TWI734362B - 用於製造鎳互連之組成物及方法 - Google Patents
用於製造鎳互連之組成物及方法 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI734362B TWI734362B TW109102846A TW109102846A TWI734362B TW I734362 B TWI734362 B TW I734362B TW 109102846 A TW109102846 A TW 109102846A TW 109102846 A TW109102846 A TW 109102846A TW I734362 B TWI734362 B TW I734362B
- Authority
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- Taiwan
- Prior art keywords
- composition
- nickel
- acid
- group
- electrodeposition
- Prior art date
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- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 103
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 69
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 51
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 10
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 27
- 238000004070 electrodeposition Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 50
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 230000002999 depolarising effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 229910001453 nickel ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000000872 buffer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- VEQPNABPJHWNSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel(2+) Chemical compound [Ni+2] VEQPNABPJHWNSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000003607 modifier Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- -1 nickel carboxylate Chemical class 0.000 claims description 64
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 32
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 32
- KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N boric acid Chemical compound OB(O)O KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000004327 boric acid Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 15
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 10
- 150000002085 enols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000004377 microelectronic Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- YGSDEFSMJLZEOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N salicylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1O YGSDEFSMJLZEOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N Dextrotartaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000028161 membrane depolarization Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- LNOPIUAQISRISI-UHFFFAOYSA-N n'-hydroxy-2-propan-2-ylsulfonylethanimidamide Chemical compound CC(C)S(=O)(=O)CC(N)=NO LNOPIUAQISRISI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003945 anionic surfactant Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-K Citrate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Succinic acid Natural products OC(=O)CCC(O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-NUQCWPJISA-N butanedioic acid Chemical compound O[14C](=O)CC[14C](O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-NUQCWPJISA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000007522 mineralic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel sulfate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- KERTUBUCQCSNJU-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel(2+);disulfamate Chemical compound [Ni+2].NS([O-])(=O)=O.NS([O-])(=O)=O KERTUBUCQCSNJU-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000363 nickel(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002736 nonionic surfactant Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- FJKROLUGYXJWQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N papa-hydroxy-benzoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 FJKROLUGYXJWQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L phthalate(2-) Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C([O-])=O XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 229960004889 salicylic acid Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L succinate(2-) Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CCC([O-])=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)=O BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000003871 sulfonates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940095064 tartrate Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Borate Chemical compound [O-]B([O-])[O-] BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910021586 Nickel(II) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tartaric acid Natural products [H+].[H+].[O-]C(=O)C(O)C(O)C([O-])=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- MQRWBMAEBQOWAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid;nickel Chemical compound [Ni].CC(O)=O.CC(O)=O MQRWBMAEBQOWAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003093 cationic surfactant Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940078494 nickel acetate Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- QMMRZOWCJAIUJA-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel dichloride Chemical compound Cl[Ni]Cl QMMRZOWCJAIUJA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- UQPSGBZICXWIAG-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel(2+);dibromide;trihydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.Br[Ni]Br UQPSGBZICXWIAG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000006408 oxalic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011975 tartaric acid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000002906 tartaric acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 229960001860 salicylate Drugs 0.000 claims 2
