encephalitis, varicella (chickenpox), herpes zoster (shingles), infectious mononucleosis, post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD), Castelman's disease and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.
• CMV infection in immunocompromised patients (e.g. transplant recipients), congenital CMV, genital herpes, oral herpes (cold sores), herpetic keratitis, neonatal herpes, herpes encephalitis, varicella (chickenpox), her
• Another aspect of the invention is the use of a pharmaceutical composition as described herein for the treatment of a disorder that may be induced/exacerbated/accelerated by herpesvirus infections, wherein the disorder is selected from Alzheimer's disease, chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), celiac disease and type 1 diabetes.
• CFS chronic fatigue syndrome
• SLE systemic lupus erythematosus
• MS multiple sclerosis
• RA rheumatoid arthritis
• JIA juvenile idiopathic arthritis
• IBD inflammatory bowel disease
• celiac disease celiac disease
• Another aspect of the invention is the use of a pharmaceutical composition as described herein for the treatment of a disorder that may be induced/exacerbated/accelerated by herpesvirus infections, wherein the disorder is selected from Alzheimer's disease, chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), atherosclerosis (AS), celiac disease and type 1 diabetes.
• CFS chronic fatigue syndrome
• SLE systemic lupus erythematosus
• MS multiple sclerosis
• RA rheumatoid arthritis
• JIA juvenile idiopathic arthritis
• IBD inflammatory bowel disease
• AS atherosclerosis
• celiac disease celiac disease and type 1 diabetes.
• the compound of Formula (I) is co-administered with at least one additional agent selected from: a herpesvirus entry inhibitor, a herpesvirus early transcription event inhibitor, a herpesvirus helicase-primase inhibitor, another herpesvirus DNA polymerase inhibitor, an inhibitor of UL97 kinase, a herpesvirus protease inhibitor, a herpesvirus terminase inhibitor, a herpesvirus maturation inhibitor, an inhibitor of another target in the herpesvirus life cycle, a herpesvirus vaccine and a herpesvirus biological agent.
• the herpesvirus is CMV.
• additional agents may be combined with the compounds of this invention to create a single pharmaceutical dosage form.
• these additional agents may be separately administered to the patient as part of a multiple dosage form, for example, using a kit.
• Such additional agents may be administered to the patient prior to, concurrently with, or following the administration of a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• composition of this invention comprises a combination of a compound of the invention and one or more additional therapeutic or prophylactic agent
• both the compound and the additional agent should be present at dosage levels of between about 10 to 100%, for example between about 10 and 80% of the dosage normally administered in a monotherapy regimen.
• Antiviral agents contemplated for use in such combination therapy include agents (compounds or biologicals) that are effective to inhibit the formation and/or replication of a virus in a human being, including but not limited to agents that interfere with either host or viral mechanisms necessary for the formation and/or replication of a virus in a human being.
• Such agents can be selected from: a herpesvirus entry inhibitor; a herpesvirus early transcription event inhibitor; a herpesvirus helicase-primase inhibitor; a herpesvirus DNA polymerase inhibitor such as Ganciclovir (Cytovene®), Valganciclovir (Valcyte®; Cymeval®), Cidofovir (Vistide®), Foscarnet (Foscavir®), CMX001, cyclopropavir (MBX-400) and Valaciclovir (Valtrex®; Zelitrex®); an inhibitor of UL97 kinase such as Maribavir; a herpesvirus protease inhibitor; a herpesvirus terminase inhibitor such as AIC246 (Letermovir); a herpesvirus maturation inhibitor; other inhibitors such as Artesunate; a CMV vaccine such as TransVax and a herpesvirus biological agent such as Cytogam (Cytotect®).
• a compound of the present invention may also be used in combination with other agents (combination partners), e.g., an additional antiviral agent that is or is not of the formula I, for treatment of a viral infection in a subject.
• agents e.g., an additional antiviral agent that is or is not of the formula I
• combination is meant either a fixed combination in one dosage unit form, as separate dosage forms suitable for use together either simultaneously or sequentially, or as a kit of parts for the combined administration where a compound of the present invention and a combination partner may be administered independently at the same time or separately within time intervals that especially allow that the combination partners show a cooperative, e.g., synergistic, effect, or any combination thereof.
• a compound of the present invention is used in combination with a second antiviral agent, such as those named herein.
• the second antiviral agent may be administered in combination with the compounds of the present inventions wherein the second antiviral agent is administered prior to, simultaneously, or after the compound or compounds of the present invention.
• a compound of the invention may be formulated with a second agent into the same dosage form.
• An example of a dosage form containing a compound of the invention and a second agent is a tablet or a capsule.
• a combination of a compound of the invention and a second antiviral agent may provide synergistic activity.
• the compound of the invention and second antiviral agent may be administered together, separate but simultaneously, or sequentially.
• the compounds and compositions described herein can be used or administered in combination with one or more therapeutic agents that act as immunomodulators, e.g., an activator of a costimulatory molecule, or an inhibitor of an immune-inhibitory molecule, or a vaccine.
• the Programmed Death 1 (PD-1) protein is an inhibitory member of the extended CD28/CTLA4 family of T cell regulators (Okazaki et al. (2002) Curr Opin Immunol 14: 391779-82; Bennett et al. (2003) J. Immunol. 170:711-8).
• PD-1 is expressed on activated B cells, T cells, and monocytes.
• PD-1 is an immune-inhibitory protein that negatively regulates TCR signals (Ishida, Y.
• PD-1 and PD-L1 can act as an immune checkpoint, which can lead to, e.g., a decrease in infiltrating lymphocytes, a decrease in T-cell receptor mediated proliferation, and/or immune evasion by cancerous or infected cells (Dong et al. (2003) J. Mol. Med, 81:281-7; Blank et al. (2005) Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 54:307-314; Konishi et al. (2004) Clin. Cancer Res.
• Immune suppression can be reversed by inhibiting the local interaction of PD-1 with PD-L1 or PD-L2; the effect is additive when the interaction of PD-1 with PD-L2 is blocked as well (Iwai et al. (2002) Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. USA 99:12293-7; Brown et al. (2003) J. Immunol. 170:1257-66).
• Immunomodulation can be achieved by binding to either the immune-inhibitory protein (e.g., PD-1) or to binding proteins that modulate the inhibitory protein (e.g., PD-L1, PD-L2).
• the combination therapies of the invention include an immunomodulator that is an inhibitor or antagonist of an inhibitory molecule of an immune checkpoint molecule.
• the immunomodulator binds to a protein that naturally inhibits the immuno-inhibitory checkpoint molecule.
• these immunomodulators can enhance the antiviral response, and thus enhance efficacy relative to treatment with the antiviral compound alone.
• Immune checkpoints refers to a group of molecules on the cell surface of CD4 and CD8 T cells. These molecules can effectively serve as “brakes” to down-modulate or inhibit an adaptive immune response. Immune checkpoint molecules include, but are not limited to, Programmed Death 1 (PD-1), Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4 (CTLA-4), B7H1, B7H4, OX-40, CD137, CD40, and LAG3, which directly inhibit immune cells.
• PD-1 Programmed Death 1
• CTL-4 Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4
• B7H1, B7H4, OX-40 CD137, CD40, and LAG3, which directly inhibit immune cells.
• Immunotherapeutic agents which can act as immune checkpoint inhibitors useful in the methods of the present invention, include, but are not limited to, inhibitors of PD-L1, PD-L2, CTLA4, TIM3, LAG3, VISTA, BTLA, TIGIT, LAIR1, CD160, 24 and/or TGFR beta.
• Inhibition of an inhibitory molecule can be performed by inhibition at the DNA, RNA or protein level.
• an inhibitory nucleic acid e.g., a dsRNA, siRNA or shRNA
• the inhibitor of an inhibitory signal is a polypeptide, e.g., a soluble ligand, or an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, that binds to the inhibitory molecule.
• the immunomodulator can be administered concurrently with, prior to, or subsequent to, one or more compounds of the invention, and optionally one or more additional therapies or therapeutic agents.
• the therapeutic agents in the combination can be administered in any order. In general, each agent will be administered at a dose and/or on a time schedule determined for that agent. It will further be appreciated that the therapeutic agents utilized in this combination may be administered together in a single composition or administered separately in different compositions. In general, it is expected that each of the therapeutic agents utilized in combination be utilized at levels that do not exceed the levels at which they are utilized individually. In some embodiments, the levels utilized in combination will be lower than those utilized individually.
• the antiviral compounds described herein are administered in combination with one or more immunomodulators that are inhibitors of PD-1, PD-L1 and/or PD-L2.
• Each such inhibitor may be an antibody, an antigen binding fragment thereof, an immunoadhesin, a fusion protein, or an oligopeptide. Examples of such immunomodulators are known in the art.
• the immunomodulator is an anti-PD-1 antibody chosen from MDX-1106, Merck 3475 or CT-011.
• the immunomodulator is an immunoadhesin (e.g., an immunoadhesin comprising an extracellular or PD-1 binding portion of PD-LI or PD-L2 fused to a constant region (e.g., an Fc region of an immunoglobulin sequence).
• an immunoadhesin e.g., an immunoadhesin comprising an extracellular or PD-1 binding portion of PD-LI or PD-L2 fused to a constant region (e.g., an Fc region of an immunoglobulin sequence).
• the immunomodulator is a PD-1 inhibitor such as AMP-224.
• the immunomodulator is a PD-LI inhibitor such as anti-PD-LI antibody.
• the immunomodulator is an anti-PD-LI binding antagonist chosen from YW243.55.S70, MPDL3280A, MEDI-4736, MSB-0010718C, or MDX-1105.
• MDX-1105 also known as BMS-936559, is an anti-PD-LI antibody described in WO2007/005874.
• Antibody YW243.55.S70 is an anti-PD-LI described in WO 2010/077634.
• the immunomodulator is nivolumab (CAS Registry Number: 946414-94-4).
• Alternative names for nivolumab include MDX-1106, MDX-1106-04, ONO-4538, or BMS-936558.
• Nivolumab is a fully human IgG4 monoclonal antibody which specifically blocks PD-1.
• Nivolumab (clone 5C 4 ) and other human monoclonal antibodies that specifically bind to PD-1 are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,008,449, EP2161336 and WO2006/121168.
