TWI644666B - 基因型-或表現型-為基礎的醫藥調配物 - Google Patents
基因型-或表現型-為基礎的醫藥調配物 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI644666B TWI644666B TW102119266A TW102119266A TWI644666B TW I644666 B TWI644666 B TW I644666B TW 102119266 A TW102119266 A TW 102119266A TW 102119266 A TW102119266 A TW 102119266A TW I644666 B TWI644666 B TW I644666B
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- tamoxifen
- genotype
- phenotype
- cyp2d6
- nexifen
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- C07C213/08—Preparation of compounds containing amino and hydroxy, amino and etherified hydroxy or amino and esterified hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton by reactions not involving the formation of amino groups, hydroxy groups or etherified or esterified hydroxy groups
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Abstract
本發明係關於二或多種醫藥上活性物質之組合物,其中至少一物質(「代謝物」)為另一物質(「母體物質」)之代謝產物,其中特言之係選擇其劑型,使得特別是個體得以補償母體物質轉變為代謝物之基因型或表型上相關的變異。
Description
本發明係關於二或多種醫藥上活性物質之組合物,其中至少一物質(「代謝物」)為另一物質(「母體物質」)之代謝產物,特言之係選擇其劑型,使得,特別是個體得以補償母體物質轉變為代謝物之基因型或表型上(基因型之定義http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotyp,表型之定義:http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A4notyp)相關的變異。
本發明進一步係係關於二或多種醫藥上活性物質之組合物,其中至少一物質為另一物質之代謝產物,及係選擇其劑型,使得,特別是個體得以補償涉及母體物質和代謝物之藥物動力學和藥效學過程的轉運子、受體或其他蛋白中基因型或表型上相關的變異。
本發明之原理將使用乳癌醫藥品他莫昔芬(tamoxifen)及其活性代謝物內昔芬(endoxifen)之組合的實例來說明。
在藥物治療中,有許的醫藥其藥理學作用係源自於所投予的母體物質與其在體內所產生的代謝物之交互作用。此等所謂的活性代謝物一般係經由酵素性催化過程所形成,其可發生在,例如肝臟、腎臟、腸或身體任何其他器官。這些酵素過程之活性在不同個體中可能大不同。個體與個體間酵素活性不同之理由在自然界很多樣。首先,可能由例如酵素抑制劑或誘
導劑或其他遺傳因素所帶來的表現酵素變體數量上之個體變異。第二,可能由於例如酵素抑制劑或誘導劑或其他遺傳因素所帶來的表現酵素變體活性上之個體變異。許多的活性藥物成份為已知的細胞色素P450酵素抑制劑,例如:2-(4-氯苯氧基)乙醇、阿卡波糖(acarbose)、醋丁洛爾(acebutolol)、醋硝香豆素(acenocoumarol)、乙醯唑胺(acetazolamide)、,阿德福韋(adefovir)、腺苷蛋氨酸(ademetionine)、阿義馬林(ajmaline)、阿苯達唑(albendazole)、阿利維甲酸(alitretinoin)、別嘌醇(allopurinol)、阿洛司瓊(alosetron)、胺溴素(ambroxol)、安非他命(amphetamine)、阿米洛利(amiloride)、胺魯米特(aminoglutethimide)、胺基比林(aminophenazone)、胺碘酮(amiodarone)、阿米替林(amitriptyline)、胺氯地平(amlodipine)、阿莫地喹(amodiaquine)、安普那韋(amprenavir)、阿那曲唑(anastrozole)、雄甾醇酮(androstandolone)、阿匹坦(aprepitant)、阿立呱唑(aripiprazole)、三氧化二砷(arsenic trioxide)、青篙素(artemisinin)、青蒿琥酯(artesunate)、阿司咪唑(astemizole)、阿紮那韋(atazanavir)、托莫西汀(atomoxetine)、阿托伐他汀(atorvastatin)、阿托伐醌(atovaquone)、阿托品(atropine)、阿紮丙宗(azapropazone)、氮卓斯汀(azelastine)、阿奇黴素(azithromycin)、巴尼地平(barnidipine)、貝那普利(benazepril)、貝尼地平(benidipine)、苯溴馬隆(benzbromarone)、苄乙氧銨(benzethonium)、苯佐卡因(benzocaine)、佛手內酯(bergapten)、培他米松(betamethasone)、倍他洛爾(betaxolol)、苯紮貝特(bezafibrate)、比卡魯胺(bicalutamide)、聯苯苄唑(bifonazole)、比呱立登(biperiden)、硼替佐米(bortezomib)、溴西泮(bromazepam)、溴隱亭(bromocriptine)、溴苯那敏(brompheniramine)、布地品(budipine)、丁丙諾啡(buprenorphine)、安非他酮(buproprion)、骨化三醇(calcitriol)、坎地沙坦(candesartan)、卡培他濱(capecitabine)、卡馬西平(carbamazepine)、卡比沙明(carbinoxamine)、卡替洛爾(carteolol)、卡泊芬淨(caspofungin)、塞來昔布(celecoxib)、西立伐他汀
(cerivastatin)、奎尼丁(quinidine)、奎寧(quinine)、氯黴素(chloramphenicol)、氯地孕酮(chlormadinone)、氯喹(chloroquine)、氯苯那敏(chlorphenamine)、氯丙嗪(chlorpromazine)、氯唑沙宗(chlorzoxazone)、環胞素(ciclosporin)、西咪替丁(cimetidine)、環丙貝特(ciprofibrate)、環丙沙星(ciprofloxacin)、西沙比利(cisapride)、順鉑(cisplatin)、西酞普蘭(citalopram)、克拉黴素(clarithromycin)、氯馬斯汀(clemastine)、氯維地平(clevidipine)、克林黴素(clindamycin)、氯倍他索(clobetasol)、氯法齊明(clofazimine)、二氯二苯三氯乙烷(clofenotane)、氯貝丁酯(clofibrate)、氯美噻唑(clomethiazole)、氯米芬(clomifene)、氯米帕明(clomipramine)、氯硝西泮(clonazepam)、氯吡格雷(clopidogrel)、氯噻西泮(clotiazepam)、克黴唑(clotrimazole)、氯氮平(clozapine)、古柯鹼(cocaine)、可待因(codeine)、咖啡因(caffeine)、秋水仙素(colchicine)、膽鈣化醇(colecalciferol)、賽克利嗪(cyclizine)、環磷醯胺(cylcophosphamide)、環丙孕酮(cyproterone)、達卡巴嗪(dacarbazine)、更生黴素(dactinomycin)、達福普汀(dalfopristine)、達那唑(danazol)、丹曲林(dantrolene)、柔紅黴素(daunorubicin)、去鐵胺(deferoxamine)、地拉韋定(delarvirdine)、地昔帕明(desipramine)、地氯雷他定(desloratadine)、去甲文拉法辛(desvenlafaxine)、地塞米松(dexamethasone)、右苯丙胺(dexamfetamine)、右芬氟拉明(dexfenfluramine)、右布洛芬(dexibuprofen)、右美沙芬(dextrometorphan)、右丙氧芬(dextropropoxyphene)、地西泮(diazepam)、雙氯芬酸(diclofenac)、雙香豆素(dicoumarol)、雙肼屈嗪(dihydralazine)、雙氫麥角胺(dihydroergotamine)、二碘羥基丙烷(diiodohydroxypropane)、地爾硫卓(diltiazem)、二甲基亞碸(dimethyl sulphoxide)、二甲替嗪(dimetotiazine)、蒙脫石(diosmectite)、地奧司明(diosmin)、苯海拉明(diphenhydramine)、雙硫侖(disulfiram)、多西紫杉醇(docetaxel)、朵拉司瓊(dolasetron)、多巴胺(dopamine)、多塞平(doxepin)、多柔比星(doxorubicin)、多西環素(doxycycline)、依巴斯汀(ebastine)、益康