- YGSDEFSMJLZEOE-UHFFFAOYSA-M salicylate Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1C([O-])=O YGSDEFSMJLZEOE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 2
- CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bromide Chemical compound [Br-] CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 150000003890 succinate salts Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 125000005555 sulfoximide group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 32
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 25
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 24
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 24
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 19
- KWIUHFFTVRNATP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Betaine Natural products C[N+](C)(C)CC([O-])=O KWIUHFFTVRNATP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 17
- 229960003237 betaine Drugs 0.000 description 17
- 229920002120 photoresistant polymer Polymers 0.000 description 16
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 15
- KWIUHFFTVRNATP-UHFFFAOYSA-O N,N,N-trimethylglycinium Chemical compound C[N+](C)(C)CC(O)=O KWIUHFFTVRNATP-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 14
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 14
- 238000001465 metallisation Methods 0.000 description 11
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 11
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 11
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 10
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 10
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 9
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 235000012431 wafers Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 7
- SIKJAQJRHWYJAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Indole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2NC=CC2=C1 SIKJAQJRHWYJAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[K+] WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 125000000304 alkynyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 6
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-acetylene Natural products C#C HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 125000003277 amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 5
- 125000003396 thiol group Chemical class [H]S* 0.000 description 5
- DBAMUTGXJAWDEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butynol Chemical class CCC#CO DBAMUTGXJAWDEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- NQRYJNQNLNOLGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Piperidine Chemical compound C1CCNCC1 NQRYJNQNLNOLGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- SMWDFEZZVXVKRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Quinoline Chemical compound N1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 SMWDFEZZVXVKRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 125000001475 halogen functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- UKIUSKWWNRYHOO-UHFFFAOYSA-N pent-1-yn-1-ol Chemical class CCCC#CO UKIUSKWWNRYHOO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- TVDSBUOJIPERQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-2-yn-1-ol Chemical class OCC#C TVDSBUOJIPERQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Furan Chemical compound C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RWRDLPDLKQPQOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrrolidine Chemical compound C1CCNC1 RWRDLPDLKQPQOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- XSCHRSMBECNVNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzopyrazine Natural products N1=CC=NC2=CC=CC=C21 XSCHRSMBECNVNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 3
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 3
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 125000000753 cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 3
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 3
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 125000001188 haloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N imidazole Natural products C1=CNC=N1 RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 125000001820 oxy group Chemical group [*:1]O[*:2] 0.000 description 3
- 239000001103 potassium chloride Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000011164 potassium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- FWLKYEAOOIPJRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-1-yn-1-ol Chemical class CC#CO FWLKYEAOOIPJRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L sulfate group Chemical group S(=O)(=O)([O-])[O-] QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 229940124530 sulfonamide Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 150000003456 sulfonamides Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 3
- UWYZHKAOTLEWKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline Chemical compound C1=CC=C2CNCCC2=C1 UWYZHKAOTLEWKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LBUJPTNKIBCYBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline Chemical compound C1=CC=C2CCCNC2=C1 LBUJPTNKIBCYBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HPARLNRMYDSBNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-benzodioxine Chemical compound C1=CC=C2OC=COC2=C1 HPARLNRMYDSBNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FCEHBMOGCRZNNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-benzothiophene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2SC=CC2=C1 FCEHBMOGCRZNNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BAXOFTOLAUCFNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1H-indazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C=NNC2=C1 BAXOFTOLAUCFNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RZQQXRVPPOOCQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazole Chemical compound C1NN=CO1 RZQQXRVPPOOCQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YCMLQMDWSXFTIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylbenzenesulfonimidic acid Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1S(N)(=O)=O YCMLQMDWSXFTIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ONJRTQUWKRDCTA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2h-thiochromene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C=CCSC2=C1 ONJRTQUWKRDCTA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KDCGOANMDULRCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7H-purine Chemical compound N1=CNC2=NC=NC2=C1 KDCGOANMDULRCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical group N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000531 Co alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000004593 Epoxy Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YNAVUWVOSKDBBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Morpholine Chemical compound C1COCCN1 YNAVUWVOSKDBBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Naphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000990 Ni alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GLUUGHFHXGJENI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Piperazine Chemical compound C1CNCCN1 GLUUGHFHXGJENI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 2
- KYQCOXFCLRTKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrazine Chemical compound C1=CN=CC=N1 KYQCOXFCLRTKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WTKZEGDFNFYCGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrazole Chemical compound C=1C=NNC=1 WTKZEGDFNFYCGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrrole Chemical compound C=1C=CNC=1 KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical group [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Thiophene Chemical compound C=1C=CSC=1 YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FZQSLXQPHPOTHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N [K+].[K+].O1B([O-])OB2OB([O-])OB1O2 Chemical compound [K+].[K+].O1B([O-])OB2OB([O-])OB1O2 FZQSLXQPHPOTHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000003282 alkyl amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000006319 alkynyl amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000005133 alkynyloxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000003368 amide group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000001691 aryl alkyl amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000003710 aryl alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000002102 aryl alkyloxo group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000001769 aryl amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000004421 aryl sulphonamide group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000004104 aryloxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- JEHKKBHWRAXMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzenesulfinic acid Chemical compound O[S@@](=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 JEHKKBHWRAXMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IOJUPLGTWVMSFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzothiazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2SC=NC2=C1 IOJUPLGTWVMSFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LXSLZSJZGMWGOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N butane-1-sulfonate;pyridin-1-ium Chemical compound C1=CC=[NH+]C=C1.CCCCS([O-])(=O)=O LXSLZSJZGMWGOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000000484 butyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000001805 chlorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000004093 cyano group Chemical group *C#N 0.000 description 2
