US11542346B2 - Catalysts for olefin polymerization - Google Patents

Catalysts for olefin polymerization Download PDF

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US11542346B2
US11542346B2 US16/982,006 US201916982006A US11542346B2 US 11542346 B2 US11542346 B2 US 11542346B2 US 201916982006 A US201916982006 A US 201916982006A US 11542346 B2 US11542346 B2 US 11542346B2
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Vyatcheslav V. Izmer
Dmitry S. Kononovich
Alexander Z. Voskoboynikov
Ville Virkkunen
Luigi Maria Cristoforo Resconi
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Borealis AG
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F110/00—Homopolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
    • C08F110/04—Monomers containing three or four carbon atoms
    • C08F110/06—Propene
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C08F10/00—Homopolymers and copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
    • C08F10/04—Monomers containing three or four carbon atoms
    • C08F10/06—Propene
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C07F17/00—Metallocenes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F17/00—Metallocenes
    • C07F17/02—Metallocenes of metals of Groups 8, 9 or 10 of the Periodic Table
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F4/00—Polymerisation catalysts
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    • C08F4/025—Metal oxides
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    • C08F4/00—Polymerisation catalysts
    • C08F4/42—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors
    • C08F4/44—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides
    • C08F4/60—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides together with refractory metals, iron group metals, platinum group metals, manganese, rhenium technetium or compounds thereof
    • C08F4/62—Refractory metals or compounds thereof
    • C08F4/64—Titanium, zirconium, hafnium or compounds thereof
    • C08F4/659—Component covered by group C08F4/64 containing a transition metal-carbon bond
    • C08F4/65908—Component covered by group C08F4/64 containing a transition metal-carbon bond in combination with an ionising compound other than alumoxane, e.g. (C6F5)4B-X+
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F4/00—Polymerisation catalysts
    • C08F4/42—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors
    • C08F4/44—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides
    • C08F4/60—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides together with refractory metals, iron group metals, platinum group metals, manganese, rhenium technetium or compounds thereof
    • C08F4/62—Refractory metals or compounds thereof
    • C08F4/64—Titanium, zirconium, hafnium or compounds thereof
    • C08F4/659—Component covered by group C08F4/64 containing a transition metal-carbon bond
    • C08F4/65912—Component covered by group C08F4/64 containing a transition metal-carbon bond in combination with an organoaluminium compound
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    • C08F4/00—Polymerisation catalysts
    • C08F4/42—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors
    • C08F4/44—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides
    • C08F4/60—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides together with refractory metals, iron group metals, platinum group metals, manganese, rhenium technetium or compounds thereof
    • C08F4/62—Refractory metals or compounds thereof
    • C08F4/64—Titanium, zirconium, hafnium or compounds thereof
    • C08F4/659—Component covered by group C08F4/64 containing a transition metal-carbon bond
    • C08F4/65916—Component covered by group C08F4/64 containing a transition metal-carbon bond supported on a carrier, e.g. silica, MgCl2, polymer
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C08F2420/00—Metallocene catalysts
    • C08F2420/01—Cp or analog bridged to a non-Cp X neutral donor
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C08F4/00—Polymerisation catalysts
    • C08F4/42—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors
    • C08F4/44—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides
    • C08F4/60—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides together with refractory metals, iron group metals, platinum group metals, manganese, rhenium technetium or compounds thereof
    • C08F4/62—Refractory metals or compounds thereof
    • C08F4/64—Titanium, zirconium, hafnium or compounds thereof
    • C08F4/659—Component covered by group C08F4/64 containing a transition metal-carbon bond
    • C08F4/6592—Component covered by group C08F4/64 containing a transition metal-carbon bond containing at least one cyclopentadienyl ring, condensed or not, e.g. an indenyl or a fluorenyl ring
    • C08F4/65922—Component covered by group C08F4/64 containing a transition metal-carbon bond containing at least one cyclopentadienyl ring, condensed or not, e.g. an indenyl or a fluorenyl ring containing at least two cyclopentadienyl rings, fused or not
    • C08F4/65927—Component covered by group C08F4/64 containing a transition metal-carbon bond containing at least one cyclopentadienyl ring, condensed or not, e.g. an indenyl or a fluorenyl ring containing at least two cyclopentadienyl rings, fused or not two cyclopentadienyl rings being mutually bridged
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
    • Y02P20/52—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals using catalysts, e.g. selective catalysts

Definitions

  • This invention relates to new bisindenyl ligands, complexes thereof and catalysts comprising those complexes.
  • the invention is directed to improving the manufacturing of specific C1-symmetric bisindenyl complexes by modifying one of the indenyl ligands in order to improve the selectivity of the complex synthesis towards the desired anti-isomer, increase the yield and simplify the purification of the complex.
  • the invention also relates to the use of the new bisindenyl metallocene catalysts for the production of polypropylene homopolymers or propylene copolymers, especially with ethylene, with high activity levels, high molecular weight, and hence low MFR, and with ideal melting points.
  • Metallocene catalysts have been used to manufacture polyolefins for many years. Countless academic and patent publications describe the use of these catalysts in olefin polymerization. Metallocenes are now used industrially and polyethylenes and polypropylenes in particular are often produced using cyclopentadienyl based catalyst systems with different substitution patterns.
  • the present inventors sought new metallocenes, which provide high activity, especially in the case of the homopolymerization of propylene or in the case of copolymerization between propylene and ethylene.
  • the desired catalysts should also have improved performance in the production of high melting temperature and high molecular weight polypropylene homopolymers.
  • the desired catalysts should also have improved performance in the production of propylene-ethylene copolymers, for instance having high activity for high Mw copolymer products.
  • the desired catalysts should also provide propylene-ethylene copolymers having high molecular weight.
  • the new metallocene catalyst complexes can be produced with improved selectivity of the complex synthesis towards the desired ant-isomer by a simpler and higher yield synthesis than known metallocene catalyst complexes.
  • C2-symmetric metallocenes are disclosed for example in WO2007/116034.
  • This document reports the synthesis and characterisation of, inter alia, the metallocene rac-Me 2 Si(2-Me-4-Ph-5-OMe-6-tBuInd) 2 ZrCl2 and the use of it as a polymerization catalyst after activation with MAO for the homopolymerization of propylene and copolymerization of propylene with ethylene and higher alpha-olefins in solution polymerization.
  • WO02/02576 describes, inter alia, rac-Me 2 Si[2-Me-4-(3,5-tBu2Ph)Ind] 2 ZrCl2 and rac-Me 2 Si[2-Me-4-(3,5-tBu2Ph)Ind] 2 ZrCl2 (see also WO2014/096171) and its use in the manufacture of high Mw and high melting point polypropylene.
  • WO06/097497 describes, inter alia, rac-Me 2 Si(2-Me-4-Ph-1,5,6,7-tetrahydro-s-indacen-1-yl) 2 ZrCl2 supported on silica and its use in the homo- and copolymerization of propylene with ethylene.
  • WO2011/076780 describes the use of rac-Me 2 Si(2-Me-4-Ph-1,5,6,7-tetrahydro-s-indacen-1-yl) 2 ZrCl2 activated with methylalumoxane in solid particulated form without an external carrier, for propylene homopolymerization
  • WO2013/007650 describes certain asymmetrical catalysts comprising alkoxy groups at the 5-position of one of the rings such as anti-dimethylsilanediyl(2-methyl-4-phenyl-6-tert-butylinden-1-yl)(2-methyl-4-phenyl-5-methoxy-6-tert-butyl inden-1-yl) zirconium dichloride.
  • catalysts based on this reference are limited in terms of polypropylene homopolymer melting temperature, productivity at low MFR. In addition, the overall productivity of the catalyst still needs to be improved.
