TWI820068B - 改良藥物口服生物有效性的方法 - Google Patents
改良藥物口服生物有效性的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI820068B TWI820068B TW107146115A TW107146115A TWI820068B TW I820068 B TWI820068 B TW I820068B TW 107146115 A TW107146115 A TW 107146115A TW 107146115 A TW107146115 A TW 107146115A TW I820068 B TWI820068 B TW I820068B
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- Prior art keywords
- alkyl
- group
- drug
- aryl
- cycloalkyl
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- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 109
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 title claims abstract description 108
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 32
- 235000000346 sugar Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 43
- -1 methoxyethyl Chemical group 0.000 claims description 29
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- GZOSMCIZMLWJML-VJLLXTKPSA-N abiraterone Chemical compound C([C@H]1[C@H]2[C@@H]([C@]3(CC[C@H](O)CC3=CC2)C)CC[C@@]11C)C=C1C1=CC=CN=C1 GZOSMCIZMLWJML-VJLLXTKPSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- 229940005405 kalydeco Drugs 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- PURKAOJPTOLRMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N ivacaftor Chemical compound C1=C(O)C(C(C)(C)C)=CC(C(C)(C)C)=C1NC(=O)C1=CNC2=CC=CC=C2C1=O PURKAOJPTOLRMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- VWUXBMIQPBEWFH-WCCTWKNTSA-N Fulvestrant Chemical compound OC1=CC=C2[C@H]3CC[C@](C)([C@H](CC4)O)[C@@H]4[C@@H]3[C@H](CCCCCCCCCS(=O)CCCC(F)(F)C(F)(F)F)CC2=C1 VWUXBMIQPBEWFH-WCCTWKNTSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
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- KXDHJXZQYSOELW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Carbamate Chemical compound NC([O-])=O KXDHJXZQYSOELW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 12
- 125000000753 cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 12
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 11
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- QHMBSVQNZZTUGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trans-Cannabidiol Natural products OC1=CC(CCCCC)=CC(O)=C1C1C(C(C)=C)CCC(C)=C1 QHMBSVQNZZTUGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- QHMBSVQNZZTUGM-ZWKOTPCHSA-N cannabidiol Chemical compound OC1=CC(CCCCC)=CC(O)=C1[C@H]1[C@H](C(C)=C)CCC(C)=C1 QHMBSVQNZZTUGM-ZWKOTPCHSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
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- ZTGXAWYVTLUPDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N cannabidiol Natural products OC1=CC(CCCCC)=CC(O)=C1C1C(C(C)=C)CC=C(C)C1 ZTGXAWYVTLUPDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000000392 cycloalkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 8
- PCXRACLQFPRCBB-ZWKOTPCHSA-N dihydrocannabidiol Natural products OC1=CC(CCCCC)=CC(O)=C1[C@H]1[C@H](C(C)C)CCC(C)=C1 PCXRACLQFPRCBB-ZWKOTPCHSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- BJDCWCLMFKKGEE-ISOSDAIHSA-N artenimol Chemical compound C([C@](OO1)(C)O2)C[C@H]3[C@H](C)CC[C@@H]4[C@@]31[C@@H]2O[C@H](O)[C@@H]4C BJDCWCLMFKKGEE-ISOSDAIHSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000004093 cyano group Chemical group *C#N 0.000 claims description 6