• the immunomodulator is an anti-PD-1 antibody Pembrolizumab.
• Pembrolizumab also referred to as Lambrolizumab, MK-3475, MK03475, SCH-900475 or KEYTRUDA®; Merck
• Pembrolizumab and other humanized anti-PD-1 antibodies are disclosed in Hamid, O. et al (2013) New England Journal of Medicine 369 (2): 134-44, U.S. Pat. No. 8,354,509, WO2009/114335, and WO2013/079174.
• the immunomodulator is Pidilizumab (CT-011; Cure Tech), a humanized IgG1k monoclonal antibody that binds to PD1.
• Pidilizumab and other humanized anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies are disclosed in WO2009/101611.
• anti-PD1 antibodies useful as immunomodulators for use in the methods disclosed herein include AMP 514 (Amplimmune), and anti-PD1 antibodies disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,609,089, US 2010028330, and/or US 20120114649.
• the anti-PD-L1 antibody is MSB0010718C.
• MSB0010718C also referred to as A09-246-2; Merck Serono
• A09-246-2 Merck Serono
• the immunomodulator is MDPL3280A (Genentech/Roche), a human Fc optimized IgG1 monoclonal antibody that binds to PD-L1.
• MDPL3280A and other human monoclonal antibodies to PD-L1 are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,943,743 and U.S Publication No.: 20120039906.
• Other anti-PD-L1 binding agents useful as immunomodulators for methods of the invention include YW243.55.570 (see WO2010/077634), MDX-1105 (also referred to as BMS-936559), and anti-PD-L1 binding agents disclosed in WO2007/005874.
• the immunomodulator is AMP-224 (B7-DCIg; Amplimmune; e.g., disclosed in WO2010/027827 and WO2011/066342), is a PD-L2 Fc fusion soluble receptor that blocks the interaction between PD1 and B7-H1.
• the immunomodulator is an anti-LAG-3 antibody such as BMS-986016.
• BMS-986016 (also referred to as BMS986016) is a monoclonal antibody that binds to LAG-3.
• BMS-986016 and other humanized anti-LAG-3 antibodies are disclosed in US 2011/0150892, WO2010/019570, and WO2014/008218
• the combination therapies disclosed herein include a modulator of a costimulatory molecule or an inhibitory molecule, e.g., a co-inhibitory ligand or receptor.
• the costimulatory modulator, e.g., agonist, of a costimulatory molecule is chosen from an agonist (e.g., an agonistic antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, or soluble fusion) of OX40, CD2, CD27, CDS, ICAM-1, LFA-1 (CD11a/CD18), ICOS (CD278), 4-1BB (CD137), GITR, CD30, CD40, BAFFR, HVEM, CDT LIGHT, NKG2C, SLAMF7, NKp80, CD160, B7-H3 or CD83 ligand.
• an agonist e.g., an agonistic antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, or soluble fusion
• the combination therapies disclosed herein include an immunomodulator that is a costimulatory molecule, e.g., an agonist associated with a positive signal that includes a costimulatory domain of CD28, CD27, ICOS and/or GITR.
• an immunomodulator that is a costimulatory molecule, e.g., an agonist associated with a positive signal that includes a costimulatory domain of CD28, CD27, ICOS and/or GITR.
• Exemplary GITR agonists include, e.g., GITR fusion proteins and anti-GITR antibodies (e.g., bivalent anti-GITR antibodies), such as, a GITR fusion protein described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,111,090, European Patent No.: 09050581, U.S. Pat. No. 8,586,023, PCT Publication Nos.: WO 2010/003118 and 2011/090754, or an anti-GITR antibody described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 7,025,962, European Patent No.: 194718381, U.S. Pat. Nos.
• the immunomodulator used is a soluble ligand (e.g., a CTLA-4-Ig), or an antibody or antibody fragment that binds to PD-L1, PD-L2 or CTLA4.
• the anti-PD-1 antibody molecule can be administered in combination with an anti-CTLA-4 antibody, e.g., ipilimumab, for example.
• exemplary anti-CTLA4 antibodies include Tremelimumab (IgG2 monoclonal antibody available from Pfizer, formerly known as ticilimumab, CP-675,206); and lpilimumab (CTLA-4 antibody, also known as MDX-010, CAS No. 477202-00-9).
• an anti-PD-1 antibody molecule is administered after treatment with a compound of the invention as described herein.
• an anti-PD-1 or PD-L1 antibody molecule is administered in combination with an anti-LAG-3 antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof.
• the anti-PD-1 or PD-L1 antibody molecule is administered in combination with an anti-TIM-3 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof.
• the anti-PD-1 or PD-L1 antibody molecule is administered in combination with an anti-LAG-3 antibody and an anti-TIM-3 antibody, or antigen-binding fragments thereof.
• the combination of antibodies recited herein can be administered separately, e.g., as separate antibodies, or linked, e.g., as a bispecific or trispecific antibody molecule.
• a bispecific antibody that includes an anti-PD-1 or PD-L1 antibody molecule and an anti-TIM-3 or anti-LAG-3 antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, is administered.
• the combination of antibodies recited herein is used to treat a cancer, e.g., a cancer as described herein (e.g., a solid tumor).
• a cancer e.g., a cancer as described herein (e.g., a solid tumor).
• the efficacy of the aforesaid combinations can be tested in animal models known in the art. For example, the animal models to test the synergistic effect of anti-PD-1 and anti-LAG-3 are described, e.g., in Woo et al. (2012) Cancer Res. 72(4):917-27).
• immunomodulators that can be used in the combination therapies include, but are not limited to, e.g., afutuzumab (available from Roche®); pegfigrastim (Neulasta®); lenalidomide (CC-5013, Revlimid®); thalidomide (Thalomid®), actimid (CC4047); and cytokines, e.g., IL-21 or IRX-2 (mixture of human cytokines including interleukin 1, interleukin 2, and interferon ⁇ , CAS 951209-71-5, available from IRX Therapeutics).
• Exemplary doses of such immunomodulators that can be used in combination with the antiviral compounds of the invention include a dose of anti-PD-1 antibody molecule of about 1 to 10 mg/kg, e.g., 3 mg/kg, and a dose of an anti-CTLA-4 antibody, e.g., ipilimumab, of about 3 mg/kg.
• Examples of embodiments of the methods of using the antiviral compounds of the invention in combination with an immunomodulator include these, which may be used along with a compound of Formula I or any subgenus or species thereof that is disclosed herein:
• Step 1 To a slurry of sodium cyclopropanesulfinate (5.79 g, 45.2 mmol, 1.2 equiv) in DMF (30 mL) was added benzyl 2-bromoacetate (5.97 mL, 37.7 mmol, 1.0 equiv). The resulting mixture was stirred overnight at rt, then it was diluted with H 2 O and Et 2 O. The layers were separated, then the aqueous layer was extracted with Et 2 O. The combined organic extracts were washed with brine, dried with Na 2 SO 4 , filtered, and concentrated to afford benzyl 2-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)acetate (i1-a).
• Step 2 To a solution of benzyl 2-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)acetate (1-a) (937 g, 36.8 mmol, 2.0 equiv) in DMF (350 mL) was added K 2 CO 3 (10.18 g, 73.7 mmol, 1.0 equiv) and 1,2-dibromoethane (3.81 mL, 44.2 mmol, 1.2 equiv). The resulting mixture was stirred at 60° C. for 12 h before it was cooled to rt and diluted with Et 2 O. The solids were removed by filtration, the filtrate was washed with water, and the aqueous layer was extracted with Et 2 O.
• Step 3 To a solution of benzyl 1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate (i1-b) (6.53 g, 23.29 mmol) in THF (50 mL) was added LiBH 4 (2.0 M in THF, 11.65 mL, 23.29 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred at rt overnight before the reaction mixture was added to a 2 M HCl/ice mixture. The biphasic mixture was extracted with DCM, then the combined organic extracts were dried with Na 2 SO 4 , filtered, and concentrated.
• LiBH 4 2.0 M in THF, 11.65 mL, 23.29 mmol
• Step 4 A solution of (1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methanol (i1-c) (10.0 g, 56.7 mmol, 1.0 equiv) and DPPE (16.0 g, 39.7 mmol, 0.7 equiv) in THF (100 mL) was cooled 0° C. to before a solution of CBr4 (38.0 g, 1135 mmol, 2.0 equiv) in THF (20 mL) was added over 0.5 h. After 90 min at 25° C., the solids were removed by filtration and the filtrate was concentrated.
• Step 1 A solution of (1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methanol (30 g, 170 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in DMF (300 mL) was cooled to 0° C. before NaH (60% in mineral oil, 13.6 g, 341 mmol, 2.0 equiv) was added portion wise (gas evolution). The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 0.5 h, then NaI (1.7 g, 17.0 mmol, 0.1 equiv) and BnBr (29 g, 170 mmol, 1.0 equiv) were added at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C.
• Step 2 n-BuLi (2.5 M in hexanes, 2.16 mL, 5.40 mmol, 1.2 equiv) was added dropwise to a solution of (((1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methoxy)methyl)benzene (i2-a) (1.2 g, 4.50 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in THF (20 mL) at ⁇ 60° C. The reaction was stirred at 0° C. for 30 min, then MeI (0.84 mL, 13.5 mmol, 3.0 equiv) was added at 0° C. The reaction was stirred at 25° C.
• Step 3 A mixture of (((1-((1-methylcyclopropyl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methoxy)methyl)benzene (i2-b) (900 mg, 2.71 mmol, 1.0 equiv) and Pd/C (200 mg) in MeOH (10 mL) and AcOH (10 mL) was stirred under a hydrogen atmosphere at 20° C. for 12 h. The solids were removed by filtration and the filtrate was concentrated. The residue was diluted with water (10 mL), neutralized with saturated Na 2 CO 3 , and extracted with EtOAc (3 ⁇ 5 mL).
• Step 4 A solution of (1-((1-methylcyclopropyl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methanol) (i2-c) (220 mg, 1.16 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in THF (4 mL) was cooled to ⁇ 40° C. before Et 3 N (234 mg, 2.32 mmol, 2.0 equiv) and MsCl (199 mg, 1.73 mmol, 1.5 equiv) were added. The mixture was stirred at ⁇ 40° C. for 1 h, then it was placed in an ice bath and LiBr (502 mg, 5.78 mmol, 5.0 equiv) was added in one portion. The mixture was stirred at 25° C.