- 125000001316 cycloalkyl alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000006310 cycloalkyl amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000005112 cycloalkylalkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 238000009713 electroplating Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005429 filling process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000004438 haloalkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000004992 haloalkylamino group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000000592 heterocycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- MTNDZQHUAFNZQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N imidazoline Chemical compound C1CN=CN1 MTNDZQHUAFNZQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PZOUSPYUWWUPPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N indole Natural products CC1=CC=CC2=C1C=CN2 PZOUSPYUWWUPPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RKJUIXBNRJVNHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N indolenine Natural products C1=CC=C2CC=NC2=C1 RKJUIXBNRJVNHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910000765 intermetallic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- AWJUIBRHMBBTKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N isoquinoline Chemical compound C1=NC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 AWJUIBRHMBBTKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- BLTAPEIEHGWKKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanesulfonate;pyridin-1-ium Chemical compound CS(O)(=O)=O.C1=CC=NC=C1 BLTAPEIEHGWKKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- IGFUOHLNWZWWRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl sulfate;pyridin-1-ium Chemical compound C1=CC=[NH+]C=C1.CCOS([O-])(=O)=O IGFUOHLNWZWWRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QRMKTNANRJCRCY-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethylammonium acetate Chemical compound CC[NH3+].CC([O-])=O QRMKTNANRJCRCY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SBPGGGVNZLWFGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethylphosphanium;acetate Chemical compound CC[PH3+].CC([O-])=O SBPGGGVNZLWFGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 230000035558 fertility Effects 0.000 description 1
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- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 150000002815 nickel Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
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- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
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- VWOPLTXMHVOMSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N propyl hydrogen sulfate pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1.CCCOS(O)(=O)=O VWOPLTXMHVOMSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UDDFKHHCYJZBDJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylazanium;sulfate Chemical compound CCCN.CCCN.OS(O)(=O)=O UDDFKHHCYJZBDJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- GAPYKZAARZMMGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridin-1-ium;acetate Chemical compound CC(O)=O.C1=CC=NC=C1 GAPYKZAARZMMGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QYPWRPSMKLUGJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridin-1-ium;sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.C1=CC=[NH+]C=C1.C1=CC=[NH+]C=C1 QYPWRPSMKLUGJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KJXKZJUATBHMIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine;sulfamic acid Chemical compound NS(O)(=O)=O.C1=CC=NC=C1 KJXKZJUATBHMIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- ASEFUFIKYOCPIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;2-dodecoxyethyl sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCOCCOS([O-])(=O)=O ASEFUFIKYOCPIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- YWPOLRBWRRKLMW-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;naphthalene-2-sulfonate Chemical compound [Na+].C1=CC=CC2=CC(S(=O)(=O)[O-])=CC=C21 YWPOLRBWRRKLMW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- UPUIQOIQVMNQAP-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;tetradecyl sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCOS([O-])(=O)=O UPUIQOIQVMNQAP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- IIACRCGMVDHOTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfamate Chemical compound NS([O-])(=O)=O IIACRCGMVDHOTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 231100000211 teratogenicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 125000001712 tetrahydronaphthyl group Chemical group C1(CCCC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- RAOIDOHSFRTOEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrothiophene Chemical compound C1CCSC1 RAOIDOHSFRTOEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003536 tetrazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- VLLMWSRANPNYQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiadiazole Chemical compound C1=CSN=N1.C1=CSN=N1 VLLMWSRANPNYQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- LMYRWZFENFIFIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N toluene-4-sulfonamide Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(S(N)(=O)=O)C=C1 LMYRWZFENFIFIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000080 wetting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