- SDUQYLNIPVEERB-QPPQHZFASA-N gemcitabine Chemical compound O=C1N=C(N)C=CN1[C@H]1C(F)(F)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 SDUQYLNIPVEERB-QPPQHZFASA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- RJMUSRYZPJIFPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N niclosamide Chemical compound OC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1C(=O)NC1=CC=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1Cl RJMUSRYZPJIFPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
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- 125000003718 tetrahydrofuranyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- RBIPMCDRANHGQI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 4,4-dimethylmorpholin-4-ium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C[N+]1(C)CCOCC1 RBIPMCDRANHGQI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000001797 benzyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000005913 (C3-C6) cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000003903 2-propenyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])=C([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 3
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- 125000003601 C2-C6 alkynyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
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- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000004372 methylthioethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])SC([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 3
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- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000006656 (C2-C4) alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
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- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002067 L01XE06 - Dasatinib Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 229960002448 dasatinib Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000005448 ethoxyethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])OC([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 2
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- OOGJQPCLVADCPB-HXUWFJFHSA-N tolterodine Chemical compound C1([C@@H](CCN(C(C)C)C(C)C)C=2C(=CC=C(C)C=2)O)=CC=CC=C1 OOGJQPCLVADCPB-HXUWFJFHSA-N 0.000 claims 2
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- A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
- A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
- A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
- A61K47/54—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an organic compound
- A61K47/549—Sugars, nucleosides, nucleotides or nucleic acids
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- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
- C07H15/00—Compounds containing hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to hetero atoms of saccharide radicals
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- C07H19/02—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof sharing nitrogen
- C07H19/04—Heterocyclic radicals containing only nitrogen atoms as ring hetero atom
- C07H19/06—Pyrimidine radicals
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
- C07H19/00—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof
- C07H19/02—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof sharing nitrogen
- C07H19/04—Heterocyclic radicals containing only nitrogen atoms as ring hetero atom