唑(econazole)、依非韋倫(efavirenz)、依米丁(emetine)、依諾沙星(enoxacin)、甘草次酸(enoxolone)、恩前列素(enprostil)、恩他卡朋(entacapone)、依匹斯汀(epinastine)、腎上腺素(epinephrine)、依普利酮(eplerenone)、依普沙坦(eprosartan)、麥角新鹼(ergometrine)、麥角鹼(ergotamine)、紅黴素(erythromycin)、依地普侖(escitalopram)、雌三醇(estriol)、乙苯海拉明(etanautine)、乙醇(ethanol)、炔雌醇(ethinylestradiol)、乙基苯妥英(ethotoin)、依託度酸(etodolac)、依託咪酯(etomidate)、依託泊苷(etoposide)、艾托考昔(etoricoxib)、依曲替酯(etretinate)、依西美坦(exemestane)、依澤替米貝(ezetimibe)、非爾氨酯(felbamate)、非洛地平(felodipine)、芬氟拉明(fenfluramine)、非諾貝特(fenofibrate)、芬太尼(fentanyl)、非索非那定(fexofenadine)、氟卡尼(flecainide)、氟甲喹(flumequine)、氟尿嘧啶(fluorouracil)、氟西汀(fluoxetine)、氟奮乃靜(fluphenazine)、氟西泮(flurazepam)、氟比洛芬(flurbiprofen)、氟紅黴素(flurithromycin)、氟他胺(flutamide)、氟伐地汀(fluvastatin)、氟伏沙明(fluvoxamine)、甲吡唑(fomepizole)、福美司坦(formestane)、福沙那韋(fosamprenavir、磷苯妥英(fosphenytoin)、吉非替尼(gefitinib)、吉非貝琪(gemfibrozil)、格列本脲(glibenclamide)、格列齊特(gliclazide)、葡萄糖、格魯米特(glutethimide)、格拉司瓊(granisetron)、g-毒毛花苷(g-strophanthin)、鹵泛曲林(halofantrine)、氟呱丁苯(haloperidol)、組織胺(histamine)、肼屈嗪(hydralazine)、氫化可的松(hydrocortisone)、羥基脲(hydroxycarbamide)、羥氯喹(hydroxychloroquine)、羥嗪(hydroxyzine)、布洛芬(ibuprofen)、伊達比星(idarubicin)、異環磷醯胺(ifosfamide)、伊馬替尼(imatinib)、丙咪嗪(imipramine)、茚地那韋(indinavir)、吲哚美辛(indometacin)、胰島素、依普黃酮(ipriflavone)、厄貝沙坦(irbesartan)、伊立替康(irinotecan)、異康唑(isoconazole)、異氟烷(isoflurane)、異煙肼(isoniazid)、異丙基腎上腺素(isoprenaline)、異丙醇、硝酸異山梨酯(isosorbide dinitrate)、伊拉地平
(isradipine)、伊曲康唑(itraconazole)、交沙黴素(josamycin)、酮康唑(ketoconazole)、酮布芬(ketoprofen)、拉貝洛爾(labetalol)、拉呋替丁(lafutidine)、蘭索拉唑(lansoprazole)、來氟米特(leflunomide)、香菇多糖(lentinan)、樂卡地平(lercarnidipine)、來曲唑(letrozole)、左氧氟沙星(levofloxacin)、左美丙嗪(levomepromazine)、左炔諾孕酮(levonorgestrel)、利多卡因(lidocaine)、洛美沙星(lomefloxacin)、洛莫司汀(lomustine)、洛呱丁胺(loperamide)、洛匹那韋(lopinavir)、氯雷他定(loratadine)、氯諾昔康(lornoxicam)、氯沙坦(losartan)、洛伐他汀(lovastatin)、馬尼地平(manidipine)、馬索羅酚(masoprocol)、美克洛嗪(meclozine)、美達西泮(medazepam)、甲羥孕酮(medroxyprogesterone)、甲羥松(medrysone)、甲芬那酸(mefenamic acid)、甲氟喹(mefloquine)、美格魯托(meglutol)、褪黑激素(melatonin)、美洛昔康(meloxicam)、美呱隆(melperone)、美金剛(memantine)、甲萘醌(menadione)、美芬妥英(mephenytoin)、美喹他嗪(mequitazine)、甲琥胺(mesuximide)、去氧麻黃鹼(metamfetamine)、美弗明(metformin)、美沙酮(methadone)、醋甲唑胺(methazolamide)、甲氧沙林(methoxsalen)、呱醋甲酯(methylphenidate)、甲苯比妥(methylphenobarbital)、甲氫潑尼松(methylprednisolone)、甲氧氯普胺(metoclopramide)、美托洛爾(metoprolol)、滅滴靈(metronidazole)、美替拉酮(metyrapone)、美西律(mexiletine)、米賽林(mianserin)、米貝拉地爾(mibefradil)、咪康唑(miconazole)、咪達唑侖(midazolam)、麥迪黴素(midecamycin)、米多君(midodrine)、米非司酮(mifepristone)、米諾地爾(minoxidil)、美歐卡黴素(miocamycin)、米爾塔紮平(mirtazapine)、米托蒽醌(mitoxantrone)、咪唑斯汀(mizolastine)、嗎氯貝胺(moclobemide)、莫達非尼(modafinil)、莫米松(mometasone)、孟魯司特(montelukast)、莫雷西嗪(moracizine)、萘法唑酮(nefazodone)、奈非那韋(nelfinavir)、新斯的明(neostigmine)、奈韋拉平(nevirapine)、尼卡地平(nicardipine)、氯硝柳胺
(niclosamide)、菸鹼鹼胺(nicotinamide)、硝苯地平(nifedipine)、菸鹼(nicotine)、菸酸(nicotic acid)、尼魯米特(nilutamide)、尼伐地平(nilvadipine)、尼美舒利(nimesulide)、尼索地平(nisoldipine)、尼群地平(nitrendipine)、硝普(nitroprusside)、去甲腎上腺素(norepinephrine)、諾氟沙星(norfloxacin)、去甲替林(nortriptyline)、那可汀(noscapine)、酚乙醇胺(octopamine)、氧氟沙星(ofloxacin)、奧氮平(olanzapine)、竹桃黴素(oleandomycin)、奧美拉唑(omeprazole)、恩丹西酮(ondansetron)、奧芬那君(orphenadrine)、奧沙尼喹(oxamniquine)、奧沙米特(oxatomide)、奧凱西平(oxcarbazepine)、氧烯洛爾(oxprenolol)、奧昔布寧(oxybutynin)、羥考酮(oxycodone)、太平洋紫杉醇(paclitaxel)、促胰酶素(pancreozymin)、促膽囊收縮素(cholecystokinin)、泮托拉唑(pantoprazole)、撲熱息痛(paracetamol)、帕瑞考昔(parecoxib)、帕吉林(pargyline)、帕羅西汀(paroxetine)、帕唑帕尼(pazopanib)、培氟沙星(pefloxacin)、噴托維林(pentoxyverin)、培拉嗪(perazine)、培高利特(pergolide)、呱克昔林(perhexiline、奮乃靜(perphenazine)、安替比林(phenazone)、苯乙肼(phenelzine)、苯巴比妥(phenobarbital)、苯琥胺(phensuximide)、苯丁胺(phentermine)、苯丁吡唑酮(phenylbutazone)、苯丙醇胺(phenylpropanolamine)、苯妥英(phenytoin)、毒扁豆鹼(physostigmine)、毛果芸香鹼(pilocarpine)、匹莫齊特(pimozide)、吲哚洛爾(pindolol)、吡格列酮(pioglitazone)、吡羅昔康(piroxicam)、普侖司特(pranlukast)、普拉睾酮(prasterone)、普伐他汀(pravastatin)、吡喹酮(praziquantel)、潑尼松龍(prednisolone)、潑尼松(prednisone)、伯胺喹(primaquine)、普那黴素(pristinamycin)、丙磺舒(probenecid)、黃體酮(progesterone)、氯胍(proguanil)、普魯米近(promethazine)、普羅帕酮(propafenone)、丙醇、丙呱維林(propiverine)、異丙酚(propofol)、普萘洛爾(propranolol)、乙胺嘧啶(pyrimethamine)、蘇利南苦木(quassia)、汞、喹硫平(quetiapine)、奎尼丁(quinidine)、奎寧(quinine)、奎奴普汀(quinupristin)、
