TWI823085B - 嗜中性白血球活化調節劑 - Google Patents
嗜中性白血球活化調節劑 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI823085B TWI823085B TW110115719A TW110115719A TWI823085B TW I823085 B TWI823085 B TW I823085B TW 110115719 A TW110115719 A TW 110115719A TW 110115719 A TW110115719 A TW 110115719A TW I823085 B TWI823085 B TW I823085B
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- neutrophils
- batroxobin
- thrombin
- neutrophil
- neutrophil activation
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Abstract
本發明提供一種嗜中性白血球活化調節劑及起因於嗜中性白血球活化之疾病之治療藥。
本發明係使用凝血酶樣酶作為嗜中性白血球活化調節劑及起因於嗜中性白血球活化之疾病之治療藥之有效成分。
Description
本發明係關於一種含有凝血酶樣酶作為有效成分之嗜中性白血球活化調節劑、及含有上述嗜中性白血球活化調節劑之起因於嗜中性白血球活化之疾病的治療藥。
於血液中存在作為細胞性成分之紅血球、白血球及血小板。該等之中,白血球係有關活體防禦之免疫活性細胞,且分為如下5種,即嗜中性白血球、嗜酸性白血球、嗜鹼細胞、淋巴球及單核球。該等之中,嗜中性白血球係占白血球整體之50~70%之數量最多之細胞,且具有排除自外部侵入至體內之細菌或病毒等異物等功能。
若細菌等異物侵入至活體內,則巨噬細胞立即進行反應而釋出介白素-1(IL-1)等細胞激素。因細胞激素而組織內之細胞產生了炎症性變化。產生了炎症性變化之組織會釋出以介白素8(IL-8)為代表之大量細胞激素或嗜中性白血球趨化刺激因子。
嗜中性白血球利用其表面受體識別嗜中性白血球趨化刺激因子或細菌自身所產生出之物質,並使趨化運動活躍。經趨化之嗜中性白血球若例如與細菌接觸,則經由其表面受體而將該細菌識別為異物,向該細菌進行接著從而結合。所結合之細菌被嗜中性白血球之形質膜所包圍,被吸入至嗜中性白血球內而被巨噬。
被吸入至嗜中性白血球內之細菌係藉由3個方法被殺菌(巨噬)。
第1個方法係藉由因酶系之作用而生成之過氧化氫等活性氧進行殺菌。
第2個方法係藉由自嗜中性白血球內之顆粒釋出之溶菌酶或防禦素等殺菌蛋白質·酶進行殺菌。
然而,若活性氧或殺菌蛋白質·酶自嗜中性白血球過量地釋出,則引起組織損傷,從而炎症症狀進一步惡化。
第3個方法係藉由活化之嗜中性白血球向細胞外釋出核內之染色質而形成稱為NETs(neutrophil extracellular traps,中性粒細胞外陷阱)之染色質(chromatin)網以進行殺菌(非專利文獻1)。於該處理過程中發生之嗜中性白血球之細胞死亡係於細菌之處理中扮演著重要之角色,但由於為與壞死(necrosis)或凋亡(apoptosis)不同類型之細胞死亡,故而命名為NETosis。
然而,作為NETs之構成成分之組織蛋白、髓過氧化物酶或彈性蛋白酶等具有抗菌作用之物質若被釋出至宿主之血液中或組織中,則對於宿主之組織或細胞而言亦會成為障礙因數。
因此,認為藉由抑制由活化之嗜中性白血球引起之NETs之形成,而能夠抑制過度之炎症反應。
根據該等情況,而嘗試藉由調節嗜中性白血球之活化而抑制炎症反應。
目前為止,報告有多種調節嗜中性白血球活化之物質。
例如,報告有於肝臟中合成且存在於血漿中之已知與凝血纖溶系統之調節或血管新生之控制相關的富含組胺酸糖蛋白質為嗜中性白血球活化調節劑(專利文獻1)。
又,報告有2-腺苷N-吡唑化合物及2-腺苷噻吩化合物作為血小板凝集抑制劑或嗜中性白血球活化抑制劑有用(專利文獻2及專利文獻3)。
進而,報告有苯并㗁𠯤酮衍生物及氮雜環丁酮衍生物為嗜中性白血球浸潤抑制剤,且具有抗炎症作用(專利文獻4及專利文獻5)。
進而,報告有包含乳鐵蛋白之白血球之胞外陷阱形成抑制劑、及用以治療與包含乳鐵蛋白之白血球之胞外陷阱形成相關之疾病之組合物(專利文獻6)。
[先前技術文獻]
[專利文獻]
[專利文獻1]日本專利第5807937號公報
[專利文獻2]日本專利特表2003-506461號公報
[專利文獻3]日本專利特表2003-502434號公報
[專利文獻4]日本專利特開平5-148249號公報