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Abstract
本發明屬於醫學科學領域。它提供了新的製藥方法和製劑。特別地,本發明涉及一種增加藥物口服生物有效性的方法。本發明還提供了包含與糖共價連接的藥物的新組合物。更具體地,本發明涉及藉由將糖連接的、N-取代的或未取代的胺甲醯基亞烷基部分(carbamoylalkylidene moiety)共價連接到藥物的羥基或巰基上來增加藥物口服生物有效性的方法。
Description
本發明係關於新穎化合物,特別係關於一化合物,其係前驅藥且能夠增強已知及未來的藥物的口服有效性。本發明也係關於一種增加藥物之口服有效性之方法,係藉由將該藥物連接至糖-胺甲醯基亞烷基單元以獲得本發明之化合物。
口服投予是對於病患給藥的最優良的路徑之一。但是,在藥界,口服生物有效性不足是一重大的問題。低口服生物有效性(bioavailability)與較低的功效及多變的病患反應有關連性[Hellriegel,E.T.,Clin.Pharmacol.Ther.,1996,60,601-7]。將表現出低口服生物有效性的藥物轉換成可接受的製劑較難而且成本也較高。
為了彌補低口服生物有效性,一般需要較高劑量以達成所期望的療效,但是較高劑量也會導致劑量相關副作用的較大負擔,尤其是對於腸道。此外,顯示低口服生物有效性的藥物對於新適應症具有較低的重新定位(repositioned)潛力。此外,目前有一些藥物產品僅可作為可注射製劑使用,非常需要能夠促進將這些藥物重新製劑成有效的口服應用的技術。
依據生物藥劑學分類系統(Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System,BDDCS)[Benet,L.Z.,AAPS J.,2011,13,519-47]對於大量的上市藥物的分析,顯示40%的上市藥物溶解性不佳(第2及4類藥物),而有30%的藥物顯示較差的滲透性,如其較差的代謝所示(第3及4類藥物)。從業界已調查的候選藥物中經進一步地預估,達70%是溶解性不理想的第2類(class 2)化合物,而其它20%不只溶解性差而且滲透性差,且屬於第4類化合物。因此可以得出結論,設計顯示出足夠的口服生物有效性的新化學實體將變得越來越困難。
口服生物有效性差的問題可歸因於許多原因。首先,已知許多口服藥物是疏水性的,因此溶解性差。其次,許多藥物在胃腸道中顯示出不足的膜滲透性。此外,許多藥物在它們到達其目標作用部位之前,對腸和/或肝酶的代謝敏感。此外,在進入血液循環之前,某些藥物可能藉由外排運輸蛋白(efflux transporter)從腸黏膜細胞(enterocyte)被主動泵出。
已經有許多補救措施被提出以解決藥物口服生物有效性令人不滿意的問題[Fasinu,P.,Biopharm Drug Disp.,2011,32,185-209]。提出的策略包括例如增溶(solubilisation)技術,例如使用不同的鹽,減小粒度,例如,通過微粒化(micronisation)或奈米化(nanonisation),使用噴霧乾燥的分散體(dispersion)和熱熔擠出(hot melt extrusion)以及使用親脂性液體和半固體基質。這些策略似乎均未通用地適用於解決口服生物有效性問題,並且每次都需要根據具體情況對其潛力逐案進行調查。
增強藥物口服生物有效性的另一種策略是使用前
驅藥[Prodrugs and Targeted Delivery,Rautio,J,(Ed.),2011,Wiley-VCH,Weinheim,Germany]。前驅藥在概念上可以分為兩類,即生物前驅藥和載體前驅藥[The Practice of Medicinal Chemistry,Ch.31-32,Ed.Wermuth,Academic Press,San Diego,Calif.,2008]。通常,生物前驅藥是與相應的母體藥物(parent drug)化合物相比無活性或具有低活性的化合物,但可通過代謝或水解轉化為母體藥物。
載體前驅藥物是藥物化合物,其含有前部分(promoiety),即共價結合的分子,其瞬時校正候選藥物的特定局部最佳化(suboptimal)物理化學性質。這種載體前驅藥通常有利於口服給藥的藥物。
載體前驅藥的特殊子集是藥物糖苷,其中糖部分(moiety)的變旋異構(anomeric)羥基與藥物分子共價連接。一些報導已經證明藥物糖苷可以改善藥物的物理化學性質的用處,但表明藥物糖苷可以增強藥物口服生物有效性的證據仍稀缺。
已有人報導改善了小型酚類化合物(如對硝基苯酚和1-或2-萘酚)的β-D-葡萄糖-吡喃糖苷(β-D-gluco-pyranoside)(β-D-葡萄糖苷)和β-D-吡喃半乳糖苷(β-D-galactopyranoside)(β-D-半乳糖苷)接合物(conjugate)的通過腸膜的運輸。有人發現β-D-葡萄糖接合物的吸收率高於β-D-半乳糖接合物[Biochim.Biophys.Acta,1994,1200,117]。
有人揭示了使大鼠口服潑尼松龍(prednisolone)-21-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷,相較於潑尼松龍,會產生血清水平的兩倍增加[US 2001/0041676]。WO 2003/073988揭
示了製備氟西汀(fluoxetine)的糖醛醯胺(glycuronamide)和糖苷前驅藥。沒有改善口服生物有效性的證據被提出。
在異種移植(xenograft)小鼠模型中,口服給予7-羥基-3-甲氧基卡達烯(7-hydroxy-3-methoxy cadalene)的β-O-葡萄糖苷前驅藥可使腫瘤體積減少50%,而口服給予7-羥基-3-甲氧基卡達烯本身未顯示腫瘤體積減少。該效果歸因於葡萄糖苷的更好的溶解性。並未有口服生物有效性的藥物動力學(pharmacokinetic)數據被提供[Bioorg.Med.Chem.Lett.,2007,7,6335]。
乙醯胺酚(acetaminophen)的糖基化類似物[US 2012/0022012]相對於乙醯胺酚顯示出溶解性提高但口服生物有效性顯著降低。
US2012/0264702描述了異丙酚(propofol)的糖基化類似物。這些化合物似乎顯示出用於靜脈內給藥的改善的水溶性。然而,所示的化合物均未導致異丙酚濃度顯著增加,並未有改善口服生物有效性的數據被呈現。
EP2098533描述了多柔比星(doxorubicin)的葡糖醛酸前驅藥物。葡糖醛酸通過4-胺基芐基-胺基甲酸酯連接基與多柔比星連接。目標是將更高水平的多柔比星遞送至腫瘤。並未有關於口服生物有效性的數據被呈現。
在US5955100中,聲稱糖苷前驅藥與母體藥物相比毒性較小,並且與母體藥物相比在腫瘤細胞中更有效地積累。在這種情況下,葡糖醛酸通過4-羥基芐基連接基連接到藥物上,例如多柔比星(doxorubicin)、奎寧和利血平(reserpine)。該糖接合物
係以靜脈內投予。並未有關於口服生物有效性的數據被揭示。
US2012/0065152A公開了與胍法辛(guanfacine)的脒(amidine)部分連接的甲基6-O-胺甲醯基-β-D-葡萄糖苷前驅藥。在大鼠的藥物動力學研究中口服投予前驅藥與胍法辛本身相比給出較低的相對Cmax值,表明較低的口服生物有效性。
用芐基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷進行的體外(ex-vivo)研究表明,跨越刷狀緣膜(brush border membrane)的腸道載體媒介的運輸改善了腸道代謝的營養學地、藥理學地或生理地活性化合物的腸道可用性[Biochim.Biophys.Acta,2005,1722,218]。