雷貝拉唑(rabeprazole)、雷洛昔芬(raloxifene)、雷尼替丁(ranitidine)、瑞波西汀(reboxetine)、視黃醇、利福平(rifampicin)、利培酮(risperidone)、利托那韋(ritonavir)、利斯的明(rivastigmine)、羅非昔布(rofecoxib)、羅他黴素(rokitamycin)、羅匹尼祿(ropinirole)、羅格列酮(rosiglitazone)、瑞舒伐他汀(rosuvastatin)、羅紅黴素(roxithromycin)、蘆丁(rutoside)、沙丁胺醇(salbutamol)、水楊醯胺(salicylamide)、沙美特羅(salmeterol)、沙奎那韋(saquinavir)、司來吉蘭(selegiline)、塞曲司特(seratrodast)、舍他康唑(sertaconazole)、舍曲林(sertraline)、西地那非(sildenafil)、水飛薊賓(silymarin)、辛伐他汀(simvastatin)、西羅莫司(sirolimus)、生長抑素(somatostatin)、山梨醇、司巴丁(sparteine)、螺內酯(spironolactone)、一氧化氮、硫康唑(sulconazole)、磺胺嘧啶(sulfadiazine)、磺胺地索辛(sulfadimethoxine)、磺胺二甲嘧啶(sulfadimidine)、磺胺異噁唑(sulfafurazole)、磺胺甲噁唑(sulfamethizole)、磺胺苯吡唑(sulfamethoxazole)、磺胺噁唑(sulfamoxole)、胺苯磺胺(sulfanilamide)、磺胺吡唑(sulfaphenazole)、磺胺吡啶(sulfapyridine)、磺吡酮(sulfinpyrazone)、舒林酸(sulindac)、舒必利(sulpiride)、舒洛芬(suprofen)、他克莫司(tacrolimus)、他莫昔芬(tamoxifen)、替加色羅(tegaserod)、泰利黴素(telithromycin)、替米沙坦(telmisartan)、替馬氟沙星(temafloxacin)、(替尼泊甙(teniposide)、替諾福韋(tenofovir)、特比萘芬(terbinafine)、特康唑(terconazole)、特非那定(terfenadine)、特立帕肽(teriparatide)、睪酮(testosterone)、四環素(tetracycline)、茶鹼(theophylline)、甲巰咪唑(thiamazole)、硫噴妥(thiopental)、硫利達嗪(thioridazine)、硫代硫酸鹽(thiosulphate)、塞替派(thiotepa)、噻苯達唑(tiabendazole)、替勃龍(tibolone)、噻氯匹啶(ticlopidine)、噻嗎洛爾(timolol)、替硝唑(tinidazole)、噻康唑(tioconazole)、硫普羅寧(tiopronin)、泰坦(tiotixen)、妥卡尼(tocainide)、生育醇(tocopherol)、托非索泮(tofisopam)、甲苯磺丁脲(tolbutamide)、托卡朋
(tolcapone)、托吡酯(topiramate)、拓撲替康(topotecan)、苄噻米(torasemide)、曲馬朵(tramadol)、苯環丙胺(tranylcypromine)、曲妥珠單抗(trastuzumab)、曲奧舒凡(treosulfan)、維A酸(tretinoin)、氨苯蝶啶(triamterene)、三唑侖(triazolam)、三氯乙烯(trichloroethylene)、三氯沙(triclosan)、甲氧苄啶(trimethoprim)、曲吡那敏(tripelennamine)、曲普利啶(triprolidine)、曲格列酮(troglitazone)、醋竹桃黴素(troleandomycin)、托烷司瓊(tropisetron)、托斯必姆(trospium)、熊去氧膽酸(ursodeoxycholic acid)、伐地考昔(valdecoxib)、丙戊酸(valproic acid)、纈沙坦(valsartan)、維拉法辛(venlafaxine)、戊脈安(verapamil)、長春鹼(vinblastine)、長春新鹼(vincristine)、長春瑞濱(vinorelbine)、維吉尼亞黴素(virginiamycin)、伏立康唑(voriconazole)、伏氯唑(vorozole)、華法林(warfarin)、育亨賓(yohimbine)、紮魯司特(zafirlukast)、齊拉西酮(ziprasidone)、唑吡坦(zolpidem)、唑尼沙胺(zonisamide)。
本處特別強調的是:氟伏沙明、環丙沙星、吉非貝琪、安非他酮、西那卡塞(cinacalcet)、氟西汀、帕羅西汀、奎尼丁、茚地那韋、奈非那韋、利托那韋、克拉黴素、伊曲康唑、酮康唑、萘法唑酮、沙奎那韋、泰利黴素、甲氧苄啶、胺碘酮、度洛西汀(duloxetine)、舍曲林、特比萘芬、阿匹坦、紅黴素、戊脈安、地爾硫卓、西咪替丁、胺碘酮[http://medicine.iupui.edu/clinpharm/ddis/table.aspx as of 09.05.2012]。
已知的2期酵素有,其中包括:阿卡波糖、乙醯膽鹼(acetylcholine)、乙醯水楊酸(acetylsalicylic acid)、阿米替林、阿撲嗎啡(apomorphine)、青篙素、抗壞血酸、苄氟噻嗪(bendroflumethiazide)、佛手內酯、溴隱亭、卡巴膽鹼(carbachol)、卡馬西平、卡莫司汀(carmustine)、塞來昔布、鵝去氧膽酸(chenodeoxycholic acid)、奎寧、氯己定(chlorhexidine)、氯喹、西咪替丁(cimetidine)、氯米帕明、可樂定(clonidine)、古柯鹼、可的松、更生黴素、地昔帕明、地西泮、雙香
豆素、雙環維林(dicycloverine)、地奧司明、雙硫侖、多塞平、甘草次酸、恩他卡朋、雌二醇(estradiol)、依他尼酸(etacrynic acid)、氟康唑(fluconazole)、氟奮乃靜、葉酸、氟呱丁苯、血色素(hematin)、氫化可的松、羥甲香豆素(hymecromone)、布洛芬、丙咪嗪、吲哚美辛、異丙煙肼(iproniazid)、酮布芬、利多卡因、洛匹那韋、甲羥孕酮、褪黑激素、米帕林(mepacrine)、巰乙胺(mercaptamine)、汞撒利(mersalyl)、美沙拉秦(mesalazine)、甲基多巴(methyldopa)、嗎氯貝胺、萘普生(naproxen)、檸檬酸鈉、水楊酸鈉、尼氟酸(niflumic acid)、菸鹼、奧沙拉嗪(olsalazine)、羥基去甲麻黃素(oxedrine)、太平洋紫杉醇、帕吉林、苯丁吡唑酮、毒扁豆鹼、匹泮呱隆(pipamperone)、聚己雙胍(polihexanide)、伯胺喹、丙磺舒、黃體酮、丙硫氧嘧啶(propylthiouracil)、吡哆醛(pyridoxal)、吡哆醇(pyridoxine)、乙胺嘧啶、雷尼替丁、利托那韋、水楊醯胺、水楊酸、沙奎那韋、水飛薊賓、磺溴酞(sulphobromophthalein)、舒林酸、他克林(tacrine)、他莫昔芬、四環素、硫柳汞(thiomersal)、托卡朋、三氯沙、筒箭毒鹼(tubocurarine)、凡寇羅寧(vecuronium)、華法林、過氧化氫。
已知的細胞色素P450誘導劑有:2-(4-氯苯氧基)乙醇、阿卡波糖、乙烯柳酸、吖啶黃(acriflavinium chloride)、阿苯達唑、醛固酮(aldosterone)、明礬(alum)、胺魯米特、胺基柳酸、異戊巴比妥(amobarbital)、血管緊張素胺(angiotensinamide)、阿匹坦、阿普比妥(aprobarbital)、阿立呱唑、青篙素、抗壞血酸、阿紮胞苷(azatidine)、倍氯米松(beclometasone)、苯噁洛芬(benoxaprofen)、β胡蘿蔔素、貝沙羅汀(bexarotene)、苯紮貝特(bezafibrate)、生物素、波生坦(bosentan)、布拉地新(bucladesine)、布舍瑞林(buserelin)、卡托普利(captopril)、卡馬西平(carbamazepine)、過氧化脲(carbamide)、卡鉑(carboplatin)、奎尼丁(quinidine)、奎寧(quinine)、氯氮卓(chlordiazepoxide)、氯噻嗪(chlorothiazide)、氯丙嗪(chlorpromazine)、環孢菌素(ciclosporin)、環丙倍
