TWI777109B - 在混合的水性酸溶液中使用臭氧生成錳(iii)離子之方法 - Google Patents
在混合的水性酸溶液中使用臭氧生成錳(iii)離子之方法 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI777109B TWI777109B TW108144704A TW108144704A TWI777109B TW I777109 B TWI777109 B TW I777109B TW 108144704 A TW108144704 A TW 108144704A TW 108144704 A TW108144704 A TW 108144704A TW I777109 B TWI777109 B TW I777109B
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- Prior art keywords
- iii
- ozone
- ions
- solution
- aqueous acid
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Abstract
在含有錳-(II)物種的混合的水性酸溶液中藉由將臭氧氣體注入該混合的水性酸溶液中使得臭氧將錳-(II)物種的至少一些氧化為錳-(III)物種來生成和再生錳-(III)物種,具有至少60% Mn(III)生成效率。該酸包含硫酸和烷烴磺酸。該含有錳-(III)和錳-(II)物種的水性酸溶液用於蝕刻聚合物材料。該蝕刻係不含鉻的蝕刻方法。
Description
本發明涉及在混合的水性酸溶液中使用臭氧生成錳-(III)離子之方法。更具體地,本發明涉及在硫酸和烷烴磺酸的混合的水性酸溶液中使用臭氧由錳-(II)離子生成錳-(III)離子之方法,其中用臭氧由錳-(II)離子生成錳-(III)離子的效率係至少60%。
在金屬化之前,典型地將含有有機聚合物的基材表面蝕刻以在基材表面與鍍敷的金屬之間實現良好的黏附。儘管多年來許多化學品供應商和鍍敷行業已經作出巨大努力以替代當前使用的有毒的蝕刻溶液,但當前在市場上沒有可用的不含六價鉻或Cr(VI)的商業產品來提供金屬化工業所希望的效率。
含有Cr(VI)的化合物被懷疑致癌。因此,處理該等化合物要遵守嚴格的環境法規。面對由釋放Cr(VI)的化合物引發的潛在危險,不能排除禁止工業使用含有Cr(VI)的化合物。
多年來,本行業已經提出多種化學物種在濕蝕刻製程中用作不含鉻的氧化劑以改性有機聚合物表面。此類氧化劑包括Mn(VII)、Mn(VI)、Mn(IV)、Ce(IV)、過硫酸鹽、H2
O2
、有機溶劑(如二㗁𠮿)、Fe、Cu、Ti、Zn和Mg的金屬鹵化物以及硝酸鹽。氧化劑被蝕刻過程或者由於氧化劑的不穩定性消耗。因此,需要頻繁的補充或再生方法。對於工業環境尤其較佳的是再生方法。Mn(VII)係最常用的氧化劑之一。在水溶液中,其典型地呈離子物種MnO4 -
的形式。在鹼性溶液中Mn(VII)的電化學再生已經用於不同的行業中,如用於電路板的製造。與在鹼性介質中相比,在酸性介質中Mn(VII)的再生似乎更困難。使用催化劑如Ag(I)或Bi(III)用於電化學氧化的公開文獻係稀少的。Fleischmann等人(J. Appl. Electrochem. [應用電化學雜誌] 第1卷, 第1頁, 1971)的研究已經表明Ag(I)係用於電化學氧化有機和無機物種兩者的良好的催化劑。Park等人(J. Electrochem. Soc. [電化學會誌] 第151卷, 第E265頁, 2004)揭露了硼摻雜金剛石(BDD)電極上的Bi(III)還可以充當電子轉移介質以使Mn(II)氧化為Mn(VII)。Boardman(J. Electroanal. Chem. [電分析化學雜誌] 第149卷, 第49頁, 1983)和Comninellis(Electrochimica Acta [電化學學報], 第36卷, 第8期, 第1363頁, 1991)已經證明在硫酸介質中在Ag(I)存在下由Mn(II)電化學形成Mn(VII)的可能性和用來增加Mn(VII)形成的電流效率的實驗條件。U.S. 2011/0140035揭露了在用於預處理塑膠表面的過錳酸鹽酸性酸洗溶液中使用的類似方法。
然而,在酸性或者鹼性介質中,Mn(VII)係不穩定的並且傾向於還原至其較低的氧化態,尤其是還原至Mn(IV),從而形成大量不可溶的MnO2
並且在經處理的聚合物表面上引起品質問題。因此,在工業規模操作中需要從過錳酸鹽蝕刻溶液中頻繁除去MnO2
沈澱物。
Mn(VII)的替代性蝕刻物種係Mn(III)。基於Mn(III)的蝕刻溶液的一個優點係不存在MnO2