• Step 1 Ethyl 1-(ethylsulfonyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate (i3-a) was obtained using the method described for the synthesis of intermediate (i1-b), except benzyl 2-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)acetate (1-a) was replaced with ethyl 2-(ethylsulfonyl)acetate.
• TLC R f 0.5 (33% EtOAc/petroleum ether).
• Step 2 A solution of ethyl 1-(ethylsulfonyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate (i3-a) (15 g, 72.7 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in THF (150 mL) was cooled to 0° C. before LiAlH 4 (3.3 g, 87.2 mmol, 1.2 equiv) was added portion wise. The mixture was allowed to warm to rt and stir at that temperature for 3 h, then it was quenched with a solution of sodium hydroxide (3.3 g) in water (10 mL). The solids were removed by filtration and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure.
• ethyl 1-(ethylsulfonyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate (i3-a) 15 g, 72.7 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in THF (150 mL) was cooled to 0° C. before LiAlH 4 (3.3 g, 87.2 mmol,
• Step 3 1-(Bromomethyl)-1-(ethylsulfonyl)cyclopropane (int-3) was obtained using the method described in step 4 for the synthesis of intermediate (int-1), except (1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methanol (1-c) was replaced with (1-(ethylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methanol (i3-b).
• Step 1 Methyl 1-(methylsulfonyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate (i4-a) was obtained using the method described for the synthesis of intermediate (i1-b), except benzyl 2-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)acetate (1-a) was replaced with methyl 2-(methylsulfonyl)acetate.
• 1 H NMR 400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) ⁇ 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.20 (s, 3H), 1.84-1.79 (m, 2H), 1.70-1.65 (m, 2H).
• Step 2 (1-(Methylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methanol (i4-b) was obtained using the method described for the synthesis of intermediate (i1-c), except benzyl 1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate (1-b) was replaced with methyl 1-(methylsulfonyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate (i4-a).
• Step 3 1-(Bromomethyl)-1-(methylsulfonyl)cyclopropane (int-4) was obtained using the method described in step 4 for the synthesis of intermediate (int-1), except (1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methanol (1-c) was replaced with (1-(Methylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methanol (i4-b).
• 1 H NMR 400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) ⁇ 3.86 (s, 1H), 3.10 (s, 3H), 1.79-1.76 (m, 2H), 1.23-1.19 (m, 2H).
• Step 1 To a solution of 3-iodo-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine (7.2 g, 29.4 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in DMF (160 mL) was added NaH (60% in mineral oil, 2.4 g, 58.8 mmol, 2.0 equiv) portion wise at 0° C. (gas evolution). The mixture was stirred for 30 min before CH 3 I (8.7 g, 61.3 mmol, 2.1 equiv) was added at 0° C. After the reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 min and at 15° C. for 1 h, the mixture was diluted with H 2 O (300 mL) and neutralized to pH 7 with 1 M HCl.
• H 2 O 300 mL
• Step 2 To a solution of 3-iodo-1-methyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine (i5-a) (4.0 g, 15.4 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in EtOH (150 mL) was added Pd(dppf)Cl 2 (3.95 g, 5.41 mmol, 0.35 equiv) and Et 3 N (6.44 mL, 46.3 mmol, 3.0 equiv). The mixture was stirred under a CO atmosphere (50 psi) at 40° C. for 24 h before it was concentrated.
• Step 3 To a solution of N-oxide ⁇ (221 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in DMF (3 mL) was added TFAA (1.5 mL) dropwise at 20° C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 18 h before it was diluted with ice water (10 mL). The mixture was neutralized with 10% Na 2 CO 3 and extracted with EtOAc (4 ⁇ 3 mL). The combined organic extracts were dried with Na 2 SO 4 , filtered, and concentrated.
• Step 1 To a solution of ethyl 2-oxoacetate (2.7 g, 13.2 mmol) in THF (20 mL) was added K 2 CO 3 (6.1 g, 44.0 mmol) and cyclopropylhydrazine dihydrochloride (2.0 g, 13.8 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 12 h. The mixture was diluted with water (5 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2 ⁇ 20 mL). The combined organic extracts were dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated.
• K 2 CO 3 6.1 g, 44.0 mmol
• cyclopropylhydrazine dihydrochloride 2.0 g, 13.8 mmol
• Ethyl (Z)-2-bromo-2-(2-methylhydrazono)acetate (int-9) (9.78 g, 30.2 mmol, 1.1 equiv, 93% pure) was dissolved in EtOAc (91 mL, 0.3 M), cooled to 0° C., and 3-morpholino-5,6-dihydropyridin-2(1H)-one (5.00 g, 27.4 mmol, 1.0 equiv) was added in one portion.
• Triethylamine (11.5 mL, 82 mmol 3.0 equiv) was added and the reaction vessel was removed from the ice bath and stirred for 20 min at room temperature. The reaction mixture was then heated at 77° C.
• reaction vessel was cooled in an ice bath and 5 mL of 4 N HCl was added dropwise. After stirring for 45 min, the reaction mixture was removed from the ice bath and partitioned between CH 2 C 2 (50 mL) and H 2 O (50 mL). The organic layer was collected and the aqueous layer was extracted with CH 2 C 2 (2 ⁇ 50 mL), then the combined organic extracts were dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered, and concentrated until solids began to crash out of solution.
• Ethyl 1-methyl-6-((1-((1-methylcyclopropyl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxylate (int-13) was obtained using the procedure for intermediate (int-6), except ethyl 1-methyl-7-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxylate (int-5) was replaced with ethyl 1-methyl-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxylate (int-10) and 1-(bromomethyl)-1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropane (int-1) was replaced with 1-(bromomethyl)-1-((1-methylcyclopropyl)sulfonyl)
• Step 1 (((1-(Methylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methoxy)methyl)benzene (i15-a) was obtained using the procedure described for intermediate (i2-a), except (1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methanol was replaced with (1-(methylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methanol (i4-b).
• TLC R f 0.7 (50% EtOAc/petroleum ether).
• Step 2 (Z)-1-((1-((Benzyloxy)methyl)cyclopropyl)sulfonyl)-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-en-2-ol (i15-b).
• a solution of LiHMDS (1.0 M in THF, 12 mL, 12.5 mmol, 1.2 equiv) in THF (30 mL) was cooled to ⁇ 65° C. before a solution of (((1-(methylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methoxy)methyl)benzene (15-a) (2.5 g, 10.4 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in THF (10 mL) was added dropwise. The mixture was stirred at ⁇ 65° C.
• Step 3 1-((1-((Benzyloxy)methyl)cyclopropyl)sulfonyl)-1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoropropane-2,2-diol (i15-c).
• a solution of (Z)-1-((1-((benzyloxy)methyl)cyclopropyl)sulfonyl)-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-en-2-ol (115-b) 100 mg, 0.29 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in MeCN (2 mL) was treated with Selectfluor® (263 mg, 0.74 mmol, 2.6 equiv). Each mixture was stirred at 40° C.
• Step 4 (((1-((Difluoromethyl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methoxy)methyl)benzene (i15-d).
• a solution of 1-((1-((benzyloxy)methyl)cyclopropyl)sulfonyl)-1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoropropane-2,2-diol (115-c) 300 mg, 0.768 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in THF (2 mL) and H 2 O (2 mL) was treated with Et 3 N (311 mg, 3.07 mmol, 4.0 equiv) and stirred for 0.5 h at 30° C.
• Step 5 (1-((Difluoromethyl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methanol (i15-e) was obtained using the procedure described in step 2 of the synthesis of intermediate (int-2), except (((1-((1-methylcyclopropyl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methoxy)methyl)benzene (i2-b) was replaced with (((1-((difluoromethyl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methoxy)methyl)benzene (115-d).
• TLC R f 0.2 (25% EtOAc/petroleum ether).
• Step 6 1-(Bromomethyl)-1-((difluoromethyl)sulfonyl)cyclopropane (int-15) was obtained using the procedure described step 4 of the synthesis of intermediate (int-1), except (1-(Cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methanol (i1-c) was replaced with (1-((Difluoromethyl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methanol (i15-e).
• 1 H NMR 400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) ⁇ 6.70-6.36 (m, 1H), 3.85 (s, 2H), 1.93-1.85 (m, 2H), 1.41-1.33 (m, 2H).
• Step 1 1-((1-(Cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-3-morpholino-5,6-dihydropyridin-2(1H)-one.
• a solution of 3-morpholino-5,6-dihydropyridin-2(1H)-one (2.2 g, 12.1 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in DMF (22 mL) was cooled to 0° C. before NaH (60% in mineral oil, 590 mg, 14.5 mmol, 1.2 equiv) was added portion wise (gas evolution). The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 0.5 h, then it was cooled to 0° C.
• Step 2 Ethyl 1-cyclopropyl-6-((1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxylate (int-21) was obtained using the procedure described for the synthesis of intermediate (int-19), except 6-methyl-3-morpholino-5,6-dihydropyridin-2(1H)-one was replaced with 1-((1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-3-morpholino-5,6-dihydropyridin-2(1H)-one and ethyl (Z)-2-chloro-2-(2-methylhydrazono)acetate (int-18) was replaced with (Z)-Ethyl 2-chloro-2-(2-cyclopropylhydrazono)acetate (int-8).
• TLC R f 0.3 (50% Et
• Ethyl 1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxylate (int-23) was obtained using the method described for intermediate (int-10), except ethyl (Z)-2-bromo-2-(2-methylhydrazono)acetate (int-9) was replaced with ((Z)-Ethyl 2-bromo-2-(2-(4-methoxybenzyl)hydrazono)acetate (int-22).
• Step 1:1-((1-(Methylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-3-morpholino-5,6-dihydropyridin-2(1H)-one was obtained using the method described for the synthesis of 1-((1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-3-morpholino-5,6-dihydropyridin-2(1H)-one in step 1 of the synthesis of intermediate (int-21), except 1-(bromomethyl)-1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropane (int-1) was replaced with 1-(bromomethyl)-1-((1-methylcyclopropyl)sulfonyl)cyclopropane (int-2).
• TLC R f 0.5 (67% EtOAc/petroleum ether).