  • WO2015/158790 discloses, inter alia, the complex “2-Zr” anti-dimethylsilanediyl[2-methyl-4-(3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl)-5-methoxy-6-tert-butyl-inden-1-yl][2-methyl-4-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-phenyl)-5,6,7-trihydro-s-indacen-1-yl] zirconium dichloride and describes the use of this complex in the formation of ethylene/1-octene copolymers in a solution process.
  • the catalyst system containing 2-Zr is found to be inferior in terms of 1-octene incorporation to those containing 1-Z
  • WO2009/054831 describes the synthesis of the C2-symmetric complex based on 2-methyl-4,7-di(4′-tert-butylphenyl)indenyl ligands and compares them to the 4-phenyl analogue.
  • catalyst productivity PP molecular weight and melting point are improved by the use of 4,7-di(4′-tert-butylphenyl)indenyl ligands, the absolute value of the melting point remains low and more important both the ligand and the metallocene synthesis yields are very low, showing that this approach has no industrial applicability.
  • the catalysts of the invention should ideally be suited for use in solution or in conventional solid supported form, e.g. using silica or alumina supports, or can be used in solid form, however, being free of external support or carrier, as described for example in WO03/051934.
  • the inventors have developed new metallocene catalysts having improved polymerization behaviour, higher catalyst productivity, improved performance in the production of high molecular weight polypropylene homopolymers.
  • new metallocene catalyst complexes can be produced with simpler and higher yield synthesis than known metallocene catalyst complexes.
  • the new metallocene catalyst complexes can be produced with an improved selectivity of the complex synthesis towards the desired ant-isomer.
  • the metallocene structures above exhibit high catalyst activity and provide high melting polypropylene, and high molecular weight C2/C3 copolymers.
  • the syntheses and purification of the pure anti-isomer of these complexes require many steps and have therefore overall low yield, making the manufacturing of such complexes economically not convenient. Therefore, there is still the need to provide metallocene catalyst complexes that, while keeping the good catalytic performance, can also be produced with a more efficient synthesis.
  • the catalytic performance of the new complexes is similar or better compared to the complexes based on the non-modified indenyl ligands.
  • the invention provides a metaliocene catalyst complex of formula (I):
  • Mt is Hf or Zr; each X is a sigma-ligand; Each R 1 independently is the same or can be different and is a CH 2 —R 7 group, with R 7 being H, a linear or branched C 1-6 -alkyl group, a C 3-8 cycloalkyl group, or a C 6-10 aryl group,
  • Each R 2 is independently a —CH ⁇ , —CY ⁇ , —CH 2 —, —CHY— or —CY 2 — group, wherein Y is a C 1-10 hydrocarbyl group and where n is 2-6,
  • each R 3 and R 4 are independently the same or can be different and are hydrogen, a linear or branched C 1 -C 6 -alkyl group, an OY group, a C 7-20 arylalkyl, C 7-20 alkylaryl group, or C 6-20 aryl group, wherein at least one R 3 per phenyl group and at least one R 4 is not hydrogen, and optionally two adjacent R 3 or R 4 groups can be part of a ring including the phenyl carbons to which they are bonded, R 5 is a linear or branched C 1 -C 6 -alkyl group, C 7-20 arylalkyl, C 7-20 alkylaryl group or C 6 -C 20 -aryl group, R 6 is a C(R 8 ) 3 group, with R 8 being a linear or branched C 1 -C 6 alkyl group,
  • Each R is independently a C 1 -C 20 -hydrocarbyl, C 6 -C 20 -aryl, C 7 -C 20 -arylalkyl or C 7 -C 20 -alkylaryl.
  • the invention provides a metallocene catalyst complex of formula (Ia)
  • each R 3 and R 4 are independently the same or can be different and are hydrogen or a linear or branched C 1 -C 6 -alkyl group, wherein at least one R 3 per phenyl group and at least one R 4 is not hydrogen.
  • the invention provides a catalyst comprising
  • yet a further aspect of the present invention is a process for producing the ligand of the metallocene catalyst complex of formula (I or Ia) comprising the two (R 3 ) 3 -phenyl-group substituents.
  • the catalyst of the invention can be used in non-supported form or in solid form.
  • the catalyst of the invention may be used as a homogeneous catalyst or heterogeneous catalyst.
  • the catalyst of the invention in solid form can be either supported on an external carrier material, like silica or alumina, or, in one embodiment, is free from an external carrier, however still being in solid form.
  • an external carrier material like silica or alumina
  • the solid catalyst is obtainable by a process in which
  • liquid/liquid emulsion system comprising a solution of the catalyst components (i) and (ii) dispersed in a solvent so as to form dispersed droplets;
  • the invention provides a process for the manufacture of a catalyst as hereinbefore defined comprising obtaining a complex of formula (I) and a cocatalyst as hereinbefore described;
  • liquid/liquid emulsion system which comprises a solution of catalyst components (i) and (ii) dispersed in a solvent, and solidifying said dispersed droplets to form solid particles.
  • the invention provides the use in propylene polymerization of a catalyst as hereinbefore defined, especially for the formation of a polypropylene homopolymer or propylene copolymer, e.g. with ethylene or a C4-10 alpha olefin such as 1-hexene.
  • the solid catalyst is supported on an organic or inorganic support material, such as silica, alumina or zirconia or a mixed oxide such as silica-alumina.
  • an organic or inorganic support material such as silica, alumina or zirconia or a mixed oxide such as silica-alumina.
  • the invention provides a process for the polymerization propylene comprising reacting propylene and optional comonomers with a catalyst as hereinbefore described, especially for the formation polypropylene homopolymer or propylene copolymer, e.g. with ethylene or a C4-10 alpha olefin such as 1-hexene.
  • the catalyst does not contain an external support, such as an inorganic support, for example, silica or alumina, or an organic polymeric support material.
  • C 1-20 hydrocarbyl group includes C 1-20 alkyl, C 2-20 alkenyl, C 2-20 alkynyl, C 3-20 cycloalkyl, C 3-20 cycloalkenyl, C 6-20 aryl groups, C 7-20 alkylaryl groups or C 7-20 arylalkyl groups or of course mixtures of these groups such as cycloalkyl substituted by alkyl.
  • Linear and branched hydrocarbyl groups cannot contain cyclic units.
  • Aliphatic hydrocarbyl groups cannot contain aryl rings.
  • preferred C 1-20 hydrocarbyl groups are C 1-20 alkyl, C 4-20 cycloalkyl, C 5- cycloalkyl-alkyl groups, C 7-20 alkylaryl groups, C 7-20 arylalkyl groups or C 6-20 aryl groups, especially C 1-10 alkyl groups, C 6-10 aryl groups, or C 7-12 arylalkyl groups, e.g. C 1-8 alkyl groups.
  • Most especially preferred hydrocarbyl groups are methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, isobutyl, C 5-6 -cycloalkyl, cyclohexylmethyl, phenyl or benzyl.
  • halo includes fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo groups, especially chloro or fluoro groups, when relating to the complex definition.
  • the oxidation state of the metal ion is governed primarily by the nature of the metal ion in question and the stability of the individual oxidation states of each metal ion.
  • the metal ion M is coordinated by ligands X to satisfy the valency of the metal ion and to fill its available coordination sites.
  • ligands X The nature of these ⁇ -ligands can vary greatly.
  • C4 phenyl ring and “C4′ phenyl ring” relate to the substituted phenyl rings attached to the 4 and 4′ positions of the indenyl and indacenyl rings, respectively. The numbering of these rings will be evident from the structures indicated herein.
  • Catalyst activity is defined in this application to be the amount of polymer produced/g catalyst/h.
  • Catalyst metal activity is defined here to be the amount of polymer produced/g Metal/h.