[專利文獻5]日本專利特開平7-242624號公報
[專利文獻6]國際公開第2014/168253號
[非專利文獻]
[非專利文獻1]Brinkmann V et al : Neutrophil extracellular traps kill bacteria. Science. 303 : 1532 - 1535, 2004
[發明所欲解決之問題]
然而,就有效性或安全性等觀點而言,依然要求新穎之嗜中性白血球活化調節劑或含有上述調節劑之起因於嗜中性白血球之活化之疾病的治療藥。
[解決問題之技術手段]
本發明者等人為了解決上述課題而反覆進行銳意研究,結果發現,凝血酶樣酶能夠調節嗜中性白血球之活化(尤其是去顆粒、Mac-1表現、NETs形成、跨內皮趨化及組織浸潤),而治療起因於嗜中性白血球活化之疾病。本發明係基於該見解而完成者。
即,本發明係關於以下之[1]~[10]者。
[1]一種嗜中性白血球活化調節劑,其含有凝血酶樣酶作為有效成分。
[2]如上述[1]記載之嗜中性白血球活化調節劑,其中凝血酶樣酶選自由巴曲酶(batroxobin)、安克洛酶(Ancrod)及響尾蛇酶(Crotalase)所組成之群。
[3]如上述[1]記載之嗜中性白血球活化調節劑,其中凝血酶樣酶為巴曲酶。
[4]如上述[1]記載之嗜中性白血球活化調節劑,其中嗜中性白血球活化調節為嗜中性白血球之去顆粒之抑制。
[5]如上述[1]記載之嗜中性白血球活化調節劑,其中嗜中性白血球活化調節為嗜中性白血球之Mac-1表現之抑制。
[6]如上述[1]記載之嗜中性白血球活化調節劑,其中嗜中性白血球活化調節為嗜中性白血球之NETs形成之抑制。
[7]如上述[1]記載之嗜中性白血球活化調節劑,其中嗜中性白血球活化調節為嗜中性白血球之跨內皮趨化之抑制。
[8]如上述[1]記載之嗜中性白血球活化調節劑,其中嗜中性白血球活化調節為嗜中性白血球之組織浸潤之抑制。
[9]一種起因於嗜中性白血球活化之疾病之治療藥,其含有如上述[1]記載之嗜中性白血球活化調節劑。
[10]如上述[9]記載之治療藥,其中起因於嗜中性白血球活化之疾病選自由敗血症、急性呼吸窘迫症候群、急性胰臟炎及急性肺損傷所組成之群。
[發明之效果]
如下述之實施例所示,含有凝血酶樣酶作為有效成分之本發明之嗜中性白血球活化調節劑由於調節嗜中性白血球之活化(尤其是去顆粒、Mac-1表現、NETs形成、跨內皮趨化及組織浸潤),故而能夠用作起因於嗜中性白血球活化之疾病之治療藥。
以下,對本發明詳細地進行說明。
本說明書中所使用之用語只要未特別提及,則應理解為以該領域中通常所使用之含義使用。因此,只要無其他定義,則本說明書中所使用之全部專門用語及科學技術用語具有與本發明所屬之領域之業者通常所理解者相同之含義。在與此相矛盾之情形時,包括定義在內,本說明書優先。
本發明係關於一種含有凝血酶樣酶作為有效成分之嗜中性白血球活化調節劑(以下,亦簡稱為「調節劑」)、及含有上述調節劑之起因於嗜中性白血球活化之疾病之治療藥(以下,亦簡稱為「治療劑」)。
作為表示「嗜中性白血球之活化」之指標,可列舉:因嗜中性白血球活化因子之刺激而嗜中性白血球所產生之現象,尤其是去顆粒、Mac-1表現、NETs形成、跨內皮趨化及組織浸潤等。
所謂嗜中性白血球之「去顆粒」,係指由於與異物之接觸、或者細胞激素之刺激而向顆粒外釋出顆粒內物質之現象。
所謂嗜中性白血球之「Mac-1表現」,係指於嗜中性白血球表面上表現細胞接著分子(CD18/CD11b)之現象。
所謂嗜中性白血球之「NETs形成」,係指向細胞外釋出核內之染色質而形成染色質網之現象。
所謂嗜中性白血球之「跨內皮趨化」,係指脫離血液循環,通過血管內皮細胞之間隙而侵入至組織之現象。
所謂嗜中性白血球之「組織浸潤」,係指穿過血管內皮細胞而趨化、固定在組織之實質細胞之周圍之現象。
所謂「起因於嗜中性白血球活化之疾病」,係指由因自顯示出上述活化之指標之嗜中性白血球(活化嗜中性白血球)過量產生之活性氧、殺菌蛋白質•酶及NETs形成而產生之對組織或器官之損傷所導致的疾病。作為具體例,可列舉:敗血症、急性呼吸窘迫症候群、急性胰臟炎、急性肺損傷、多器官功能障礙綜合症、流行性感冒腦病、癲癇病及病毒性腦炎等。該等疾病之中,可將本發明較佳地用於敗血症、急性呼吸窘迫症候群、急性胰臟炎及急性肺損傷。
所謂「凝血酶樣酶」,係指具有使血纖維蛋白原凝固之性質之凝血酶以外的蛋白酶。作為具體例,可列舉:巴曲酶(batroxobin)、安克洛酶(ancrod)、響尾蛇酶(crotalase)、黃素氧化還原蛋白(flavoxobin)、Asperase、肌動蛋白(acutin)、蛇毒凝血酶(botropase)、Clotase、Gabonase、或Venzyme等。