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- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D3/00—Electroplating: Baths therefor
- C25D3/02—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions
- C25D3/12—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions of nickel or cobalt
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D3/00—Electroplating: Baths therefor
- C25D3/02—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions
- C25D3/12—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions of nickel or cobalt
- C25D3/14—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions of nickel or cobalt from baths containing acetylenic or heterocyclic compounds
- C25D3/18—Heterocyclic compounds
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- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D21/00—Processes for servicing or operating cells for electrolytic coating
- C25D21/10—Agitating of electrolytes; Moving of racks
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- C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
- C25D5/02—Electroplating of selected surface areas
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- C25D7/00—Electroplating characterised by the article coated
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- C25D7/00—Electroplating characterised by the article coated
- C25D7/12—Semiconductors
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- C25D7/00—Electroplating characterised by the article coated
- C25D7/12—Semiconductors
- C25D7/123—Semiconductors first coated with a seed layer or a conductive layer
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/04—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
- H01L21/18—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table or AIIIBV compounds with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
- H01L21/28—Manufacture of electrodes on semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/268
- H01L21/283—Deposition of conductive or insulating materials for electrodes conducting electric current
- H01L21/288—Deposition of conductive or insulating materials for electrodes conducting electric current from a liquid, e.g. electrolytic deposition
- H01L21/2885—Deposition of conductive or insulating materials for electrodes conducting electric current from a liquid, e.g. electrolytic deposition using an external electrical current, i.e. electro-deposition
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- H01L21/71—Manufacture of specific parts of devices defined in group H01L21/70
- H01L21/768—Applying interconnections to be used for carrying current between separate components within a device comprising conductors and dielectrics
- H01L21/76838—Applying interconnections to be used for carrying current between separate components within a device comprising conductors and dielectrics characterised by the formation and the after-treatment of the conductors
- H01L21/76877—Filling of holes, grooves or trenches, e.g. vias, with conductive material
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- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/70—Manufacture or treatment of devices consisting of a plurality of solid state components formed in or on a common substrate or of parts thereof; Manufacture of integrated circuit devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/71—Manufacture of specific parts of devices defined in group H01L21/70
- H01L21/768—Applying interconnections to be used for carrying current between separate components within a device comprising conductors and dielectrics
- H01L21/76898—Applying interconnections to be used for carrying current between separate components within a device comprising conductors and dielectrics formed through a semiconductor substrate
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Abstract
一種用於導通孔填充或障壁鎳互連製造之鎳電沉積組成物,其包含:(a)鎳離子之來源;(b)一或多種極化添加劑;及(c)一或多種去極添加劑。該鎳電沉積組成物可包括各種添加劑,包括合適之酸、界面活性劑、緩衝劑、及/或應力調節劑以產生導通孔及溝槽之由下而上填充。
Description
本發明大致上係關於一種用於金屬電沉積(尤其是鎳及鎳合金電沉積)之組成物及程序。該組成物及程序可用於微電子裝置中之導通孔(via)及溝槽(trench)的金屬化,以及用於多鎳互連應用,諸如鎳支柱、鎳凸塊、UBM障壁、及RDL金屬化應用。
積體電路係由具有許多互連至電路中之裝置的半導體基材所製造而成,裝置包括例如電晶體、電容器、及電阻器。互連一般包括在基材上連接這些裝置之金屬跡線。同樣地,多層印刷電路板係由夾置在介電質層與半導體層之間的導體金屬層所製造而成,其等需要透過導通孔或穿孔來互連。
金屬填充之導通孔可允許三維(3D)堆疊,藉以連接各種導體金屬層。堆疊提供較短的信號路徑及更快、更有效率的互連。
利用3D或垂直整合,晶片係藉由垂直互連而堆疊並連接在一起。所獲得之堆疊包含數層或數個階層的主動組件或晶片;其形成三維積體電路(3D IC)。
3D整合的一些優點包括:
(1)效能改善,包括傳播時間減少及逸散功率減少、系統操作速度增加(與功能塊之間的通訊變快相關聯)、各功能塊之頻寬增加、及對雜訊有更高抗擾性;
(2)由整合密度增加所導致之成本降低、更佳製造產率(部分由於使用最適於各功能塊之電子晶片的產生)、及可靠度改善;及
(3)藉由非均質技術之堆疊(亦稱為共整合)而產生高度整合系統,亦即涉及各種材料及/或各種功能組件。
在晶片已經堆疊之後,例如藉由接合,其等可使用連接線個別地連接至封裝之接腳。然而,晶片之高密度互連可以只藉由採用貫穿導通孔來獲得。
在3D IC之一些形成程序中會形成兩個晶圓,各個晶圓均包括積體電路。接著在裝置對齊之情況下接合晶圓。接著形成深導通孔以互連在第一晶圓及第二晶圓上之裝置。