• Step 2 Ethyl 1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6-((1-(methylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxylate (int-27) was obtained using the procedure described for the synthesis of intermediate (int-19), except 6-methyl-3-morpholino-5,6-dihydropyridin-2(1H)-one was replaced with 1-((1-(Methylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-3-morpholino-5,6-dihydropyridin-2(1H)-one and ethyl (Z)-2-chloro-2-(2-methylhydrazono)acetate (int-18) was replaced with ethyl (Z)-2-chloro-2-(2-(4-methoxybenzyl)hydrazono)acetate (int-26).
• Step 1 A solution of sodium cyclopropanesulfinate (1.112 g, 8.68 mmol, 1.05 equiv) and tetrabutylammonium bromide (0.133 g, 0.413 mmol 0.05 equiv) in water (4 mL) was treated with allyl bromide (1 g, 8.27 mmol, 1.0 equiv) and the resulting biphasic solution was allowed to stir at rt for 24 h.
• Step 2 An solution of LiHMDS (1.0 M in THF) (30.0 mL, 30.0 mmol, 2.25 equiv) was allowed to cool to ⁇ 78° C. before a solution of (allylsulfonyl)cyclopropane (1.95 g, 13.34 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in THF (5 mL) was added dropwise over 10-15 min, followed by a rinse with THF (5 mL). The resulting solution was allowed to stir at ⁇ 78° C. for 15 min, then MeI (1.835 mL, 29.3 mmol, 2.2 equiv) was added dropwise over 5 min. The resulting mixture was allowed to stir at ⁇ 78° C. for 30 min.
• Step 3 A solution of ((2-methylbut-3-en-2-yl)sulfonyl)cyclopropane (175 mg, 1.00 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in THF (2 mL) was allowed to cool to ⁇ 78° C. before a solution of LDA (2.0 M in THF/heptane/ethylbenzene, 1.00 mL, 2.00 mmol, 2.0 equiv) was added dropwise down the inside wall of the vial over 5 min. The resulting mixture was allowed to stir well at ⁇ 78° C. for 45 min before the vial was removed from the cooling bath and paraformaldehyde (151 mg, 5.02 mmol, 5.0 equiv) was immediately added in one portion.
• LDA 2.0 M in THF/heptane/ethylbenzene
• Step 4 1-(Bromomethyl)-1-((2-methylbut-3-en-2-yl)sulfonyl)cyclopropane (int-28) was obtained using the method described in step 4 of the synthesis of intermediate (int-1), except (1-(Cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methanol (1-c) was replaced with (1-((2-methylbut-3-en-2-yl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methanol.
• TLC R f 0.6 (1:1 EtOAc/petroleum ether).
• Step 1 Ethyl 1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6-((1-((2-methylbut-3-en-2-yl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxylate was obtained using the method described in the synthesis of intermediate (int-6), except ethyl 1-methyl-7-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxylate (int-5) was replaced with ethyl 1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxylate (int-23) and 1-(bromomethyl)-1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropane (int-1) was replaced with 1-(bromo
• Step 2 A solution of ethyl 1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6-((1-((2-methylbut-3-en-2-yl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxylate (2.4 g, 4.65 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in DCM (10 mL) and EtOH (30 mL) was cooled to ⁇ 70° C. before a stream of ozone in oxygen was bubbled through (20 min). Excess ozone was removed by bubbling oxygen through for 10 min, then the solution was allowed to warm to 0° C.
• Step 1 Triethylamine (122 g, 1.2 mol, 1.2 equiv) was added dropwise to a solution of 2-mercapto-2-methylpropan-1-ol (106 g, 1 mol, 1.0 equiv) and tert-butyl 2-bromoacetate (195 g, 1 mol, 1.0 equiv) in MeOH (400 mL) over 30 min at 25° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 12 h before it was concentrated.
• 2-mercapto-2-methylpropan-1-ol 106 g, 1 mol, 1.0 equiv
• tert-butyl 2-bromoacetate 195 g, 1 mol, 1.0 equiv
• Step 2 Oxone® (280 g, 0.46 mol, 2.0 equiv) was added to a solution of tert-butyl 2-((1-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl)thio)acetate (50 g, 0.23 mol, 1.0 equiv) in acetone (0.4 L) and H 2 O (1 L) and the mixture was stirred for 12 h at 25° C. After the solids were removed by filtration, the filtrate was diluted with 10% Na 2 SO 3 (1 L) and EtOAc (1 L), then the layers were separated.
• Step 3 A solution of tert-butyl 2-((1-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl)sulfonyl)acetate (25 g, 99 mmol, 1.0 equiv), DMAP (1.2 g, 10 mmol, 0.1 equiv) and imidazole (13.5 g, 198 mmol, 2.0 equiv) in DCM (250 mL) was stirred at 25° C. for 0.5 h before TBDPSCl (55 g, 198 mmol, 2.0 equiv) was added. After the reaction was stirred at 25° C. for 1.5 h, the mixture was washed with water (3 ⁇ 150 mL).
• Step 4 tert-Butyl 1-((1-((tert-butyldiphenylsilyl)oxy)-2-methylpropan-2-yl)sulfonyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate was obtained in a manner similar to that for benzyl 1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate.
• TLC R f 0.2 (1:5 EtOAc/petroleum ether).
• Step 5 A solution of tert-butyl 1-((1-((tert-butyldiphenylsilyl)oxy)-2-methylpropan-2-yl)sulfonyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate (3 g, 5.8 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in THF (30 mL) was cooled to 0° C. before LiAlH 4 (0.44 g, 11.6 mmol, 2.0 equiv) was added portion wise. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 2 h, then it was quenched by the sequential addition of water (0.5 mL) (gas evolution), 10% NaOH (1.5 mL) and water (0.5 mL).
• Step 6 (2-((1-(Bromomethyl)cyclopropyl)sulfonyl)-2-methylpropoxy)(tert-butyl)diphenylsilane (int-31) was obtained using the method described in step 4 in the synthesis of intermediate (int-1), except (1-(Cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methanol (i1-c) was replaced with (1-((1-((tert-butyldiphenylsilyl)oxy)-2-methylpropan-2-yl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methanol.
• Step 1 Ethyl 6-((1-((1-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-1-methyl-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxylate was obtained using the method described in the synthesis of intermediate (int-6), except ethyl 1-methyl-7-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxylate (int-5) was replaced with ethyl 1-methyl-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxylate (int-10) and 1-(bromomethyl)-1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropane (int-1) was replaced with (2-((1-(Bromomethyl)cyclopropyl)sulf
• Step 2 6-((1-((1-Hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-1-methyl-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (int-32) was obtained using the method described in the synthesis of intermediate (int-14), except ethyl 1-methyl-6-((1-((1-methylcyclopropyl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxylate (int-13) was replaced with ethyl 6-((1-((1-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-1-methyl-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazol
• Step 1 A solution of methyl 2-mercaptoacetate (44.06 g, 415 mmol, 1.03 equiv) in MeOH (1350 mL) was treated with KOH pellets (23 g, 403 mmol, 1.0 equiv), followed by tert-butyl 2-bromo-2-methylpropanoate (90 g, 403 mmol, 1.0 equiv). The reaction was heated at 65° C. for 18 hand then cooled to rt before the precipitate was removed by filtration. The filter cake was rinsed with MeOH (540 mL) and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in DCM (1350 mL) and the organic layer was washed with water (2 ⁇ 540 mL).
• Step 2 tert-Butyl 2-((2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)sulfonyl)-2-methylpropanoate was obtained using the method described in step 2 of the synthesis of intermediate (int-31), except tert-butyl 2-((1-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl)thio)acetate was replaced with tert-butyl 2-((2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)thio)-2-methylpropanoate.
• TLC R f 0.3 (1:5 EtOAc/petroleum ether).
• Step 3 Methyl 1-((1-(tert-butoxy)-2-methyl-1-oxopropan-2-yl)sulfonyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate was obtained using the method described in step 1 of the synthesis of intermediate (int-1), except benzyl 2-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)acetate was replaced with tert-Butyl 2-((2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)sulfonyl)-2-methylpropanoate.
• TLC R f 0.5 (25% EtOAc/petroleum ether).
• Step 4 Lithium tri-tert-butoxyaluminum hydride (1.0 M in THF, 105 mL, 105 mmol, 2.0 equiv) was added to a solution of methyl 1-((1-(tert-butoxy)-2-methyl-1-oxopropan-2-yl)sulfonyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate (16 g, 52.2 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in THF (240 mL) at 20° C., then the reaction mixture was heated at 50° C. for 4 h. The reaction mixture was poured into 10% KHSO 4 (500 mL) and the resulting mixture was extracted with EtOAc (2 ⁇ 150 mL).
• Step 5 To a solution of tert-butyl 2-((1-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopropyl)sulfonyl)-2-methylpropanoate (1 g, 3.6 mmol, 1.0 equiv) and Et 3 N (1.1 g, 11 mmol, 3.0 equiv) in DCM (10 mL) was added MsCl (0.71 g, 6.2 mmol, 1.7 equiv) at 0° C. After the reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h, it was warmed to rt and stirred for 2 h.
• Ethyl 6-((1-((1-(tert-butoxy)-2-methyl-1-oxopropan-2-yl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-1-methyl-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxylate (int-34) was obtained using the method described in the synthesis of intermediate (int-6), except ethyl 1-methyl-7-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxylate (int-5) was replaced with ethyl 1-methyl-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxylate (int-10) and 1-(bromomethyl)-1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropane (int-1) was replaced with tert-butyl
• Step 1 n-BuLi (2.5 M in hexanes, 38 mL, 95 mmol, 1.2 equiv) was added dropwise to the solution of (((1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methoxy)methyl)benzene (i2-a) (21.00 g, 78.84 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in THF (200 mL) at ⁇ 60° C. under N 2 . The reaction was stirred at ⁇ 60° C. for 30 min, then allyl bromide (28.61 g, 236 mmol, 3.0 equiv) was added to the mixture at ⁇ 60° C.
• Step 2 2-(1-((1-((Benzyloxy)methyl)cyclopropyl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)ethanol was obtained using the method described in step 2 in the synthesis of intermediate (int-29), except ethyl 1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6-((1-((2-methylbut-3-en-2-yl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxylate was replaced with (((1-((1-allylcyclopropyl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methoxy)methyl)benzene.