另一方面,一些報導表明,母體藥物的O-葡萄糖苷不容易發生腸道吸收和水解。例如,近60%的口服給藥的地塞米松(dexamethasone)葡萄糖苷作為游離類固醇到達盲腸,而口服給藥的母體類固醇幾乎全部從小腸吸收[J.Med.Chem.,1984,27,261]。
儘管許多努力已投入於使用藥物的糖接合物來增強物理化學性質,但仍需要改進的方法來增加藥物口服生物有效性。
現已發現,通過將如下所述的糖基胺甲醯基亞烷基(glycosyl carbamoylalkylidene)單元共價連接到含羥基或巰基的藥物部分,可以改善含羥基或巰基的藥物的口服生物有效性。
其中糖選自由α-和β-連接的單糖和二糖組成的組,其中一或多個OH基被基團R4取代;其中R4選自由C1-C6烷氧基、氯、氟、氰基、CF3、NH2、C1-C6烷基-NH、C1-C6二烷基-N、C1-C6環烷基-N、C1-C6烷基-C(O)NH、C1-C6烷基-C(O)(C1-C6烷基)-N、HC(O)(C1-C6烷基)-N、C1-C6烷基-O-C(O)NH、C1-C6烷基-O-C(O)(C1-C6烷基)-N、及C1-C6烷基-O-C(O)-O組成的組;R1選自由H、C1-C6烷基、C2-C6烯基、C2-C6炔基、-R5-O-R7、-R5-S-R7,-R6-C(O)-R7、-R6-C(O)-O-R7、-R5-SO2-R7、-R5-SO2-NR7R8、C3-C7環烷基、C4-C7環烯基、4至7員雜環、芳基及(C1-C3烷基)-芳基組成之組;其中R5為C2或C3烷基,R6為C1-C3烷基,R7及R8獨立地為氫或C1-C3-烷基;且其中C3-C7環烷基、C4-C7環烯基、4至7員雜環、芳基及(C1-C3烷基)-芳基可選地經R9取代,
其中R9選自由C1-C4烷基、C1-C4烷氧基、氯、氟、氰基、CF3、胺、醯胺、胺甲酸酯基(carbamate)及-C(O)O-(C1-C4-烷基)組成之組;R2及R3皆為H,或R2及R3其中之一為H且另一者為C1-C6烷基;X-DM代表藥物部分(moiety),其中X為O或S;如上述定義之本發明,提供改良藥物口服生物有效性的好處。
上述定義中,「烷基」可為分支或未分支的。烷基包括例如甲基、乙基、正丙基、異丙基、正丁基、異丁基、第二丁基、第三丁基及正戊基。
「烷氧基」係指鍵結於氧的烷基。烷氧基的例子包括甲氧基、乙氧基及丙氧基。
「烯基」係指有至少1個碳碳雙鍵的分支或未分支的烴殘基。烯基的例子包括乙烯基(ethenyl、vinyl)、烯丙基(allyl)、丙-1-烯基、丁-1-烯基、丁-2-烯基、丁-3-烯基、2-甲基-丙-2-烯基、戊烯基及己烯基。
「炔基」係指有至少1個碳碳參鍵的烴殘基。炔基的例子包括乙炔基、丙炔基、丁炔基及戊炔基。
「氰基」係指基團-CN。
「胺基」係指基團-NH2。
「醯胺」係指基團-C(O)NH2。
「胺甲酸酯基」係指基團-NH-C(O)-O-。
「環烷基」係指飽和的烴環。環烷基的例子包括環
丙基、環丁基、環戊基、環己基及環庚基。
「環烯基」係指部分飽和的烴環。環烯基的例子包括環丁烯基、環戊烯基及環己烯基。
「雜環」係指芳香族、飽和或部分飽和的環結構,其具有3至6個碳原子及1或2個雜原子,雜原子選自氮、硫及氧。雜環的例子包括噻吩基(thienyl)、呋喃基(furyl)、吡喃基(pyranyl)、吡咯基(pyrrolyl)、咪唑基(imidazolyl)、吡唑基(pyrazolyl)、異噻唑基(isothiazolyl)、異噁唑基(isoxazolyl)、吡啶基(pyridyl)、吡嗪基(pyrazinyl)、嘧啶基(pyrimidinyl)、噠嗪基(pyridazinyl)、氧雜環丁烷基(oxetanyl)、四氫呋喃基(tetrahydrofuranyl)、四氫吡喃基(tetrahydropyranyl)、吡咯啉基(pyrrolinyl)、哌啶基(piperidinyl)和嗎啉基(morpholinyl)。
「芳基」係指芳香族烴環。芳基的例子包括苯基及萘基。
「藥物」係指醫藥上有活性的藥劑。可以是批准的藥物,或進行實驗室測試、臨床前或臨床試驗中的候選藥物。
如上所述,「糖」係指α-和β-連接的單糖和二糖。單糖具有通式分子式(CH2O)n,其中n可以是4、5或6。它們可以根據分子中的碳原子數目進行分類。n為4的單糖被稱為四糖,而n為5時稱為戊糖,例如核糖和去氧核糖,以及n為6時稱為己糖,例如甘露糖、葡萄糖和半乳糖。
二糖由兩種單糖單元組成。相關二糖的例子是麥芽糖、異麥芽糖、纖維二糖、龍膽二糖(gentiobiose)和乳糖。
優選地,糖是α-或β-連接的單糖或二糖。更優選
地,糖是己糖或戊糖。己糖優選選自葡萄糖、半乳糖、甘露糖或其部分經去氧或取代的變體。最優選地,己糖是葡萄糖或半乳糖。
部分經去氧的單糖係指C-2、C-4或C-6的去氧變體。
單糖在式(I)之化合物可有α-或β-連接。
較佳的糖為β-葡萄糖或β-半乳糖。
R1較佳的群組為H、C1-C4烷基、C2-C4烯基、-R5-O-R7、-R5-S-R7、-R6-C(O)-R7、-R6-C(O)-O-R7、-R5-SO2-R7、-R5-SO2-NR7R8、C3-C7環烷基,其中C3-C7環烷基可選地經1或2個氟取代;吡喃基(pyranyl)、四氫呋喃基和苄基,其中R5為C2或C3烷基,R6為C1-C3烷基,R7及R8獨立地為氫或C1-C3-烷基。
R1最佳為選自由以下構成之組:H;C1-C4烷基,尤其甲基、乙基、丙基、異丙基及丁基;烯丙基;甲氧基乙基,尤其2-甲氧基乙基;乙氧基乙基,尤其2-乙氧基乙基;甲基硫乙基(methylthioethyl),尤其2-甲基硫乙基;C3-C6環烷基,可選地經1或2個F取代,尤其環丙基、環丁基、3,3-二氟環丁基、環戊基及環己基;吡喃基,尤其4-吡喃基;四氫呋喃基,尤其3-R-THF或
3-S-THF;苄基;乙氧甲醯基甲基(carbethoxymethyl);甲氧甲醯基乙基(carbomethoxyethyl)及甲烷磺醯基乙基(methanesulfonyl ethyl),尤其是2-甲烷磺醯基乙基。
R2及R3較佳為皆為H,或R2及R3其中之一為H且另一者為甲基。最佳為R2及R3皆為H。
如上所述,糖中的一或多個OH基可選地經R4取代。較佳為沒有OH基被取代或是1或2個OH經氟(F)取代。
因此,本發明之化合物宜為有下列結構的化合物,
其中R1如上述定義。R4a、R4b、R4c、R4d及R4e獨立地選自OH、F及H,且符合以下條件:R4a、R4b、R4c、R4d及R4e中的至少二者為OH且R4c及R4d不可皆為OH。
X-DM之藥物部分為藥物HX-DM之殘基,其中連接到本發明之胺甲醯基亞烷基單元後,HX代表OH或SH官能基。
於一較佳例,該藥物選自符合下列條件的化合物:
含有至少3個碳原子,分子量介於100與800道爾吞(Dalton)之間,可旋轉的鍵數少於15個,沒有帶電部分例如磷酸根及硫酸根,且有1至3個,較佳為不多於2個的脂肪族及/或芳香族羥基。
適合用在本發明之藥物之特定例子為,阿比特龍(Abiraterone)、Kalydeco、氯硝柳胺(Niclosamide)、二氫青蒿素(Dihydroartemisinin)、吉西他濱(Gemcitabine)、大麻二酚(Cannabidiol)、達沙替尼(Dasatinib)、羅替戈汀(Rotigotine)、依達沙龍(Edavarone)和氟維司群(Fulvestrant)。
本發明不僅適合改良現有藥物的口服生物有效性,也可用於未來的藥物及候選藥物。本發明提供用於一般性地改良口服生物有效性的平台。
本發明更係關於如上所述之式(I)之化合物作為藥劑之用途。
本發明也係關於治療病症之方法,其中係對於需要治療所述病症之對象投予如上所述之式(I)之化合物。
在此提及之治療也意指包括病症的減輕或預防。
待治療的病症將取決於使用在式(I)之化合物之藥物。此知識是發明所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者可取得的。