貫穿矽導通孔(Through-silicon-via, TSV)(亦稱為貫穿基材導通孔或貫穿晶圓導通孔作為實現3D IC之方式的使用不斷增加。經常將底部晶圓接合至頂部晶圓。TSV經常用於3D IC及堆疊晶粒中以提供電連接及/或協助熱消散。貫穿矽導通孔係三維積體電路之關鍵組件,並且其等可在RF裝置、MEM、CMOS影像感測器、快閃記憶體、DRAM、SRAM、3D-NAND記憶體、類比裝置、及邏輯裝置中發現。
這些裝置之互連品質對於所製造之積體電路的性能及可靠度至關重大。此外,用於微電子裝置之互連的製造依靠用電沉積金屬將導通孔及溝槽完全填充。
最常用於互連之其中一種金屬係電沉積之銅。然而,銅作為主要互連導體金屬可能帶來一些挑戰。其中一項最明顯的挑戰是互連可靠性。雖然銅是極佳的導體,但其在環境空氣中會迅速氧化。為了保護銅免於氧化並且為了維護其可焊性,其經常電鍍有金屬層或金屬堆疊,金屬包括例如鎳、鈷、銀、錫、鈀及金。
因此,如果整個互連係由銅以外之較不易遭受可靠性失效的金屬所製成,而非只是保護銅之頂部表面,則可明顯改善這些互連的可靠性。
此外,在堆疊該等裝置之層的過程中,這些層在接合過程中會經歷多次高溫熱偏離。矽及銅之熱膨脹係數(coefficients of thermal expansion, CTE)差異很大。矽在暴露於用於接合之高溫時只會些微膨脹,而銅在每次熱循環時均會明顯膨脹。每個後續摩爾定律(Moore’s law)節點均會帶來縮小銅厚度及增加堆疊層數目之組合,此會導致熱暴露數目繼續增加。銅係具有高CTE之可延展且可撓性金屬,當其暴露於多次熱偏離循環時可能會遭遇破裂。銅線之破裂是高的可靠性失效風險。因此,需要用較高拉伸強度及降伏強度的更具剛性金屬來取代銅,此金屬因為其較高熱穩定性及較高剛性而在層接合熱循環期間相對於矽沒有有如此大之移動,因而較不容易破裂。
銅亦傾向於以相當高的速率與錫形成介金屬化合物。錫是一般用於附接各種電子組件之焊料的主要組分。銅錫介金屬化合物可能會進一步減損互連可靠性。
銅導通孔填充電沉積技術係廣泛用於多種應用中,諸如鑲嵌(damascene)程序、RDL、TSV,以及在高密度互連(high density interconnect, HDI)及循序微導通孔增建(sequential microvia buildup, SBU)印刷電路板製造程序中。類似填充程序係用於晶圓級封裝之通過光阻銅支柱程序的圖案鍍覆。
銅導通孔填充電沉積係描述於Richardson等人之美國專利第7,670,950號中,其標的係以引用方式全文併入本文中。
鈷亦已用於電鍍至凹陷特徵中,例如於Doubina等人之美國專利第9,777,386號中,其標的係以引用方式全文併入本文中。
銅之替代方案可係鎳;然而,硼酸以往曾是鎳電沉積化學物質之必要組分。硼酸之功能是用來緩衝陰極擴散層。在鎳電沉積程序期間,由於質子之還原,產生氫之次要反應會在陰極上發生。氫氣會產生並在陰極上釋出,同時擴散層會消耗質子,從而增加擴散層之pH。硼酸作用為緩衝劑,藉以維持相對穩定之pH。
然而,根據歐洲委員會(European Commission),高劑量之硼酸在兔子、大鼠、及小鼠胎兒中顯示顯著的發育毒性及致畸胎性,以及心血管缺陷、骨骼異常、及輕度腎損傷。歐洲委員會已將其硼酸分類修改為生殖毒性類別2,R60(可能損害生育力)及R61(可能對未出生孩子造成傷害)。因此,使用硼酸之鎳電沉積化學物質的替代方案是所欲的。
此外,由於互連之品質對於所製造積體電路之效能及可靠性至關重大,所以需要調節所施加塗層或所沉積導通孔中之內部應力,內部應力可能在所施加塗層中造成破裂。所施加塗層中之內部應力可能造成起泡、剝離、及疲勞強度降低。內部應力在本質上可係拉伸性的,從而造成所施加塗層收縮,或者在本質上係壓縮性的,從而造成所施加塗層擴張。所施加沉積物內之微破裂及大破裂會使積體電路暴露於腐蝕,並且會使積體電路之效能及可靠性降低。因此,有需要調節所施加塗層中之內部應力的方法及添加劑。有時一個金屬層所具有內部應力值可藉由在其頂部上施加另一個金屬層來加以補償,藉此讓整個堆疊之應力保持中性。
因此,有需要提供上述問題之解決方案。
本發明之一目的係提供用於導通孔填充金屬化及互連製造之電沉積組成物及程序,其等包括銅以外之金屬。在一些實施例中,電沉積組成物中之金屬可係鎳。電沉積組成物亦可有利地包括一或多種極化劑/抑制劑及一或多種促進劑/去極劑。
本發明之另一目的係提供用於導通孔填充金屬化之電沉積組成物及程序,其等不包括硼酸。
本發明之另一目的係提供用於導通孔填充金屬化之電沉積組成物及程序中的內部應力調節劑。
其他目的及特徵將部分是顯而易見的而部分在後文中指出。
本發明大致上關於一種鎳電沉積組成物及一種用於微電子裝置中之導通孔填充金屬化之程序。如本文中所陳述,在一個實施例中,本發明係關於一種用於用銅以外之金屬來填充微電子裝置中的導通孔及溝槽以改善可靠性之程序。
如本文中所使用,「一(a/an)」及「該(the)」係指單數及複數兩種指示對象,除非上下文另有明確規定。
如本文中所使用,用語「約(about)」係指可測量的值,諸如參數、量、時間持續時間、及類似者,且意欲包括具體敘述值之+/-15%或更小的變化、較佳的是+/-10%或更小的變化、更佳的是+/-5%或更小的變化、甚至更佳的是+/-1%或更小的變化、且又更佳的是+/-0.1%或更小的變化,以致此類變化適於在本文所述之本發明中執行。此外,亦應理解的是,修辭「約(about)」所指的值本身係在本文中明確揭示。
如本文中所使用,用語「包含(comprises)」及/或「包含(comprising)」具體指明所述之特徵、整數、步驟、操作、元件、及/或組件的存在,但不排除一或多個其他特徵、整數、步驟、操作、元件、組件、及/或其群組的存在或添加。
如本文中所使用,用語「酸(acid)」係指任何合適的酸,一般為布忍斯特-洛瑞(Bronsted-Lowry)酸,包括但不限於無機酸、羧酸、醇、硫醇、水等。
如本文中所使用,「烷基(alkyl)」無論是單獨或作為另一基團之部分,係指含有1或2至10或20個(或更多個)碳原子之直鏈、支鏈、或環狀、飽和或不飽和烴。烷基之代表性實例包括但不限於甲基、乙基、正丙基、異丙基、正丁基、二級丁基、異丁基、三級丁基、正戊基、異戊基、新戊基、正己基、3-甲基己基、2,2-二甲基戊基、2,3-二甲基戊基、正庚基、正辛基、正壬基、正癸基、及類似者。用語「烷基」意欲包括經取代及未經取代之烷基兩者,除非另有指明,並且這些基團可經選自下列者之基團所取代:鹵基(例如,鹵烷基)、烷基、鹵烷基、烯基、炔基、環烷基、環烷基烷基、芳基、芳烷基、雜環、雜環烷基、羥基、烷氧基(藉以產生聚烷氧基,諸如聚乙二醇)、烯氧基、炔氧基、鹵烷氧基、環氧基、環烷基烷氧基、芳氧基、芳基烷氧基、雜環氧基、雜環烷氧基、巰基、烷基-S(O)m
、鹵烷基-S(O)m
、烯基-S(O)m
、炔基-S(O)m、環烷基-S(O)m
、環烷烷基-S(O)m
、芳基-S(O)m
、芳烷基-S(O)m
、雜環-S(O)m
、雜環烷基-S(O)m
、胺基、羧基、烷胺基、烯胺基、炔胺基、鹵烷胺基、環烷胺基、環烷烷胺基、芳胺基、芳烷胺基、雜環胺基、雜環烷胺基、二取代胺基、醯胺基、醯氧基、酯、醯胺、磺醯胺、脲、烷氧醯胺基、胺基醯氧基、硝基、或氰基,其中m=0、1、2、或3。
烷基可係飽和或不飽和的,因此當烷基取代基含有一或多個不飽和鍵(例如,一或二個雙鍵或三鍵)時,本文中所使用之用語「烷基」包括烯基及炔基。烷基可選地可含有一或多個雜原子(例如,一個、兩個、或三或更多個獨立地選自O、S、及NR'之雜原子,其中R'係任何合適取代基,諸如以上剛剛針對烷基取代基所述者),以形成如以下所具體描述之直鏈雜烷基或雜環基。
如本文中所使用,「烯基(alkenyl)」係指如上所述之烷基,其在兩個碳原子之間含有至少一個雙鍵在其中。此外,經羥基或硫醇基所取代之烯基可分別稱為烯醇或烯硫醇。例示性取代基包括乙烯基、及烯丙基。
如本文中所使用,「炔基(alkynyl)」係指如上所述之烷基,其在兩個碳原子之間含有至少一個三鍵在其中。此外,經羥基或硫醇基所取代之炔基可分別稱為炔醇或炔硫醇。
如本文中使用,「雜環基(heterocyclic group)」或「雜環(heterocyclo)」無論單獨或作為另一基團之部分,係指脂族(例如,完全或部分飽和之雜環)或芳族(例如,雜芳基)單環或雙環環系。單環環系之實例係任何5或6員環,其含有1、2、3、或4個獨立地選自氧、氮、及硫之雜原子。5員環具有0至2個雙鍵,而6員環具有0至3個雙鍵。單環環系之代表性實例包括但不限於吖呾、氮呯、吖環丙烷、二氮呯、二 (1,3-dioxolane)、二烷(dioxane)、二噻(dithiane)、呋喃、咪唑、咪唑啉、咪唑啶、異噻唑、異噻唑啉(isothiazoline)、異噻唑啶(isothiazolidine)、異唑(isoxazole)、異唑啉(isoxazoline)、異唑啶(isoxazolidine)、嗎啉、二唑(oxadiazole)、二唑啉(oxadiazoline)、二唑啶(oxadiazolidine)、唑(oxazole)、唑啉(oxazoline)、唑啶(oxazolidine)、哌(piperazine)、哌啶、哌喃、吡(pyrazine)、吡唑、吡唑啉、吡唑啶、吡啶、嘧啶、嗒(pyridazine)、吡咯、吡咯啉(pyrroline)、吡咯啶、四氫呋喃、四氫噻吩、四(tetrazine)、四唑、噻二唑、噻二唑啉(thiadiazoline)、噻二唑啶(thiadiazolidine)、噻唑、噻唑啉、四氫噻唑、噻吩、硫嗎啉、硫嗎啉碸、噻喃、三(triazine)、三唑、三噻唍、及類似者。雙環環系之實例係稠合至如本文中所定義之任何芳基、如本文中所定義之環烷基、或另一個如本文中所定義之單環環系的任何以上單環環系。雙環環系之代表性實例包括但不限於例如苯并咪唑、苯并噻唑、苯并噻二唑、苯并噻吩、苯并二唑(benzoxadiazole)、苯并唑(benzoxazole)、苯并呋喃、苯并哌喃、苯并硫哌喃(benzothiopyran)、苯并二 (benzodioxine)、苯并二呃(1,3- benzodioxole)、啉(cinnoline)、吲唑、吲哚、吲哚啉、吲(indolizine)、啶(naphthyridine)、異苯并呋喃、異苯并噻吩、異吲哚、異吲哚啉(isoindoline)、異喹啉、呔(phthalazine)、嘌呤、哌喃并吡啶(pyranopyridine)、喹啉、喹(quinolizine)、喹啉(quinoxaline)、喹唑啉、四氫異喹啉、四氫喹啉、硫哌喃并吡啶(thiopyranopyridine)、及類似者。這些環包括其四級化衍生物,並且可選地可經選自下列之基團所取代:鹵基、烷基、鹵烷基、烯基、炔基、環烷基、環烷基烷基、芳基、芳烷基、雜環、雜環烷基、羥基、烷氧基、烯氧基、炔氧基、鹵烷氧基、環氧基、環烷基烷氧基、芳氧基、芳基烷氧基、雜環氧基、雜環烷氧基、巰基、烷基-S(O)m
、鹵烷基-S(O)m
、烯基-S(O)m
、炔基-S(O)m、環烷基-S(O)m
、環烷烷基-S(O)m
、芳基-S(O)m
、芳烷基-S(O)m
、雜環-S(O)m
、雜環烷基-S(O)m
、胺基、烷胺基、烯胺基、炔胺基、鹵烷胺基、環烷胺基、環烷烷胺基、芳胺基、芳烷胺基、雜環胺基、雜環烷胺基、二取代胺基、醯胺基、醯氧基、酯、醯胺、磺醯胺、脲、烷氧醯胺基、胺基醯氧基、硝基、或氰基,其中m=0、1、2、或3。
如本文中所使用,「芳基(aryl)」無論是單獨或作為另一基團之部分,係指單環碳環環系或具有一或多個芳環之雙環碳環稠合環系。芳基之代表性實例包括薁基、二氫茚基、茚基、萘基、苯基、四氫萘基、及類似者。用語「芳基」意欲包括經取代及未經取代芳基兩者,除非另有指明,並且這些基團可經如關於以上烷基所陳述之相同基團所取代。