  • productivity is also sometimes used to indicate the catalyst activity although herein it designates the amount of polymer produced per unit weight of catalyst.
  • molecular weight is used herein to refer to weight average molecular weight Mw unless otherwise stated.
  • This invention relates to a series of new ligands, metallocene catalyst complexes and hence catalysts that are ideal for the polymerization of propylene.
  • the metallocene catalyst complexes of the invention are asymmetrical. Asymmetrical means simply that the two ligands forming the metallocene are different, that is, each ligand bears a set of substituents that are chemically different.
  • the metallocene catalyst complexes of the invention are chiral, racemic bridged bisindenyl C 1 -symmetric metallocenes in their anti-configuration.
  • the complexes of the invention are formally C 1 -symmetric, the complexes ideally retain a pseudo-C 2 -symmetry since they maintain C 2 -symmetry in close proximity of the metal center although not at the ligand periphery.
  • both anti and syn enantiomer pairs in case of C 1 -symmetric complexes are formed during the synthesis of the complexes.
  • racemic-anti means that the two indenyl ligands are oriented in opposite directions with respect to the cyclopentadienyl-metal-cyclopentadienyl plane
  • racemic-syn means that the two indenyl ligands are oriented in the same direction with respect to the cyclopentadienyl-metal-cyclopentadienyl plane, as shown in the scheme below.
  • Formula (I), and any sub formulae are intended to cover both syn- and anti-configurations.
  • Preferred metallocene catalyst complexes are in the anti configuration.
  • the metallocene catalyst complexes of the invention are employed as the racemic-anti isomers. Ideally, therefore at least 95% mol, such as at least 98% mol, especially at least 99% mol of the metallocene catalyst complex is in the racemic-anti isomeric form.
  • Metallocene catalyst complexes according to the invention are of formula (I):
  • Mt is Zr or Hf, preferably Zr;
  • Each X is a sigma ligand.
  • each X is independently a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, C 1-6 alkoxy group or an R′ group, where R′ is a C 1-6 alkyl, phenyl or benzyl group.
  • R′ is a C 1-6 alkyl, phenyl or benzyl group.
  • X is chloride, benzyl or a methyl group.
  • both X groups are the same.
  • the most preferred options are two chlorides, two methyl or two benzyl groups, especially two chlorides.
  • each R is independently a C 1 -C 20 -hydrocarbyl, C 6 -C 20 -aryl, C 7 -C 20 -arylalkyl or C 7 -C 20 -alkylaryl.
  • the term C 1-20 hydrocarbyl group therefore includes C 1-20 alkyl, C 2-20 alkenyl, C 2-20 alkynyl, C 3-20 cycloalkyl, C 3-20 cycloalkenyl, C 6-20 aryl groups, C 7-20 alkylaryl groups or C 7-20 arylalkyl groups or of course mixtures of these groups such as cycloalkyl substituted by alkyl.
  • preferred C 1-20 hydrocarbyl groups are C 1-20 alkyl, C 4-20 cycloalkyl, C 5-20 cycloalkyl-alkyl groups, C 7-20 alkylaryl groups, C 7-20 arylalkyl groups or C 6-20 aryl groups.
  • both R groups are the same. It is preferred if R is a C 1 -C 10 -hydrocarbyl or C 6 -C 10 -aryl group, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tertbutyl, isobutyl, C 5-6 -cycloalkyl, cyclohexylmethyl, phenyl or benzyl, more preferably both R are a C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl or C 6 -aryl group, such as a C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, C5-6 cycloalkyl or C 6 -aryl group and most preferably both R are methyl or one is methyl and another cyclohexyl. Most preferably the bridge is —Si(CH 3 ) 2 —.
  • Each R 1 independently is the same or can be different and is a CH 2 —R 7 group, with R 7 being H, a linear or branched C 1-6 -alkyl group (like methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, sec.-butyl and tert.-butyl), a C 3-8 cycloalkyl group (e.g. cyclohexyl), or a C 6-10 aryl group (preferably phenyl);
  • both R 1 are the same and are a CH 2 —R 7 group, with R 7 being H or a linear or branched C 1 -C 4 -alkyl group, more preferably, both R 1 are the same and are a CH 2 —R 7 group, with R 7 being H or a linear or branched C 1 -C 3 -alkyl group. Most preferably, both R 1 are both methyl.
  • Each R 2 is independently a —CH ⁇ , —CY ⁇ , —CH 2 —, —CHY— or —CY 2 — group, wherein Y is a C 1-10 hydrocarbyl group, preferably a C 1-4 hydrocarbyl group and where n is 2-6, preferably 3-4.
  • Each substituent R 3 and R 4 are independently the same or can be different and are hydrogen, a linear or branched C 1 -C 6 -alkyl group, an OY group, a C 7-20 arylalkyl, C 7-20 alkylaryl group, or C 6-20 aryl group, preferably hydrogen, a linear or branched C 1 -C 6 -alkyl group or C 6-20 aryl groups, and optionally two adjacent R 3 or R 4 groups can be part of a ring including the phenyl carbons to which they are bonded.
  • R 3 and R 4 are hydrogen or a linear or branched C 1 -C 4 alkyl group or a OY-group, wherein Y is a is a C 1-4 hydrocarbyl group. Even more preferably, each R 3 and R 4 are independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl or methoxy, especially hydrogen, methyl or tert-butyl, wherein at least one R 3 per phenyl group and at least one R 4 is not hydrogen.
  • one or two R 3 per phenyl group are not hydrogen, more preferably on both phenyl groups the R 3 are the same, like 3′,5′-di-methyl or 4′-tert-butyl for both phenyl groups.
  • one or two R 4 on the phenyl group are not hydrogen, more preferably two R 4 are not hydrogen and most preferably these two R 4 are the same like 3′,5′-di-methyl or 3′,5′-di-tert-butyl.
  • R 5 is a linear or branched C 1 -C 6 -alkyl group such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, sec-butyl and tert-butyl, C 7-20 arylalkyl, C 7-20 alkylaryl group or C 6 -C 20 aryl group.
  • R 5 is a preferably a linear or branched C 1 -C 6 alkyl group or C 6-20 aryl group, more preferably a linear C 1 -C 4 alkyl group, even more preferably a C 1 -C 2 alkyl group and most preferably methyl.
  • R 6 is a C(R 8 ) 3 group, with R 8 being a linear or branched C 1 -C 6 alkyl group.
  • Each R is independently a C 1 -C 20 -hydrocarbyl, C 6 -C 20 -aryl, C 7 -C 20 -arylalkyl or C 7 -C 20 -alkylaryl.
  • each R 8 are the same or different with R 8 being a linear or branched C 1 -C 4 -alkyl group, more preferably with R 8 being the same and being a C 1 -C 2 -alkyl group. Most preferably, all R 8 groups are methyl.
  • the invention provides a metallocene catalyst complex of formula (Ia)
  • Mt is Zr or Hf, preferably Zr; each R 3 and R 4 are independently the same or can be different and are hydrogen or a linear or branched C 1 -C 6 -alkyl group, wherein at least on R 3 per phenyl group and at least one R 4 is not hydrogen.
  • Specific metallocene catalyst complexes of the invention include:
  • ligands required to form the catalysts of the invention can be synthesised by any process and the skilled organic chemist would be able to devise various synthetic protocols for the manufacture of the necessary ligand materials.
  • WO2007/116034 discloses the necessary chemistry and is herein incorporated by reference. Synthetic protocols can also generally be found in WO2002/02576, WO2011/135004, WO2012/084961, WO2012/001052, WO2011/076780 and WO2015/158790.
  • the examples section also provides the skilled person with sufficient direction.
  • the ligand of the metallocenes as disclosed in WO2018/122134 include two different indenes, one methoxyindene and one indacene.