沈澱物。用於酸洗用於金屬鍍敷的聚合物的基於Mn(III)的不含鉻的蝕刻溶液需要持續再生在蝕刻聚合物表面中消耗的Mn(III)。常規地,藉由電解完成從其還原態Mn(II)(重新)-氧化為Mn(III)。電解再生可以用玻璃碳、網狀玻璃碳或織造碳纖維陽極在0.1 - 0.4 A/dm2
的低電流密度範圍內或用鉑、鍍鉑的鈦或鍍鉑的鈮陽極在最高達8 A/dm2
的高電流密度下完成。在低電流密度範圍內操作具有以下缺點:這需要非常大的陽極表面並且那些電解槽設備所需的空間對於工業規模應用變得不方便。例如,能夠在24小時內鍍敷1000 m2
聚合物材料的鍍敷線需要至少1.6 m2
的陽極表面在0.25 A/dm2
的電流密度下操作。
在鉑陽極的情況下,在較高電流密度下的電流效率僅是30%-50%。此外,由於較低的電流效率,因此在陽極處釋放氧氣,這因為鉑腐蝕降低了陽極壽命。例如,能夠在24小時內鍍敷1000 m2
塑膠的鍍敷線在5 A/dm2
陽極電流密度下需要僅0.23 m2
的鍍鉑的陽極表面。然而,由於在此電流密度下約200 g/m2
/年的鉑腐蝕,鉑厚度為10 µm的陽極壽命被預期為大約一年(根據Génie Electroch. [電化學工程]; 編輯:H Went和G. Kreysa, Dunod-Paris [巴黎杜諾德出版社]; 第307頁 (2001))。
此外,在Mn(III)的電解再生中,氫氣在陰極處以化學計算量產生並且需要用足夠量的空氣稀釋以使得處於爆炸範圍(在空氣中低於4% H2
)之外。由於以上原因,電解再生方法具有低效、昂貴以及潛在危險的缺點,其中電解槽佔據相當大的工廠空間。
因此,需要使用Mn(III)離子作為蝕刻物種的不含鉻之蝕刻方法,該方法在連續操作期間對於生成蝕刻物種係有效的並且是不危險且環保的。
本發明的方法包括提供包含一種或多種有機聚合物之基材;提供包含硫酸、一種或多種烷烴磺酸以及Mn(II)離子和抗衡陰離子之水性酸溶液;將臭氧氣體注入該水性酸溶液中以用臭氧使該Mn(II)離子氧化以生成至少15 mmol/L Mn(III)離子,其中用臭氧使Mn(II)離子氧化以生成該至少15 mmol/L Mn(III)離子的效率係至少60%;以及
使該包含一種或多種有機聚合物的基材與含有該至少15 mmol/L Mn(III)離子的水性酸溶液接觸以蝕刻該基材的一種或多種聚合物。
本發明的使用臭氧作為氧化劑以使Mn(II)離子氧化為Mn(III)離子的方法使得能夠實現用於生成和再生Mn(III)離子蝕刻物種之高效率方法。本發明的方法消除了對生成和再生Mn(III)離子物種的電極和電解以及低效率的電解方法的需要。本發明的使用臭氧生成Mn(III)的方法生成環境友好的廢產物,如水和氧氣。使用臭氧使Mn(II)快速氧化為Mn(III)還減少或消除了可能損害使Mn(II)氧化為Mn(III)的效率的任何不希望的副反應。
本發明的方法在金屬化之前使用不含鉻的水性酸溶液蝕刻基材的一種或多種聚合物,因此消除了危險且環境上不希望的化合物。該等方法使用溶解的Mn(III)離子作為蝕刻劑代替Cr(VI)以使一種或多種聚合物粗糙化。Mn(III)離子在水性酸溶液中比Mn(VII)離子物種更穩定,不像Mn(VII)那樣容易形成不可溶的MnO2
。在水性酸溶液中藉由用臭氧使Mn(II)離子氧化生成和再生Mn(III)離子。本發明之方法可以是連續方法,其中用臭氧由Mn(II)離子生成Mn(III)離子並且藉由臭氧將在蝕刻過程期間還原回Mn(II)離子的Mn(III)離子氧化或再生為Mn(III)離子。
硫酸和一種或多種有機酸的混合物增加了Mn(II)和Mn(III)離子的溶解度,使得Mn(II)和Mn(III)離子基本上完全溶解在水性酸溶液中以提供Mn(III)氧化劑在溶液中的至少15 mmol/L的濃度並且使用標準溶液循環和過濾系統在生產條件下操作。此外,已知,由於硫酸的吸濕性,具有較高硫酸含量的溶液容易從大氣中吸附水。藉由用一種或多種有機酸替代部分硫酸,可以減少或防止水吸附,由此保持良好的蝕刻性能。
此外,鍍敷在本發明的經蝕刻的聚合物上的金屬具有良好的剝離強度。此類剝離強度為7 N/cm以及更大,或如10 N/cm以及更大。
如本說明書通篇所使用的,除非上下文另有明確說明,否則下面給出的縮寫具有以下含義:°C = 攝氏度;g = 克;L = 升;M = 莫耳或莫耳/升;mM = 毫莫耳或毫莫耳/升;mol = 莫耳;mmol = 毫莫耳;mL = 毫升;g/L = 克/升;m = 米;UV = 紫外線;VIS = 可見;nm = 奈米;µm = 微米;cm = 釐米;mm = 毫米;min = 分鐘;wt% = 重量百分比;N = 牛頓;kg = 千克;Mn = 元素錳;Mn(II) = 錳二價氧化態;Mn(III) = 錳三價氧化態;Mn(VII) = 錳七價氧化態;Mn(VI) = 錳六價氧化態;Mn(IV) = 錳四價氧化態;Cr(VI) = 鉻六價氧化態;O3