如本文中所使用,「烷氧基(alkoxy)」無論單獨或作為另一基團之部分,係指透過氧基-O-附著於母分子部份(moiety)的如本文中所定義之烷基(並因此包括經取代版本,諸如聚烷氧基)。烷氧基之代表性實例包括但不限於甲氧基、乙氧基、丙氧基、2-丙氧基、丁氧基、三級丁氧基、戊氧基、己氧基、及類似者。
如本文中所使用,「鹵基(halo)」係指任何合適之鹵素,包括-F、-CI、-Br、及-I。
如本文中所使用,用語「分子量(molecular weight)」係化合物之分子相較於碳12質量的十二分之一的平均質量,並且計算為組成原子之原子量的總和。
如本文中所使用,用語「兩性離子(zwitterion)」係具有二或更多個官能基之分子,其中至少一個具有正電荷而一個具有負電荷,並且整個分子之淨電荷為零。
如本文中所使用,用語「甜菜鹼(betaine)」係一種特定類型之兩性離子,並且係具有帶正電荷且不帶氫原子之陽離子官能基及帶負電荷之陰離子官能基的任何中性化學化合物,其中該陰離子基團並非緊鄰於該陽離子基團。例示性陽離子基團包括但不限於一級至四級銨、及鏻陽離子。例示性陰離子基團包括但不限於羧酸根、磺酸根、及硫酸根基團。
在一個態樣中,本發明關於提供用於導通孔填充金屬化及互連製造之電沉積組成物及程序,其等包括銅以外之金屬。在一些實施例中,用於填充導通孔及溝槽之金屬可選自元素週期表之第VIIIB族或更具體而言選自鐵族金屬。鎳及鈷係較佳金屬,鎳係最佳的。亦可使用鎳鈷合金。例示性鎳合金包括NiCo、NiW、NiFe、NiMo、CoRe、NiCoW、及NiCoFe。例示性鈷合金包括CoW、CoFe、NiCoW、及NiCoFe。因此,電沉積組成物可含有鎳及/或鈷離子,可只含有這兩種金屬或者再結合一或多種合金化金屬。
用於導通孔填充金屬化之較佳方法可係電沉積。在一些實施例中,電沉積組成物中之金屬可係鎳。電沉積組成物亦可有利地包括極化劑(抑制劑)及去極劑(促進劑)。
在一個實施例中,本發明大致上關於一種鎳電沉積組成物及一種使用該鎳電沉積組成物以在微電子元件之製造中金屬化導通孔及溝槽之方法。
更具體而言,在一個實施例中,本發明大致上關於一種鎳電沉積組成物,其包含鎳離子來源,以及極化添加劑及去極添加劑之至少一者。如以上所陳述,鎳電沉積組成物亦可含有一或多個合金化金屬離子來源。
在一些較佳實施例中,電沉積組成物包含:
a) 鎳離子之來源;
b) 一或多種極化添加劑
c) 一或多種去極添加劑;
d) 至少一種酸;及
e) 至少一種界面活性劑
在一些較佳實施例中,電沉積組成物包含:
a) 鎳離子之來源;
b) 一或多種極化添加劑
c) 一或多種去極添加劑;
d) 至少一種酸;
e) 至少一種界面活性劑;及
f) 至少一種緩衝劑
在一些較佳實施例中,電沉積組成物包含:
a) 鎳離子之來源;
b) 一或多種極化添加劑
c) 一或多種去極添加劑;
d) 至少一種酸;
e) 至少一種界面活性劑;及
f) 至少一種應力調節劑
在一些較佳實施例中,電沉積組成物包含:
a) 鎳離子之來源;
b) 一或多種極化添加劑
c) 一或多種去極添加劑;
d) 至少一種酸;
e) 至少一種界面活性劑;
f) 至少一種緩衝劑;及
g) 至少一種應力調節劑
如本文中所述,本發明大致上關於一種鎳電沉積組成物,其包含可選地具有合金化金屬離子之鎳離子來源、額外界面活性劑、錯合劑、溶劑、及緩衝劑。雖然可對組分提供特定稱號,但所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者將能夠了解及辨別某些組分可發揮同時或替代功用,取決於總體浴組成物。
在一些實施例中,鎳離子之例示性來源包括乙酸鎳、羧酸鎳、氯化鎳、溴化鎳、硫酸鎳、胺磺酸鎳、氟硼酸鎳、及焦磷酸鎳。
在一些實施例中,如本文中所述,鎳電沉積組成物含有酸或其鹽。例示性酸包括下列中之至少一者:草酸、檸檬酸、胺磺酸、乙酸、柳酸、磺柳酸、琥珀酸、酞酸、硼酸、酒石酸、及任何前述者之鹽。在一個實施例中,該組成物不含任何硼酸,並且該酸係經選擇而為硼酸以外之酸。令人驚訝的是,本發明之發明人已發現,有可能產生能夠提供通孔及溝槽之由下而上填充且不使用硼酸的鎳電沉積組成物。
在一些實施例中,電解質浴可包括界面活性劑。例示性界面活性劑可係陰離子、陽離子、或非離子界面活性劑。在一些實施例中,電解質浴可包括陰離子界面活性劑,諸如Niaproof® 08(2-乙基己基硫酸鈉水溶液)或Niaproof® 4(十四基硫酸鈉水溶液),兩者均可購自Niacet Corporation。其他界面活性劑,包括非離子性界面活性劑,諸如聚乙二醇醚、醇乙氧基化物、烷基酚乙氧基化物、脂肪酸乙氧基化物、氧化乙烯-氧化丙烯共聚物、及二醇酯、壬基酚、乙氧基化壬基酚、及壬乙二醇(nonoxynols),亦可用於實施本發明,這些界面活性劑會減少電解質溶液之表面張力,從而允許氫副產物釋出。在鍍覆應用中,這些界面活性劑消除了主要由微粒物質或氫氣泡所造成之孔蝕,同時降低浴之表面張力。
鎳導通孔填充程序可藉由添加平衡組合之極化(抑制劑)及去極(促進劑)添加劑來控制。因此,在一些實施例中,本發明涉及將一或多種極化劑結合一或多種去極劑添加至用於電沉積之電解質中。
基於定電流計時電位測定術之電化學技術可用於篩選可作為極化劑或去極劑而用於鎳電沉積之添加劑。在不受操作理論所束縛下,提議的金屬導通孔填充沉積驅動機制係基於導通孔之場域(field)與底部之間的添加劑質量傳輸及吸附速率之差異。在此機制中,由於較高旋轉速率所致的高陰極極化表示場域上之較高沉積速率,而較低攪動速率下之較低陰極極化表示導通孔底部處之沉積速率。導通孔之場域沉積速率與底部沉積速率底部之間的較大差異會導致完整的導通孔填充。
極化劑在本文中係定義為導致金屬沉積電位負向位移之有機分子。
合適極化添加劑(抑制劑)之實例包括例如選自包含雜環甜菜鹼、炔醇、烯醇、及烷醇之群組的有機分子。任何前述者皆可經取代、經多取代、或未經取代。
在一些實施例中,抑制劑可係硫酸吡啶鎓(pyridinium sulfate)、磺酸吡啶鎓、胺磺酸吡啶鎓、胺甲酸吡啶鎓、鹵化吡啶鎓、及乙酸吡啶鎓中之至少一者。例示性抑制劑可包括下列中之至少一者:甲基磺酸吡啶鎓、乙基磺酸吡啶鎓、丙基磺酸吡啶鎓、丁基磺酸吡啶鎓。
在一些實施例中,至少一種抑制劑可係烷基硫酸鏻、烷基磺酸鏻、烷基磺甲酸鏻、烷基胺甲酸鏻、烷基鹵化鏻、烷基乙酸鏻、甲基硫酸鏻、乙基硫酸鏻、丙基硫酸鏻、丁基硫酸鏻。
在一些實施例中,至少一種抑制劑可係甲基甲酸吡啶鎓、乙基甲酸吡啶鎓、丙基甲酸吡啶鎓、丁基甲酸吡啶鎓、甲基甲酸銨、乙基甲酸銨、丙基甲酸銨、丁基甲酸銨、甲基甲酸鏻、乙基甲酸鏻、丙基甲酸鏻、丁基甲酸鏻、甲基硫酸吡啶鎓、乙基硫酸吡啶鎓、丙基硫酸吡啶鎓、丁基硫酸吡啶鎓、甲基硫酸銨、乙基硫酸銨、丙基硫酸銨、丁基硫酸銨、甲基硫酸鏻、乙基硫酸鏻、丙基硫酸鏻、丁基硫酸鏻、甲基胺磺酸吡啶鎓、乙基胺磺酸吡啶鎓、丙基胺磺酸吡啶鎓、丁基胺磺酸吡啶鎓、甲基胺磺酸銨、乙基胺磺酸銨、丙基胺磺酸銨、丁基胺磺酸銨、甲基胺磺酸鏻、乙基胺磺酸鏻、丙基胺磺酸鏻、丁基胺磺酸鏻、甲基乙酸吡啶鎓、乙基乙酸吡啶鎓、丙基乙酸吡啶鎓、丁基乙酸吡啶鎓、甲基乙酸銨、乙基乙酸銨、丙基乙酸銨、丁基乙酸銨、甲基乙酸鏻、乙基乙酸鏻、丙基乙酸鏻、丁基乙酸鏻。
在一些實施例中,至少一種抑制劑可係烷氧基化醇、烷氧基化炔醇、烷氧基化烯醇、烷氧基化烷醇、C1-C20烷氧基化炔醇。C1-C20烷氧基化烯醇。C1-C20烷氧基化烷醇、烷基二醇、甲基二醇、乙基二醇、丙基二醇、丁基二醇、戊基二醇、乙烯二醇、丙烯二醇、丁烯二醇、戊烯二醇、甲氧基化烷醇、乙氧基化烷醇、丙氧基化烷醇、丁氧基化烷醇、甲氧基化烯醇、乙氧基化烯醇、丙氧基化烯醇、丁氧基化烯醇、甲氧基化炔醇、乙氧基化炔醇、丙氧基化炔醇、丁氧基化炔醇、甲氧基化乙炔醇、乙氧基化乙炔醇、丙氧基化乙炔醇、丁氧基化乙炔醇、甲氧基化丙炔醇、乙氧基化丙炔醇、丙氧基化丙炔醇、丁氧基化丙炔醇、甲氧基化炔丙醇、乙氧基化炔丙醇、丙氧基化炔丙醇、丁氧基化炔丙醇、甲氧基化丁炔醇、乙氧基化丁炔醇、丙氧基化丁炔醇、丁氧基化丁炔醇、甲氧基化戊炔醇、乙氧基化戊炔醇、丙氧基化戊炔醇、丁氧基化戊炔醇。
在一些實施例中,至少一種抑制劑可係兩性離子。在一些實施例中,至少一種抑制劑係甜菜鹼。甜菜鹼可經取代或未經取代。可選的取代可係羥基、烷基、炔基、烯基、及鹵基。在一些實施例中,至少一種抑制劑可係烷基甜菜鹼、環狀甜菜鹼、芳基甜菜鹼、雜環甜菜鹼、及羥基化甜菜鹼。在一些實施例中,至少一種抑制劑可係乙烯基甜菜鹼、炔丙基甜菜鹼、及乙烯基雜環甜菜鹼。
例示性甜菜鹼可包括(羧甲基)三甲銨鹽酸鹽、(甲醯甲基)氯化三甲銨、1,1′-[00硫雙(巰基膦基硫亞基)]雙吡啶鎓、雙(內鹽)、P4S10-吡啶錯合物、N-(3-磺丙基)-N-甲基丙烯醯基氧基乙基-N,N-二甲基銨甜菜鹼、(N,N-二甲基肉豆蔻基銨基)乙酸鹽、葫蘆巴鹼鹽酸鹽、(月桂基二甲基銨基)乙酸鹽、[002-(甲基丙烯醯基氧基)乙基]二甲基-(3-磺丙基)氫氧化銨、N-甲基罌粟鹼(N-methylnorpapaverine)、3-(1-吡錠基)-1-丙磺酸鹽、N-(三甲胺−硼烷羰基)脯胺酸甲酯、羥基磺丙基吡啶鎓甜菜鹼、磺丙基乙烯基吡啶鎓甜菜鹼。
去極劑在本文中係定義為導致鎳沉積電位之正向偏移的分子。合適去極添加劑(促進劑)包括例如有機硫化合物。更佳的是,去極添加劑係選自由磺醯亞胺、磺酸鹽、及硫酸鹽。去極添加劑之具體實例包括但不限於含硫有機化合物、芳族及脂族磺酸鹽、苯、二苯、萘、甲苯磺醯胺、磺亞醯胺,諸如苯磺酸、1,3,6-萘磺酸鈉鹽、對甲苯磺醯胺、鄰苯甲磺醯亞胺、噻吩-2-磺酸、苯亞磺酸、及類似者,其等可單獨或組合使用。
一或多種極化添加劑及一或多種去極添加劑係以介於約100:1與約1:100、更佳地介於約100:1與約1:1之比例存在於組成物中。例如,在一些實施例中,促進劑對抑制劑之比例可在100:1至1:1(以重量%計)之範圍內。在一些實施例中,促進劑對抑制劑之比例可選自90:1、80:1、70:1、60:1、50:1、40:1、30:1、20:1、15:1、10:1、5:1、4:1、3:1、2:1、1.5:1。在一些實施例中,抑制劑對促進劑之比例可選自90:1、80:1、70:1、60:1、50:1、40:1、30:1、20:1、15:1、10:1、5:1、4:1、3:1、2:1、1.5:1。一或多種極化添加劑對一或多種去極添加劑之比例可部分取決於所鍍覆之特徵的深寬比。例如,在一個實施例中,具有介於約1:3至約3:1之深寬比的特徵可能需要添加劑(極化添加劑對去極添加劑)之比例在約1:5至約10:1之範圍內。
一或多種去極添加劑係以介於約100 mg/L與約1000 mg/L、更佳地針對一些結構幾何介於約150 mg/L與約500 mg/L、或約300 mg/L之間的濃度存在於電解質中。針對其他結構幾何–更佳的是介於約500 mg/L與約1000 mg/L或約750 mg/L之間。
可將使金屬沉積極化並使導通孔特微開口附近之沉積速率較慢的組分以介於約1 ppm與約2000 ppm之間的濃度結合至電鍍浴中。在一個實施例中,可將抑制導通孔特徵開口附近之沉積速率的組分以介於約1與約1000 ppm之間或更高、較佳地介於約100 ppm與約500 ppm之間的濃度添加至電解質鎳沉積組成物中。
導通孔及溝槽之由下而上填充被認為是由於在導通孔或溝槽之表面(常稱為「場域」)上對比底部上的添加劑傳輸及吸附速率有差異而發生。一或多種極化劑之濃度在導通孔或溝槽之場域上可能遠高於在底部上,在導通孔或溝槽中電解質之對流由於其傳輸及吸附速率而受到幾何所限制。相反地,一或多種去極劑之濃度在導通孔或溝槽之底部上可能遠大於在場域上,因為去極劑分子必須與極化劑對於吸附進行競爭。