特(ciprofibrate)、環丙沙星、順鉑(cisplatin)、骨化三醇(calcitriol)、克拉黴素、二氯二苯三氯乙烷、氯貝丁酯、氯米芬、氯硝西泮、可樂定、克黴唑、氯氮平、秋水仙素、考來烯胺(colestyramine)、促皮質素(coiticotropin)、環已巴比妥(cyclobarbital)、環磷醯胺、胺苯碸(dapsone)、道諾黴素(daunorubicin)、地塞米松(dexamethasone)、右丙氧芬(dextropropoxyphene)、地西泮、鄰苯二甲酸二丁酯、雙氯非那胺(diclofenamide)、雙氯西林(dicloxacillin)、雙環維林(dicycloverine)、乙醚、己烯雌酚(diethylstilbestrol)、二碘羥基丙烷(diiodohydroxypropane)、地諾前列酮(dinoprostone)、蒙脫石、地奧司明、地奧司明(docetaxel)、多柔比星、多西拉敏(doxylamine)、依非韋倫、依來曲普坦(eletriptan)、依諾沙星、麥角鈣化醇(ergocalciferol)、紅黴素、雌三醇、乙醇、炔雌醇、依託泊苷、芬苯達唑(fenbendazole)、非爾氨酯(felbamate)、氟康唑(fluconazole)、氟氯西林(flucloxacillin)、氟芬那酸(flufenamic acid)、螢光素(fluorescein)、氟伐他汀(fluvastatin、吉非羅齊、葡萄糖、麩胱甘肽、甘油、甘草酸(glycyrrhizic acid)、格拉司瓊(granisetron、灰黃黴素(griseofulvin)、胍乙啶(guanethidine)、氟呱啶醇(haloperidol)、組織胺、氫化可的松、羥基脲、異環磷醯胺、胰島素、依普黃酮、異氟烷(isoflurane)、異煙肼(isoniazid)、異丙基腎上腺素、異丙醇、伊曲康唑、酮康唑、古柯鹼、蘭索拉唑、林丹(lindane)、氯雷他定、洛伐他汀、利奈孕醇(lynestrenol)、甲苯達唑(mebendazole)、美卡拉明(mecamylamine)、甲羥孕酮、安乃近(metamizole)、美沙酮、美沙比妥(metharbital)、美索比妥(methohexital)、甲氫潑尼松、甲基睪丸素(methyltestosterone)、甲氧氯普胺(metoclopramide)、美替拉酮(metyrapone)、米非司酮(mifepristone)、米氮平(mirtazapine)、二溴甘露醇(mitobronitol)、絲裂黴素(mitomycin)、米托坦(mitotane)、嗎氯貝胺(moclobemide)、莫達非尼(modafinil)、氯化鈉、柳酸鈉、奈非那韋(nelfinavir)、奈韋拉平(nevirapine)、尼卡地平(nicardipine)、菸鹼鹼胺(nicotinamide)、硝苯地平(nifedipine)、菸鹼、硝基安定
(nitrazepam)、炔諾酮(norethisterone)、奧美拉唑、恩丹西酮、奧凱西平、奧昔康唑(oxiconazole)、奧索拉明(oxolamine)、奧索馬嗪(oxomemazine)、太平洋紫杉醇、泮托拉唑、撲熱息痛、百滅寧(permethrin)、配西汀(pethidine)、苯巴比妥、苯氧甲基青黴素(phenoxymethylpenicillin)、苯丁胺、苯丁吡唑酮、去氧腎上腺素(phenylephrine)、苯妥英(phenytoin)、吲哚洛爾、吡格列酮、匹泮呱隆、普樂康尼(pleconaril)、潑尼松龍、潑尼松、伯氨喹(primaquine)、撲米酮(primidone)、普那黴素(pristinamycin)、丙磺舒、黃體酮、丙硫氧嘧啶(propylthiouracil)、吡啶斯的明(pyridostigmine)、吡多醇(pyridoxine)、汞、奎寧quinine、雷貝拉唑、瑞波西汀、利血平(reserpine)、視黃醇、利福布汀(rifabutin)、利福平、利福噴丁(rifapentine)、利福昔明(rifaximin)、利托那韋(ritonavir)、羅非昔布(rofecoxib)、柳酸、司可巴比妥(secobarbital)、塞曲司特(seratrodast)、水飛薊素、螺內酯(spironolactone)、鏈佐星(streptozocin)、磺胺二甲嘧啶(sulfadimidine)、磺吡酮(sulfinpyrazone)、他莫昔芬、特比萘芬(temozolomide)、替莫唑胺(terbinafine)、特非那定(terfenadine)、睪固酮、丁苯那嗪(tetrabenazine)、四甲司林(tetramethrin)、沙利度胺(thalidomide)、硫胺(thiamine)、塞侖(thiram)、噻苯達唑(tiabendazole)、替尼酸、生育酚、托吡酯(topiramate)、拓撲替康(topotecan)、維A酸、曲安奈德(triamcinolone acetonide)、曲安西龍(triamcinolone)、曲格列、色胺酸、熊去氧膽酸、丙戊酸、維拉帕米、長春鹼、維吉黴素、伏格列波糖(voglibose)。
本處特別強調的是:莫達非尼、乙氧萘青黴素(nafcillin)、奧美拉唑、苯巴比妥、苯妥英、利福平、司可巴比妥、卡馬西平、炔諾酮(norethindrone)、潑尼松、利福平、地塞米松、異煙肼、依非韋倫、奈韋拉平、巴比妥(barbiturates)、糖皮脂激素、奧凱西平、吡格列酮、利福布汀、曲格列酮[09.05.2012之http://medicine.iupui.edu/clinpharm/ddis/table.aspx]。
已知的2期酵素誘導劑包括,尤其是:乙醯膽鹼、乙醯柳酸、腺核苷、苯丙胺(amfetamine)、氨茶鹼(aminophylline)、雄諾龍(androstanolone)、血管緊張素胺(angiotensinamide)、阿加曲班(argatroban)、抗壞血酸、苯氟雷司(benfluorex)、β-胡蘿蔔素、培他米松、布拉地新、骨化三醇、卡馬西平、(chlorambucil)、氯苯那敏、西沙比利、順鉑、氯貝丁酯、氯氮平、古柯鹼、促皮質素、地昔帕明、地塞米松、右苯丙胺、地西泮、雙氯芬酸、二乙基氨基甲乙胺(diethylcarbamazine)、乙醚、地諾前列酮、雙硫侖、多柔比星、恩他卡朋、腎上腺素、K他命(esketamine)、雌二醇、雌三醇、乙醇、氟桂嗪(flunarizine)、氟西汀、加巴噴丁(gabapentin)、硝酸甘油(glyceryl trinitrate)、甘胺酸、g-毒毛花苷、肼屈嗪、氫化可的松、羥甲香豆素、布洛芬、丙咪嗪、吲哚美辛、胰島素、異丙基腎上腺素、K他命、拉莫三嗪(lamotrigine)、左乙拉西坦(levetiracetam)、左旋多巴、林丹、褪黑激素、美法侖(melphalan)、對甲氧酚(mequinol)、安乃近、甲硫胺酸、甲胺蝶呤、甲氧氯普胺、萘丁美酮(nabumetone)、諾龍(nandrolone)、去甲腎上腺素、奧氮平、撲熱息痛、帕吉林、苯巴比妥、苯妥英、匹泮呱隆、黃體酮、(promegestone)、丙硫氧嘧啶、視黃醇、羅非昔布、螺內酯、一氧化氮、舒林酸、磺斯安(sultiame)、他莫昔芬、睪酮、茶鹼、硫癸二乙醇(tiadenol)、替勃龍(tibolone)、硫鳥嘌呤(tioguanine)、曲安奈德、甲氧苄啶、曲格列酮、丙戊酸、戊脈安、華法林、過氧化氫。
[24.04.2012之http://bioinformatics.charite.de/supercyp]。除了活性醫藥成份外,飲食組份對酵素、轉運子、受體或其他蛋白亦可具有抑制及/或誘導效應。
其已知的實例有,其中包括:青花菜、烤肉、金絲桃(St John's wort)、菸煙、乳酪、紅酒、葡萄柚汁、葉酸、維生素K、維生素E和維生素B6[Gröber,U.(2009)"Interaktionen Arzneimittel und Mikronährstoffe für die Kitteltasche
[Interactions:Pharmaceuticals and Micronutrients(Pocket Guide)]" Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH Stuttgart;Wentworth,J.M.,M.Agostini,等人(2000)."St John's wort,a herbal antidepressant,activates the steroid X receptor." J Endocrinol 166(3):R11-16.,http://medicine.iupui.edu/clinpharm/ddis/table.aspx as of 09.05.2012]。類似烤肉對細胞色素P450 1A1(CYP1A1)之誘導效應,此酵素亦可由存在於菸煙中的多環芳香類誘發。例如,文獻中所描述,CYP1A1在吸菸者的肺、肝和腸中之活性係隨著其吸菸量成比例增加[Czekaj,P.,A.Wiaderkiewicz,等人(2005)."Tobacco smoke-dependent changes in cytochrome P450 1A1,1A2,and 2E1 protein expressions in fetuses,newborns,pregnant rats,and human placenta." Arch Toxicol 79(1):13-24.;Fontana,R.J.,K.S.Lown,等人(1999)."Effects of a chargrilled meat diet on expression of CYP3A,CYP1A,and P-glycoprotein levels in healthy volunteers." Gastroenterology 117(1):89-98.;Kim,J.H.,M.E.Sherman,等人(2004)."Expression of cytochromes P450 1A1 and 1B1 in human lung from smokers,non-smokers,and ex-smokers." Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 199(3):210-219.Pelkonen,O.,M.Pasanen,等人(1986)."The effect of cigarette smoking on 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase and other monooxygenase activities in human liver:analyses with monoclonal antibodies." Br J Clin Pharmacol 22(2):125-134.;Zevin,S.and N.L.Benowitz(1999)."Drug interactions with tobacco smoking.An update." Clin Pharmacokinet 36(6):425-438.]。