= 臭氧(48 g/mol的分子量);Ag = 銀;Bi = 鉍;Ce = 鈰;Pb = 鉛;H2
SO4
= 硫酸;MnO4 -
= 過錳酸根;KMnO4
= 過錳酸鉀;MSA = 甲烷磺酸;ABS = 丙烯腈、丁二烯和苯乙烯的嵌段共聚物);PC-ABS = 聚碳酸酯以及丙烯腈、丁二烯和苯乙烯的嵌段共聚物的共混物);PTFE = 聚四氟乙烯;吸光度 = -log10
= (I/I0
);I = W/m2
= 透射光譜輻射功率;I0
= W/m2
= 入射光譜輻射功率;SEM = 掃描電子顯微鏡;以及ASTM = 美國標準測試方法。
術語「生成」意指使Mn(II)離子氧化為Mn(III)離子。術語「再生」意指使Mn(II)離子氧化回Mn(III),其中水性酸溶液中的Mn(III)離子已經被還原為Mn(II)離子。所有數值範圍都是包含端值的,並且可以按任何順序組合,除了此類數值範圍被解釋為加起來最高達100%係合乎邏輯的的情況之外。除非另外指出,否則所有量係重量百分比並且所有比率按重量計。術語「一個/種(a/an)」被理解為包括單數和複數二者。
蝕刻溶液包含以下項(較佳的是由其組成):Mn(II)離子、Mn(II)離子的抗衡陰離子、和至少15 mmol/L Mn(III)離子、硫酸和一種或多種烷烴磺酸,其中藉由臭氧使Mn(II)離子氧化為Mn(III)。較佳的是,Mn(III)離子的濃度範圍為30-60 mmol/L、更較佳的是35-55 mmol/L。
藉由臭氧使Mn(II)離子氧化以生成或再生Mn(III)離子在與蝕刻隔室(第二隔室)分開的隔室(第一隔室)中發生,使得在蝕刻過程期間用於使Mn(II)離子氧化為Mn(III)離子的臭氧都不與有待蝕刻的基材相互作用。Mn(III)離子的生成或再生可以藉由分批或連續模式進行,其中用於藉由臭氧使Mn(II)氧化的隔室(第一隔室)與進行基材的蝕刻的隔室(第二隔室)處於流體連通。連續模式係較佳的操作模式。可以使用常規設備用於分批和連續模式操作。
用於蝕刻一種或多種聚合物並使其粗糙化的活性蝕刻劑係溶解的Mn(III)離子。水性酸溶液不是懸浮液、分散液或膠體溶液。水性酸溶液的所有溶質基本上溶解在水性酸溶液中。水性酸溶液不含鉻。添加足夠的水以使溶液達到100 wt%。所添加的水的量可以是溶液的15-40 wt%、較佳的是18-30 wt%、最較佳的是19-25 wt%。如果水的濃度太高,則損害溶液的蝕刻性能和溶液中Mn(III)離子的穩定性。
藉由將臭氧氣體注入水性酸溶液中以使Mn(II)離子氧化而使Mn(III)離子的濃度保持在至少15 mmol/L的量以蝕刻聚合物基材或使其粗糙化,使得藉由臭氧的Mn(III)生成和再生效率係至少60%、較佳的是至少70%、更較佳的是80%至95%。Mn(III)生成和再生效率根據以下方程被定義為藉由臭氧至Mn(III)的轉化效率:
Mn(III)(重新)生成效率 =((重新)生成的Mn(III)的量)/(使得與溶液接觸的臭氧的量 × 2)× 100%。(方程1)
作為氣體的臭氧可以使用對於工業應用以最高達750 g的臭氧/小時以及更多的大容量範圍可用的常規臭氧發生器來產生。臭氧的產生可以由空氣或純氧完成,在後者的情況下,可以達到最高達16 wt%的臭氧濃度。當將臭氧氣體混合物注入蝕刻溶液中時,以下反應順序發生並占主導:
(1) O3
(氣體)→ O3
(溶解的)
(2) O3
(溶解的)+ 2Mn2+
+ 2H+
→ 2Mn3+
+ H2
O + O2
整個反應的速率決定步驟係將臭氧從氣體轉移至液相(反應1)。使溶解在液相中的臭氧與Mn(II)離子反應以在5秒或更短時間內形成Mn(III)。因此,為了實現高的Mn(III)生成和再生效率,使氣液介面最大化並且延長氣泡在液相中的保留時間。藉由使臭氧氣體以非常小的氣泡形式與液體接觸使氣液介面最大化,這可以藉由經由微孔擴散器或經由文氏管注射器注入臭氧實現。此類裝置在本領域係眾所周知的並且可以從各種供應商,例如荷蘭的Lenntech BV公司獲得。
氣泡的保留時間在以分批模式再生的情況下可以藉由增加氣泡行進的液柱的長度或藉由減小氣泡直徑(這降低其上升速度)來增加。氣泡的保留時間此外可以藉由攪拌溶液增加。在以連續模式再生的情況下,保留時間可以藉由設計反應器(即用於Mn(II)氧化的隔室)調整。例如,在具有液體和氣泡的並流流動的活塞流反應器的情況下,氣泡的保留時間係反應管的長度(cm)與氣液混合物的線性流速(cm/min)之間的比率。線性流速係體積流速(mL/min)與反應管的截面面積(cm2