• TLC R f 0.4 (50% EtOAc/petroleum ether).
• Step 3 (2-(1-((1-((Benzyloxy)methyl)cyclopropyl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)ethoxy)triisopropylsilane was obtained using the method described in step 5 of Example 105, except 4-((4-(1-methyl-6-((1-((2-methyl-1-((triisopropylsilyl)oxy)propan-2-yl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-3-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)methyl)benzonitrile was replaced with 2-(1-((1-((benzyloxy)methyl)cyclopropyl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)ethanol.
• Step 4 (1-((1-(2-((Triisopropylsilyl)oxy)ethyl)cyclopropyl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methanol was obtained using the method described in step 3 for the synthesis of intermediate (int-2), except (((1-((1-methylcyclopropyl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methoxy)methyl)benzene (i2-b) was replaced with (2-(1-((1-((benzyloxy)methyl)cyclopropyl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)ethoxy)triisopropylsilane.
• TLC R f 0.6 (50% EtOAc/petroleum ether).
• Step 5 (2-(1-((1-(Bromomethyl)cyclopropyl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)ethoxy)triisopropylsilane (int-35) was obtained using the method described in step 4 for the synthesis of intermediate (int-1), except (1-(Cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methanol (1-c) was replaced with (1-((1-(2-((Triisopropylsilyl)oxy)ethyl)cyclopropyl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methanol.
• TLC R f 0.8 (25% EtOAc/petroleum ether).
• Step 1 To a solution of n-butyl cyclopropanesulfonate (5 g, 28.1 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in THF (100 mL) at ⁇ 78° C. was added n-BuLi (2.5 M in hexanes, 13.46 mL, 33.7 mmol, 1.2 equiv) dropwise at ⁇ 78° C. over 10-15 min. The resulting solution was allowed to stir at ⁇ 78° C. for 30 min, then BOMCl (7.80 mL, 33.7 mmol, 1.2 equiv) was added in one portion.
• n-BuLi 2.5 M in hexanes, 13.46 mL, 33.7 mmol, 1.2 equiv
• Step 2 A mixture of butyl 1-((benzyloxy)methyl)cyclopropane-1-sulfonate (6.4 g, 21.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv) and potassium thiocyanate (2.189 g, 22.5 mmol, 1.05 equiv) in DME (100 mL) and water (100 mL) was stirred at 90° C. overnight. After the solution was cooled, it was diluted with Et 2 O (200 mL) and the aqueous layer was removed, then the organic layer was extracted with water (50 mL). The combined aqueous extracts were concentrated and dried under high vacuum to provide potassium 1-((benzyloxy)methyl)cyclopropane-1-sulfonate.
• Step 3 To a mixture of potassium 1-((benzyloxy)methyl)cyclopropane-1-sulfonate (5.7 g, 20.26 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in DMF (5.5 mL) was added SOCl 2 (55 mL) (exothermic). The resulting mixture was stirred at 77° C. for 1 h before it was concentrated. The residue was taken up in EtOAc (250 mL) and washed with brine (2 ⁇ 50 mL), then the organic layer was dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated to provide 1-((benzyloxy)methyl)cyclopropane-1-sulfonyl chloride.
• Step 4 To a solution of Na 2 SO 3 (3.48 g, 27.6 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in water (15 mL) was added NaHCO 3 (4.64 g, 55.2 mmol, 2.0 equiv). After the resulting mixture was stirred at 50° C. for 45 min, 1-((benzyloxy)methyl)cyclopropane-1-sulfonyl chloride (7.2 g, 27.6 mmol) was added. The resulting mixture was stirred at 50° C. overnight before it was concentrated. The residue was suspended in MeOH (150 mL), the solids were removed by filtration, and the filter cake washed with MeOH (3 ⁇ 50 mL).
• Step 5 A biphasic solution of sodium 1-((benzyloxy)methyl)cyclopropane-1-sulfinate (1 g, 4.03 mmol, 1.0 equiv), isobutylene oxide (436 mg, 6.04 mmol, 1.5 equiv) and Bu 4 NBr (649 mg, 2.01 mmol, 0.5 equiv) in CHCl 3 (30 mL) and H 2 O (30 mL) was stirred at 100° C. for 12 h, then the mixture was extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 (3 ⁇ 20 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (50 mL), dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated.
• Step 6 To a solution of 1-((1-((benzyloxy)methyl)cyclopropyl)sulfonyl)-2-methylpropan-2-ol (220 mg, 0.74 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in DCM (3 mL) was added TBSOTf (390 mg, 1.47 mmol, 2.0 equiv) and 2,6-lutidine (316 mg, 2.95 mmol, 4.0 equiv). The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 2 h before the reaction was diluted with water (20 mL) and extracted with DCM (3 ⁇ 10 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (20 mL), dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated.
• TBSOTf 390 mg, 1.47 mmol, 2.0 equiv
• 2,6-lutidine 316 mg, 2.95 mmol, 4.0 equiv
• Step 7 (1-((2-((tert-Butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-2-methylpropyl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methanol was obtained using the method described in step 3 for the synthesis of intermediate (int-2), except (((1-((1-methylcyclopropyl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methoxy)methyl)benzene (i2-b) was replaced with ((1-((1-((benzyloxy)methyl)cyclopropyl)sulfonyl)-2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxy)(tert-butyl)dimethylsilane.
• TLC R f 0.5 (25% EtOAc/petroleum ether).
• Step 8 ((1-((1-(Bromomethyl)cyclopropyl)sulfonyl)-2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxy)(tert-butyl)dimethylsilane (int-36) was obtained using the method described in step 4 for the synthesis of intermediate (int-1), except (1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methanol (i1-c) was replaced with (1-((2-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-2-methylpropyl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methanol.
• TLC R f 0.8 (25% EtOAc/petroleum ether).
• Step 1 To a solution of (((1-(methylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methoxy)methyl)benzene (7 g, 29.1 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in THF (90 mL) was added n-BuLi (2.5 M in hexanes, 11.7 mL, 29.1 mmol, 1.0 equiv,) at ⁇ 60° C. under an atmosphere of N 2 . After 30 min at ⁇ 60° C., this solution was added dropwise to a solution of epichlorohydrin (2.6 g, 29.1 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in THF (10 mL) at ⁇ 60° C., and the mixture was stirred at 20° C.
• epichlorohydrin 2.6 g, 29.1 mmol, 1.0 equiv
• Step 2 To a solution of (1s, 3s)-3-((1-((benzyloxy)methyl)cyclopropyl)sulfonyl)cyclobutan-1-ol (250 mg, 0.84 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in CH 2 Cl 2 (2 mL) was added imidazole (172 mg, 2.53 mmol, 3.0 equiv) and DMAP (51 mg, 0.42 mmol, 0.5 equiv). The reaction mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 1 h before TIPSCl (487 mg, 2.53 mmol, 3.0 equiv) was added.
• Step 3 (1-(((1s, 3s)-3-((Triisopropylsilyl)oxy)cyclobutyl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methanol was obtained using the method described in step 3 for the synthesis of intermediate (int-2), except (((1-((1-methylcyclopropyl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methoxy)methyl)benzene (i2-b) was replaced with ((1s, 3s)-3-((1-((Benzyloxy)methyl)cyclopropyl)sulfonyl)cyclobutoxy)triisopropylsilane.
• TLC R f 0.5 (1:5 EtOAc/petroleum ether).
• Step 4 ((1s, 3s)-3-((1-(Bromomethyl)cyclopropyl)sulfonyl)cyclobutoxy)triisopropylsilane (int-37) was obtained using the method described in step 4 for the synthesis of intermediate (int-1), except (1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methanol (1-c) was replaced with 1-(((1s, 3s)-3-((Triisopropylsilyl)oxy)cyclobutyl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methanol.
• Step 1 To a suspension of (1s, 3s)-3-((1-((benzyloxy)methyl)cyclopropyl)sulfonyl)cyclobutan-1-ol (1.5 g, 5.06 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in THF (20 mL) was added 4-nitro-benzoic acid (845 mg, 5.06 mmol, 1.0 equiv) and PPh 3 (1.3 g, 5.06 mmol, 1.0 equiv). The reaction was cooled to 0° C. and DIAD (1.0 g, 5.06 mmol, 1.0 equiv) was added dropwise at 0° C. The reaction was stirred at 30° C.
• Step 2 To a solution of (1r, 3r)-3-((1-((benzyloxy)methyl)cyclopropyl)sulfonyl)cyclobutyl 4-nitrobenzoate. (1.0 g, 2.24 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in THF (5 mL) was added NaOH (450 mg, 11.2 mmol, 5.0 equiv) in H 2 O (5 mL). The reaction was stirred at 25° C. for 16 h before being concentrated. Purification by RP-HPLC afforded (1r, 3r)-3-((1-((benzyloxy)methyl)cyclopropyl)sulfonyl)cyclobutan-1-ol.
• Step 3 ((1r, 3r)-3-((1-((Benzyloxy)methyl)cyclopropyl)sulfonyl)cyclobutoxy)triisopropylsilane was obtained using the method described in step 2 of the synthesis of intermediate (int-37), except (1s, 3s)-3-((1-((benzyloxy)methyl)cyclopropyl)sulfonyl)cyclobutan-1-ol was replaced with (1r, 3r)-3-((1-((benzyloxy)methyl)cyclopropyl)sulfonyl)cyclobutan-1-ol.
• TLC R f 0.8 (1:5 EtOAc/petroleum ether).
• Step 4 (1-(((1r, 3r)-3-((Triisopropylsilyl)oxy)cyclobutyl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methanol was obtained using the method described in step 3 of the synthesis of intermediate (int-37), except ((1s, 3s)-3-((1-((benzyloxy)methyl)cyclopropyl)sulfonyl)cyclobutoxy)triisopropylsilane was replaced with ((1r, 3r)-3-((1-((benzyloxy)methyl)cyclopropyl)sulfonyl)cyclobutoxy)triisopropylsilane.
• Step 5 ((1r, 3r)-3-((1-(Bromomethyl)cyclopropyl)sulfonyl)cyclobutoxy)triisopropylsilane (int-38) was obtained using the method described in step 4 of the synthesis of intermediate (int-37), except 1-(((1s, 3s)-3-((triisopropylsilyl)oxy)cyclobutyl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methanol was replaced with (1-(((1r, 3r)-3-((triisopropylsilyl)oxy)cyclobutyl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methanol.