再者,母體物質及其代謝物之藥學作用亦可依照表現蛋白變體、受體變體或轉運子變體的量或活性而定,其同樣可能由於抑制或誘導或遺傳因素使個體間或個體內大不同。
轉運子誘導劑之實例有:地塞米松、多柔比星、類黃酮(flavonoid)、聖約翰草、苯巴比妥、苯妥英、利福平、長春鹼。
轉運子抑制劑之實例有:利福平、環胞素A、吉非貝琪、洛匹那韋、利托那韋、克拉黴素、呋塞米(furosemide)、吲哚美辛、丙磺舒、萘普生、布洛芬、吡羅昔康、乙烯柳酸、撲熱息痛、非那西丁(phenacetin)、酮布芬、依那普利(enalapril)、布美他尼(bumetanide)、頭孢呱酮(cefoperazone)、硫唑嘌呤、甲胺蝶呤、丙戊酸(valproate)、氟滅酸(flufenamate、苯丁吡唑酮、左氧氟沙星、地塞米松、阿糖胞苷(cytarabine)、氨苄西林(ampicillin)、阿莫西林(amoxicillin)、環己西林(ciclacillin)、頭孢氨苄(cephalexin)、頭孢羥氨苄(cefadroxil)、頭孢拉定(cephradine)、頭孢地尼(cefdinir)、頭孢布烯(ceftibuten)、頭孢克肟(cefixime)、卡托普利、胺碘酮、奎尼丁、利多卡因、伊曲康唑、酮康唑、地爾硫卓、非洛地平、尼卡地平、硝苯地平、尼群地平、戊脈安、茚地那韋、奈非那韋、沙奎那韋、炔雌醇、甲基炔諾酮(norgestrel)、黃體酮、睪酮、他克莫司、紅黴素、米非司酮、帕羅西汀(paroxetine)、他林洛爾(talinolol)、他莫昔芬、特非那丁、三氟啦嗪(trifluoperazine)、長春新鹼。
[Shitara,Y.(2011)."Clinical importance of OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 in drug-drug interactions." Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 26(3):220-227.;Van Aubel,R.A.,R.Masereeuw,等人(2000)."Molecular pharmacology of renal organic anion transporters." Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 279(2):F216-232.;http://www.pharmazeutische-zeitung.de/index.php?id=2381]。
對藥物治療特別重要的為該等具有遺傳因素之蛋白活性的差異。由於對偶基因之序列變異(http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymorphismus)及/或由於存在的對偶基因數目不同,可能表現出不同變體及/或蛋白之數量。表現的變體和表現的蛋白數量二者,可能對蛋白變體之活性具有強烈的影響。
在文獻中,一研究完整的多型蛋白之實例為細胞色素P450 2D6(CYP2D6),一種已知具有不同基因變體多重性之酵素,其可分成四種不同的表現型。就此目的之習用的名稱有:PM=「緩慢代謝者(poor
metabolizer)」,IM=「中間代謝者(intermediate metabolizer)」」,EM=「快速代謝者(extensive metabolizer)」」和UM=「超速代謝者(ultrarapid metabolizer)」[Zanger,U.M.,J.Fischer,等人(2001)."Comprehensive analysis of the genetic factors determining expression and function of hepatic CYP2D6." Pharmacogenetics 11(7):573-585]。
除了CYP2D6外,有許多來自細胞色素P450(CYP)同功酶類的其他多態性酵素:CYP1A1、CYP1A2、CYP1B1、CYP2A6、CYP2A13、CYP2B6、CYP2C8、CYP2C9、CYP2C11、CYP2C18、CYP2C19、CYP2D6、CYP2E1、CYP2F1、CYP2J2、CYP2S1、CYP2W1、CYP3A4、CYP3A5、CYP3A7、CYP3A43、CYP4A11、CYP4B1、CYP4F2、CYP4F22、CYP7A1、CYP4B1、CYP7B1、CYP8A1、CYP8B1、CYP11A、CYP11B1、CYP11B2、CYP17A、CYP19A、CYP21A、CYP24A、CYP26A1、CYP26B、CYP27A、CYP27B、CYP46A、CYP51A。
本處特別強調的是:CYP1A2、CYP2B6、CYP2C8、CYP2C9、CYP2C19、CYP2D6、CYP2E1、CYP3A4、CYP3A5、CYP3A7[24.04.2012之http://bioinformatics.charite.de/supercyp;Tamaki,Y.,T.Arai,等人(2011)."Association between cancer risk and drug-metabolizing enzyme gene(CYP2A6,CYP2A13,CYP4B1,SULT1A1,GSTM1,and GSTT1)polymorphisms in cases of lung cancer in Japan." Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 26(5):516-522.]。
同樣地有許多代謝作用之多態性2期酵素或其他酵素,例如:N-乙醯基轉移酶2(NAT2)、巰基嘌呤S-甲基轉移酶(TPMT)、尿苷5'-二磷酸-葡萄糖醛酸基轉移酶(UGT)1A1、UGT1A3、UGT1A4、UGT1A5、UGT1A6、UGT1A7、UGT1A8、UGT1A9、UGT1A10、UGT2A1、UGT2A2、UGT2A3、UGT2B4、UGT2B7、UGT2B10、UGT2B15、UGT2B17、磺基轉移酶(SULT)
1A1、SULT1A2、SULT1A3、SULT1E1、SULT2A1、SULT2B1、SULT4A1、麩胱甘肽S-轉移酶(GST)A1、GSTA2、GSTA3、GSTA4、GSTA5、GSTM1、GSTM2、GSTM3、GSTM4、GSTM5、GSTP1、GSTT1、GSTT2、GSTO1、GSTO2、兒茶酚-o-甲基轉移酶(COMT)、核黃素依賴單氧化酶3(FMO)、二氫嘧啶去氫酶(DPD)、甲基四氫葉酸還原酶(MTHFR)。
本處特別強調的是:NAT2、TPMT、UGT1A1、UGT1A4、UGT2B7、UGT2B15、SULT1A1、SULT1A2、SULT2A1、GSTM1、GSTP1、GSTT1、COMT、DPD、MTHFR[Hickman,D.和E.Sim(1991)."N-acetyltransferase polymorphism.Comparison of phenotype and genotype in humans." Biochem Pharmacol 42(5):1007-1014.;Yates,C.R.,E.Y.Krynetski,等人(1997)."Molecular diagnosis of thiopurine S-methyltransferase deficiency:genetic basis for azathioprine and mercaptopurine intolerance." Ann Intern Med 126(8):608-614.;Bernard,O.,J.Tojcic,等人(2006)."Influence of nonsynonymous polymorphisms of UGT1A8 and UGT2B7 metabolizing enzymes on the formation of phenolic and acyl glucuronides of mycophenolic acid." Drug Metab Dispos 34(9):1539-1545.;Bushey,R.T.,G.Chen,等人(2011)."Characterization of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2A1(UGT2A1)variants and their potential role in tobacco carcinogenesis." Pharmacogenet Genomics 21(2):55-65.;Carlini,L.E.,N.J.Meropol,等人(2005)."UGT1A7 and UGT1A9 polymorphisms predict response and toxicity in colorectal cancer patients treated with capecitabine/irinotecan." Clin Cancer Res 11(3):1226-1236.;Chen,G.,A.S.Blevins-Primeau,等人(2007)."Glucuronidation of nicotine and cotinine by UGT2B10:loss of function by the UGT2B10 Codon 67(Asp>Tyr)polymorphism." Cancer Res 67(19):9024-9029.;Chen,G.,R.W.Dellinger,等人(2008)."Identification of a prevalent functional missense polymorphism in the UGT2B10 gene and its association with UGT2B10 inactivation against