  • the synthesis of the methoxyindene is simple and gives high yield, while the synthesis of the indacene requires several steps, as shown in scheme 1 for the case of the 4-(4-tert-butylphenyl)indacene:
  • the ligand of the metallocene catalyst complex of formula (I or Ia) comprising the two (R 3 ) 3 -phenyl-group substituents, preferably the indacene ligand used in the synthesis of the inventive metallocene catalyst complexes, which is the structural analogue of above structure, is obtained with one step less, as shown in scheme 2:
  • the new metallocene catalyst complexes of the present invention can be prepared in a simpler way and as is shown in the experimental part in a more efficient way, too.
  • the present invention is therefore also related to a process for producing the ligand of the metallocene catalyst complex of formula (I or Ia) comprising the two (R 3 ) 3 -phenyl-group substituents, preferably the indacene ligand.
  • a metallocene catalyst complex according to anyone of claim 1 to 6 wherein the ligand of the metallocene catalyst complex of formula (I or Ia) comprising the two (R 3 ) 3 -phenyl-group substituents is prepared by a process comprising steps 1) to 4) wherein in step
  • Step 1) is preferably done with aluminium chloride in dichlormethane at low temperature, like 2 to 10° C., e.g. around +5° C.
  • the reduction in step 2) is preferably done by sodium borohydride in THF-MeOH medium at low temperature, like 2 to 10° C., e.g. around +5° C.
  • the methylation is preferably performed at room temperature with Mel/KOH/DMSO.
  • Step 3) is preferably done in the presence of NiCl 2 (PPh 3 )IPr catalyst at reflux temperature and step 4) is preferably done with a catalytic amount of TsOH in toluene at reflux temperature.
  • a cocatalyst system comprising a boron containing cocatalyst and/or an aluminoxane cocatalyst is used in combination with the above defined metallocene catalyst complex.
  • the aluminoxane cocatalyst can be one of formula (X):
  • n is usually from 6 to 20 and R has the meaning below.
  • Aluminoxanes are formed on partial hydrolysis of organoaluminum compounds, for example those of the formula AlR 3 , AlR 2 Y and Al 2 R 3 Y 3 where R can be, for example, C 1 -C 10 alkyl, preferably C 1 -C 5 alkyl, or C 3-10 cycloalkyl, C 7 -C 12 arylalkyl or alkylaryl and/or phenyl or naphthyl, and where Y can be hydrogen, halogen, preferably chlorine or bromine, or C 1 -C 10 alkoxy, preferably methoxy or ethoxy.
  • the resulting oxygen-containing aluminoxanes are not in general pure compounds but mixtures of oligomers of the formula (X).
  • the preferred aluminoxane is methylaluminoxane (MAO). Since the aluminoxanes used according to the invention as cocatalysts are not, owing to their mode of preparation, pure compounds, the molarity of aluminoxane solutions hereinafter is based on their aluminium content.
  • MAO methylaluminoxane
  • a boron containing cocatalyst can be used instead of the aluminoxane cocatalyst or the aluminoxane cocatalyst can be used in combination with a boron containing cocatalyst.
  • aluminium alkyl compound such as TIBA.
  • TIBA aluminium alkyl compound
  • any suitable aluminium alkyl e.g. Al(C 1-6 -alkyl) 3 .
  • Preferred aluminium alkyl compounds are triethylaluminium, tri-isobutylaluminium, tri-isohexylaluminium, tri-n-octylaluminium and tri-isooctylaluminium.
  • the metallocene catalyst complex is in its alkylated version, that is for example a dimethyl or dibenzyl metallocene catalyst complex can be used.
  • Boron based cocatalysts of interest include those of formula (Z) BY 3 (Z) wherein Y is the same or different and is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group of from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, an aryl group of from 6 to about 15 carbon atoms, alkylaryl, arylalkyl, haloalkyl or haloaryl each having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms in the alkyl radical and from 6-20 carbon atoms in the aryl radical or fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine.
  • Preferred examples for Y are methyl, propyl, isopropyl, isobutyl or trifluoromethyl, unsaturated groups such as aryl or haloaryl like phenyl, tolyl, benzyl groups, p-fluorophenyl, 3,5- difluorophenyl, pentachlorophenyl, pentafluorophenyl, 3,4,5-trifluorophenyl and 3,5- di(trifluoromethyl)phenyl.
  • Preferred options are trifluoroborane, triphenylborane, tris(4-fluorophenyl)borane, tris(3,5-difluorophenyl)borane, tris(4-fluoromethylphenyl)borane, tris(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)borane, tris(penta-fluorophenyl)borane, tris(tolyl)borane, tris(3,5-dimethyl-phenyl)borane, tris(3,5-difluorophenyl)borane and/or tris (3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)borane.
  • borates are used, i.e. compounds containing a borate 3+ ion.
  • Such ionic cocatalysts preferably contain a non-coordinating anion such as tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate and tetraphenyborate.
  • Suitable counterions are protonated amine or aniline derivatives such as methylammonium, anilinium, dimethylammonium, diethylammonium, N-methylanilinium, diphenylammonium, N,N-dimethylanilinium, trimethylammonium, triethylammonium, tri-n-butylammonium, methyldiphenylammonium, pyridinium, p-bromo-N,N-dimethylanilinium or p-nitro-N,N-dimethylanilinium.
  • Preferred ionic compounds which can be used according to the present invention include:
  • triphenylcarbeniumtetrakis(pentafluorophenyl) borate N,N-dimethylcyclohexylammoniumtetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate or N,N-dimethybenzylammoniumtetrakis(pentafluoropheny)borate.
  • Preferred borates of use in the invention therefore comprise the trityl ion.
  • N,N-dimethylammonium-tetrakispentafluorophenylborate and Ph 3 CB(PhF 5 ) 4 and analogues therefore are especially favoured.
  • the preferred cocatalysts are alumoxanes, more preferably methylalumoxanes, combinations of alumoxanes with Al-alkyls, boron or borate cocatalysts and combinations of alumoxanes with boron-based cocatalysts.
  • the preferred cocatalysts are alumoxanes, most preferably methylalumoxanes.
  • the molar ratio of boron to the metal ion of the metallocene may be in the range 0.5:1 to 10:1 mol/mol, preferably 1:1 to 10:1, especially 1:1 to 5:1 mol/mol.
  • the molar ratio of Al in the aluminoxane to the metal ion of the metallocene may be in the range 1:1 to 2000:1 mol/mol, preferably 10:1 to 1000:1, and more preferably 50:1 to 500:1 mol/mol.
  • the metallocene catalyst complex of the present invention can be used in combination with a suitable cocatalyst as a catalyst for the polymerization of propylene, e.g. in a solvent such as toluene or an aliphatic hydrocarbon, (i.e. for polymerization in solution), as it is well known in the art.
  • a suitable cocatalyst as a catalyst for the polymerization of propylene, e.g. in a solvent such as toluene or an aliphatic hydrocarbon, (i.e. for polymerization in solution), as it is well known in the art.
  • polymerization of propylene takes place in the condensed phase or in gas phase.
  • the catalyst of the invention can be used in supported or unsupported form.
  • the particulate support material used is preferably an organic or inorganic material, such as silica, alumina or zirconia or a mixed oxide such as silica-alumina, in particular silica, alumina or silica-alumina.
  • the use of a silica support is preferred. The skilled man is aware of the procedures required to support a metallocene catalyst.
  • the support is a porous material so that the complex may be loaded into the pores of the support, e.g. using a process analogous to those described in WO94/14856, WO95/12622 and WO2006/097497.
  • the particle size is not critical but is preferably in the range 5 to 200 ⁇ m, more preferably 20 to 80 ⁇ m. The use of these supports is routine in the art.