)之間的比率。因此,保留時間可以藉由降低體積流速或藉由增加反應管的截面面積而降低線性流速來增加。實現高Mn(III)再生效率(即大於60%)所需的保留時間取決於氣泡的尺寸。氣泡越小,氣液介面將越大,並且因此臭氧從氣體轉移到液體中將越快。例如,當經由具有3 µm孔徑的PTFE玻璃料(frit)注入臭氧時,氣泡的直徑可以是約0.5-1.0 mm。在此類氣泡直徑的情況下,78%的Mn(III)再生效率可以在6秒的氣泡保留時間內獲得(例如,實例2)。
臭氧能夠在最初不含Mn(III)離子的水性酸溶液中引發Mn(II)離子至Mn(III)離子的氧化,或臭氧可以在含有兩種物種的水性酸溶液中由Mn(II)生成Mn(III)。此外,如果在水性酸蝕刻溶液中任何Mn(III)被還原回Mn(II),則臭氧可以再生Mn(III)離子物種。本發明的臭氧方法可以是在蝕刻過程期間生成和再生Mn(III)離子物種的連續方法。當在一個隔室中將基材的一種或多種聚合物在水性酸蝕刻溶液中蝕刻時,使臭氧氣體在分開的隔室中與水性酸溶液連續接觸以將一些Mn(II)離子氧化以生成Mn(III)離子,或其中任何Mn(III)離子物種被還原回Mn(II),再生Mn(III)離子。
發生的反應產生在溶液中的水和氧氣的環境友好的廢產物以及產生到環境中的氧氣。反應 (2) 發生的快速率顯著減少例如 (1a) 和 (2a) 的不希望的副反應:
(1a) 2O3
(溶解的)→ 3O2
(自分解)
(2a) 4O3
(溶解的)+ RSO3
H → H2
SO4
+ CO2
+H2
O + 4O2
其中R係未取代的、直鏈或支鏈的(C1
-C5
)烷基。此類不希望的副反應可能損害本發明的方法的效率。
將臭氧以至少0.05 g/L/h、較佳的是0.10 g/L/h至10 g/L/h、更較佳的是0.20 g/L/h至7 g/L/h的速率注入水性酸溶液中。
溶液中Mn(III)離子的濃度可以藉由UV/VIS光譜法在530 nm至520 nm的波長範圍內容易地確定。溶液中的Mn(II)離子濃度然後藉由在藉由原子吸收光譜法(AAS)確定的溶液中的總Mn濃度與溶液中的Mn(III)離子濃度之間的差來確定。UV/VIS和AAS係本領域眾所周知的以及通常使用的用於分析溶液中的金屬濃度的分析方法。Mn(III)離子係在15 mmol/L或更高、較佳的是15-70 mmol/L、更較佳的是30-60 mmol/L並且甚至更較佳的是35-55 mmol/L的濃度下。
Mn(II)離子的來源包括但不限於Mn(II)-硫酸鹽、Mn(II)-磷酸鹽、Mn(II)-磷酸氫鹽、Mn(II)-連二磷酸鹽、Mn(II)-碳酸鹽、Mn(II)-氧化物、Mn(II)-氫氧化物、Mn(II)-鹵化物、Mn(II)-硝酸鹽、Mn(II)-乙酸鹽、Mn(II)-乳酸鹽、Mn(II)-草酸鹽、Mn(II)-檸檬酸鹽、Mn(II)-乙醯丙酮化物、Mn(II)-硫化物、Mn(II)-甲酸鹽、Mn(II)-乙二胺四乙酸鹽-錯合物(EDTA)、Mn(II)-次氮基三乙酸(NTA)錯合物、具有氮-螯合物的錳(II)物種,如卟吩(如5,10,15,20-四苯基-21H,23H-卟吩和2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-八乙基-21H-23H-卟吩)和酞菁。此類錳化合物係本領域已知的並且在文獻中係已知的並且一些係可商購的。它們以足以提供至少5 mmol/L至水性酸溶液中的飽和濃度、較佳的是10-100 mmol/L、更較佳的是15-65 mmol/L的Mn(II)離子濃度的量包含在溶液中。
硫酸以1 wt%至84 wt%、較佳的是15 wt%至70 wt%的量包含在水性酸溶液中。烷烴磺酸包括甲烷磺酸、乙烷磺酸和丙烷磺酸。較佳的是,有機酸係乙烷磺酸和甲烷磺酸。最較佳的是,烷烴磺酸係甲烷磺酸。烷烴磺酸以1 wt%至84 wt%、較佳的是15 wt%至70 wt%的量包含在水性酸溶液中。較佳的是,有機酸與硫酸的濃度比(wt/wt)大於0.20、更較佳的是大於0.40、最較佳的是大於0.60,使蝕刻溶液的吸濕性最小化。
視需要,可以將一種或多種催化劑添加到蝕刻溶液中以加速再生過程並且增加Mn(III)離子的蝕刻活性。此類催化劑包括但不限於選自Ag(I)、Bi(III)、Bi(V)、Ce(IV)和Pb(II)離子的金屬離子。此類金屬離子可以以25-1000 mg/L金屬的量、較佳的是以100-500 mg/L金屬的量包含在蝕刻溶液中。此類催化劑的來源在本領域和文獻中係已知的並且許多係可商購的,如硝酸銀(I)、硫酸銀(I)、氧化銀(I)、甲烷磺酸銀(I)、碳酸銀(I)、甲烷磺酸鉍(III)、氧化鉍(III)、硝酸鉍(III)、碳酸鉍(III)、氧化鉍(V)、鉍(V)酸鈉、乙酸鉛(II)或硝酸鈰(IV)銨。