tobacco-specific nitrosamines." Pharmacogenet Genomics 18(3):181-191.;Chen,Y.,S.Chen,等人(2006)."Genetic variants of human UGT1A3:functional characterization and frequency distribution in a Chinese Han population." Drug Metab Dispos 34(9):1462-1467.;Dellinger,R.W.,J.L.Fang,等人(2006)."Importance of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A10(UGT1A10)in the detoxification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons:decreased glucuronidative activity of the UGT1A10139Lys isoform." Drug Metab Dispos 34(6):943-949.;Guo,Y.,C.Hu,等人(2012)."Effects of UGT1A6,UGT2B7,and CYP2C9 genotypes on plasma concentrations of valproic acid in Chinese children with epilepsy." Drug Metab Pharmacokinet.;He,X.,L.M.Hesse,等人(2009)."Evidence for oxazepam as an in vivo probe of UGT2B15:oxazepam clearance is reduced by UGT2B15 D85Y polymorphism but unaffected by UGT2B17 deletion." Br J Clin Pharmacol 68(5):721-730.;Park,W.B.,P.G.Choe,等人(2010)."Genetic factors influencing severe atazanavir-associated hyperbilirubinemia in a population with low UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1*28 allele frequency." Clin Infect Dis 51(1):101-106.;Parmar,S.,J.C.Stingl,等人(2011)."Impact of UGT2B7 His268Tyr polymorphism on the outcome of adjuvant epirubicin treatment in breast cancer." Breast Cancer Res 13(3):R57.;Saeki,M.,Y.Saito,等人(2004)."Single nucleotide polymorphisms and haplotype frequencies of UGT2B4 and UGT2B7 in a Japanese population." Drug Metab Dispos 32(9):1048-1054.;Sneitz,N.,M.H.Court,等人(2009)."Human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase UGT2A2:cDNA construction,expression,and functional characterization in comparison with UGT2A1 and UGT2A3." Pharmacogenet Genomics.;Sun,D.,G.Chen,等人(2006)."Characterization of tamoxifen and 4-hydroxytamoxifen glucuronidation by human UGT1A4
variants." Breast Cancer Res 8(4):R50.;Swanson,C.,D.Mellstrom,等人(2007)."The uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase 2B15 D85Y and 2B17 deletion polymorphisms predict the glucuronidation pattern of androgens and fat mass in men." J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92(12):4878-4882.;Yang,J.,L.Cai,等人(2012)."Genetic Variations and Haplotype Diversity of the UGT1 Gene Cluster in the Chinese Population." PLoS One 7(4):e33988.;Arslan,S.(2010)."Genetic polymorphisms of sulfotransferases(SULT1A1 and SULT1A2)in a Turkish population." Biochem Genet 48(11-12):987-994.;Hirata,H.,Y.Hinoda,等人(2008)."CYP1A1,SULT1A1,and SULT1E1 polymorphisms are risk factors for endometrial cancer susceptibility." Cancer 112(9):1964-1973.;Ji,Y.,I.Moon,等人(2007)."Human hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase SULT2B1 pharmacogenomics:gene sequence variation and functional genomics." J Pharmacol Exp Ther 322(2):529-540.;Ramsey,T.L.,H.Y.Meltzer,等人(2011)."Evidence for a SULT4A1 haplotype correlating with baseline psychopathology and atypical antipsychotic response." Pharmacogenomics 12(4):471-480.;Tamaki,Y.,T.Arai,等人(2011)."Association between cancer risk and drug-metabolizing enzyme gene(CYP2A6,CYP2A13,CYP4B1,SULT1A1,GSTM1,and GSTT1)polymorphisms in cases of lung cancer in Japan." Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 26(5):516-522.;Thomae,B.A.,B.W.Eckloff,等人(2002)."Human sulfotransferase SULT2A1 pharmacogenetics:genotype-to-phenotype studies." Pharmacogenomics J 2(1):48-56.;Thomae,B.A.,O.F.Rifki,等人(2003)."Human catecholamine sulfotransferase(SULT1A3)pharmacogenetics:functional genetic polymorphism." J Neurochem 87(4):809-819.;Breton,C.V.,H.Vora,等人(2009)."Variation in the GST mu locus and tobacco smoke exposure as determinants of childhood lung function." Am J Respir Crit Care Med 179(7):601-607.;Chen,Y.L.,H.S.