• Step 1 To a mixture of methyl 2,4-dibromobutanoate (11.50 g, 35.39 mmol, 1.0 equiv), K 2 CO 3 (14.68 g, 106.18 mmol, 3.0 equiv) and n-Bu 4 NHSO 4 (2.40 g, 7.07 mmol, 0.2 equiv) in toluene (50 mL) was added benzyl mercaptan (3.96 g, 31.86 mmol, 0.9 equiv). The mixture was stirred at 120° C. for 3 h before it was concentrated.
• Step 2 To a solution of methyl 1-(benzylthio)cyclopropanecarboxylate (3 g, 13.50 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in THF (30 mL) was added LiAlH 4 (2.05 g, 53.98 mmol, 4.0 equiv) at 0° C. under N 2 (gas evolution). The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 2 h, then it was cooled to 0° C. and the reaction was quenched by the cautious, dropwise addition of water (2 mL) (gas evolution) and 15% NaOH (2 mL). The solids were removed by filtration, then the filter cake was washed with EtOAc (2 ⁇ 30 mL) and the filtrate was concentrated.
• Step 3 A solution of 1-(benzylthio)cyclopropyl)methanol (2.20 g, 11.32 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in DCM (20 mL) was cooled to 0° C. before it was treated with PBr 3 (3.37 g, 12.46 mmol, 1.1 equiv). The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 2 h, then it was poured to ice water (100 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2 ⁇ 100 mL).
• Step 1 A solution of sodium 1-((benzyloxy)methyl)cyclopropane-1-sulfinate (10.00 g, 40.28 mmol, 1.0 equiv) and 3-iodooxetane (9.63 g, 52.36 mmol, 1.3 equiv) in DMF (50 mL) was treated with Cs 2 CO 3 (19.69 g, 60.42 mmol, 1.5 equiv) and the resulting mixture was allowed to stir at 110° C. for 12 h. The reaction was diluted with water (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3 ⁇ 50 mL), then the combined organic extracts were washed with brine (50 mL), dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated.
• Step 2 A solution of 3-((1-((benzyloxy)methyl)cyclopropyl)sulfonyl)oxetane (300 mg, 1.06 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in THF (3 mL) was cooled to ⁇ 70° C. before LiHMDS (1.6 mL, 1.6 mmol, 1.5 equiv) was added dropwise. The mixture was stirred at ⁇ 70° C. for 1 h, then MeI (0.13 mL, 2.12 mmol, 2.0 equiv) was added and the mixture was stirred for 1 h at 25° C. The mixture was quenched with saturated NH 4 Cl (10 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3 ⁇ 10 mL).
• Step 3 (1-((3-Methyloxetan-3-yl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methanol was obtained using the method described in step 3 for the synthesis of intermediate (int-2), except (((1-((1-methylcyclopropyl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methoxy)methyl)benzene (i2-b) was replaced with 3-((1-((benzyloxy)methyl)cyclopropyl)sulfonyl)-3-methyloxetane.
• TLC R f 0.1 (50% EtOAc/petroleum ether).
• Step 4 3-((1-(Bromomethyl)cyclopropyl)sulfonyl)-3-methyloxetane (int-40) was obtained using the method described in step 4 for the synthesis of intermediate (int-1), except (1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methanol (1-c) was replaced with (1-((3-methyloxetan-3-yl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methanol.
• TLC R f 0.8 (50% EtOAc/petroleum ether).
• Step 1 To a solution of 3-((1-((benzyloxy)methyl)cyclopropyl)sulfonyl)oxetane (5.00 g, 17.7 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in THF (50 mL) at ⁇ 70° C. was added LiHMDS (1.0 M in THF, 53.1 mL, 53.1 mmol, 3.0 equiv) dropwise. The mixture was stirred at ⁇ 70° C. for 1 h before methyl chloroformate (3.35 g, 35.42 mmol, 2.0 equiv) was added, then the mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 1 h.
• LiHMDS 1.0 M in THF, 53.1 mL, 53.1 mmol, 3.0 equiv
• Step 2 A solution of 3-((1-((benzyloxy)methyl)cyclopropyl)sulfonyl)oxetane-3-carboxylate (3.50 g, 10.28 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in THF (40 mL) was cooled to 0° C. before LiAlH 4 (737 mg, 20.56 mmol, 2.0 equiv) was added portion wise. The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 1 h before it was quenched by the sequential addition of water (1 mL) (gas evolution), 2 N NaOH (2 mL) and water (1 mL). The mixture was dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated.
• Step 3 To a stirred solution of (3-((1-((benzyloxy)methyl)cyclopropyl)sulfonyl)oxetan-3-yl)methanol (1.00 g, 3.20 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in DMF (10 mL) was added imidazole (1.09 g, 16.01 mmol, 5.0 equiv) and TIPSCl (1.23 g, 6.40 mmol, 2.0 equiv) at 25° C., then the mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 12 h. The mixture was quenched with water (30 mL), and then extracted with EtOAc (3 ⁇ 30 mL).
• Step 4 (1-((3-(((Triisopropylsilyl)oxy)methyl)oxetan-3-yl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methanol was obtained using the method described in step 3 for the synthesis of intermediate (int-2), except (((1-((1-methylcyclopropyl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methoxy)methyl)benzene (i2-b) was replaced with ((3-((1-((benzyloxy)methyl)cyclopropyl)sulfonyl)oxetan-3-yl)methoxy)triisopropylsilane.
• TLC R f 0.1 (25% EtOAc/petroleum ether).
• Step 5 ((3-((1-(Bromomethyl)cyclopropyl)sulfonyl)oxetan-3-yl)methoxy)triisopropylsilane (int-41) was obtained using the method described in step 4 for the synthesis of intermediate (int-2), except (1-((3-(((triisopropylsilyl)oxy)methyl)oxetan-3-yl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methanol.
• TLC R f 0.8 (25% EtOAc/petroleum ether).
• Step 1 (3-((1-((Benzyloxy)methyl)cyclopropyl)sulfonyl)oxetan-3-yl)methanol.
• 3-((1-((benzyloxy)methyl)cyclopropyl)sulfonyl)oxetane-3-carboxylate (16.00 g, 47.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in THF (160 mL) was added LiAlH 4 (8.92 g, 235.0 mmol, 5.0 equiv) at 25° C. After the mixture was stirred at 25° C.
• Step 2 To a stirred solution of 2-((1-((benzyloxy)methyl)cyclopropyl)sulfonyl)-2-methylpropane-1,3-diol (14.00 g, 44.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in THF (140 mL) was added 2,2-dimethoxypropane (46.38 g, 445.3 mmol, 10.0 equiv) and p-TsOH-H 2 O (1.69 g, 8.9 mmol, 0.2 equiv) at 25° C. The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 6 h before it was diluted with water (100 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3 ⁇ 100 mL).
• Step 3 (1-((2,2,5-Trimethyl-1,3-dioxan-5-yl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methanol was obtained using the method described in step 3 for the synthesis of intermediate (int-2), except (((1-((1-methylcyclopropyl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methoxy)methyl)benzene (i2-b) was replaced with 5-((1-((benzyloxy)methyl)cyclopropyl)sulfonyl)-2,2,5-trimethyl-1,3-dioxane.
• TLC R f 0.2 (25% EtOAc/petroleum ether).
• Step 4 5-((1-(Bromomethyl)cyclopropyl)sulfonyl)-2,2,5-trimethyl-1,3-dioxane (int-42) was obtained using the method described in step 4 for the synthesis of intermediate (int-1), except (1-(Cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methanol (1-c) was replaced with (1-((2,2,5-trimethyl-1,3-dioxan-5-yl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methanol.
• TLC R f 0.8 (25% EtOAc/petroleum ether).
• Step 1 To a solution of sodium 1-((benzyloxy)methyl)cyclopropane-1-sulfinate (19 g, 76.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in DMF (100 mL) was added allyl bromide (14 g, 115 mmol, 1.5 equiv) dropwise. The reaction mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 12 h before it was diluted with water (150 mL) and extracted with TMBE (3 ⁇ 50 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with water (100 mL) and brine, then dried with Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated.
• Step 2 (((1-((2-Methylbut-3-en-2-yl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methoxy)methyl)benzene was obtained using the method described in step 2 of the synthesis of intermediate (int-26), except, (allylsulfonyl)cyclopropane was replaced with (((1-(allylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methoxy)methyl)benzene.
• TLC R f 0.4 (1:5 EtOAc/petroleum ether).
• Step 3 A solution of (((1-((2-methylbut-3-en-2-yl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methoxy)methyl)benzene (11 g, 37.4 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in acetone (570 mL) and H 2 O (63 mL) was treated with NMO (13.2 g, 112 mmol, 3.0 equiv) and OsO 4 (1% in t-BuOH, 24 mL, 1.9 mmol, 0.05 equiv).
• Step 4 4-(2-((1-((Benzyloxy)methyl)cyclopropyl)sulfonyl)propan-2-yl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane was obtained using the method described in step 2 for the synthesis of Intermediate (int-42), except 2-((1-((benzyloxy)methyl)cyclopropyl)sulfonyl)-2-methylpropane-1,3-diol was replaced with 3-((1-((benzyloxy)methyl)cyclopropyl)sulfonyl)-3-methylbutane-1,2-diol.
• TLC R f 0.5 (1:5 EtOAc/petroleum ether).
• Step 5 (1-((2-(2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)propan-2-yl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methanol was obtained using the method described in step 3 for the synthesis of intermediate (int-2), except (((1-((1-methylcyclopropyl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methoxy)methyl)benzene (i2-b) was replaced with 4-(2-((1-((Benzyloxy)methyl)cyclopropyl)sulfonyl)propan-2-yl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane.
• TLC R f 0.2 (1:5 EtOAc/petroleum ether).
• Step 6 4-(2-((1-(Bromomethyl)cyclopropyl)sulfonyl)propan-2-yl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane (int-43) was obtained using the method described in step 4 for the synthesis of intermediate (int-1), except (1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methanol (1-c) was replaced with (1-((2-(2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)propan-2-yl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methanol.
• TLC R f 0.6 (1:5 EtOAc/petroleum ether).