凝血酶樣酶係根據作為基質之血纖維蛋白原分子上之作用部位而分為3種類。具體而言,分為如下3種類:(1)僅使血纖維蛋白肽A(fibrinopeptide A)自血纖維蛋白原釋放出而生成血纖維蛋白I之蛋白酶(巴曲酶、安克洛酶、響尾蛇酶等);(2)使血纖維蛋白肽A與血纖維蛋白肽B(fibrinopeptide B)自血纖維蛋白原釋放出而生成血纖維蛋白II(亦稱為血纖維蛋白)之蛋白酶(gabonase等);(3)主要使血纖維蛋白肽B自血纖維蛋白原釋放出之蛋白酶(venzyme等)。
所謂「血纖維蛋白I」,係指自血纖維蛋白原僅釋放出血纖維蛋白肽A而生成之單體(monomer)。血纖維蛋白I亦稱為Des A血纖維蛋白。
所謂「血纖維蛋白肽A」,係指自血纖維蛋白原之Aα鏈之NH2
末端具有16個胺基酸殘基之肽。
所謂「血纖維蛋白肽B」,係指自血纖維蛋白原之Bβ鏈之NH2
末端具有14個胺基酸殘基之肽。
作為「自血纖維蛋白原生成血纖維蛋白I之蛋白酶」之具體例,可列舉:巴曲酶、安克洛酶、響尾蛇酶、黃素氧化還原蛋白、Asperase及肌動蛋白等。
作為本發明所使用之較佳之凝血酶樣酶,可列舉:巴曲酶、安克洛酶及響尾蛇酶。該等均為公知之凝血酶樣酶(Stocker KF : Snake venom proteins affecting hemostasis and fibrinolysis, in Medical Use of Snake Venom Proteins, Stocker KF, ed., CRC Press, Boston, p130-131 ; 1990)。
巴曲酶、安克洛酶及響尾蛇酶之中,巴曲酶作為本發明之調節劑之有效成分最佳。
「巴曲酶」係源自小眼矛頭蝮(Bothrops moojeni)之毒液之凝血酶樣酶,且係分子量為約36,000之糖蛋白質。巴曲酶係僅使血纖維蛋白肽A自血纖維蛋白原釋放出而生成血纖維蛋白I(Aronson DL : Comparison of the actions of thrombin and the thrombin-like venom enzymes Ancrod and Batroxobin. Thrombos Haemostas (stuttg) 36 : 9 - 13, 1976)。又,巴曲酶之一級結構已得到確定,巴曲酶係包含231個胺基酸之單鏈糖蛋白質(I toh N et al : Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA for batroxobin, a thrombin-like snake venom enzyme. J Biol Chem 262 : 3132 - 3135, 1987)。
巴曲酶與凝血酶於具有糖蛋白之結構之方面上係類似之酶,但巴曲酶係僅使血纖維蛋白肽A自血纖維蛋白原釋放出而生成血纖維蛋白I,相對於此,凝血酶不僅使血纖維蛋白肽A自血纖維蛋白原釋放出,亦使血纖維蛋白肽B自血纖維蛋白原釋放出,而生成血纖維蛋白II(亦稱為血纖維蛋白),於該方面上,凝血酶與巴曲酶有所不同。又,巴曲酶不會作用於血纖維蛋白原以外之血液凝固因子,但凝血酶會作用於其他血液凝固因子,於該方面上,巴曲酶與凝血酶亦有所不同。
巴曲酶其本身為公知物質,例如能夠依據美國專利第4137127號說明書所記載之方法進行製備。又,巴曲酶之製品能夠容易地自東菱藥品工業股份有限公司(東京,日本)及北京托畢西藥業有限公司(Beijing Tobishi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., China)獲取。
「安克洛酶」係源自馬來亞紅口蝮蛇(Agkistrodon rhodostoma)之毒液之凝血酶樣酶,且係分子量為約35,400之糖蛋白質。安克洛酶係與巴曲酶同樣地,僅使血纖維蛋白肽A自血纖維蛋白原釋放出而生成血纖維蛋白I(Stocker KF : Snake venom proteins affecting hemostasis and fibrinolysis, in Medical Use of Snake Venom Proteins, Stocker KF, ed., CRC Press, Boston, p134 - 135; 1990)。
「響尾蛇酶」係源自響尾蛇(Crotalus adamanteus)之毒液之凝血酶樣酶,且係分子量為約32,700之糖蛋白質。響尾蛇酶係與巴曲酶同樣地,僅使血纖維蛋白肽A自血纖維蛋白原釋放出而生成血纖維蛋白I(Stocker KF : Snake venom proteins affecting hemostasis and fibrinolysis, in Medical Use of Snake Venom Proteins, Stocker KF, ed., CRC Press, Boston, p140 - 141; 1990)。