  • a catalyst can be prepared in solution, for example in an aromatic solvent like toluene, by contacting the metallocene (as a solid or as a solution) with the cocatalyst, for example methylaluminoxane or a borane or a borate salt previously dissolved in an aromatic solvent, or can be prepared by sequentially adding the dissolved catalyst components to the polymerization medium.
  • an aromatic solvent like toluene
  • no external carrier is used but the catalyst is still presented in solid particulate form.
  • no external support material such as inert organic or inorganic carrier, for example silica as described above is employed.
  • a liquid/liquid emulsion system is used.
  • the process involves forming dispersing catalyst components (i) and (ii) in a solvent, and solidifying said dispersed droplets to form solid particles.
  • the method involves preparing a solution of one or more catalyst components; dispersing said solution in an solvent to form an emulsion in which said one or more catalyst components are present in the droplets of the dispersed phase; immobilising the catalyst components in the dispersed droplets, in the absence of an external particulate porous support, to form solid particles comprising the said catalyst, and optionally recovering said particles.
  • This process enables the manufacture of active catalyst particles with improved morphology, e.g. with a predetermined spherical shape, surface properties and particle size and without using any added external porous support material, such as an inorganic oxide, e.g. silica.
  • preparing a solution of one or more catalyst components is meant that the catalyst forming compounds may be combined in one solution, which is dispersed to the immiscible solvent, or, alternatively, at least two separate catalyst solutions for each part of the catalyst forming compounds may be prepared, which are then dispersed successively to the solvent.
  • the invention is also industrially advantageous, since it enables the preparation of the solid particles to be carried out as a one-pot procedure. Continuous or semi-continuous processes are also possible for producing the catalyst.
  • heterogeneous catalysts where no external support material is used (also called “self-supported” catalysts) might have, as a drawback, a tendency to dissolve to some extent in the polymerization media, i.e. some active catalyst components might leach out of the catalyst particles during slurry polymerization, whereby the original good morphology of the catalyst might be lost.
  • active catalyst components are very active possibly causing problems during polymerization. Therefore, the amount of leached components should be minimized, i.e. all catalyst components should be kept in heterogeneous form.
  • the self-supported catalysts generate, due to the high amount of catalytically active species in the catalyst system, high temperatures at the beginning of the polymerization which may cause melting of the product material. Both effects, i.e. the partial dissolving of the catalyst system and the heat generation, might cause fouling, sheeting and deterioration of the polymer material morphology.
  • off line prepolymerization in this regard is part of the catalyst preparation process, being a step carried out after a solid catalyst is formed.
  • the catalyst off line prepolymerization step is not part of the actual polymerization process configuration comprising a prepolymerization step.
  • the solid catalyst can be used in polymerization.
  • Catalyst “off line prepolymerization” takes place following the solidification step of the liquid-liquid emulsion process. Pre-polymerization may take place by known methods described in the art, such as that described in WO 2010/052263, WO 2010/052260 or WO 2010/052264.
  • alpha-olefins are used as monomers in the catalyst off-line prepolymerization step.
  • C2-C10 olefins such as ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 4-methyl-1-pentene, 1-heptene, 1-octene, 1-nonene 1-decene, styrene and vinylcyclohexene are used.
  • Most preferred alpha-olefins are ethylene and propylene, especially propylene.
  • the catalyst off-line prepolymerization may be carried out in gas phase or in an inert diluent, typically oil or fluorinated hydrocarbon, preferably in fluorinated hydrocarbons or mixture of fluorinated hydrocarbons.
  • an inert diluent typically oil or fluorinated hydrocarbon
  • fluorinated hydrocarbons or mixture of fluorinated hydrocarbons Preferably perfluorinated hydrocarbons are used.
  • the melting point of such (per)fluorinated hydrocarbons is typically in the range of 0 to 140° C., preferably 30 to 120° C., like 50 to 110° C.
  • the temperature for the pre-polymerization step is below 70° C., e.g. in the range of ⁇ 30 to 70° C., preferably 0-65° C. and more preferably in the range 20 to 55° C.
  • Pressure within the reaction vessel is preferably higher than atmospheric pressure to minimize the eventual leaching of air and/or moisture into the catalyst vessel.
  • the pressure is in the range of at least 1 to 15 bar, preferably 2 to 10 bar.
  • the reaction vessel is preferably kept in an inert atmosphere, such as under nitrogen or argon or similar atmosphere.
  • Off line prepolymerization is continued until the desired pre-polymerization degree, defined as weight of polymer matrix/weight of solid catalyst before pre-polymerization step, is reached.
  • the degree is below 25, preferably 0.5 to 10.0, more preferably 1.0 to 8.0, most preferably 2.0 to 6,0.
  • the catalyst can be isolated and stored.
  • the catalysts according to the invention are suited to the formation of propylene homopolymers, propylene-ethylene copolymers or propylene-C 4-10 alpha olefin copolymers.
  • the process comprises polymerizing propylene, propylene and ethylene, or propylene and a C 4-10 alpha olefin.
  • the ethylene content in such a propylene-ethylene polymer may vary depending on the desired properties of the polymer. Typically, ethylene content will range from 0.1 to 10 mol %.
  • the catalysts of the present invention are used to manufacture propylene homopolymers or propylene copolymers with ethylene as comonomer and propylene copolymers with hexene as a comonomer.
  • Polymerization in the method of the invention may be effected in one or more, e.g. 1, 2 or 3, polymerization reactors, using conventional polymerization techniques, e.g. gas phase, solution phase, slurry or bulk polymerization or combinations thereof, like a combination of a slurry and at least one gas phase reactor.
  • conventional polymerization techniques e.g. gas phase, solution phase, slurry or bulk polymerization or combinations thereof, like a combination of a slurry and at least one gas phase reactor.
  • reaction temperature will generally be in the range 60 to 110° C. (e.g. 60-90° C.)
  • reactor pressure will generally be in the range 5 to 80 bar (e.g. 20-60 bar)
  • residence time will generally be in the range 0.1 to 5 hours (e.g. 0.3 to 2 hours).
  • the monomer is usually used as reaction medium.
  • the reaction temperature used will generally be in the range 60 to 115° C. (e.g. 70 to 110° C.), the reactor pressure will generally be in the range 10 to 25 bar, and the residence time will generally be 0,5 to 8 hours (e.g. 0.5 to 4 hours).
  • the gas used will be the monomer optionally as mixture with a non-reactive gas such as nitrogen or propane.
  • the process can contain any additional polymerization steps, like prepolymerization step, and any further after reactor handling steps as known in the art.
  • an aliphatic or aromatic solvent can be used to dissolve the monomer and the polymer, and the polymerization temperature will generally be in the range 80 to 200° C. (e.g. 90 to 150° C.)
  • the quantity of catalyst used will depend upon the nature of the catalyst, the reactor types and conditions and the properties desired for the polymer product.
  • hydrogen can be used for controlling the molecular weight of the polymer.
  • the metallocene catalysts of the invention possess excellent catalyst activity and good comonomer response.
  • the catalysts are also able to provide polymers of high weight average molecular weight Mw.
  • the random copolymerization behaviour of metallocene catalysts of the invention shows a reduced tendency of chain transfer to ethylene.
  • Polymers obtained with the metallocenes of the invention have normal particle morphologies.
  • the claimed catalysts enable the formation of polymers with high molecular weight. These features can be achieved at commercially interesting polymerization temperatures, e.g. 60° C. or more. It is a preferred feature of the invention that the catalysts of the invention are used to polymerize propylene at a temperature of at least 60° C., preferably at least 65° C., such as at least 70° C. In a particular embodiment, the propylene polymers obtained using the catalysts of the invention have a polydispersity index (Mw/Mn) of 2.0 or greater, such as 2.2-6.5.