將具有一種或多種有機聚合物的基材浸入水性酸溶液中或將該溶液噴塗在該基材上。在10°C至135°C、較佳的是20°C至100°C、更較佳的是30°C至80°C的溶液溫度下進行有機聚合物的蝕刻。
有機聚合物包括但不限於熱固性樹脂、熱塑性樹脂及其組合。熱塑性樹脂包括但不限於縮醛樹脂,丙烯酸類如丙烯酸甲酯,纖維素樹脂如乙酸乙酯,丙酸纖維素,乙酸丁酸纖維素和硝酸纖維素,聚醚,尼龍,聚乙烯,聚丙烯,聚苯乙烯,苯乙烯共混物如丙烯腈苯乙烯和共聚物和丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯(ABS)共聚物,聚碳酸酯(PC),聚三氟氯乙烯,和乙烯基聚合物和共聚物如乙酸乙烯酯,乙烯醇,乙烯醇縮丁醛,氯乙烯,氯乙烯-乙酸酯共聚物,偏二氯乙烯和乙烯醇縮甲醛。
熱固性樹脂包括但不限於鄰苯二甲酸烯丙酯、呋喃、三聚氰胺-甲醛、苯酚-甲醛和苯酚-糠醛共聚物、單獨或混合有丁二烯丙烯腈共聚物或丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯(ABS)共聚物、聚丙烯酸酯、矽氧烷、脲甲醛、環氧樹脂、烯丙基樹脂、鄰苯二甲酸甘油酯和聚酯。
其他種類的聚合物樹脂包括但不限於環氧樹脂(如雙官能和多官能環氧樹脂,雙馬來醯亞胺/三𠯤和環氧樹脂(BT環氧)、環氧/聚伸苯基氧化物樹脂)、丙烯腈丁二烯苯乙烯(ABS)、聚碳酸酯(PC)、聚苯苯基氧化物(PPO)、聚苯醚(PPE)、聚苯硫醚(PPS)、聚碸(PSU)、聚醯胺(PA)、聚酯如聚對苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)和聚對苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBT)、聚醚酮(PEEK)、液晶聚合物(LCP)、聚胺酯(PU)、聚醚醯亞胺(PEI)、環氧化物及其複合物。
視需要,在用本發明的水性酸溶液和方法蝕刻之前,可以使用常規方法步驟對基材的聚合物進行清潔和溶劑溶脹。可商購的清潔劑的實例係清潔劑PM-900並且對於溶劑溶脹劑係調節劑PM-920。用水性酸蝕刻溶液將具有有機聚合物的基材處理10秒至30分鐘、較佳的是2分鐘至15分鐘。在將基材的有機聚合物蝕刻之後,將基材用水沖洗並且然後使用常規方法進一步加工為金屬化準備。為金屬化準備的此類步驟可以包括用活化劑處理基材的聚合物用於無電鍍金屬化,如鈀-錫膠體催化劑。可商購的鈀-錫膠體催化劑的實例係CATAPOSIT™
PM-957膠體鈀-錫催化劑。視需要,可以用促進劑,如ACCELERATOR™
PM-964溶液對基材的聚合物進行處理。然後使用常規金屬鍍敷方法和金屬鍍敷浴,如鎳和銅使其金屬化。可商購的鎳浴的實例係NIPOSIT™
PM-988無電鍍鎳溶液。可商購的鍍銅浴的實例係ECOPOSIT™
950銅電鍍浴。所有前述商業產品係從麻塞諸塞州瑪律堡的羅門哈斯電子材料有限公司(Rohm and Haas Electronic Materials LLC, Marlborough, MA)可獲得的。
包括以下實例以進一步說明本發明,但是並不旨在限制其範圍。
實例1
含有臭氧的混合酸溶液(溶液A)藉由使臭氧通過400 mL/L硫酸96 wt%(7.2 M硫酸)和550 mL/L甲烷磺酸70 wt%(5.4 M甲烷磺酸)的溶液來製備。臭氧用OZONETECH ICT-10™
臭氧發生器(從臭氧技術系統OTS AB公司(Ozone Tech Systems OTS AB)可獲得)以4.99 g/h(5.87 g/L/h)臭氧氣體的臭氧生產速率由純氧產生。將臭氧/氧氣氣體混合物(11.2 wt%的臭氧)以0.5 L/min的速率通過0.85 L混合酸溶液的溶液持續10 min(0.83 g O3
)。水性酸溶液的pH小於1。在1升玻璃瓶中經由具有4個0.5 mm直徑的孔的PTFE氣體分配器使臭氧與水性酸溶液接觸,使得臭氧氣體藉由溶液的行進長度係10 cm。在臭氧通過此溶液之後,藉由在259 nm處的UV吸光度確定溶解在溶液中的臭氧濃度。臭氧化的混合酸溶液的臭氧濃度係0.296 mmol/L(14.21 mg/L)。
製備含有400 mL/L硫酸96 wt%(7.2 M硫酸)、550 mL/L甲烷磺酸70 wt%(5.4 M甲烷磺酸)、73 mL/L水、4.22 g/L一水合硫酸錳(II)(25.0 mmol/L)的混合酸Mn(II)溶液(溶液B)。