巴曲酶、安克洛酶及響尾蛇酶等凝血酶樣酶可為天然物,亦可為基因重組製品。
本發明之調節劑可為凝血酶樣酶單獨者(例如,巴曲酶單獨)或者包含1種以上之凝血酶樣酶者。
又,本發明之調節劑亦可為包含凝血酶樣酶與該酶以外之1種以上之其他活性物質(例如,類固醇或免疫抑制劑等)之組合者。
作為本發明之調節劑之劑型,可無特別限制地使用日本藥典製劑總則所記載之劑型。例如可列舉:直接適用於體內之注射劑(包括懸浮劑、乳劑);或軟膏劑(包括油脂性軟膏、乳劑性軟膏(霜劑)、水溶性軟膏等)、吸入劑、液劑(包括滴眼劑、滴鼻劑等)、栓劑、貼附劑、敷劑、洗劑等外用劑;或錠劑(包括糖衣、膜、膠衣)、液劑、膠囊劑、顆粒劑、散劑(包括細粒)、丸劑、糖漿劑、口含劑等內用劑。
該等製劑可利用日本藥典製劑總則等所記載之方法進行製劑化。
又,本發明之調節劑亦可視其劑型而含有醫藥上可容許之固體狀或液體狀之載體或者介入治療基材。作為醫藥上可容許之固體狀或液體狀之載體,可列舉:溶劑、穩定劑、保存劑、增溶劑、乳化劑、懸浮劑、緩衝劑、等張劑、著色劑、基劑、增黏劑、賦形劑、潤滑劑、結合劑、崩解劑、包衣劑及矯味劑等。
上述之劑型或載體及介入治療基材之說明亦適用於本發明之治療劑。
本發明之調節劑之投予量及投予次數通常取決於凝血酶樣酶之種類、患者之體重、疾病之性質及狀態而產生變化。
例如,於將作為凝血酶樣酶之巴曲酶向成人1天投予1次之情形時,其投予量係0.1~50巴曲酶單元(Batroxobin Unit,縮寫為BU)。關於進而較佳之巴曲酶之投予量,係向成人以1次1~20 BU之方式進行隔日投予者。於外用劑之情形時,外用劑每1 g為0.01~500 mg。
此處,所謂巴曲酶單位,係表示巴曲酶之酶活性量之單位,且係於37度下向標準人類檸檬酸加入血漿0.3 mL添加巴曲酶溶液0.1 ml時,將以19.0±0.2秒凝固之活性量設為2 BU者。
於將作為凝血酶樣酶之安克洛酶向成人1天投予1次之情形時,其投予量係0.01~10 IU/kg,進而較佳之投予量係0.5 IU/kg。
本發明之調節劑之投予例如可適當稀釋凝血酶樣酶,繼而藉由靜脈內點滴投予、靜脈內注射、動脈內注射、肌肉注射、皮下注射、皮內注射、心臟內注射、腹腔內注射、蛛網膜下腔注射;或者直腸內投予、舌下投予、鼻黏膜投予、經皮投予、吸入;或向產生起因於嗜中性白血球活化之疾病之器官及/或組織之局部投予而進行。較佳為利用100 mL以上之生理鹽水稀釋凝血酶樣酶,並進行1小時以上靜脈內點滴投予。
上述之投予量、投予次數及投予方法之說明亦適用於本發明之治療劑。
此處,作為凝血酶樣酶之一種之巴曲酶對於小鼠、大鼠、兔及狗之急性毒性(LD50
(BU/kg))係如以下之表1所示。急性毒性試驗係藉由巴曲酶之靜脈內投予而評價。
本發明之調節劑及治療劑可適用於具有嗜中性白血球之動物。作為動物之具體例,可列舉:人類、猴、狗、豬、貓、兔、大鼠及小鼠。該等之中,較佳為人類。
於以下表示製劑例及實施例而對本發明具體地進行說明,但本發明並不受該等限定。
[製劑例1]調節劑(治療劑)之製備
將具有下述組成之巴曲酶製劑以注射劑之形式進行製劑。
[嗜中性白血球之製備]
1.採血
對健康正常成人志願者說明實驗目的並獲得同意後,使用20 mL之加入有肝素之注射器,自肘正中靜脈採取15 mL之末梢靜脈血。
2.嗜中性白血球之分離、製備
使用Polymorphprep密度梯度溶液(PROGEN Biotechnik GmbH公司製造)作為血球分離溶液。於15 mL之末梢靜脈血上重疊等量之分離用溶液,於480×g之條件下進行30分鐘離心。將上層之單核細胞抽吸去除後,將下層之多核顆粒球移至10 mL漢克氏緩衝液中,於400×g之條件下進行20分鐘離心後,使細胞塊於2 mL BD Pharm LyseTM
(Becton Dickinson Sciences公司製造)中懸浮,於冰浴中進行5分鐘溶血處理。將溶血處理後之細胞懸浮液於300×g之條件下進行10分鐘離心後,使用PBS(Phosphate buffered solution,磷酸鹽緩衝液)-2 mM EDTA(ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid,四乙酸乙二胺)緩衝液使細胞塊再懸浮,將最終容量設為15 mL。將其作為人類嗜中性白血球供至以下之實施例中。
[實施例1]巴曲酶對於由TNF-α引起之嗜中性白血球之去顆粒之抑制作用
1.實驗方法
使用1%FBS-RPMI 1640培養基而製備1×106
cells/100 μL之嗜中性白血球細胞懸浮液,置於冰浴中直至進行接種為止。