本發明進一步提供用以增加藥物HX-DM之口服生物有效性之方法,其中HX代表OH或SH官能基,所述方法包括連接式(II)之糖-胺甲醯基亞烷基單元至藥物HX-DM之OH或SH官能基,以獲得式(I)之化合物之步驟,
「脫離基」係指例如Cl的基團,其存在於原本的式(II)的糖-胺甲醯基亞烷基單元,但不存在於最終的式(I)之化合物。
用語「口服生物有效性」係指口服投予後藥物進入體循環的程度及速率,進而變得能夠接近所期望作用的部位。
口服生物有效性通常係藉由測定血漿濃度-時間曲
線下的面積來求得(AUC)[ADMET for medicinal chemists,Tsaioun,K.and Kates,S.A.(Eds.),2011,Ch.5,Wiley])。
血漿藥物濃度隨吸收程度的增加而增加;當藥物消除率等於吸收率時達到峰值濃度。峰值時間是最廣泛使用的吸收率的一般指標;吸收越慢,峰值時間越晚。
藥物的口服生物有效性最可靠的衡量標準是AUC。AUC與達到體循環的未改變藥物的總量成正比。如果藥物產品的血漿濃度曲線基本上是可疊加的(superimposable),則其在吸收程度和吸收速率方面可被認為是生物等效的(bioequivalent)。
在本發明的上下文中,口服生物有效性在本文中定義為到達體循環的口服給藥藥物的分數(fraction)。實際上,口服生物有效性是口服給藥後測試物種的血液中可用藥物的AUC相對於從靜脈內給予測試對象的相同劑量獲得的AUC的百分比。
可用於確定實驗動物中化合物的腸吸收的方法有很多種。典型的實驗室方法包括通過(多個)腔管(lumen tube)灌注(perfusion)、質量平衡研究和口腔和靜脈內投予化合物後的血液動力學[http://www.rivm.nl/bibliotheek/rapporten/630030001.pdf]。相關的動物物種包括小鼠、大鼠、狗、小型豬和猴子。
藥物的口服生物有效性及其接合物也可以使用適當的體外(in vitro)模型進行一定程度的預測[Altern.Lab.Anim.,2001,29,649-668]。適當的體外組織模型包括外翻腸囊(everted gut sac)、灌注腸段(perfused intestinal segment)和尤斯室(Ussing chamber)。基於細胞的(cell-based)體外模型包括
來自胎兒和新生大鼠和Caco-2細胞的小腸細胞系。
用語「增加藥物口服生物有效性」或「增加的生物有效性」在本文中用於表示,與未修飾的藥物相比,根據本發明修飾的藥物的口服生物有效性增加。
即使口服生物有效性的小幅增加也是相關的。例如,如果藥物目前的口服生物有效性為30%,使用本發明式(II)的化合物增加至31或32%則被認為是相關的增加。
例如,生物有效性為30%的藥物可以形成本發明之化合物,其在口服給藥時,導致口服生物有效性超過30%之未結合(unconjugated)藥物的積聚。口服生物有效性的增加可能在幾個百分點的數量級,其導致生物利用度提高為31%、32%、33%、34%、35%、36%、37%甚至更高,例如38%、39%或40%或甚至更多,例如導致生物利用度提高為41%、42%、43%、44%、45%、46%、47%或更高,例如48%、49%或50%。曾有人觀察到更加驚人的增長;根據藥物和單糖類型的不同,口服生物利用度達51%、52%、53%、54%、55%、56%、57%甚至更高,如58%、59%或60%以上,例如61%、62%、63%、64%、65%、66%、67%甚至更多,例如68%、69%或70%似乎是可以實現的。在某些情況下,增加甚至更多,例如71%、72%、73%、74%、75%、76%、77%或甚至更多,例如78%、79%或80%,例如81%、82%、83%、84%、85%或以上,如86%、87%、88%、89%或90%。在特殊情況下,可實現91%或91%以上的口服生物有效性,如92%、93%、94%、95%、96%、97%、98%、99%或甚至100%。
通過根據本發明的方法實現的口服生物有效性的
增加可取決於所用藥物及單糖的類型。已經觀察到,與口服給藥時相同的未接合藥物的濃度相比,使用根據本發明的方法製備的藥物接合物在口服給藥時,在循環中有更高濃度的藥物(即沒有接合的糖)。
結論是,人體或動物體必須具有吸收糖連接的、N-取代(N-substituted)或未取代的胺甲醯基亞烷基接合的藥物並從藥物接合物去除糖連接的、N-取代或未取代的胺甲醯基亞烷基單元的機制。
不希望受理論或特定機制的束縛,前述藥物接合物的吸收可以藉由位於小腸的刷狀緣(brushed border)處的葡萄糖運輸蛋白促進,而葡萄糖部分之去除可能是由於在藥物接合物從刷狀緣的頂側(apical side)輸送到血液之前或期間藉由存在於小腸內壁中的酶(例如糖苷酶)水解,或者在膜通道之後,藉由存在血液中或肝臟中之水解酶水解。去除葡萄糖單元可能導致N-取代或未取代的胺甲醯基亞烷基部分從藥物中自發水解。例如,已經在模型系統中觀察到源自麴黴屬(Aspergillus)的葡糖苷酶能夠除去葡萄糖單元,導致未接合的藥物的釋放。
除了增加藥物的口服有效性之外,式(II)的化合物還可用於降低藥物的胃腸道副作用,掩蓋藥物的不良味道或用於開發藥物的延遲釋放製劑。式(II)的化合物的另一實施例是將其與合適的藥物連接以靶向腫瘤組織。
已經觀察到,與同一未接合藥物的濃度相比,根據本發明的式(I)之化合物在口服給藥時在循環中導致更高濃度的藥物(即,沒有接合的糖)。
實施例
實施例1:製備O-連接的藥物接合物的方法
路徑A
該β-連接的胺甲酸酯中間體3,係以下列方式製備:將已知的2,3,4,6-四-O-乙醯基-D-吡喃葡萄糖1和適當的異氰酸酯(2當量)於甲苯中在三乙基胺存在下,於20-60℃反應2-17小時直到起始物質完全變換為胺甲酸酯。將反應混合物冷卻到15℃,並加入3-(二甲基胺基)丙胺(1.5當量)。繼續攪拌30分鐘。將反應混合物以2M的HCl水溶液、水及NaHCO3水溶液萃取,以硫酸鎂
乾燥,並蒸發以獲得胺甲酸酯,不進一步純化而使用。以類似的方式製備胺甲酸2,3,4,6-四-O-乙醯基-β-D-吡喃半乳糖酯(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-galactopyranosyl carbamate)、胺甲酸2,3,4,6-四-O-乙醯基-α-D-吡喃甘露糖酯(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-α-D-mannopyranosyl carbamate)、及胺甲酸2,3,4,6,2’,3’,6’-七-O-乙醯基-β-D-纖維二糖酯(2,3,4,6,2’,3’,6’-hepta-O-acetyl-β-D-cellobiosyl carbamate)。
路徑B
胺甲酸酯中間體,係藉由下列方式獲得:將1-O-(4-硝基苯氧基羰基)-2,3,4,6-四-O-乙醯基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖2與適當的1.5當量的胺於三乙基胺(2當量)存在下,於二氯甲烷中反應6-18小時。將反應混合物以二氯甲烷稀釋,並以水及NaHCO3水溶液萃取,以硫酸鎂乾燥,並濃縮。將殘留物進行矽膠層析,採用庚烷中漸增的乙酸乙酯梯度,以獲得純胺甲酸酯。
由乙酸酯保護的糖基胺甲酸酯製備藥物接合物的一般程序
I)製備二氯甲烷
氯亞甲基結構單元,係藉由下列方式製備:將相應的胺甲酸酯3與多聚甲醛(paraformaldehyde)(1.5當量)和三甲基矽基氯(3當量)在二氯甲烷中反應直至反應混合物變澄清(2-18小時)。蒸發溶劑並真空乾燥殘餘物,得到氯亞甲基胺甲酸酯(chloromethylene carbamate)4,其不經進一步純化而使用。
II)製備阿比特龍(abiraterone)接合物7