在快速攪拌下將10 mL的含有臭氧的混合酸溶液A添加到40 mL的混合酸Mn(II)溶液B中。在將兩種溶液混合之後立即(在少於5秒內)出現來自藉由臭氧與Mn(II)反應產生的Mn(III)的淺紫色。反應之後的溶液的UV光譜與Mn(III)的參比光譜相匹配(圖1)。在259 nm處的臭氧的UV吸收峰在反應之後的溶液中完全不存在,表明所有臭氧已經反應並且不再存在非水性臭氧。從在282 nm處的吸光度確定了Mn(III)濃度為0.0999 mmol/L。因此,藉由將兩種溶液混合使水性臭氧與Mn(II)反應的Mn(III)形成效率(相對於臭氧的量的產率)係:
效率 = 0.0999 mmol/L × 50 mL/(0.296 mmol/L × 10 mL × 2) = 84.4%。
此實例示出水性臭氧與Mn(II)在混合酸溶液中非常快地反應以形成Mn(III),其效率大於80%。因此,當使臭氧氣體與含有Mn(II)的硫酸和甲烷磺酸的混合酸溶液接觸時,臭氧與Mn(II)反應以在氣/液介面處形成Mn(III)使得在大部分的溶液中不存在臭氧。
實例2
OZONETECH ICT-10™
臭氧發生器(從臭氧技術系統OTS AB公司可獲得)用於由純氧生成5.22 g/h(4.35 g/L/h)的臭氧氣體。將臭氧/氧氣氣體混合物(11.7 wt%臭氧)在60°C下以0.5 L/min通過1.2 L的400 mL/L硫酸96 wt%(7.2 M硫酸)、550 mL/L甲烷磺酸70 wt%(5.4 M甲烷磺酸)、73 mL/L水、11 g/L一水合硫酸錳(II)(65.1 mmol/L)和470 mg/L甲烷磺酸銀(2.31 mmol/L)的溶液持續18 min(1.57 g O3
)。水性酸蝕刻溶液的pH小於1。在4.3 cm內徑的垂直管中經由具有3 µm孔徑的PTFE玻璃料使臭氧與水性酸蝕刻溶液接觸使得臭氧氣體藉由溶液的行進長度係75 cm。氣泡行進75 cm的溶液所需的時間係約6秒。
在臭氧注入水性酸蝕刻溶液期間,顏色從淡黃色變成紫色,這表明Mn(III)離子的形成,如藉由溶液的UV/VIS光譜證實(用HITACHI U-2910分光光度計記錄)在525 nm處示出吸光度最大值。以下方程說明發生的反應:
1) 將臭氧溶解:O3
(氣體)→ O3
(溶解在水性酸溶液中)。
2) 使溶解的臭氧在水性酸溶液中與Mn(II)離子在5秒或更短時間內反應,如藉由以下化學方程式示出。
O3
(溶解在水性酸溶液中)+ 2Mn2+
+ 2H+
→ 2Mn3+
+ H2
O + O2
(氣體)
Mn(III)的濃度從0至2.34 g/L(42.6 mmol/L),這對應於78.3%的Mn(III)生成效率(根據方程1計算)。當Mn(III)達到如藉由在525 nm處UV/VIS吸光度測量的42.6 mmol/L的濃度時,停止臭氧注入。未反應的Mn(II)以一水合硫酸錳(II)計的濃度在停止臭氧注入時係1.23 g/L。
生成的蝕刻物種的量 = 42.6 mmol/L × 1.2 L = 51.12 mmol
與水性酸溶液接觸的臭氧的量 = 5.22 g/h × 18 min/48 g/mol = 32.63 mmol(48 g/mol = 臭氧的莫耳質量)
臭氧轉化效率 = (51.12 mmol)/32.63 mmol × 2) × 100% = 78.3%。
實例3(對比)
OZONETECH ICT-10™
臭氧發生器(從臭氧技術系統OTS AB公司可獲得)用於由純氧生成6.75 g/h(4.21 g/L/h)的臭氧氣體。將臭氧/氧氣氣體混合物(12.7 wt%臭氧)在60°C下以0.6 L/min通過1.6 L的400 mL/L硫酸96 wt%(7.2 M硫酸)、550 mL/L甲烷磺酸70 wt%(5.4 M甲烷磺酸)、73 mL/L水、11 g/L一水合硫酸錳(II)(65.1 mmol/L)和470 mg/L甲烷磺酸銀(2.31 mmol/L)的溶液持續15 min(1.68 g O3
)。水性酸蝕刻溶液的pH小於1。在2 L洗氣瓶中經由具有3 µm孔徑的PTFE玻璃料使臭氧與水性酸蝕刻溶液接觸使得臭氧氣體藉由溶液的行進長度係12 cm。氣泡行進12 cm的溶液所需的時間係約1秒。在臭氧注入水性酸蝕刻溶液期間,顏色從淡黃色變成紫色,這表明Mn(III)離子的形成,如藉由溶液的UV/VIS光譜證實(用HITACHI U-2910分光光度計記錄)在525 nm處示出吸光度最大值。
Mn(III)的濃度從0至0.747 g/L(13.6 mmol/L),這對應於30.9%的Mn(III)生成效率(根據方程1計算)。未反應的Mn(II)以一水合硫酸錳(II)計的濃度在停止臭氧注入時係2.82 g/L。
生成的蝕刻物種的量 = 13.6 mmol/L × 1.6 L = 21.76 mmol