作為引起嗜中性白血球之去顆粒之因子,使用最終濃度為50 ng/mL之炎症性細胞激素人類重組TNF-α(hrTNF-α,Peprotec公司製造)。
向懸浮細胞用24孔盤(Greiner公司製造)中之1%FBS-RPMI 1640培養基(Medium)添加作為受檢物質之巴曲酶(DF-521,東菱藥品工業製造)(最終濃度:0.2 BU/mL)單獨、人類血纖維蛋白原(hFbg,Sigma-Aldrich公司製造)(最終濃度:2 mg/mL)單獨、或者巴曲酶(最終濃度:0.2 BU/mL)與人類血纖維蛋白原(最終濃度:2 mg/mL)之組合,而製備各條件培養液(900 μL/孔)。
作為陽性對照物質,使用N-甲醯-L-甲硫氨醯-L-亮氨醯-L-苯丙氨酸三肽(fMLP,Sigma-Aldrich公司製造)(最終濃度:20 nM)。
再者,關於添加有人類血纖維蛋白原之孔,係最後添加人類血纖維蛋白原,於人類血纖維蛋白原添加後,於37度條件下進行15分鐘預培養。
於添加有巴曲酶與人類血纖維蛋白原之孔中,在確認到Des A血纖維蛋白之凝膠形成之時點,將100 μL之嗜中性白血球懸浮液接種至各條件培養液(孔)中,進而於37度條件下培養60分鐘。
培養結束後,利用200 μl移液管將凝膠去除,向400 mL之包含培養已完成之嗜中性白血球之條件培養液添加PerCP-Cy5.5標記小鼠抗人類CD66b抗體(BioLegend公司製造),於反應後放於FACSVerseTM
流式細胞儀(Becton Dickinson Sciences公司製造)中,將CD66b陽性嗜中性白血球作為去顆粒嗜中性白血球而進行測定。資料係利用FlowJoTM
ver10.1軟體(Tommy Digital Biology公司製造)進行分析,將值以平均螢光強度(MFI)進行表示。
2.結果
如圖1所示,hrTNF-α引起了嗜中性白血球之去顆粒。
嗜中性白血球活化之陽性物質即fMLP明顯地增強了由hrTNF-α引起之嗜中性白血球去顆粒。
巴曲酶(DF-521)之單獨添加、與人類血纖維蛋白原(hFbg)之單獨添加均不怎麼影響由hrTNF-α引起之嗜中性白血球去顆粒。
另一方面,巴曲酶與人類血纖維蛋白原之添加明顯地抑制了由hrTNF-α引起之嗜中性白血球之去顆粒。
此時,若於活體內,則血纖維蛋白原時常存在於嗜中性白血球之周圍。因此,投予至活體內之巴曲酶可調節炎症產生時由炎症性細胞激素引起之嗜中性白血球之去顆粒即嗜中性白血球之活化。
[實施例2]巴曲酶對於由TNF-α引起之嗜中性白血球之Mac-1(CD18/CD11b)表現之抑制作用
1.實驗方法
利用與實施例1之「1.實驗方法」相同之方法,將嗜中性白血球與各受檢物質一起進行培養。
培養結束後,利用200 μL移液管將凝膠去除,向400 μL之包含培養已完成之嗜中性白血球之條件培養液中添加APC-Cy標記小鼠抗人類CD11b抗體(BioLegend公司製造)及PE標記小鼠抗CD18抗體(BioLegend公司製造),於反應後放於FACSVerseTM
流式細胞儀(Becton Dickinson Sciences公司製造)中,將Mac-1陽性嗜中性白血球作為活化嗜中性白血球而進行測定。資料係利用FlowJoTM
ver10.1軟體(Tommy Digital Biology公司製造)進行分析,將值以平均螢光強度(MFI)進行表示。
2.結果
如圖2所示,hrTNF-α引起了嗜中性白血球之Mac-1表現。
嗜中性白血球活化之陽性物質即fMLP明顯地增強了由hrTNF-α引起之嗜中性白血球之Mac-1表現。
巴曲酶(DF-521)之單獨添加、與人類血纖維蛋白原(hFbg)之單獨添加均不怎麼影響由hrTNF-α引起之嗜中性白血球之Mac-1表現。
另一方面,巴曲酶與人類血纖維蛋白原之添加明顯地抑制了由hrTNF-α引起之嗜中性白血球之Mac-1表現。
此時,若於活體內,則血纖維蛋白原時常存在於嗜中性白血球之周圍。因此,投予至活體內之巴曲酶可調節炎症產生時由炎症性細胞激素引起之嗜中性白血球之Mac-1表現即嗜中性白血球之活化。
[實施例3]巴曲酶對於由TNF-α引起之嗜中性白血球之NETs形成之抑制作用
1.實驗方法
於懸浮細胞用24孔盤之孔底上敷上蓋玻片後,利用與上述實施例1之「1.實驗方法」相同之方法將嗜中性白血球與各受檢物質一起進行培養。
但是,陽性對照物質fMLP之最終濃度係設為10 nM。
培養結束後,利用PBS洗淨,利用含有2.5%戊二醛之0.1 M磷酸鈉緩衝液(pH值7.4)進行2小時預固定。利用0.1 M磷酸鈉緩衝液(pH值7.4)進行10分鐘3次洗淨後,利用1%鋨酸進行30分鐘固定。