i)DIPEA、RT、24h,ii)NaOMe,MeOH;iii)3-吡啶基硼酸二乙酯、PPh3、PdCl2(PPh3)2或Pd(PPh3)4
將氯亞甲基衍生物4和17-溴-或17-碘-3β-羥基-5α-雄甾烷(androstan)-5,16-二烯6於二異丙基乙基胺存在下,在二氯甲烷中反應48小時。將反應混合物以二氯甲烷稀釋,以滷水及NaHCO3水溶液萃取,以硫酸鎂乾燥,並濃縮。將殘留物利用快速層析純化,使用庚烷中漸增的乙酸乙酯梯度,以獲得亞甲醚。
III)脫乙醯化
將亞甲醚溶解於甲醇(10mL/mM)。加入甲醇鈉(0.1-1當量),將反應混合物於室溫攪拌1小時。將反應混合物以乙酸乙酯
稀釋,並將反應混合物以滷水萃取。將有機層乾燥(MgSO4)並蒸發。將殘留物於真空中乾燥。
IV)從3β-取代的17-溴-5α-雄甾烷-5,16-二烯合成17-吡啶基衍生物
將17-溴化物(1當量)、二乙基(3-吡啶基)硼烷(3當量)及三苯基膦(0.1當量)溶於第三丁醇及2M碳酸鈉水溶液。將混合物以氮氣脫氣,以鈀四(三苯基膦)(palladium tetrakis(triphenylphosphine))(0.05當量)於90℃處理3小時。加入水並將該混合物以乙酸乙酯萃取。將有機層以硫酸鎂乾燥並濃縮。將殘留物進行矽膠層析,使用二氯甲烷中漸增的甲醇梯度,以獲得阿比特龍接合物7。
V)從3β-取代的17-碘-5α-雄甾烷-5,16-二烯合成17-吡啶基衍生物
將17-碘化物(1當量)溶於THF及MeOH之2:1混合物。添加二乙基(3-吡啶基)硼烷(3當量),然後添加碳酸鈉水溶液(2.00M,3當量)。將得到的溶液藉由氮氣鼓泡30分鐘以脫氣。之後加入雙(三苯基膦)氯化鈀(0.01當量),然後將反應混合物於60℃攪拌2小時。加入水,並將含水混合物以乙酸乙酯萃取。將有機層以硫酸鎂乾燥並濃縮。將殘留物進行矽膠層析,使用二氯甲烷中漸增的甲醇梯度,獲得阿比特龍接合物7。
路徑C
i)1.(CH2)n、TMSCl;2. NaN3;ii)1-O-(4-硝基苯氧基羰基)-2,3,4,6-四-O-乙醯基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖、PPh3;iii)NaOMe、MeOH;iv)二乙基(3-吡啶基)硼烷、PPh3、Pd(PPh3)4
將17-碘-3β-羥基-5α-雄甾烷-5,16-二烯和多聚甲醛(1.5當量)及三甲基矽基氯(3當量)於室溫反應24小時。將該反應混合物濃縮至乾。將殘留物再溶於DMF,以疊氮化鈉(1.2當量)於室溫處理1小時。加入水,並將水溶液混合物以乙酸乙酯萃取。將有機層以NaCl水溶液(x3)萃取、乾燥(MgSO4)並濃縮,獲得棕色固體,不進一步純化而使用。將疊氮化物8(1當量)及1-O-(4-硝基苯氧基羰基)-2,3,4,6-四-O-乙醯基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖2(1當量)溶解於二氯甲烷。添加三苯膦(1當量),並將反應混合物於室溫攪拌16小時。加入三乙基胺(3當量),並將反應混合物再攪拌24小時。將該反應混合物濃縮,進行矽膠層析,採用庚烷中漸增的乙酸乙酯梯度,以獲得亞甲醚9。
依一般程序III及V進行脫乙醯化、及碘化物與二乙
基(3-吡啶基)硼烷經由鈀媒介的偶合(coupling),以獲得未受保護的阿比特龍接合物10。
路徑D
將1-O-(4-硝基苯氧基羰基)-2,3,4,6-四-O-乙醯基-α-D-吡喃葡萄糖[Bioorg.Med.Chem.Lett.,2016,26,3774]和正丙胺(2當量.)及三乙基胺(2當量)在二氯甲烷中反應5小時。將反應混合物以乙酸乙酯稀釋,以水及NaHCO3水溶液萃取。將有機層乾燥(MgSO4)並濃縮。將殘留物進行矽膠層析,採用庚烷中漸增的乙酸乙酯梯度(0->70%),以獲得α-連接的胺甲酸正丙酯(n-propylcarbamate)。獲得α-連接的阿比特龍接合物11的反應順序和針對製備β-連接的吡喃葡萄糖-藥物接合物的一般程序中所述者一樣。以1-O-對硝基苯基羰基-2,3,4,6-四-O-乙醯基-α-D-吡喃葡萄糖作為起始物質,獲得未保護的α-連接的吡喃葡萄糖-阿比特龍
接合物11。
以類似上述的方式,可從相應的糖基胺甲酸正烷酯(glycosyl n-alkylcarbamate)獲得未保護的β-連接的吡喃半乳糖-阿比特龍12及13、α-及β-連接的吡喃甘露糖-阿比特龍14a及14b、β-連接的4去氧-4-氟-吡喃葡萄糖-阿比特龍15、及β-連接的6去氧-6-氟-吡喃葡萄糖-阿比特龍16接合物。
UPLC-MS數據記錄在Agilent 1200 Infinity UPLC系統上,該系統連接到Agilent 6100單四極質譜檢測器(single quadrupole MS detector)。使用配備有EVO C18保護管柱(Phenomenex)的50x2.1mm的Kinetex2.6μ EVO C18 100A管柱。UPLC實驗以0.6mL/min的流速進行,其中弱鹼性溶劑系係由於水中的10mM碳酸氫銨溶液(A)和乙腈(B)組成。當被指出(indicated)時,使用由於水中的0.1%甲酸(A)和含有0.1%甲酸的乙腈(B)組成的弱酸性溶劑系。在1.0分鐘內進行從5%B至60%B的梯度,接著在2.0分鐘內進行從60%至95%B的梯度,並將梯度保持在95%B下1分鐘。
實施例2:製備Kalydeco的O-連接的藥物接合物的程序
向Kalydeco在二氯甲烷中的懸浮液中加入氯甲基
胺甲酸丙酯4(1.1當量)和N,N-二異丙基乙基胺(2當量)。將反應混合物於室溫攪拌18小時,此時反應混合物變得澄清。濃縮混合物,進行矽膠層析,採用庚烷中漸增的乙酸乙酯梯度,得到亞甲醚。藉由將亞甲醚溶解在二噁烷(dioxane)和甲醇的1:2混合物中,然後加入催化量的甲醇鈉進行脫乙醯化。將反應混合物攪拌2小時。加入水並將得到的混合物以乙酸乙酯萃取。將有機層乾燥(MgSO4)並濃縮。將殘留物進行矽膠層析,採用二氯甲烷中漸增的甲醇梯度,以獲得未受保護的葡萄糖-Kalydeco接合物17。UPLC-MS:滯留時間3.06min;測得的質量670.2[M+H](甲酸溶劑系)。
實施例3:製備O-連接的吉西他濱(Gemcitabine)藥物接合物的程序
i)TBDMS-Cl,吡啶;ii)異丁醯氯,吡啶;iii)pTsOH,CH3CN,H2O;iv)4c,DIPEA;v)1. NaOMe,MeOH;2. conc.NH4OH,50℃
將吉西他濱與TBDMS-Cl(1.2當量)在吡啶中反應3小時。加入水並將該反應混合物濃縮。將殘留物溶於乙酸乙酯中,用水和NaHCO3水溶液萃取,乾燥(MgSO4)並濃縮。將殘留物溶於吡啶中,加入異丁醯氯(2.2當量)。將所得混合物在室溫下攪拌66小時。加入水並將該反應混合物濃縮。將殘留物溶於乙酸乙酯中,用水和NaHCO3水溶液萃取,乾燥(MgSO4)並濃縮並與甲苯共蒸發兩次。將殘留物在矽膠上進行層析,用在二氯甲烷中逐漸增加的甲
醇梯度洗提。收集純級分並蒸發至乾。將獲得的產物溶解在乙腈中。加入10%v/v的水。然後,加入對甲苯磺酸一水合物(3當量),並在室溫下將反應混合物攪拌66小時。將該混合物以乙酸乙酯稀釋,以水及NaHCO3水溶液萃取,乾燥(MgSO4)並濃縮。將殘留物進行矽膠層析,採用二氯甲烷中漸增的甲醇梯度,得到5-OH未受保護的吉西他濱衍生物。
此化合物在室溫下,在N,N-二異丙基乙胺(6當量)存在下與氯甲基胺甲酸丙酯4(2當量)反應72小時。加入水,混合物用二氯甲烷萃取。將有機層乾燥(MgSO4)並濃縮。將殘留物在矽膠上進行層析,用在二氯甲烷中逐漸增加的甲醇梯度洗提,得到亞甲醚。藉由將亞甲醚溶解在二噁烷和甲醇的1:2混合物中,然後加入催化量的甲醇鈉進行脫乙醯化。將反應混合物攪拌2小時。加入水並將得到的混合物以乙酸乙酯萃取。將有機層乾燥(MgSO4)並濃縮。殘留物進行矽膠層析,採用二氯甲烷中漸增的甲醇梯度,以獲得未受保護的吉西他濱接合物20。UPLC-MS:滯留時間0.327分鐘;測得之質量541.1[M+H](甲酸溶劑系)。