Tseng,等人(2010)."Glutathione S-Transferase P1(GSTP1)gene polymorphism increases age-related susceptibility to hepatocellular carcinoma." BMC Med Genet 11:46.;Coles,B.F.,F.Morel,等人(2001)."Effect of polymorphism in the human glutathione S-transferase A1 promoter on hepatic GSTA1 and GSTA2 expression." Pharmacogenetics 11(8):663-669.;Moyer,A.M.,Z.Sun,等人(2010)."Glutathione pathway genetic polymorphisms and lung cancer survival after platinum-based chemotherapy." Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 19(3):811-821.;Tetlow,N.,M.Coggan,等人(2004)."Functional polymorphism of human glutathione transferase A3:effects on xenobiotic metabolism and steroid biosynthesis." Pharmacogenetics 14(10):657-663.;Tran,A.,F.Bournerias,等人(2008)."Serious haematological toxicity of cyclophosphamide in relation to CYP2B6,GSTA1 and GSTP1 polymorphisms." Br J Clin Pharmacol 65(2):279-280.;White,D.L.,D.Li,等人(2008)."Genetic variants of glutathione S-transferase as possible risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma:a HuGE systematic review and meta-analysis." Am J Epidemiol 167(4):377-389.;Zhao,Y.,M.Marotta,等人(2009)."Linkage disequilibrium between two high-frequency deletion polymorphisms:implications for association studies involving the glutathione-S transferase(GST)genes." PLoS Genet 5(5):e1000472.;Motika,M.S.,J.Zhang,等人(2009)."Novel variants of the human flavin-containing monooxygenase 3(FMO3)gene associated with trimethylaminuria." Mol Genet Metab 97(2):128-135.;Voisey,J.,C.D.Swagell,等人(2011)."A novel SNP in COMT is associated with alcohol dependence but not opiate or nicotine dependence:a case control study." Behav Brain Funct 7:51.;Fisher,M.C.and B.N.Cronstein(2009)."Metaanalysis of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase(MTHFR)polymorphisms affecting methotrexate toxicity." J Rheumatol 36(3):539-545.;
Zhang,X.P.,Z.B.Bai,等人(2012)."Polymorphisms of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase gene and clinical outcomes of gastric cancer patients treated with fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy in Chinese population." Chin Med J (Engl)125(5):741-746.]。
亦有許多多態性轉運子及/或受體及/或其他蛋白之實例。
多態性轉運子之實例有:ABCA1、ABCA2、ABCA3、ABCA4、ABCA7、ABCA8、ABCA12、ABCA13、ABCB1、ABCB2、ABCB4、ABCB5、ABCB7、ABCB8、ABCB9、ABCB10、ABCB11、ABCC1、ABCC2、ABCC3、ABCC4、ABCC5、ABCC6、ABCC8、ABCC9、ABCC10、ABCC11、ABCD1、ABCD2、ABCD3、ABCD4、ABCe1、ABCF1、ABCG1、ABCG2、ABCG4、ABCG5、ABCG8、OAT1、OAT2、OAT3、OAT4、URAT5、OATP1A2、OATP1B1、OATP1B3、OATP1C1、OATP1B1、OCT1、OCT2、OCT3、OCTN1、OCTN2、SLC22A16。
[Akiyama,Y.,K.I.Fujita,等人(2011)."Association of ABCC2 genotype with efficacy of first-line FOLFIRI in Japanese patients with advanced colorectal cancer." Drug Metab Pharmacokinet.;Fukao,M.,K.Ishida,等人(2011)."Effect of genetic polymorphisms of SLC28A1,ABCG2,and ABCC4 on bioavailability of mizoribine in healthy Japanese males." Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 26(5):538-543.;Garcia-Donas,J.,E.Esteban,等人(2011)."Single nucleotide polymorphism associations with response and toxic effects in patients with advanced renal-cell carcinoma treated with first-line sunitinib:a multicentre,observational,prospective study." Lancet Oncol 12(12):1143-1150.;Hollingworth,P.,D.Harold,等人(2011)."Common variants at ABCA7,MS4A6A/MS4A4E,EPHA1,CD33 and CD2AP are associated with Alzheimer's disease." Nat Genet 43(5):429-435.;Iida,A.,S.Saito,等人(2002)."Catalog of 605 single-nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)among 13
genes encoding human ATP-binding cassette transporters:ABCA4,ABCA7,ABCA8,ABCD1,ABCD3,ABCD4,ABCE1,ABCF1,ABCG1,ABCG2,ABCG4,ABCG5,and ABCG8." J Hum Genet 47(6):285-310.;Karadeniz,M.,M.Erdogan,等人(2011)."Effect Of G2706A and G1051A polymorphisms of the ABCA1 gene on the lipid,oxidative stress and homocystein levels in Turkish patients with polycystic ovary syndrome." Lipids Health Dis 10:193.;Kelsell,D.P.,E.E.Norgett,等人(2005)."Mutations in ABCA12 underlie the severe congenital skin disease harlequin ichthyosis." Am J Hum Genet 76(5):794-803.;Knight,H.M.,B.S.Pickard,等人(2009)."A cytogenetic abnormality and rare coding variants identify ABCA13 as a candidate gene in schizophrenia,bipolar disorder,and depression." Am J Hum Genet 85(6):833-846.;Kwan,P.,V.Wong,等人(2011)."Gene-wide tagging study of the association between ABCC2,ABCC5 and ABCG2 genetic polymorphisms and multidrug resistance in epilepsy." Pharmacogenomics 12(3):319-325.;Liptrott,N.J.,S.Pushpakom,等人(2012)."Association of ABCC10 polymorphisms with nevirapine plasma concentrations in the German Competence Network for HIV/AIDS." Pharmacogenet Genomics 22(1):10-19.;Maia-Lopes,S.,J.Aguirre-Lamban,等人(2009)."ABCA4 mutations in Portuguese Stargardt patients:identification of new mutations and their phenotypic analysis." Mol Vis 15:584-591.;Matsukawa,T.,M.Asheuer,等人(2011)."Identification of novel SNPs of ABCD1,ABCD2,ABCD3,and ABCD4 genes in patients with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy(ALD)based on comprehensive resequencing and association studies with ALD phenotypes." Neurogenetics 12(1):41-50.;Minster,R.L.,S.T.DeKosky,等人(2009)."No association of DAPK1 and ABCA2 SNPs on chromosome 9 with Alzheimer's disease." Neurobiol Aging 30(11):1890-1891.;Moitra,K.,M.Scally,等人(2011)."Molecular
evolutionary analysis of ABCB5:the ancestral gene is a full transporter with potentially deleterious single nucleotide polymorphisms." PLoS One 6(1):e16318.;Pietrzak-Nowacka,M.,K.Safranow,等人(2012)."Association of C49620T ABCC8 polymorphism with anthropometric and metabolic parameters in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease:a preliminary study." Nefrologia 32(2):153-159.;Saito,S.,A.Iida,等人(2002)."Identification of 779 genetic variations in eight genes encoding members of the ATP-binding cassette,subfamily C(ABCC/MRP/CFTR." J Hum Genet 47(4):147-171.;Saito,S.,A.Iida,等人(2002)."Three hundred twenty-six genetic variations in genes encoding nine members of ATP-binding cassette,subfamily B(ABCB/MDR/TAP),in the Japanese population." J Hum Genet 47(1):38-50.;Sasaki,T.,T.Hirota,等人(2011)."Systematic screening of human ABCC3 polymorphisms and their effects on MRP3 expression and function." Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 26(4):374-386.;Schulz,V.,D.Hendig,等人(2005)."Analysis of sequence variations in the ABCC6 gene among patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm and pseudoxanthoma elasticum." J Vasc Res 42(5):424-432.;Shulenin,S.,L.M.Nogee,等人(2004)."ABCA3 gene mutations in newborns with fatal surfactant deficiency." N Engl J Med 350(13):1296-1303.;Toyoda,Y.and T.Ishikawa(2010)."Pharmacogenomics of human ABC transporter ABCC11(MRP8):potential risk of breast cancer and chemotherapy failure." Anticancer Agents Med Chem 10(8):617-624.;Wasmuth,H.E.,A.Glantz,等人(2007)."Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy:the severe form is associated with common variants of the hepatobiliary phospholipid transporter ABCB4 gene." Gut 56(2):265-270.;Yin,J.Y.,Q.Huang,等人(2009)."Characterization and analyses of multidrug resistance-associated protein 1(MRP1/ABCC1)polymorphisms in Chinese