  • Mw/Mn polydispersity index
  • Propylene homopolymers made by the metallocenes of the invention can be made with Mw (weight average molecular weight) values in the range of 40 to 2 000 kg/mol, preferably in the range of 50 to 1 500 kg/mol depending on the use and amount of hydrogen used as Mw regulating agent.
  • the catalysts of the invention enable the formation of polypropylene homopolymers with high melting points.
  • the propylene homopolymer formed by the process of the invention has a melting point of more than 149.0° C., preferably more than 149.5° C., especially more than 150.0° C.
  • Propylene copolymers with ethylene or with C4-C10, especially with C6 comonomers made by the metallocenes of the invention can be made with high productivity. Further, increase in intrinsic viscosity can be seen in propylene-hexene copolymers.
  • Thermo Elemental iCAP 6300 Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES) which was calibrated using a blank (a solution of 5% HNO3, 3% HF in DI water), and 6 standards of 0.5 ppm, 1 ppm, 10 ppm, 50 ppm, 100 ppm and 300 ppm of Al, with 0.5 ppm, 1 ppm, 5 ppm, 20 ppm, 50 ppm and 100 ppm of Hf and Zr in solutions of 5% HNO3, 3% HF in DI water.
  • ICP-OES Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometer
  • a quality control sample (20 ppm Al, 5 ppm Hf, Zr in a solution of 5% HNO3, 3% HF in DI water) is run to confirm the reslope.
  • the QC sample is also run after every 5th sample and at the end of a scheduled analysis set.
  • hafnium was monitored using the 282.022 nm and 339.980 nm lines and the content for zirconium using 339.198 nm line.
  • the content of aluminium was monitored via the 167.079 nm line, when Ai concentration in ICP sample was between 0-10 ppm (calibrated only to 100 ppm) and via the 396.152 nm line for Ai concentrations above 10 ppm.
  • the reported values are an average of three successive aliquots taken from the same sample and are related back to the original catalyst by inputting the original mass of sample and the dilution volume into the software.
  • the polymeric portion is digested by ashing in such a way that the elements can be freely dissolved by the acids.
  • the total content is calculated to correspond to the weight % for the prepolymerized catalyst.
  • the flask was then filled up with distilled water and shaken well.
  • the solution was filtered through 0.45 ⁇ m Nylon syringe filters and then subjected to analysis using Thermo iCAP 6300 ICP-OES and iTEVA software.
  • the instrument was calibrated for Ai, B, Hf, Mg, Ti and Zr using a blank (a solution of 5% HNO3) and six standards of 0.005 mg/L, 0.01 mg/L, 0.1 mg/L, 1 mg/L, 10 mg/L and 100 mg/L of Ai, B, Hf, Mg, Ti and Zr in solutions of 5% HNO3 distilled water. However, not every calibration point was used for each wavelength. Each calibration solution contained 4 mg/L of Y and Rh standards. Ai 394.401 nm was calibrated using the following calibration points: blank, 0.1 mg/L, 1 mg/L, 10 mg/L and 100 mg/L.
  • Al 167.079 nm was calibrated as Ai 394.401 nm excluding 100 mg/L and Zr 339.198 nm using the standards of blank, 0.01 mg/L, 0.1 mg/L, 1 mg/L, 10 mg/L and 100 mg/L. Curvilinear fitting and 1/concentration weighting was used for the calibration curves.
  • a quality control sample (QC: 1 mg/L Al, Au, Be, Hg & Se; 2 mg/L Hf & Zr, 2.5 mg/L As, B, Cd, Co, Cr, Mo, Ni, P, Sb, Sn & V; 4 mg/L Rh & Y; 5 mg/L Ca, K, Mg, Mn, Na & Ti; 10 mg/L Cu, Pb and Zn; 25 mg/L Fe and 37.5 mg/L Ca in a solution of 5% HNO3 in distilled water) was run to confirm the reslope for Ai, B, Hf, Mg, Ti and Zr. The QC sample was also run at the end of a scheduled analysis set.
  • the content for Zr was monitored using Zr 339.198 nm ⁇ 99 ⁇ line.
  • the content of aluminium was monitored via the 167.079 nm ⁇ 502 ⁇ line, when Al concentration in test portion was under 2 wt % and via the 394.401 nm ⁇ 85 ⁇ line for Al concentrations above 2 wt-%.
  • Y 371.030 nm ⁇ 91 ⁇ was used as internal standard for Zr 339.198 nm and Ai 394.401 nm and Y 224.306 nm ⁇ 450 ⁇ for Al 167.079 nm.
  • GPC Molecular Weight Averages, Molecular Weight Distribution, and Polydispersity Index (Mn, Mw, Mw/Mn)
  • GPC Gel Permeation Chromatography
  • a high temperature GPC instrument equipped with either infrared (IR) detector (IR4 or IR5 from PolymerChar (Valencia, Spain) or differential refractometer (RI) from Agilent Technologies, equipped with 3 ⁇ Agilent-PLgel Olexis and 1 ⁇ Agilent-PLgel Olexis Guard columns was used.
  • IR infrared
  • RI differential refractometer
  • TAB 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene
  • the chromatographic system was operated at 160° C. and at a constant flow rate of 1 mL/min. 200 ⁇ L of sample solution was injected per analysis. Data collection was performed using either Agilent Cirrus software version 3.3 or PolymerChar GPC-IR control software.
  • the column set was calibrated using universal calibration (according to ISO 16014-2:2003) with 19 narrow MWD polystyrene (PS) standards in the range of 0.5 kg/mol to 11 500 kg/mol.
  • PS polystyrene
  • the PS standards were dissolved at room temperature over several hours.
  • a third order polynomial fit was used to fit the calibration data.
  • Melting temperature T m was measured on approx. 5 mg samples with a Mettler-Toledo 822e differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), according to ISO11357-3 in a heat/cool/heat cycle with a scan rate of 10° C./min in the temperature range of +23 to +225° C. under a nitrogen flow rate of 50 ml min ⁇ 1 . Melting temperature was taken as the endotherm peak, respectively in the second heating step. Calibration of the instrument was performed with H 2 0, Lead, Tin, Indium, according to ISO 11357-1.
  • DSC Mettler-Toledo 822e differential scanning calorimeter
  • the melt flow rate is determined according to ISO 1133 and is indicated in g/10 min.
  • the MFR is an indication of the flowability, and hence the processability, of the polymer. The higher the melt flow rate, the lower the viscosity of the polymer.
  • the MFR is determined at 230° C. and may be determined at different loadings such as 2.16 kg (MFR 2 ) or 21.6 kg (MFR 21 ).
  • a glass cylinder is filled up to the max. volume of 250 ml by pouring in the unstabilized polymer powder, using a plastic spoon and a plastic funnel.
  • the content of 1-hexene has been measured by FT-IR spectroscopy according to a based on prior calibration using 13C NMR spectroscopy. Calibration was facilitated through the use of a set of in-house non-commercial reference materials of known hexene contents determined by quantitative 13 C melt state NMR spectroscopy. The calibration procedure was undertaken in the conventional manner.
  • the calibration set consisted of eight reference materials with 1-hexene contents ranging 0.8-6.3 wt % produced at pilot scale under a variety of conditions and characterised by 13 C melt state NMR spectroscopy.
  • the calibration set was selected to reflect the typical variety of copolymers encountered by the final quantitative IR spectroscopy method.
  • Quantitative IR spectra were recorded in the solid-state using a Bruker Vertex 70 FTIR spectrometer. Spectra were recorded on 25 ⁇ 25 mm square films of 300 um thickness prepared by compression moulding at 180-210° C. and 4-6 mPa. Standard transmission FTIR spectroscopy was employed using a spectral range of 5000-500 cm-1, an aperture of 6 mm, a spectral resolution of 2 cm-1, 16 background scans, 16 spectrum scans, an interferogram zero filling factor of 64 and Blackmann-Harris 3-term apodisation.