繼而利用50%、70%、80%及90%乙醇各進行10分鐘脫水1次,進而利用無水乙醇進行10分鐘脫水3次。利用第三丁醇進行10分鐘浸漬置換3次,利用第三丁醇進行冷凍乾燥(JFD-310,JEOL公司製造)。
將蓋玻片自24孔盤取出,使用導電性雙面膠帶而貼合至掃描式電子顯微鏡之試樣台上。利用鋨電漿塗佈機(Neoc-Pro,Meiwafosis公司製造)進行蒸鍍,使用掃描式電子顯微鏡(JSM-6510LV,JEOL公司製造),於加速電壓為15 kv之條件下進行觀察及攝影。
2.結果
將結果示於圖3(箭頭表示NETs)。
hrTNF-α引起了嗜中性白血球之NETs形成(圖3左上)。
嗜中性白血球活化之陽性對照物質即fMLP明顯地引起了嗜中性白血球之NETs形成(圖3右上)。
人類血纖維蛋白原之單獨添加明顯地增強了由hrTNF-α引起之嗜中性白血球之NETs形成(圖3左下)。
另一方面,巴曲酶與人類血纖維蛋白原之添加明顯地抑制了由hrTNF-α引起之嗜中性白血球之NETs形成(圖3右下)。
此時,若於活體內,則血纖維蛋白原時常存在於嗜中性白血球之周圍。因此,投予至活體內之巴曲酶可調節炎症產生時由炎症性細胞激素引起之嗜中性白血球之NETs形成即嗜中性白血球之活化。
[實施例4]巴曲酶對於由TNF-α引起之嗜中性白血球之跨內皮趨化之抑制作用
於本實施例中,使用由hrTNF-α引起之嗜中性白血球之跨內皮趨化檢定,而評價巴曲酶對於嗜中性白血球之跨內皮趨化之抑制作用。
1.實驗方法
嗜中性白血球之跨內皮趨化檢定係依據Pliyev等之方法(Boris K. Pliyev et al, Molecular Immunology, 48, 1168 - 1177, 2011)而實施。作為內皮細胞,使用利用5%FBS-EGM-2內皮增殖培養基(Lonza公司製造)進行預培養所得之臍帶靜脈內皮細胞(Human umbilical vein endothelial cells,HUVECs,Lonza公司製造)。將利用5%FBS-EGM-2培養基進行再製備所得之含有7.0×104
HUVECs之200 μL之細胞懸浮液散佈於經纖維黏連蛋白塗覆之附帶過濾器之上槽腔室(過濾器直徑,6.5 mm,孔徑,3 μm,Corning公司製造),於24孔盤之下槽腔室中添加800 μL之5%FBS-EGM-2培養基,進行3天培養,結果HUVECs以單層狀態充滿於上槽腔室之過濾器中。
實驗當日,向24孔懸浮細胞培養用盤(Greiner公司製造)之孔添加細胞懸浮液,該細胞懸浮液係利用1%FBS-RPMI 1640培養基將於上述[嗜中性白血球之製備]中分離及製備之人類嗜中性白血球以最終細胞濃度成為1.0×107
細胞/孔之方式進行製備所得,進而將利用1%FBS-RPMI 1640培養基進行製備所得之受檢物質溶液添加至孔中。關於各受檢物質之最終濃度,若為巴曲酶單獨添加,則為0.2 BU/mL,若為人類血纖維蛋白原單獨添加,則為2.0 mg/mL,若為巴曲酶與人類血纖維蛋白原之組合之添加,則巴曲酶為0.2 BU/mL,人類血纖維蛋白原為2.0 mg/mL。於具有該最終濃度,且實驗系統之最終容量成為1 mL之條件下進行1小時培養,而對嗜中性白血球進行預處理。
將經預處理之嗜中性白血球進行回收,利用PBS洗淨後,利用1%FBS-RPMI 1640培養基製備1.0×107
細胞/mL之預處理嗜中性白血球懸浮液。
繼而利用200 μL之1%FBS-RPMI 1640將存活有HUVECs之上槽腔室洗淨2次。
於洗淨後之存活有HUVECs之上槽腔室中添加100 μL之上述1.0×107
細胞/mL之預處理嗜中性白血球懸浮液。於下槽腔室中添加利用1%FBS-RPMI 1640進行製備所得之最終濃度50 ng/mL之hrTNF-α溶液後,進行3小時培養,使嗜中性白血球趨化至下槽腔室。
將趨化至下槽腔室之人類嗜中性白血球進行回收,利用血球計對跨內皮趨化嗜中性白血球之數量進行計數。
2.結果
如圖4所示,hrTNF-α引起了嗜中性白血球之跨內皮趨化。
巴曲酶(DF-521)之單獨添加不怎麼影響由hrTNF-α引起之嗜中性白血球之跨內皮趨化。
人類血纖維蛋白原(hFbg)之單獨添加明顯地增強了由hrTNF-α引起之嗜中性白血球之跨內皮趨化。
另一方面,巴曲酶與人類血纖維蛋白原之添加明顯地抑制了由hrTNF-α引起之嗜中性白血球之跨內皮趨化。
此時,若於活體內,則血纖維蛋白原時常存在於嗜中性白血球之周圍。因此,投予至活體內之巴曲酶可調節炎症產生時由炎症性細胞激素引起之嗜中性白血球之跨內皮趨化即嗜中性白血球之活化。
[實施例5]巴曲酶對於急性期之下肢缺血肌肉組織中之嗜中性白血球之組織浸潤的抑制作用
1.實驗方法
(1)DIO小鼠下肢缺血模型之製作