實施例4:製備O-連接的氯硝柳胺(Niclosamide)藥物接合物的程序
i)4c,DIPEA;ii)NaOMe,MeOH
將氯硝柳胺21和氯甲基胺甲酸丙酯4(1.3當量)懸
浮在二氯甲烷中。加入N,N-二異丙基乙基胺(5當量)並將反應混合物攪拌16小時。濃縮混合物,進行矽膠層析,採用庚烷中漸增的乙酸乙酯梯度,濃縮純級分並真空乾燥。將乙醯化產物溶於THF和甲醇的1:1混合物中。加入甲醇鈉(1當量)並將反應混合物攪拌1小時。加入水並將該反應混合物以乙酸乙酯萃取。將有機層乾燥(MgSO4)並濃縮。將殘留物在矽膠上進行層析,用在二氯甲烷中逐漸增加的甲醇梯度洗提以獲得未受保護的氯硝柳胺接合物22。UPLC-MS:滯留時間2.97分鐘(ES-API);測得之質量(M+Na)627.0(甲酸溶劑系)。
實施例5:製備二氫青蒿素(dihydroartemisinin)的O-連接的藥物接合物的程序
i)4c,DIPEA;ii)NaOMe,MeOH
向二氯甲烷溶液中的二氫青蒿素(dihydroartemisinin)23和氯甲基胺甲酸丙酯4(2當量)加入N,N-二異丙基乙基胺(5當量),將混合物在室溫下攪拌48小時。將該反應混合物濃縮並進行矽膠層析,採用庚烷中漸增的乙酸乙酯梯度。將純級分合併,濃縮至乾。將所得物質溶於THF和甲醇的1:1混合物中。加入甲醇鈉(1當量)並將反應混合物攪拌1小時。加入水並將該混合物以乙酸乙酯萃
取。將有機層乾燥(MgSO4)並濃縮。殘留物進行矽膠層析,採用二氯甲烷中漸增的甲醇梯度,以獲得未受保護的二氫青蒿素接合物24。UPLC-MS:滯留時間2.77分鐘ES-API);[M+Na]585.2(甲酸溶劑系)。
實施例6:製備氟維司群(Fulvestrant)的3-O-連接的藥物接合物26的程序
i,HCOOEt,reflux;ii)4c,DIPEA;iii)NaOMe,MeOH;iv)BzCl;v)4c,DIPEA;vi)NaOMe,MeOH
如報導的,由氟維司群25製備氟維司群-17-O-甲酸酯[J.Chem.Soc.,Perkin Trans.1, 2001,3037]。向於二氯甲烷(5mL)溶液中的氟維司群-17-O-甲酸酯(750mg,1.18mmol)加入DIPEA(1.01mL)並將反應混合物攪拌18小時。將該反應混合物濃縮並進行矽膠層析,採用庚烷中漸增的乙酸乙酯梯度,將純級分合併,濃縮至乾。將所得物質溶於THF和甲醇的1:1混合物中。加入甲醇鈉(1當量)並將獲得的混合物攪拌1小時。加入水並將該混合物以乙酸乙酯萃取。將有機層乾燥(MgSO4)並濃縮。殘留物進行矽膠層析,採用二氯甲烷中漸增的甲醇梯度,以獲得未受保護的氟
維司群接合物26。UPLC-MS:滯留時間3.23分鐘(ES-API)測得之質量(M+Na)907.6(甲酸溶劑系)。
實施例7:製備氟維司群(Fulvestrant)的17-O-連接的藥物接合物27的程序
如報導的,製備3-O-苯甲醯基-氟維司群[J.Chem.Soc.,Perkin Trans.1,2001,3037],並將其溶於二氯甲烷中,並將其溶於二氯甲烷中。在室溫下加入氯甲基胺甲酸丙酯衍生物4(1.3當量)和DIPEA(5當量)並將反應混合物攪拌72小時。將該反應混合物濃縮並進行矽膠層析,採用庚烷中漸增的乙酸乙酯梯度,以獲得受保護的氟維司群接合物。將獲得的產物溶於THF和甲醇的1:1混合物中。加入甲醇鈉(1當量)並將混合物攪拌1小時。加入水並將該混合物以乙酸乙酯萃取。將有機層乾燥(MgSO4)並濃縮。殘留物進行矽膠層析,採用二氯甲烷中漸增的甲醇梯度,以獲得未受保護的氟維司群接合物27。UPLC-MS:滯留時間3.29分鐘(ES-API)測得之質量(M+Na)907.6(甲酸溶劑系)。
實施例8:製備O-連接的藥物羅替戈汀(Rotigotine)接合物28的程序
i)4,DIPEA;ii)NaOMe,MeOH
向羅替戈汀(2mM)和氯甲基胺甲酸丙酯4(2mM)的二氯甲烷溶液中
加入N,N-二異丙基乙基胺(3當量),並將混合物在室溫下攪拌24小時。將該反應混合物濃縮並進行矽膠層析,採用庚烷中漸增的乙酸乙酯梯度。將純級分合併,濃縮至乾。將所得物質溶於THF和甲醇的1:1混合物中。加入甲醇鈉(1當量)並將反應混合物攪拌1小時。加入氯化銨水溶液(1M)並將該混合物以乙醇乙酯萃取。將有機層乾燥(MgSO4)並濃縮。殘留物進行矽膠層析,採用二氯甲烷中漸增的甲醇梯度,以獲得未受保護的羅替戈汀接合物28(374mg)。UPLC-MS:滯留時間4.46分鐘(ES-API);[M+H]593.2(甲酸溶劑系)。
實施例9:製備O-連接的藥物依達拉奉(Edavarone)接合物29的程序
i)Cs2CO3,4;ii)NaOMe,MeOH
將5-甲基-2-苯基-4H-吡唑-3-酮(2.54mmol)和碳酸銫(2.54mmol)在丙酮(10.0mL)中攪拌1小時。此後,加入丙酮(5mL)中的氯甲基胺甲酸丙酯4。將所得溶液攪拌24小時。此後,將溶液過濾並濃縮。殘留物進行矽膠層析,採用庚烷中漸增的乙酸乙酯梯度,以獲得受保護的依達拉奉接合物(460mg)。向受保護的接合物在MeOH(5mL)中的溶液中加入甲醇鈉(68.9mg,1.27mmol),並將溶液在室溫下攪拌直至沒有起始物質殘留。此後,將溶液用
EtOAc(100mL)稀釋,用碳酸氫鈉溶液洗滌,乾燥(MgSO4)並濃縮。殘留物進行矽膠層析,採用二氯甲烷中漸增的甲醇梯度,以獲得未受保護的依達拉奉接合物29(274mg)。UPLC-MS:滯留時間4.37分鐘(ES-API);[M+H]452.2(甲酸溶劑系)。
實施例10:製備大麻二酚(Cannabidiol)的O-連接的藥物接合物30的方法
i)AcCl;ii)4,DIPEA;iii)NaOMe,MeOH
向大麻二酚的THF溶液中加入三乙胺(1.24mL),然後加入乙醯氯(559mg)。將得到的溶液在室溫下攪拌2小時。加入水,水層用二氯甲烷萃取。將有機層乾燥並濃縮,得到油狀物,將其通過快速層析法純化,得到單乙醯化和二乙醯化大麻二酚之單酸酯及二乙酸酯的混合物(1200mg),其不經進一步純化而使用。
向上述實驗的單和二乙酸酯混合物(600mg)在丙酮(10.0mL)中的溶液加入K2CO3(698mg),然後加入氯甲基胺甲酸丙酯4(811mg)在丙酮(10毫升)中的溶液。攪拌所得溶液直至藉由LCMS觀察不到進一步的反應。此後,將溶液過濾並濃縮。將殘餘物溶於DCM中然後以快速層析純化以獲得受保護的大麻二酚接合物(480mg)。
向受保護的大麻二酚接合物(480mg)於MeOH(10mL)中的溶液加入甲醇鈉(32mg),將溶液在室溫下攪拌2小時。於此後,加入飽和氯化銨水溶液並將水層以乙酸乙酯萃取,乾燥並濃縮。殘留物進行矽膠層析,採用二氯甲烷中漸增的甲醇梯度,以獲得未受保護的大麻二酚接合物30(274毫克)。UPLC-MS:滯留時間3.04分鐘(ES-API);[M+H]614.4(甲酸溶劑系)。(328毫克)。
實施例11:測定阿比特龍接合物之口服生物有效性
可以在不同的動物模型中並根據不同的方案確定相對和絕對生物有效性。以下方案通常用於確定雌性比格犬(Beagle dog)的生物有效性。動物在投藥前8小時和投藥測試分子後2小時的時間內禁食,供水沒有限制。
在試驗當天,動物通過餵食管餵食(oral gavage)以15μmole/kg的單劑量接受測試分子,其係配製成丙二醇、乙醇和0.9%NaCl+5%甘露醇在水中的混合物。在以下時間點從頸靜脈採集血液樣品:給藥後0.25、0.5、1、2、4、8和24小時。