• Step 1 A mixture of dimethyl 2,2′-sulfonyldiacetate (13 g, 61.84 mmol, 1.0 equiv), 1,2-dibromoethane (34.85 g, 185 mmol, 3.0 equiv) and K 2 CO 3 (34.19 g, 247 mmol, 4.0 equiv) in DMF (100 mL) was stirred at 60° C. for 16 h before the solids were removed by filtration.
• Step 2 To a solution of dimethyl 1,1′-sulfonyldicyclopropanecarboxylate (5.0 g, 19.06 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in THF (100 mL) was added LiAlH 4 (2.89 g, 76.25 mmol, 4.0 equiv). The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 1 h, then it was cooled to 0° C. and the reaction was quenched by the cautious, dropwise addition of water (3 mL) (gas evolution) and 15% NaOH (3 mL). The solids were removed by filtration and the filtrate was concentrated to give of (sulfonylbis(cyclopropane-1,1-diyl))dimethanol.
• Step 3 To a stirred solution of (sulfonylbis(cyclopropane-1,1-diyl))dimethanol (3 g, 14.54 mmol, 1.0 equiv) and NaH (60% in mineral oil, 581 mg, 14.54 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in THF (50 mL) was added TBDPSCl (4 g, 14.54 mmol, 1.0 equiv) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 1 h before the solids were removed by filtration.
• Step 4 A mixture of (1-((1-(((tert-butyldiphenylsilyl)oxy)methyl)cyclopropyl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methanol (3.5 g, 7.87 mmol, 1.0 equiv) and IBX (6.6 g, 23.61 mmol, 3.0 equiv) in EtOAc (100 mL) was stirred at 50° C. for 16 h before the solids were removed by filtration. The filtrate was concentrated to give 1-((1-(((tert-butyldiphenylsilyl)oxy)methyl)cyclopropyl)sulfonyl)cyclopropanecarbaldehyde.
• Step 5 A mixture of methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (5.04 g, 14.12 mmol, 2.4 equiv) in dry THF (50 mL) was cooled to 0° C. before t-BuOK (2.22 g, 19.8 mmol, 3.4 equiv) was added portion wise over 10 min. The mixture was allowed to stir at rt for 1 h, then it was cooled to 0° C.
• Step 6 To a bi-phasic solution of tert-butyldiphenyl((1-((1-vinylcyclopropyl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methoxy)silane (2 g, 4.54 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in DCM (10 mL) and water (3 mL) was added NMO (0.9 g, 7.72 mmol, 1.7 equiv) and K 2 OsO 4 -2H 2 O (133 mg, 0.45 mmol, 0.1 equiv). The mixture was stirred vigorously at 25° C. for 1 h.
• Step 7 tert-Butyl((1-((1-(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)cyclopropyl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methoxy)diphenylsilane was obtained using the method described in step 2 for the synthesis of Intermediate (int-42), except 2-((1-((benzyloxy)methyl)cyclopropyl)sulfonyl)-2-methylpropane-1,3-diol was replaced with 1-(1-((1-(((tert-butyldiphenylsilyl)oxy)methyl)cyclopropyl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)ethane-1,2-diol.
• Step 8 (1-((1-(2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)cyclopropyl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methanol was obtained using the method described in step 5 of Example 105, except 4-((4-(1-methyl-6-((1-((2-methyl-1-((triisopropylsilyl)oxy)propan-2-yl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-3-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)methyl)benzonitrile was replaced with tert-Butyl((1-((1-(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)cyclopropyl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methoxy)diphenylsilane.
• Step 9 4-(1-((1-(Bromomethyl)cyclopropyl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane (int-44) was obtained using the method described in step 4 for the synthesis of intermediate (int-1), except (1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methanol (i1-c) was replaced with (1-((1-(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)cyclopropyl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methanol.
• TLC R f 0.5 (1:5 EtOAc/petroleum ether).
• Step 1 A solution of (R)-2-amino-3-mercapto-3-methylbutanoic acid (L-penicillamine) (1.492 g, 10 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in NaOH (1 M, 20 mL, 20 mmol, 2.0 equiv) was treated with Boc 2 O (2.182 g, 10 mmol, 1.0 equiv) and dioxane (10 mL), then the biphasic solution was stirred at rt for 90 min. To the cloudy solution was added tert-butyl bromoacetate (1.951 g, 10 mmol, 1.0 equiv), and the resulting biphasic solution was stirred well at rt overnight.
• Boc 2 O 2.182 g, 10 mmol, 1.0 equiv
• dioxane 10 mL
• Step 2 A solution of crude (R)-3-((2-(tert-butoxy)-2-oxoethyl)thio)-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-3-methylbutanoic acid (3.8 g, 10.45 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in THF (50 mL) was cooled to ⁇ 10° C. before Et 3 N (1.594 mL, 11.50 mmol, 1.1 equiv) and isobutyl chloroformate (1.510 mL, 11.50 mmol, 1.1 equiv) were added. The resulting slurry was stirred at ⁇ 10° C.
• Step 3 A solution of crude tert-butyl (R)-2-((3-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-4-hydroxy-2-methylbutan-2-yl)thio)acetate (3.8 g, 10.45 mmol, 1.0 equiv) was azeotroped once from toluene (25 mL), then the residue was redissolved in toluene (25 mL) and treated with 2,2-dimethoxypropane (6.43 mL, 52.3 mmol, 5.0 equiv) and p-TsOH-H 2 O (0.099 g, 0.523 mmol, 0.05 equiv).
• Step 4 A mixture of crude tert-butyl (R)-4-(2-((2-(tert-butoxy)-2-oxoethyl)thio)propan-2-yl)-2,2-dimethyloxazolidine-3-carboxylate (4.4 g, 10.45 mmol, 1.0 equiv) and NaHCO 3 (7.03 g, 84 mmol, 8.0 equiv) in acetone (30 mL) was cooled to 0° C. before Oxone® (14.46 g, 23.52 mmol, 2.25 equiv) and water (10 mL) were added (gas evolution). The resulting mixture was stirred at 0° C.
• Step 5 A solution of tert-butyl (R)-4-(2-((2-(tert-butoxy)-2-oxoethyl)sulfonyl)propan-2-yl)-2,2-dimethyloxazolidine-3-carboxylate (3.1 g, 7.35 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in DMF (15 mL) was treated with K 2 CO 3 (3.05 g, 22.06 mmol, 3.0 equiv) and 1,2-dibromoethane (1.267 mL, 14.71 mmol, 2.0 equiv) and the resulting mixture was stirred at 100° C. overnight.
• Step 6 A solution of crude tert-butyl (R)-4-(2-((1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)cyclopropyl)sulfonyl)propan-2-yl)-2,2-dimethyloxazolidine-3-carboxylate (3.31 g, 7.35 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in THF (29 mL) was cooled to 0° C. before LiAlH 4 (1.0 M in THF, 14.71 mL, 14.71 mmol, 2.0 equiv) was added dropwise over 10-15 min (gas evolution). The resulting solution was stirred at 0° C.
• Step 7 tert-butyl (R)-4-(2-((1-(bromomethyl)cyclopropyl)sulfonyl)propan-2-yl)-2,2-dimethyloxazolidine-3-carboxylate (int-45) was obtained using the method described in step 4 for the synthesis of intermediate (int-1), except (1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methanol (i1-c) was replaced with tert-butyl (R)-4-(2-((1-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopropyl)sulfonyl)propan-2-yl)-2,2-dimethyloxazolidine-3-carboxylate.
• Step 1 A solution of ethyl 2-oxoacetate (200 g, 980 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in THF (500 mL) was cooled to 0° C. before 2-hydrazinylethanol (75 g, 980 mmol, 1.0 equiv) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 12 h before it was concentrated. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc (300 mL) and washed with water (2 ⁇ 100 mL), dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , and concentrated under reduced pressure.
• Step 2 To a solution of (E)-ethyl 2-(2-(2-hydroxyethyl)hydrazono)acetate (50 g, 312 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in DCM (500 mL) was added imidazole (85 g, 1248 mmol, 4.0 equiv), DMAP (19 g, 156 mmol, 0.5 equiv) and TIPSCl (120 g, 624 mmol, 2.0 equiv). The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 12 h before it was washed with water (100 mL).
• Step 3 A solution of (E)-ethyl 2-(2-(2-((triisopropylsilyl)oxy)ethyl)hydrazono)acetate (35 g, 110.58 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in EtOAc (350 mL) was cooled to 0° C. before NBS (21 g, 116.11 mmol, 1.05 equiv) was added portion wise. The reaction mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 0.5 h, then the solids were removed by filtration. The filtrate was diluted with water (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2 ⁇ 250 mL). The combined organic extracts were dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure.
• Step 4 A solution of 3-morpholino-5,6-dihydropyridin-2(1H)-one (14.66 g, 80.47 mmol, 1.0 equiv) and (Z)-ethyl 2-bromo-2-(2-(2-((triisopropylsilyl)oxy)ethyl)hydrazono)acetate (35 g, 88.52 mmol, 1.1 equiv) in EtOAc (150 mL) was cooled to 0° C. before Et 3 N (20.82 g, 205.80 mmol, 2.6 equiv) was added. The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 0.5 h, then at 80° C.
• Step 1 A solution of ethyl 2-oxoacetate (50% in toluene, 48 g, 233 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in THF (210 mL) was cooled to ° C., then 1-hydrazinylpropan-2-ol (21 g, 233 mmol, 1.0 equiv) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 12 h before it was concentrated. The residue was diluted with EtOAc (300 mL) and washed with water (2 ⁇ 100 mL), then dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure.
• Step 2 A solution of (E)-ethyl 2-(2-(2-hydroxypropyl)hydrazono)acetate (6.3 g, 36.17 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in EtOAc (60 mL) was cooled to 0° C. before NBS (6.76 g, 37.99 mmol, 1.05 equiv) was added portion wise. The reaction mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 0.5 h, then the precipitate was removed by filtration. The filtrate was diluted with water (10 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2 ⁇ 50 mL), then the combined organic extracts were dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated.