  • Quantitative analysis was undertaken using the total area of the CH 2 rocking deformations at around 727 cm ⁇ 1 (AQ) corresponding to (CH 2 ) 3 structural units in butyl branches (integration method B, limits 750 and 715 cm-1).
  • the quantitative band was normalised to the area of the CH band at 4323 cm ⁇ 1 (AR) corresponding to CH structural units (integration method B, limits 4450, 4007 cm ⁇ 1 ).
  • the hexene content in units of weight percent was then predicted from the normalised absorption (AQ/AR) using a quadratic calibration curve.
  • the calibration curve having previously been constructed by ordinary least squares (OLS) regression of the normalised absorptions and primary comonomer contents measured on the calibration set.
  • IR4 detector is multiple wavelength detector detecting IR absorbance at two different bands (CH3 and CH2) for the determination of the concentration determination and the Ethylene content in Ethylene-Propylene copolymers.
  • IR4 detector is calibrated with series of EP copolymers with known Ethylene content in the range of 2 wt.-% to 69 wt.-% (determined by 13C-NMR).
  • Amount of Soluble fraction (SF) and Crystalline Fraction (CF) are correlated through the XS calibration to the “Xylene Cold Soluble” (XCS) quantity and respectively Xylene Cold Insoluble (XCI) fractions, determined according to standard gravimetric method as per ISO16152.
  • XS calibration is achieved by testing various EP copolymers with XS content in the range 2-31 Wt %.
  • IV Intrinsic viscosity of the parent EP copolymer and its soluble and crystalline fractions are determined with a use of an online 2-capillary viscometer and are correlated to corresponding IV's determined in decalin according to ISO 1628.
  • a sample of the PP composition to be analyzed is weighed out in concentrations of 10 mg/ml to 20 mg/ml. After automated filling of the vial with 1,2,4-TCB containing 250 mg/I 2,6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) as antioxidant, the sample is dissolved at 160° C. until complete dissolution is achieved, usually for 60 min, with constant stirring of 800 rpm.
  • BHT 2,6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol
  • a defined volume of the sample solution is injected into the column filled with inert support where the crystallization of the sample and separation of the soluble fraction from the crystalline part is taking place. This process is repeated two times. During the first injection the whole sample is measured at high temperature, determining the IV[dl/g] and the C2[wt %] of the PP composition. During the second injection the soluble fraction (at low temperature) and the crystalline fraction (at high temperature) with the crystallization cycle are determined (Wt % SF, Wt % C2, IV).
  • the combined organic extract was evaporated to dryness to give a slightly yellowish oil.
  • the formed solution was washed by 10% Na 2 CO 3 , the organic layer was separated, the aqueous layer was extracted with 150 ml of dichloromethane.
  • the combined organic extract was dried over K 2 CO 3 and then passed through a short layer of silica gel 60 (40-63 ⁇ m). The silica gel layer was additionally washed by 100 ml of dichloromethane.
  • Anti-dimethylsilanedlyl [2-methyl-4,8-di(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,5,6,7-tetrahydro-s indacen-1-yl][2-methyl-4-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-5-methoxy-6-tert-butylinden-1-yl]zirconium dichloride
  • the organic layer was separated, dried over K2CO 3 , passed through a short pad of silica gel 60 (40-63 ⁇ m, ca. 30 ml) and then evaporated to dryness to give the crude mixture of the diastereoisomers of 4,8-di(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-1-methoxy-2-methyl-1,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacene as a brownish oil. Further on, 315 mg of TsOH was added to a solution of the crude product in 420 ml of toluene, and the resulting mixture was refluxed using Dean-Stark head for 10 min.
  • the obtained suspension was filtered through glass frit (G4), the filter cake was washed with 2 ⁇ 50 ml of warm toluene. The filtrate was evaporated to dryness, and the residue was dissolved in 70 ml of hot n-hexane. The light-orange precipitate fallen from this solution overnight at room temperature was collected and dried in vacuum.
  • Anti-dimethylsilanedlyl [2-methyl-4,8-di(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-1,5,6,7-tetrahydro-s-indacen-1-yl][2-methyl-4-(3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl)-5-methoxy-6-tert-butylinden-1-yl]zirconium dichloride
  • Anti-dimethylsilanedlyl [2-methyl-4-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-5-methoxy-6-tert-butylinden-1-yl][2-methyl-4-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,5,6,7-tetrahydro-s-indacen-1-yl]zirconium dichloride
  • Anti-dimethylsilanediyl [2-methyl-4-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-5-methoxy-6-tert-butylinden-1-yl][2-methyl-4-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,5,6,7-tetrahydro-s-indacen-1-yl]zirconium dichloride
  • Metallocene MC-2 was synthetized according to WO/2018/122134, synthesis of MC-IE2.
  • Metallocene MC-3 was synthetized according to WO/2018/122134, synthesis of MC-IES.
  • n BuLi in hexanes (2.43 M, 18.8 ml, 45.68 mmol) was added in one portion to a suspension of 4,8-di(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-6-methyl-1,2,3,5-tetrahydro-s-indacene (17.28 g, 45.65 mmol) in a mixture of 350 ml of ether and 40 ml of THF cooled to ⁇ 30° C. This mixture was stirred for 4 h at room temperature, then the resulting orange suspension was cooled to ⁇ 40° C., and 250 mg of CuCN was added.
  • reaction mixture was stirred for 24 h at room temperature, then additionally refluxed for 3 h to give a dark-red solution with precipitate of LiCl.
  • This mixture was evaporated to ca. 100 ml and filtered through glass frit (G4). The filtrate was evaporated to ca. 30 ml, and 20 ml of n-hexane was added. Yellow precipitate formed from this solution overnight at room temperature was collected and then dried under vacuum.
  • MAO was purchased from Chemtura/Lanxess and used as a 30 wt-% solution in toluene.
  • perfluoroalkylethyl acrylate esters purchased from the Cytonix corporation, dried over activated molecular sieves (2 times) and degassed by argon bubbling prior to use (S1) or 1H,1H-Perfluoro(2-methyl-3-oxahexan-1-ol) (CAS 26537-88-2) purchased from Unimatec, dried over activated molecular sieves (2 times) and degassed by argon bubbling prior to use (S2).
  • Hexadecafluoro-1,3-dimethylyclohexane (CAS number 335-27-3) was obtained from commercial sources and dried over activated molecular sieves (2 times) and degassed by argon bubbling prior to use. Propylene is provided by Borealis and adequately purified before use.
  • Triethylaluminum was purchased from Crompton and used in pure form. Hydrogen is provided by AGA and purified before use.
  • silica was used silica grade DM-L-303 from AGC Si-Tech Co, which was pre-calcined at 600° C.
  • a yellow emulsion formed immediately and stirred during 15 minutes at ⁇ 10° C./600 rpm.
  • the emulsion was transferred via a 2/4 Teflon tube to 100 mL of hot PFC at 90° C. and stirred at 600 rpm until the transfer is completed. Then the speed was reduced to 300 rpm.
  • the oil bath was removed and the stirrer turned off.
  • the catalyst was left to settle up on top of the PFC and after 35 minutes the solvent was siphoned off. The remaining catalyst was dried during 2 hours at 50° C. under argon flow. 0.80 g of a yellow free flowing powder was obtained.
  • a steel reactor equipped with a mechanical stirrer and a filter net was flushed with nitrogen and the reactor temperature was set to 20° C.
  • pre-calcined silica grade DM-L-303 (7.4 kg) was added from a feeding drum followed by careful pressuring and depressurising with nitrogen using manual valves.
  • toluene (32.2 kg) was added.