使Charles River Laboratories Japan(股)之出生後4週之雄性C57BL6/J小鼠連續地攝取高脂肪食物(5.25 Kcal/g,D12492,American Research Diet公司製造),而獲得DIO(diet induced obesity,飲食誘導肥胖)小鼠。自Charles River Laboratories Japan(股)購入10週齡之DIO小鼠,使之攝取高脂肪食物,並進行2週之馴化,而供至實驗中。
使用12週齡之DIO小鼠,依據Tsukada等之方法(Tsukada S. et al : Identification of mouse colony-forming endothelialprogenitor cells for postnatal neovascularization : a novel insight highlighted by new mouse colony-forming assay. Stem Cell Res Ther., 4 (1) : 20 - 33, 2013)製作單側下肢缺血模型。具體而言,使小鼠吸入1.5~2.0%異氟醚(Baxter公司製造)以進行麻醉,對左下肢之鼠蹊韌帶(inguinal ligament)之遠心端部位實施皮膚切開。將大腿動脈之近心端結紮後,將隱動脈之遠心端結紮,之後將所有之側枝進行剝離、切除。其後,使用外科用訂書機將皮膚切開口閉合。
製作下肢缺血模型後,對於模型群(Model group),將生理鹽水向腹腔內進行投予,對於巴曲酶群(DF-521 group),將30 BU/kg之巴曲酶向腹腔內進行投予,使小鼠返回至籠中。關於偽手術(Sham Operation)群,僅進行皮膚切開。
於製作下肢缺血模型後第1天(16 h)或第2天(36 h),將140 μL/小鼠之利用生理鹽水稀釋至1:1比率之戊巴比妥(64.8 mg/100 mL,Somnopentyl(註冊商標),Kyoritsu Seiyaku公司製造)注射至腹腔內,於麻醉下自心臟採取全部血液。使用BD PharmLyseTM
Lysing buffer(BD Biosciences公司製造),將全部血液進行溶血。對於溶血後之細胞,使用兔抗小鼠抗體,進行Ly6C-PE及Ly6G-PerCP Cy5.5(Biolegend公司製造)染色。將血液1 mL中之單核球及嗜中性白血球分別作為Ly6C+
Ly6G-
細胞及Ly6C+
Ly6G+
細胞集團進行評價。
(2)組織學檢查
在麻醉下採血後將小鼠之缺血下肢切除,利用4%多聚甲醛固定一晚。利用石蠟包埋經固定之組織,而製作組織學檢查用、髓過氧化物酶(myeloperoxidase,MPO)免疫組織化學染色用、及蘇木精-曙紅(hematoxylin-eosin,HE)染色用之病理載玻片標本。使用標靶恢復液(Target Retrieval Solution)pH值9.0(DAKO公司製造),且使用微波爐,於98度、15分鐘之條件下進行脫石蠟標本之MPO抗原之恢復。於MPO免疫組織化學染色中,使用利用含10%正常山羊血清/0.25%酪蛋白之PBS進行100倍稀釋所得之兔抗MPO抗體(Abcam公司製造)作為一次抗體。使載玻片標本與一次抗體在4度下反應一夜後,利用PBS洗淨,使用3%H2
O2
-MeOH,於室溫下將組織中之Peroxidase活性阻滯10分鐘。繼而,向載玻片標本添加HRP(horse radish peroxidase,辣根過氧化酶)標記2次抗體(Histofine(註冊商標)SimpleStainTM
Mouse MAX PO,Nichirei Biosciences公司製造),於室溫下進行1小時反應。利用PBS將上述標本洗淨,使之與DAB(3,3'-Diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride,3,3'-二胺基聯苯胺鹽酸鹽,DAKO公司製造)進行反應、顯色,從而使MPO陽性細胞可見。進而利用PBS進行洗淨,利用蘇木精進行核染色。利用Malinol封入染色標本。於陰性對照中,使用500倍稀釋之兔IgG(DAKO公司製造)作為一次抗體。於光學顯微鏡下(DP73(註冊商標),Olympus公司製造)對各標本進行觀察,MPO陽性細胞之評價係使用cellSense(註冊商標)(Olympus公司製造)軟體進行。
(3)統計處理
將全部資料以平均值或平均值±SD表示。於活體內之下肢缺血實驗中使用Kruskal-Wallis檢驗,於進行過群間之分散分析後,進行多群間之比較。將P<0.05設為統計學上之有意義差水準。
2.結果
(1)巴曲酶對於血中嗜中性白血球數之影響
表2.巴曲酶對於DIO小鼠下肢缺血模型中之血中白血球數之影響(平均值±SD×105