• Step 3 A solution of 3-morpholino-5,6-dihydropyridin-2(1H)-one (1.91 g, 10.47 mmol, 1.0 equiv) and (Z)-ethyl 2-bromo-2-(2-(2-hydroxypropyl)hydrazono)acetate (5.30 g, 20.94 mmol, 2.0 equiv) in EtOAc (20 mL) was cooled to 0° C. before Et 3 N (2.65 g, 26.18 mmol, 2.5 equiv) was added. The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 0.5 h, then at 80° C. for 1.5 h.
• Step 2 A solution of 1-hydroxycyclopropanecarbohydrazide (4 g, 34.4 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in THF (40 mL) was cooled to 0° C. before BH 3 .SMe 2 (34.4 mL, 344 mmol, 10.0 equiv) was added dropwise. The reaction was stirred at 60° C. for 16 h before it was cooled to 0° C. and quenched by the slow addition of MeOH (50 mL) (gas evolution). The solids were removed by filtration, then the filtrate was concentrated to provide an oil. This material was dissolved in MeOH (50 mL) and heated at 80° C. for 5 h.
• Step 3 A mixture of ethyl-2-oxoacetate (8 g, 39.1 mmol, 1.0 equiv), Et 3 N (4 g, 39.1 mmol, 1.0 equiv) and MgSO 4 (9.4 g, 78.3 mmol, 2.0 equiv) in THF (40 mL) was cooled to 0° C. before 1-(hydrazinylmethyl)cyclopropanol (4 g, 39.1 mmol, 1.0 equiv) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 16 h, then the solids were removed by filtration and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure.
• Step 4 A solution of ethyl (E)-2-(2-((1-hydroxycyclopropyl)methyl)hydrazono)acetate (300 mg, 1.6 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in DMF (3 mL) was treated with NCS (236 mg, 1.77 mmol, 1.1 equiv) and the resulting mixture was stirred at 50° C. for 1 h. The reaction solution was diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc (5 mL), then the aqueous layer was back-extracted with EtOAc (2 ⁇ 5 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (5 mL), dried over Na 2 SO 4 and concentrated.
• Step 2 (E)-Ethyl 2-(2-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)hydrazono)acetate.
• a mixture of ethyl 2-oxoacetate (5.88 g, 28.8 mmol, 1.0 equiv) and MgSO 4 (6.9 g, 57.6 mmol, 2.0 equiv) in THF (30 ml) was cooled to 0° C., then 1-hydrazinyl-2-methylpropan-2-ol (3 g, 28.8 mmol, 1.0 equiv) and Et 3 N (3.2 g, 31.7 mmol, 1.1 equiv) were added. The reaction mixture was stirred at 25° C.
• Step 3 (Z)-Ethyl 2-chloro-2-(2-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)hydrazono)acetate.
• a solution of ethyl (E)-2-(2-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)hydrazono)acetate (3.2 g, 17 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in DMF (20 mL) at 50° C. was treated with NCS (2.5 g, 18.7 mmol, 1.1 equiv) and stirred at 50° C. for 0.5 h. The mixture was diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc (2 ⁇ 30 mL), then the combined organic extracts were dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated.
• Step 1 Ethyl 2-oxoacetate (11.32 g, 55.5 mmol, 1 equiv) were dissolved in THF (50 ml), and to the solution was added 3-hydrazinylpropan-1-ol (5.00 g, 55.5 mmol, 1 equiv) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 12 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (80 mL), washed with water (2 ⁇ 30 mL), dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated in vacuo to give a crude residue.
• Step 2 (Z)-Ethyl 2-bromo-2-(2-(3-hydroxypropyl)hydrazono)acetate.
• a solution of ethyl (E)-2-(2-(3-hydroxypropyl)hydrazono)acetate (3.5 g, 20.09 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in EtOAc (35 mL) was cooled to 0° C., then NBS (3.75 g, 21.09 mmol, 1.04 equiv) was added slowly.
• the reaction mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 0.5 h.
• the mixture was filtered, and the filtrate was diluted with water (5 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2 ⁇ 30 mL).
• Ethyl 1-(3-hydroxypropyl)-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxylate was obtained using the method described for the synthesis of intermediate (int-51), except ethyl (Z)-2-chloro-2-(2-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)hydrazono)acetate (int-50) was replaced with ethyl (Z)-2-bromo-2-(2-(3-hydroxypropyl)hydrazono)acetate (int-52).
• N-(4-Cyanobenzyl)-1-methyl-6-((1-(methylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-7-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxamide (2) was obtained using the procedure described in Example 1, except intermediate (int-6) was replaced with intermediate (int-7).
• TLC R f 0.2 (67% EtOAc/petroleum ether).
• Step 1 3-(2-Chloroacetyl)-6-((1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-1-methyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-7-one.
• Step 2 4-(2-(6-((1-(Cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-1-methyl-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-3-yl)-2-oxoethoxy)benzonitrile (25).
• Step 1 6-((1-(Cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-1-methyl-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carbohydrazide.
• Step 2 N′-(2-(4-Cyanophenyl)acetyl)-6-((1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-1-methyl-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carbohydrazide was obtained using the procedure detailed in step 1, except (int-11) was replaced with 2-(4-cyanophenyl)acetic acid and hydrazine was replaced with 6-((1-(Cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-1-methyl-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carbohydrazide.
• Step 3 4-((5-(6-((1-(Cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-1-methyl-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-3-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)methyl)benzonitrile (26).
• Step 1 (Z)-2-(4-Bromophenyl)-N′-((6-((1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-1-methyl-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carbonyl)oxy)acetimidamide was obtained using the procedure detailed in step 1 of Example 26, except hydrazine was replaced with (Z)-2-(4-bromophenyl)-N′-hydroxyacetimidamide.
• Step 2 3-(3-(4-Bromobenzyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)-6-((1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-1-methyl-5,6-dihydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-7(4H)-one.
• Step 3 4-((5-(6-((1-(Cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-1-methyl-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-3-yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)methyl)benzonitrile (27).
• reaction mixture was degassed and placed under N 2 before it was stirred at 120° C. for 12 h.
• the mixture was filtered and purified by RP-HPLC to afford 4-((5-(6-((1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-1-methyl-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-3-yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)methyl)benzonitrile (27).
• Step 1 6-((1-(Cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-1-methyl-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxamide.
• Step 2 6-((1-(Cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-1-methyl-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carbonitrile.
• Step 3 (Z)-6-((1-(Cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-N′-hydroxy-1-methyl-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboximidamide.
• Step 4 4-((3-(6-((1-(Cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-1-methyl-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-3-yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)benzonitrile (28).
• Step 1 6-((1-(Cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-1-methyl-3-(2H-tetrazol-5-yl)-1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-7H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-7-one.
• Step 2 4-((5-(6-((1-(Cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-1-methyl-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-3-yl)-2H-tetrazol-2-yl)methyl)benzonitrile (29) and 4-((5-(6-((1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-1-methyl-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-3-yl)-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)methyl)benzonitrile (30).
• Step 1 6-((1-(Cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-1-methyl-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carbaldehyde.
• Step 2 (E)-6-((1-(Cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-1-methyl-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carbaldehyde oxime.
• Step 3 (Z)-6-((1-(Cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-N-hydroxy-1-methyl-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carbimidoyl chloride.
• Step 4 4-(3-(6-((1-(Cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-1-methyl-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-3-yl)-4,5-dihydroisoxazol-5-yl)benzonitrile (31).
• Step 1 3-(5-(4-Bromobenzyl)isoxazol-3-yl)-6-((1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-1-methyl-5,6-dihydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-7(4H)-one.
• Step 2 4-((3-(6-((1-(Cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-1-methyl-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-3-yl)isoxazol-5-yl)methyl)benzonitrile (34) was obtained using the procedure described in step 3 of Example 27, except 3-(3-(4-bromobenzyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)-6-((1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-1-methyl-5,6-dihydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-7(4H)-one was replaced with 3-(5-(4-Bromobenzyl)isoxazol-3-yl)-6-((1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-1-methyl-5
• Step 1 6-((1-(Cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-3-ethynyl-1-methyl-5,6-dihydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-7(4H)-one.
• Step 2 4-((4-(6-((1-(Cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-1-methyl-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-3-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)methyl)benzonitrile (35).
• N-(4-Chlorophenoxy)-1-methyl-6-((1-((1-methylcyclopropyl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxamide (37) was obtained using the procedure described in step 1 of Example 28, except 6-((1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-1-methyl-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (int-11) was replaced with 1-methyl-6-((1-((1-methylcyclopropyl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (int-14) and NH 4 Cl
• N-(4-Cyanobenzyl)-6-((1-((difluoromethyl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-1-methyl-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxamide (38) was obtained using the procedure described in Example 3, except 6-((1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-1-methyl-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (int-11) was replaced with 6-((1-((Difluoromethyl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-1-methyl-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (int-17).
• N-(4-Chlorobenzyl)-6-((1-((difluoromethyl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-1-methyl-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxamide (39) was obtained using the procedure described in Example 3, except 6-((1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-1-methyl-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (int-11) was replaced with 6-((1-((Difluoromethyl)sulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-1-methyl-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (int-17) and 4-(aminomethyl)benzonit
• N-(4-cyanobenzyl)-1,5-dimethyl-6-((1-(methylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxamide (40) was obtained using the procedure described in step 1 of Example 28, except 6-((1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-1-methyl-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (int-11) was replaced with 1,5-dimethyl-6-((1-(methylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (int-20).
• N-(4-Cyanobenzyl)-1-cyclopropyl-6-((1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxamide (43) was obtained using the procedure described in Example 1, except ethyl 6-((1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-1-methyl-7-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxylate (int-6) was replaced with ethyl 1-cyclopropyl-6-((1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxylate (int-21).
• Step 1 N-(4-Chlorobenzyl)-6-((1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxamide was obtained using the procedure described in step 1 of Example 28, except 6-((1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-1-methyl-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (int-11) was replaced with 6-((1-(Cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxylic acid
• Step 2 A solution of N-(4-chlorobenzyl)-6-((1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxamide (110 mg, 0.19 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in TFA (2 mL) was stirred at 80° C. for 2 h before it was concentrated.
• N-(4-Cyanobenzyl)-6-((1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxamide (45) was obtained using the methods described for N-(4-chlorobenzyl)-6-((1-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl)methyl)-7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxamide (44) except (4-chlorophenyl)methanamine was replaced with 4-(aminomethyl)benzonitrile hydrochloride.

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