  • the mixture was stirred (40 rpm) for 15 min.
  • 30 wt % solution of MAO in toluene (17.5 kg) from Lanxess was added via 12 mm line on the top of the reactor within 70 min.
  • the reaction mixture was then heated up to 90° C. and stirred at 90° C. for additional two hours.
  • Catalyst was prepared in the same manner as Catalyst of IE2, but using equivalent amount of comparative metallocene complex MC-C3 (27 ⁇ mol).
  • Catalyst was prepared in the same manner as Catalyst of IE2, but using equivalent amount of comparative metallocene complex MC-C4 (27 ⁇ mol).
  • a glass reactor equipped with a mechanical stirrer was charged with pre-calcines silica grade DM-L-303 (10.0 g). Then dry toluene (50 mL) was added. The mixture was then heated to 35° C. and stirred at 35° C. (40 rpm) for 15 min. Next 30 wt % solution of MAO in toluene (25 mL) from Lanxess was added via cannula over the course of 25 minutes and then stirred for 2 more hours at 35° C. The solid was allowed to settle and the mother liquor was siphoned off and discarded. Toluene (50 mL) was added and the mixture was heated to 80° C. and stirred at this temperature for 1 hour.
  • Catalyst was prepared in the same manner as Inventive Catalyst IE3, but using equivalent amount of inventive metallocene MC-2 (38 ⁇ mol, 35.4 mg).
  • Catalyst was prepared in the same manner as Inventive Catalyst of IE3, but using equivalent amount of comparative metallocene MC-C2 (38 ⁇ mol).
  • the polymerizations were performed in a 5 litre jacketed stainless-steel reactor equipped with a stirrer, lines for monomer and hydrogen, an exhaust line and feeding systems for catalyst and scavenger.
  • the catalyst feeder comprises two stainless steel cylinders in series. Inside a glovebox, desired amount of catalyst (see Table 3) was loaded into the lower steel cylinder of the feeder and the second cylinder, containing 5 ml of dry Perfluoro-1,3-dimethylcyclohexane, was attached on top.
  • the steel cylinder of the scavenger feeder was filled with 200 ⁇ l of triethylaluminum and 5 ml of dry pentane. Outside glovebox, the feed cylinders were attached to the reactor and the connections flushed with nitrogen. Reactor temperature was controlled to 20° C. The contents of the scavenger feeder was flushed into the reactor with nitrogen over pressure.
  • the reactor temperature was raised to 70° C. over a period of 15 minutes.
  • the polymerization was continued at 70° C. for 60 minutes and then stopped by flushing the reactor to normal pressure. Polymer was collected after flushing the reactor with nitrogen several times, left to dry until constant mass was reached, and then weighed to record the yield.
  • the catalyst activity was calculated based on the 60 minute period according to the following formula:
  • Catalyst ⁇ Activity ⁇ ( kg - PP / g - Cat / h ) amount ⁇ of ⁇ polymer ⁇ produced ⁇ ( kg ) catalyst ⁇ loading ⁇ ( g ) ⁇ polymerization ⁇ time ⁇ ( h )
  • the overall performance obtained with the new metallocene of the invention is better than with the comparative example: high activity in homopolymerization, good homopolymer melting temperature and good molecular weight capability.
  • Hexene was purified in the M-Braun solvent station, transferred via fixed line to the syringe pump, and then fed via the syringe pump into the reactor before adding the triethylaluminium.
  • Triethylaluminium (0.8 ml of 0.62 molar solution in n-heptane) is added using a stream of 250 g propylene, then 1.44 NL of H2 is added via mass flow controller in one minute.
  • the reactor temperature is stabilized at 20° C. (HB-Therm) and the solution is stirred and 250 rpm for at least 20 min.
  • the desired amount of solid, catalyst is loaded into a 5 ml stainless steel vial inside a glovebox, then a second 5 ml vial containing 4 ml n-heptane and pressurized with 10 bars of nitrogen is added on top of it.
  • This dual feeder system is mounted on a port on the lid of the autoclave. The valve between the two vials is opened and the solid catalyst is contacted with n-heptane under N2 pressure for 2 s, and then flushed into the reactor with 250 g propylene. Stirring speed is kept at 250 rpm and pre-polymerisation is run for 10 minutes at 20° C. Then the polymerisation temperature is increased to 75° C. The reactor temperature is kept constant throughout the polymerization.
  • the polymerization time is measured starting when the temperature is 2° C. below the set polymerization temperature.
  • the reaction is stopped by injecting 5 ml ethanol, cooling the reactor and simultaneously flashing the volatile components.
  • the reactor is opened, the polymer powder is taken out and dried overnight in a fume hood.
  • 100 g of the polymer is additivated with 0.5 wt % Irganox B225 (dissolved in acetone) and then dried overnight in a fume hood and additionally one hour in a vacuum drying oven at 60° C. Results are disclosed in Tables 4A and 4B.
  • the catalyst activity and MC-activity with inventive catalysts is higher in both propylene homopolymerisation and with hexane copolymerisation.
  • MFR 2 of the polymers of the inventive examples is lower indicating higher molecular weight of the polymer.
  • Step 1 Prepolymerisation and Bulk Homopolymerisation
  • a stainless-steel reactor equipped with a ribbon stirrer, with a total volume of 20.9 dm 3 containing 0.2 bar-g propylene is filled with additional 3950 g propylene.
  • Triethylaluminum (0.80 ml of a 0.62 molar solution in heptane) is injected into the reactor by additional 240 g propylene, then 2.0 NL of hydrogen is added via mass flow controller in one minute.
  • the solution is stirred at 20° C. and 250 rpm for at least 20 min.
  • the desired amount of solid, catalyst is loaded into a 5 ml stainless steel vial inside a glovebox and a second 5 ml vial containing 4 ml n-heptane pressurized with 10 bars of nitrogen is added on top of the first vial.
  • This catalyst feeder system is mounted on a port on the lid of the reactor, The valve between the two vials is opened and the solid catalyst is contacted with heptane under nitrogen pressure for 2 s, then flushed into the reactor with 240 g propylene.
  • the prepolymerisation is run for 10 min. At the end of the prepolymerisation step the temperature was raised to 80° C.
  • additional hydrogen is fed, when the internal reactor temperature has reached 75° C., see tables for values) is added via mass flow controller in one minute.
  • the reactor temperature is kept constant at 80° C. throughout the polymerisation.
  • the polymerisation time is measured starting when the internal reactor temperature reached 2° C. below the set polymerisation temperature.
  • the stirrer speed is reduced to 50 rpm and the pressure is reduced down to 0.3 bar-g by venting the monomers.
  • triethylaluminum (0.80 ml of a 0.62 mol/1 solution in heptane) is injected into the reactor by additional 250 g propylene through a steel vial.
  • the pressure is then again reduced down to 0.3 bar-g by venting the monomers.
  • the stirrer speed is set to 180 rpm and the reactor temperature is set to 70° C. Then the reactor pressure is increased to 20 bar-g by feeding a C3/C2 gas mixture of composition defined by:
  • the temperature is held constant by thermostat and the pressure is kept constant by feeding via mass flow controller a C3/C2 gas mixture of composition corresponding to the target polymer composition and, until the set duration for this step has lapsed.
  • the reactor is cooled down to about 30° C. and the volatile components flashed out.
  • the product is taken out and dried overnight in a fume hood.
  • 100 g of the polymer is additivated with 0.5 wt % Irganox B225 (solution in acetone) and dried overnight in a hood followed by 2 hours in a vacuum drying oven at 60° C. Results are disclosed in Tables 5 and 6.
  • Inventive example PIE4 shows clearly better overall and MC productivity than the comparative examples PCE4-PCE6. Further, IV in the inventive example is higher with the similar amount of ethylene than in the comparative examples.

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