/mL血液;n=2)
如表2所示,關於製作下肢缺血模型後第1天(16 h)之總白血球數,相對於模型群之13.5×105
/mL,巴曲酶群較低為5.4×105
/mL。於第2天(36 h)時,巴曲酶群之總白血球數恢復至模型群之第1天之水準。
同樣地,關於製作下肢缺血模型後第1天(16 h)之嗜中性白血球數與單核球數,與模型群相比,巴曲酶群減少。具體而言,嗜中性白血球數自9.59×105
/mL減少至3.29×105
/mL,單核球數自0.57×105
/mL減少至0.32×105
/mL。於第2天(36 h)時,巴曲酶群之嗜中性白血球數與單核球數均恢復至模型群之第1天之水準。
(2)巴曲酶對於嗜中性白血球向缺血下肢肌肉組織之組織浸潤(HE染色)之抑制作用
將進行過HE染色之缺血下肢肌肉組織圖像示於圖5中。
於模型群(Model group)中,關於嗜中性白血球向缺血下肢肌肉組織之組織浸潤,與模型製作後之第1天(Day1)相比,第2天(Day2)之嗜中性白血球向缺血下肢肌肉組織之組織浸潤較多。
另一方面,巴曲酶群(DF-521 group)之嗜中性白血球之組織浸潤少於模型群。尤其是於模型製作後之第2天,巴曲酶群之嗜中性白血球之組織浸潤明顯地少於模型群。
因此,投予至活體內之巴曲酶可調節嗜中性白血球向缺血下肢肌肉組織之組織浸潤即嗜中性白血球之活化。
(3)巴曲酶對於嗜中性白血球向缺血下肢肌肉組織之組織浸潤(MPO染色)之抑制作用
利用×40高倍視野(HPF)之光學顯微鏡將作為MPO免疫組織化學染色之陽性細胞被觀察到之浸潤嗜中性白血球定量化。將結果示於圖6。
於模型群(Model group)中,關於嗜中性白血球之組織浸潤,與模型製作後之第1天相比,第2天之嗜中性白血球之組織浸潤明顯地較多,為第1天之3.7倍(93.8/25.3)。
另一方面,於巴曲酶群(DF-521 group)中,嗜中性白血球之組織浸潤數明顯地少於模型群,於第1天,為模型群之30.8%,於第2天,為模型群之25.8%(P<0.001)。
因此,投予至活體內之巴曲酶可調節嗜中性白血球向缺血下肢肌肉組織之組織浸潤即嗜中性白血球之活化。
[產業上之可利用性]
本發明可用作嗜中性白血球活化調節劑,進而可用作起因於嗜中性白血球活化之各種疾病之治療藥。
表1 巴曲酶之急性毒性(i.v.) | |
動物種類 | LD50 值(BU/kg) |
小鼠(ddy系) | 192~210 |
大鼠(Wistar系) | 105~110 |
兔(NW種) | >300 |
狗(雜種) | 190~208 |
成分名 | 調配量 | |
巴曲酶(活性成分) | 10 BU | |
氯丁醇(保存劑) | 3 mg | |
明膠水解物(穩定劑) | 1 μL | |
氯化鈉(等張劑) | 9 mg | |
鹽酸(pH值調節劑) | 適量 | |
注射用蒸餾水 | 1 mL為止 | |
總量 | 1 mL | |
Day1(16 h) | |||
總白血球 | 嗜中性白血球 | 單核球 | |
模型群 | 13.5±3.3 | 9.59±1.81 | 0.57±0.28 |
巴曲酶群 | 5.4±2.0 | 3.29±0.60 | 0.32±0.13 |
Day2(36 h) | |||
總白血球 | 嗜中性白血球 | 單核球 | |
模型群 | 10.7±5.4 | 6.07±2.96 | 0.51±0.22 |
巴曲酶群 | 13.6±6.3 | 10.28±6.36 | 0.52±0.12 |
圖1係表示確認到巴曲酶對由TNF-α引起之嗜中性白血球之去顆粒之抑制作用的結果。
圖2係表示確認到巴曲酶對由TNF-α引起之嗜中性白血球之Mac-1表現之抑制作用的結果。
圖3係表示確認到巴曲酶對由TNF-α引起之嗜中性白血球之NETs形成之抑制作用的結果。
圖4係表示確認到巴曲酶對由TNF-α引起之嗜中性白血球之跨內皮趨化之抑制作用的結果。
圖5係表示藉由HE染色確認到巴曲酶對嗜中性白血球向缺血下肢肌肉組織之組織浸潤的抑制作用之結果。
圖6係表示藉由MPO染色確認到巴曲酶對嗜中性白血球向缺血下肢肌肉組織之組織浸潤的抑制作用之結果。
Claims (3)
- 一種凝血酶樣酶之用途,其係用於製造起因於嗜中性白血球活化之疾病之治療藥,上述疾病選自由急性呼吸窘迫症候群、急性胰臟炎及急性肺損傷所組成之群,且上述凝血酶樣酶係藉由抑制嗜中性白血球之NETs形成而治療上述疾病。
- 如請求項1之用途,其中凝血酶樣酶選自由巴曲酶、安克洛酶及響尾蛇酶所組成之群。
- 如請求項1之用途,其中凝血酶樣酶為巴曲酶。
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