使用LC/MS/MS方法在24小時期間內測定測試化合物的循環濃度,其在1.0ng/mL(LLQ)至2500ng/mL(1天驗證)的濃度範圍內具有經驗證的特異性和誤差。使用Phoenix藥物動力學軟體,使用非房室(non-compartmental)藥物動力學方法,從濃度對時間數據計算藥物動力學參數。將數據與Zytiga進行比較,以建立其通過阿比特龍接合物所改善的口服生物有效性。
AUClast(阿比特龍及接合物之總量)
o 針對Zytiga之AUClast值
+ 相對於Zytiga增加1.1-6倍
++ 相對於Zytiga增加>7倍
轉換率:AUClast阿比特龍/AUClast接合物+AUClast阿比特龍X 100%
nd=未測定
+ 1-20%
++ 21-40%
+++ 41-50%
++++ >51%
i)BF3.Et2O;NaOMe,MeOH;,iii)二乙基(3-吡啶基)硼烷,PPh3,Pd(PPh3)4,Na2CO3
已知物31與17-溴-3β-羥基-5α-雄甾烷-5,16-二烯6在三氟化硼醚合物的存在下反應,得到葡萄糖苷32。化合物33用甲醇中的甲醇鈉脫苯甲醯化(debenzoylated),然後在三苯基膦、四(三苯基膦)鈀(palladium tetrakistriphenylphosphine)和碳酸鈉存在下與二乙基(3-吡啶基)硼烷反應,獲得未受保護的葡萄糖苷33。
實施例12:測定Kalydeco接合物之口服生物有效性
以類似實施例11所述方法,測定Kalydeco接合物17之生物有效性的增加。
AUClast(Kalydeco及接合物之總量)
o 針對Kalydeco之AUClast值
+ 相對於Kalydeco增加1.1-6倍
轉換率:AUClast Kalydeco/AUClast接合物+AUClast Kalydeco X 100%
nd=未測定
+ 1-20%
++ 21-40%
+++ 41-50%
++++ >51%
實施例13:測定氟維司群(Fulvestrant)接合物之口服生物有效性
以類似實施例11所述方法,測定氟維司群接合物26之生物有效性的增加。
AUClast(氟維司群及接合物之總量)
o 針對氟維司群之AUClast值
+ 相對於氟維司群增加1.1-6倍
轉換率:AUClast接合物/AUClast接合物+AUClast氟維司群X 100%
nd=未測定
+ 1-20%
++ 21-40%
+++ 41-50%
++++ >51%
實施例14:測定羅替戈汀接合物之口服生物有效性
以類似實施例11所述方法,測定羅替戈汀接合物28之生物有效性的增加。
AUClast(羅替戈汀及接合物之總量)
o 針對羅替戈汀之AUClast值
++ 相對於羅替戈汀增加>6倍
轉換率:AUClast接合物/AUClast接合物+AUClast羅替戈汀X 100%
nd=未測定
+ 1-20%
++ 21-40%
+++ 41-50%
++++ >51%
上述實施例教示了,與母體藥物相比,阿比特龍和Kalydeco等藥物的O-葡萄糖苷沒有表現出口服生物有效性的增加。此外,兩種葡萄糖苷都顯示非常緩慢地水解成母體藥物。
不希望受任何理論的束縛,據信本發明的結果基於使用連接基部分來改善攝入(uptake)並實現藥物糖苷的更可預測的水解速率。這些連接基部分位於糖殘基的變旋異構羥基和藥物之間,並作為在糖和藥物部分之間產生一定距離的分子界面,這可促進吸收並改善與適當糖苷酶的相互作用。自我犧牲的(self-immolative)連接基可以防止中間體的積累。
在對比實驗(結果未顯示)中,製備了數種自我犧牲的連接基,例如Kalydeco和阿比特龍的二胺基乙基連接基接合物。酶除去那些接合物的葡萄糖部分不會分別導致Kalydeco或阿比特龍的形成,而是,觀察到中間體胺基乙基接合物。
用阿比特龍的穀胱甘肽敏感的(glutathione-sensitive)二硫烷基乙基糖接合物獲得了類似的結果。用穀胱甘肽裂解雙硫鍵不會產生顯著量的阿比特龍,而是產生巰基乙基(mercaptoethyl)接合物以及各種加合物。相反地,在用β-葡糖苷酶處理後,化合物如7c、7k和17分別易於轉化為阿比特龍和Kalydeco。
這些結果表明雖然藉由將藥物轉化為藥物-糖苷可以改善藥物的物理化學特性,但是並不總能實現這種類型的前驅藥的口服生物有效性的顯著改善,這與本發明的前述結果相反。
Claims (8)
- 一種具有下示結構之化合物或其在醫藥上可接受之鹽,
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之化合物或其在醫藥上可接受之鹽,其中R1選自由H、C1-C4烷基、C2-C4烯基、-R5-O-R7、-R5-S-R7、-R6-C(O)-R7、-R6-C(O)-O-R7、-R5-SO2-R7、-R5-SO2-NR7R8、C3-C7環烷基,其中C3-C7環烷基可選地經1或2個氟取代;吡喃基、四氫呋喃基及苄基組成的組,其中R5為C2或C3烷基,R6為C1-C3烷基,R7及R8獨立地為氫或C1-C3-烷基。
- 如申請專利範圍第2項之化合物或其在醫藥上可接受之鹽,其中R1選自由H、C1-C4烷基、烯丙基、甲氧基乙基、乙氧基乙基、甲基硫乙基、C3-C6環烷基,其中C3-C6環烷基可選地經1或2個F取代、吡喃基、四氫呋喃基、苄基、乙氧甲醯基甲基(carbethoxymethyl)、甲氧甲醯基乙基(carbomethoxyethyl)及甲烷磺醯基乙基(methanesulfonyl ethyl)組成的組。
- 如申請專利範圍第1至3項中任一項之化合物或其在醫藥上可接受之鹽,其中該藥物部分選自含有至少3個碳原子,分子量介於100與800道爾吞(Dalton)之間,可旋轉的鍵數少於15個,沒有帶電部分,且有1至3個脂肪族及/或芳香族羥基的化合物。
- 如申請專利範圍第4項之化合物或其在醫藥上可接受之鹽,其中該藥物部分選自由喹硫平(quetiapine)、孟魯司特(montelukast)、文拉法辛(venlafaxine)、美沙拉嗪(mesalazine)、去甲文拉法辛(desvenlafaxine)、美托洛爾(metoprolol)、帕潘立 酮(paliperidone)、丁丙諾啡(buprenorphine)、嗎啡(morphine)、更昔洛韋(ganciclovir)、他噴他多(tapentadol)、羅替戈汀(rotigotine)、阿比特龍(abiraterone)、對乙醯胺基酚(acetaminophen)、沙格列汀(saxagliptin)、氟維司群(fulvestrant)、阿非昔芬(afimoxifene)、睾酮(testosterone)、辛伐他汀(simvastatin)、托特羅定(tolterodine)、曲馬多(tramadol)、阿替洛爾(atenolol)、納洛酮(naloxone)、大麻隆(nabilone)、阿拉明(metaraminol)、二氫青蒿素(dihydroartemisinin)、奧西那林(orciprenaline)、拉貝洛爾(labetalol)、kalydeco、阿扎胞苷(azacitidine)、氯硝柳胺(niclosamide)、四氫大麻酚(tetrahydrocannabinol)、雷洛昔芬(raloxifene)、異丙酚(propofol)、吉西他濱(gemcitabine)、大麻二酚(cannabidiol)、吉維地洛(carvedilol)、依達拉奉(edavarone)、阿糖胞苷(cytaribine)、達沙替尼(dasatinib)、紫蘇醇(perrilyl alcohol)、布托非諾(butorphanol)及巴多昔芬(bazedoxifene)組成的組。
- 一種醫藥組合物,包含如申請專利範圍第1至5項中任一項的化合物或其在醫藥上可接受之鹽,及醫藥上可接受的擔體。
- 一種如申請專利範圍第1至5項中任一項的化合物或其在醫藥上可接受之鹽之用途,其係作為藥劑使用。
- 一種製備具有下示結構之化合物之方法,
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