與水性酸溶液接觸的臭氧的量 = 6.75 g/h × 15 min/48 g/mol = 35.16 mmol(48 g/mol = 臭氧的莫耳質量)
Mn(III)生成效率 = (21.76 mmol)/(35.16 mmol × 2) × 100 % = 30.9%。
實例4(對比)
在如在實例2中描述的臭氧注入期間,Mn(III)在水性酸溶液中係最高氧化物種,如藉由UV/VIS光譜法證明的並在圖2中示出。圖1中的虛線示出使用2 mm比色皿在臭氧注入18 min之後400至700 nm的水性酸溶液的UV/VIS光譜,同時實線UV/VIS光譜示出源自將10 mmol/L過錳酸鉀溶解在酸基質中的Mn(VII)物種具有如在實例2中揭露的濃度。兩種物種藉由其在可見光區域的不同的吸光度最大值(525 nm:Mn(III),480 nm Mn(VII))來區分。
圖3示出稀釋20倍(為了在UV區域也能得到更好的峰的解析度)的實例2的水性酸溶液的UV/VIS光譜與藉由將可商購的乙酸Mn(III)(從西格瑪-奧德里奇公司(Sigma-Aldrich)獲得的)溶解在酸基質中製備的Mn(III)的參比光譜的對比。將每種樣品置於2 mm比色皿中。實例2中的水性酸溶液的UV/VIS光譜由虛線示出。實線係溶解在實例2的酸基質中的可商購的乙酸Mn(III)的UV/VIS光譜。兩個光譜在220 nm至700 nm的整個光譜範圍內基本上匹配。光譜的匹配表明用臭氧氧化產生的水性酸蝕刻溶液中沒有形成Mn(VII)。
實例5
將ABS測試基板使用常規的並且可商購的清潔劑PM-900(從羅門哈斯電子材料有限公司可獲得)在45°C下清潔3 min。隨後,將ABS塑膠零件在65°C下浸入水性酸蝕刻溶液中持續10 min並且然後在室溫下用去離子水沖洗。在乾燥之後,樣品在25,000倍下進行SEM觀察,其在圖4中示出。如在圖4中所示,含有Mn(III)的水性酸蝕刻溶液使ABS表面顯著粗糙化,如藉由許多孔證明的。
將另一個ABS測試基板使用清潔劑PM-900在45°C下清潔3 min。清潔劑處理從表面除去污垢和指紋,但使得表面係未改性的或未改變的並且疏水的。隨後,將ABS基板在60°C下浸入上述的蝕刻溶液中持續7 min並且然後在室溫下用去離子水沖洗。ABS的表面看起來基本上如圖4所示。
然後將ABS用CATAPOSIT™
PM-957膠體鈀-錫催化劑的活化劑溶液在30°C下處理3 min(從羅門哈斯電子材料有限公司可獲得)。然後將經催化的ABS在45°C下用ACCELERATOR™
PM-964溶液(從羅門哈斯電子材料有限公司可獲得)處理3 min並且然後使用NIPOSIT™
PM-988無電鍍鎳溶液(從羅門哈斯電子材料有限公司可獲得)用無電鍍鎳鍍敷。在33°C下進行無電鍍鎳以沈積0.3 µm的鎳層。隨後,將鍍鎳的ABS使用基於焦磷酸銅的電鍍浴用鹼性銅預鍍(strike)以1 A/dm2
在42°C下電鍍6 min以確保足以用於後續步驟的電導率。然後,使用ECOPOSIT™
950銅電鍍浴(從羅門哈斯電子材料有限公司可獲得)對零件進行酸性鍍銅。在室溫下以3 A/dm2
進行酸性鍍銅直至沈積40 µm銅層。然後將鍍鎳和鍍銅的ABS在70°C下加熱1小時。
使用具有先進測力計Mecmesin AFG-100N的Mecmesin Versa測試(類似於ASTM B533-85)測量剝離強度。用1 cm剝離帶以25 mm/min剝離速度測量金屬沈積物的剝離強度。確定剝離強度係10 N/cm。
實例6
將PC-ABS測試基板使用清潔劑PM-900在45°C下清潔3 min。然後,將PC-ABS基板在30°C下浸入溶劑溶脹溶液調節劑PM-920中持續2 min。在沖洗之後,將PC-ABS基板在65°C下浸入實例2的水性酸蝕刻溶液中持續20 min並且然後用去離子水沖洗。在乾燥之後,PC-ABS在10,000倍下進行SEM觀察,其在圖5中示出。如在圖5中所示,含有Mn(III)的水性酸蝕刻溶液使PC-ABS表面顯著粗糙化,如藉由許多孔證明的。
將第二PC-ABS測試基板使用清潔劑PM-900在45°C下清潔3 min。清潔劑處理從表面除去污垢和指紋,但使得表面係未改性的並且疏水的。然後,將PC-ABS基板在30°C下浸入溶劑溶脹溶液調節劑PM-920中持續2 min。在沖洗之後,將PC-ABS基板在65°C下浸入實例2的蝕刻溶液中持續20 min並且然後在室溫下用去離子水沖洗。然後將PC-ABS用CATAPOSIT™
PM-957膠體錫/鈀催化劑的活化劑溶液在30°C下處理3 min。然後將經催化的PC-ABS在45°C下用ACCELERATOR™
PM-964溶液處理3 min並且然後使用NIPOSIT™