可用於導通孔填充之鎳電沉積化學物質可係所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者已知之任何者,包括例如Watts鎳浴(混合硫酸鹽/氯化物)、Barrett鎳浴(磺胺甲酸鹽)、全硫酸浴(all sulfate)、全氯浴(all chloride)、有機酸磺酸鹽、磷酸鹽、氟硼酸鹽、及其混合物。
此外,鎳電沉積組成物可含有抗孔蝕添加劑(潤濕劑)。合適抗孔蝕添加劑包括陰離子界面活性劑,諸如月桂基乙氧基硫酸鈉、月桂基乙氧基磺酸鈉、及其他類似化合物。抗孔蝕添加劑由於會抓住空氣及氫氣泡而可用於避免孔蝕。
如本文中所述,鎳電沉積組成物可含有至少一種緩衝劑。較佳的是,除了將至少一種酸添加至組成物中外,還將至少一種緩衝劑添加至鎳電沉積組成物。合適緩衝劑包括但不限於弱有機或或無機酸之鹽,諸如酞酸鹽、檸檬酸鹽、乙酸鹽、琥珀酸鹽、草酸鹽、酒石酸鹽、磷酸鹽、硼酸鹽、及類似者。
在一些實施例中,電解質可在20°至70℃下加熱。更佳的是40°至60℃。在一些實施例中,電解質可藉由攪拌、超音波、或其他方法來攪動。
在一些實施例中,電沉積組成物之pH係在2至5之範圍內、較佳地在3至4.5之範圍內。
在一些實施例中,電流密度可係0.5 ASD至30 ASD。更佳的是,針對一些應用電流密度可係1至5 ASD。在一些實施例中,電流密度可係5 ASD。
在一些實施例中,針對一些應用鍍覆時間可係1分鐘至60分鐘。更佳的是,鍍覆時間可係1分鐘至45分鐘,視應用需求而定。所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者會認知到,鍍覆時間及電流密度可經調整以達到目標厚度。
在不受操作理論所束縛下,基於與對流有關之吸附CDA可能發生使用鎳添加劑之導通孔填充的情況。針對銅(預期其與鎳共有相似性),填充機制會更加複雜,因為此類沉積方法採用了三種類型的有機添加劑(促進劑、抑制劑、及調平劑)來進行由下而上之微導通孔填充。銅鍍覆溶液之填充效能不必然獨立地取決於個別添加劑濃度,而是可能受到這些添加劑之間的交互作用所影響。例如,一些研究指出,添加劑之間的固有功用及交互作用於氯離子存在下會受到影響。
氯離子在陰極上之吸附由於其負電荷而與電位有關。因此,對流(而不是擴散及遷移)可能是鍍覆期間氯離子傳輸至陰極之主要因素。這些有機添加劑之具體功用取決於氯離子在陰極上之表面覆蓋。抑制劑及調平劑可能只有在高氯離子表面覆蓋下才能發揮功用,但促進劑在低氯離子表面覆蓋下即能發揮作用。因此,強力之強制對流會導致相對慢之金屬沉積,因為抑制性物種在高氯離子覆蓋之條件下支配了陰極反應;微弱之強制對流會導致相對快之金屬沉積,因為促進性物種在低氯離子覆蓋之條件下支配了陰極反應。
同樣地,針對鎳鍍覆溶液,添加劑之比例可能影響電沉積組成物之效能。在一些實施例中,促進劑與抑制劑之間的比例可經調整以達到各種導通孔尺寸及深寬比之最佳填入(fill-in)。
在一個態樣中,本發明關於提供用於鎳互連製造之電沉積組成物及程序,其等不包括硼酸。迅速預想到此理論及下列實施例可組合任何前述實施例來使用。因此,雖然電沉積組成物可含有(且較佳地不含)酸,酸係選自可適用於電沉積中之其他酸。非限制性實例包括四硼酸鈉或鉀、磺柳酸鹽、乙酸鹽、琥珀酸鹽、酒石酸鹽、酞酸鹽、檸檬酸鹽、磺柳酸、柳酸、乙酸、琥珀酸、及酞酸。
在一個態樣中,本發明關於提供用於導通孔填充金屬化之電沉積組成物及程序中的內部應力調節劑/應力控制劑。迅速預想到此理論及下列實施例可組合任何前述實施例來使用。
在一些實施例中,本發明大致上關於藉由分開的添加劑或利用金屬鹵化物作為鹽來將陰離子添加至浴中,從而基於所欲者來調節內部應力。在一些實施例中,陰離子可係鹵離子。例如,可使用氯化物來將內部應力從高度壓縮應力調節成中性至低度拉伸應力,這對於補償金屬堆疊中另一個高度壓縮金屬層而言可能是所欲的。合適應力調節劑之實例包括但不限於氯化物、溴化物、磺酸鹽、柳酸鹽、磺柳酸鹽、磺醯亞胺、及類似者,諸如氯化鉀。可將應力調節劑以在約5至約100 g/L之範圍內、更佳地在約50至約75 g/L之範圍內的濃度包括於電沉積組成物中。
在所沉積之金屬係鎳的實施例中,鹵離子可用作為對基於硫酸鎳或磺胺甲酸鎳之電解質的添加劑,或作為鎳(作為用於電解質補給之鎳鹽的部分)的相對離子。
內部應力之量可藉由所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者已知之任何技術來測量。例如,ASTM Standard B975所核可之沉積測試條廣泛用於測量基材表面上所沉積之塗層及膜上的內部應力。
在下列實例中,例示性電沉積組成物係針對藉由電沉積鎳來填充導通孔而進行研究。由例示性實施例所達成之填充程度係藉由導通孔之SEM剖面來獲得影像。
實例1:將例示性鎳電解質組成物製備為包含下列組分:
MacDermid Enthone Nickel Sulfamate LIQ 20濃縮物(150 g/L Ni) – 485 mL/L
胺磺酸- 1.7 g/L
硼酸– 30 g/L
溴化鎳溶液– 55 mL/L
Niaproof® 08 – 0.5 g/L
MacDermid Enthone Brightener 63(促進劑或去極劑)– 3 mL/L
使用50 g/L胺磺酸溶液將電解質之pH調整為4.0,並且將電解質加熱至55℃。將2 cm × 2 cm試片(具有23微米直徑30微米深導通孔,其具有銅種子層及圖案化光阻)貼至不鏽鋼試片固定座,浸入電解質中,然後以5 ASD之電流密度並且在電極以100 RPM旋轉速率旋轉之情況下電鍍10分鐘。將光阻剝除,SEM剖面顯示導通孔填充至約50%。
實例2:製備與實例1中相同之電解質並且添加2 mL/L化合物S2,其係分子量小於500之雜環甜菜鹼(極化劑)。將光阻剝除,SEM剖面顯示導通孔填充至約60%。
實例3:製備與實例1中相同之電解質並且添加4 mL/L化合物S2。將光阻剝除,SEM剖面顯示導通孔填充至約100%。
實例4:製備與實例1中相同之電解質並且添加8 mL/L化合物S2。將光阻剝除,SEM剖面顯示100%的導通孔獲得填充,並且其頂部上有小的過度裝載凸起。
圖4顯示根據實例1至4之定電流計時電位測定圖。此圖顯示注射不同濃度化合物S2及變化電極旋轉速度之定電流實驗。實驗係在55℃及5 ASD下進行。針對各實例,使電極以200及1000 rpm旋轉,並且快慢旋轉之間的電位差係註記在圖中。在實例1(含有促進劑,但沒有S2)中,電位差係-7 mV,這表示去極化且可視為可能表示此樣本將導致保形生長(conformal growth)。實例2至4(包括增加濃度的S2)顯示相反效果,其中電位差是正的。所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者會瞭解到,此電化學分析結果是由下而上填充之指示。因此,在不受操作理論所束縛下,此結果提供了添加S2實現由下而上填充之指示。
實例5:製備與實例1中相同之電解質並且添加1 mL/L的化合物S3(一種炔醇)。將光阻剝除,SEM剖面顯示25%的導通孔獲得填充。
實例6:將與實例1中相同之電解質用2 mL/L的化合物S4(一種烯醇)添補。將光阻剝除,SEM剖面顯示45%的導通孔獲得填充。
實例7:將與實例1中相同之電解質用20 mL/L的化合物S5(一種羥基化雜環甜菜鹼)添補。將光阻剝除,SEM剖面顯示100%的導通孔獲得填充。
實例8:製備與實例1中相同之電解質並且有20 mL/L的化合物S6(一種乙烯基雜環甜菜鹼)。將光阻剝除,SEM剖面顯示100%的導通孔獲得填充。
比較例1:製備與實例1中相同之電解質,除了將化合物S1/A1(一種芳基醯磺胺)自電解質組成物中省略。將光阻剝除,SEM剖面顯示導通孔沒有任何部分獲得顯著程度的填充。
比較例2:製備與實例1中相同之電解質,除了將化合物S1/A1(一種芳基醯磺胺)自電解質組成物中省略,並且改為將4 mL/L的化合物S2(一種雜環甜菜鹼)添加至組成物。將光阻剝除,SEM剖面顯示導通孔沒有任何部分獲得顯著程度的填充。
實例9:製備與實例1中相同之電解質,除了使用40 g/L四硼酸鉀取代硼酸。使用胺磺酸將pH調整為4.0,並且將溶液加熱至55℃。內部應力係依據ASTM Standard B975來判定並且發現為-99.6 MPa壓縮。
實例10:製備與實例9中相同之電解質,除了添加64 g/L氯化鉀。使用胺磺酸將pH調整為4.0,並且將溶液加熱至55℃。內部應力係依據ASTM Standard B975來判定並且發現為35.9 MPa拉伸。
如實例9及10所示,將64 g/L氯化鉀添加至電解質中會將內部應力之極性從壓縮反轉為拉伸。
實例11:製備與實例1中相同之電解質,除了改成添加30 g/L硼酸,45 g/L磺柳酸。亦添加12 mL/L化合物S2。將1.3 cm × 1.3 cm試片(具有~20微米直徑~8微米深導通孔,其具有銅種子層及圖案化光阻)貼至不鏽鋼試片固定座,浸入電解質中,然後以5 ASD之電流密度及50 RPM旋轉速率電鍍3分鐘。將光阻剝除,SEM剖面顯示導通孔填充至約100%。內部應力係依據ASTM Standard B975來判定並且發現為-74.9 MPa壓縮。
實例12:製備與實例1中相同之電解質。將3.0 cm × 3.0 cm試片(具有~20微米開口在襯有PVD銅種子層之光阻中)貼至不鏽鋼試片固定座,浸入電解質中,然後以5 ASD之電流密度及20 RPM旋轉速率電鍍3分鐘。將光阻剝除,SEM剖面顯示有適用於UBM應用之3微米厚鎳支柱。
無
[圖1]係根據實例1至4之定電流計時電位測定圖。
Claims (15)
- 一種用於導通孔填充或障壁鎳互連製造之鎳電沉積組成物,其包含:a)鎳離子之來源;b)一或多種極化添加劑,其包含經取代、經多取代、及未經取代的雜環甜菜鹼、烯醇、或其組合;及c)一或多種去極添加劑(depolarizing additives),其包含磺醯亞胺、磺酸鹽、硫酸鹽、或其組合。
- 如請求項1之組成物,其中該組成物進一步包含選自由下列所組成之群組的酸:草酸、檸檬酸、胺磺酸、乙酸、柳酸、磺柳酸、琥珀酸、酞酸、硼酸、酒石酸、及任何前述者之鹽。
- 如請求項1或2之組成物,其中該組成物不含硼酸。
- 如請求項1或2之組成物,其中該組成物包含硼酸。
- 如請求項1或2之組成物,其中該鎳離子之來源係選自由下列所組成之群組:乙酸鎳、羧酸鎳、氯化鎳、溴化鎳、硫酸鎳、胺磺酸鎳、氟硼酸鎳、及焦磷酸鎳。
- 如請求項1之組成物,其中該組成物進一步包含選自由下列所組成之群組的合金化金屬:鐵、鈷、鎢、及前述一或多者之組合。
- 如請求項1之組成物,其中該組成物進一步包含界面活性劑,其中該界面活性劑係陰離子、陽離子、或非離子界面活性劑。
- 如請求項1之組成物,其中該一或多種極化添加劑對該一或多種去極添加劑之比例係在100:1至1:100之範圍內。
- 如請求項1或2之組成物,其中該組成物進一步包含緩衝劑,其中該緩衝劑係選自由下列所組成之群組:包含酞酸鹽、檸檬酸鹽、乙酸鹽、琥珀酸鹽、草酸鹽、酒石酸鹽、磷酸鹽、硼酸鹽、或前述一或多者之組合之弱有機或無機酸之鹽。
- 如請求項1或2之組成物,其中該組成物進一步包含應力調節劑,其中該應力調節劑係選自由下列所組成之群組:氯化物、溴化物、磺酸鹽、柳酸鹽、磺柳酸鹽、磺醯亞胺。
- 如請求項1或2之組成物,其中該電沉積組成物之pH係在2至5之範圍內。
- 一種金屬化微電子裝置中之導通孔或溝槽之方法,其包含使包含導通孔及/或溝槽之基材與如請求項1之電沉積組成物接觸一段足以至少部分填充該等導通孔之時間的步驟。
- 如請求項12之方法,其中該基材係與該電沉積組成物接觸介於1與60分鐘之間。
- 如請求項12之方法,其中該鎳電沉積組成物係加熱至介於20℃至70℃之間的溫度。
- 如請求項12至14中任一項之方法,其中該鎳電沉積組成物係經攪動,其中該攪動係藉由攪拌、超音波、或前述者之組合。
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