PM-988無電鍍鎳溶液用無電鍍鎳鍍敷。在33°C下進行無電鍍鎳以沈積0.3 µm的鎳層。隨後,將鍍鎳的PC-ABS使用基於焦磷酸銅的電鍍浴用鹼性銅預鍍以1 A/dm2
在42°C下電鍍6 min以確保足以用於後續步驟的電導率。然後,使用ECOPOSIT™
950銅電鍍浴(從羅門哈斯電子材料有限公司可獲得)對零件進行酸性鍍銅。在室溫下以3 A/dm2
進行酸性鍍銅直至沈積40 µm銅層。然後將鍍鎳和鍍銅的PC-ABS在70°C下加熱1小時。
使用具有先進測力計Mecmesin AFG-100N的Mecmesin Versa測試(類似於ASTM B533-85)測量剝離強度。用1 cm剝離帶以25 mm/min剝離速度測量金屬沈積物的剝離強度。確定剝離強度係7 N/cm。
實例7(對比)
使用可商購的臭氧發生裝置,將臭氧氣體吹入測試溶液(1 L)中持續一小時,並且藉由抗壞血酸滴定法獲得在浴中生成的過錳酸根離子的濃度。臭氧氣體的產量係200 mg/h或1000 mg/h,並且吹入量係2 L/min。
藉由使用以下方法中的任一種吹入臭氧氣體:藉由使用具有1.5 mm的尖端直徑的玻璃管吹入臭氧氣體的方法(一般鼓泡)或藉由提供具有直徑約為30 µm的浮石的玻璃管的末端吹入以微泡形式的臭氧氣體的方法(微鼓泡)。結果在表2中揭露。
[表2]
藉由臭氧生成過錳酸根的效率使用以下方程確定:
效率 =(產生的過錳酸根的量 × 5(轉移的電子))/(通過溶液的臭氧的量 × 2(轉移的電子)× 100%。
前述常規方法的臭氧處理僅具有7.57%高的效率。相比之下,如在以上實例2中揭露的本發明的方法具有78.3%的效率。
無
[圖1]係用含有7.2 mol/L硫酸和5.4 mol/L甲烷磺酸的臭氧化之混合酸溶液(溶液A)、25 mmol/L Mn(II)在7.2 mol/L硫酸和5.4 mol/L甲烷磺酸中的含有Mn(II)的混合酸溶液(溶液B)、以及在將10 mL的溶液A添加到40 mL的溶液B中之後的溶液的1 cm比色皿測量的吸光度對比波長(nm)的UV光譜,以及0.100 mmol/L Mn(III)的參比光譜。
[圖2]係在臭氧注入含有Mn(III)的水性酸反應溶液中18分鐘後相比於含有Mn(VII)離子的水性酸溶液的吸光度對比波長(nm)之UV/VIS光譜。
[圖3]係含有用臭氧再生的Mn(III)的水性酸溶液的吸光度對比波長(nm)之UV/VIS光譜,以及藉由將可商購的乙酸Mn(III)溶解在水性酸溶液中製備的Mn(III)的參比光譜。
[圖4]係用臭氧再生的Mn(III)水性酸溶液蝕刻的ABS表面在25,000倍放大倍率下之SEM圖像。
[圖5]係用臭氧再生的Mn(III)水性酸溶液蝕刻的PC-ABS表面在10,000倍放大倍率下之SEM圖像。
無
Claims (8)
- 一種生成錳-(III)離子之方法,其包括:a)提供包含一種或多種有機聚合物的基材;b)提供包含硫酸、一種或多種烷烴磺酸以及Mn(II)離子和抗衡陰離子的水性酸溶液;c)將臭氧氣體注入該水性酸溶液中以用臭氧使該Mn(II)離子氧化以生成至少15mmol/L Mn(III)離子,其中用臭氧使Mn(II)離子氧化以生成該至少15mmol/L Mn(III)離子的效率係至少60%,其中,將該臭氧氣體以0.1g/L/h至10g/L/h的速率注入該水性酸溶液中;以及d)使該包含一種或多種有機聚合物的基材與含有該至少15mmol/L Mn(III)離子的水性酸溶液接觸以蝕刻該基材的一種或多種聚合物。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之方法,其中,該效率係至少70%。
- 如申請專利範圍第2項所述之方法,其中,該效率係80%至95%。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之方法,其中,將該水性臭氧氣體以0.2g/L/h至7g/L/h的速率注入該水性酸溶液中。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之方法,其中,該Mn(III)離子的濃度係15-70mmol/L。
- 如申請專利範圍第5項所述之方法,其中,該Mn(III)離子的濃度係30-60mmol/L。
- 如申請專利範圍第6項所述之方法,其中,該Mn(III)離子的濃度係35-55mmol/L。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之方法,其中,該水性酸溶液進一步包含一種或多種金屬離子的來源。
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