population." Pharmacogenet Genomics 19(3):206-216.;Yu,X.,H.Xie,等人(2011)."Association of MDR1 gene SNPs and haplotypes with the tacrolimus dose requirements in Han Chinese liver transplant recipients." PLoS One6(11):e25933.;Lee,W.,H.Glaeser,等人(2005)."Polymorphisms in human organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1A2(OATP1A2):implications for altered drug disposition and central nervous system drug entry." J Biol Chem 280(10):9610-9617.;Mougey,E.B.,H.Feng,等人(2009)."Absorption of montelukast is transporter mediated:a common variant of OATP2B1 is associated with reduced plasma concentrations and poor response." Pharmacogenet Genomics 19(2):129-138.;Trdan Lu 353 In,T.,B.Stieger,等人(2012)."Organic anion transporting polypeptides OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 and their genetic variants influence the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of raloxifene." J Transl Med 10(1):76.;van der Deure,W.M.,P.S.Hansen,等人(2008)."Thyroid hormone transport and metabolism by organic anion transporter 1C1 and consequences of genetic variation." Endocrinology 149(10):5307-5314.;Vormfelde,S.V.,M.Schirmer,等人(2006)."Torsemide renal clearance and genetic variation in luminal and basolateral organic anion transporters." Br J Clin Pharmacol 62(3):323-335.;Xu,G.,V.Bhatnagar,等人(2005)."Analyses of coding region polymorphisms in apical and basolateral human organic anion transporter(OAT)genes[OAT1(NKT),OAT2,OAT3,OAT4,URAT(RST)]." Kidney Int 68(4):1491-1499.;Becker,M.L.,L.E.Visser,等人(2011)."OCT1 polymorphism is associated with response and survival time in anti-Parkinsonian drug users." Neurogenetics 12(1):79-82.,Lal,S.,Z.W.Wong,等人(2007)."Novel SLC22A16 polymorphisms and influence on doxorubicin pharmacokinetics in Asian breast cancer patients." Pharmacogenomics 8(6):567-575.,Park,T.J.,J.H.Kim,等人(2011)."Possible association of
SLC22A2 polymorphisms with aspirin-intolerant asthma." Int Arch Allergy Immunol 155(4):395-402.,Sakata,T.,N.Anzai,等人(2010)."Functional analysis of human organic cation transporter OCT3(SLC22A3)polymorphisms." J Pharmacol Sci 113(3):263-266.,Tahara,H.,S.W.Yee,等人(2009)."Functional genetic variation in the basal promoter of the organic cation/carnitine transporters OCTN1(SLC22A4)and OCTN2(SLC22A5)." J Pharmacol Exp Ther 329(1):262-271.]。
本處特別強調的是:ABCB1(p-糖蛋白)、ABCC1(MRP1)、ABCG2(BCRP)、OATP1B1、OAT3、OCT1、OCT2、OCT3、SLC22A16。
在藥物治療中,此等酵素活性或酵素數量上的差異可能對治療成功具有戲劇性影響,因為其直接影響藥物動力學-且本處特別揭露的物質為用於一或多種多態性酵素和由多態性酵素所形成的代謝物之物質。同樣適用於蛋白活性或蛋白數量之此等差異,因為受體、轉運子或其他蛋白亦可直接影響藥物動力學-且本處特別揭露的物質為用於一或多種多態性蛋白之物質。此外,若這些蛋白係涉及作用機制,則亦可產生藥物動力學之直接效應。
因此在活性成份使用上需要改良的藥物治療,其作用係依照表現及/或抑制/誘導的蛋白變體、酵素變體、受體變體或轉運子變體之數量或活性而定,以該藥物治療補償前術的變異。
本發明係以新穎的調配物觀念為基礎,更特言之固定-劑量組合物之形式(FDC),其中預先已知之相關蛋白的活性差異考慮到二或多種藥理學活性物質(其中的一或多種物質為另一種物質的代謝物)之劑量中,以便於確保最佳的成功治療。新穎的調配物觀念係,藉由針對個別基因型或表現型做調整之母體物質與一/多種代謝物組合的特定劑量,以各種暴露於母體物質和
一或多種活性代謝物之補償作用為基礎。藥物動力學目標為建立類-「生物等效性」穩態的情況(亦即跟隨重複的攝取),亦即,就關於必須從特定內文中定義之參考族群,相關物質在預先定義限制內之血漿濃度變化的一致性(就此目的,可能使用,例如另外內文中之共同準則;此項請參見「先前技術」)。
為了研究本發明之調配物觀念,係選擇他莫昔芬之藥物治療作為實例,但此觀念並非僅限於該實例。
就CYP2D6多態性之情況下,由快速代謝者(EM)所組成的族群應為有意義的參考族群之實例,因為此表現型代表野生型且在許多地理區中為最廣布的[Sistonen,J.,A.Sajantila,等人(2007)."CYP2D6 worldwide genetic variation shows high frequency of altered activity variants and no continental structure." Pharmacogenet Genomics 17(2):93-101.]。使用已知的癌症醫藥之實例,他莫昔芬,應可說明基因型-或表現型-依賴的活性代謝物暴露之問題,但不限於此。
他莫昔芬為一用於治療雌激素受體-陽性(ER+)乳癌之熟知的醫藥成份。將母體物質進行一複雜的代謝流程,其係如圖1所示。在人體中(此外還有其他),他莫昔芬轉變成三種活性代謝物(N-去甲基他莫昔芬、4-羥基他莫昔芬、內昔芬)。在活性代謝物中,內昔芬,一種他莫昔芬之二次代謝物,特別重要,因為有很大比例之內昔芬的形成係經由多態性CYP2D6所催化。因此,乳癌病患血液中的內昔芬濃度係依其CYP2D6基因型或表現型而定。就CYP2D6 PM之情況,事實上無CYP2D6活性且活性代謝物內昔芬之濃度非常低[Murdter,T.E.,W.Schroth,等人(2011)."Activity levels of tamoxifen metabolites at the estrogen receptor and the impact of genetic polymorphisms of phase I and II enzymes on their concentration levels in plasma." Clin Pharmacol Ther 89(5):708-717.;Jin,Y.,Z.Desta,等人(2005)."CYP2D6 Genotype,Antidepressant Use,and Tamoxifen Metabolism During Adjuvant Breast Cancer
Treatment." Journal of the National Cancer Institute 97(1):30-39.;Gjerde,J.,M.Hauglid,等人(2008)."Effects of CYP2D6 and SULT1A1 genotypes including SULT1A1 gene copy number on tamoxifen metabolism." Ann Oncol 19(1):56-61.;Borges,S.,Z.Desta,等人(2006)."Quantitative effect of CYP2D6 genotype and inhibitors on tamoxifen metabolism:implication for optimization of breast cancer treatment." Clin Pharmacol Ther 80(1):61-74.;Madlensky,L.,L.Natarajan,等人(2011)."Tamoxifen metabolite concentrations,CYP2D6 genotype,and breast cancer outcomes." Clin Pharmacol Ther 89(5):718-725.;Lim,J.S.,X.A.Chen,等人(2011)."Impact of CYP2D6,CYP3A5,CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 polymorphisms on tamoxifen pharmacokinetics in Asian breast cancer patients." Br J Clin Pharmacol 71(5):737-750.;Lim,H.S.,H.Ju Lee,等人(2007)."Clinical implications of CYP2D6 genotypes predictive of tamoxifen pharmacokinetics in metastatic breast cancer." J Clin Oncol 25(25):3837-3845.;Kiyotani,K.,T.Mushiroda,等人(2010)."Significant effect of polymorphisms in CYP2D6 and ABCC2 on clinical outcomes of adjuvant tamoxifen therapy for breast cancer patients." J Clin Oncol 28(8):1287-1293.;Irvin,W.J.,Jr.,C.M.Walko,等人(2011)."Genotype-Guided Tamoxifen Dosing Increases Active Metabolite Exposure in Women With Reduced CYP2D6 Metabolism:A Multicenter Study." J Clin Oncol 29(24):3232-3239.]。就CYP2D6 IM之情況,內昔芬濃度同樣的仍明顯地低於可在EM或(在歐洲相當罕見)UM表現型之案例中所觀察到的量。就此而言,在CYP2D6 EM、IM和PM基因型或表現型和其各別的穩態內昔芬濃度之間,研究上亦顯示不同的基因劑量效應[Jin,Y.,Z.Desta,等人(2005)."CYP2D6 Genotype,Antidepressant Use,and Tamoxifen Metabolism During Adjuvant Breast Cancer Treatment." Journal of the National Cancer Institute 97(1):30-39]。基因型-或表現型-依賴的內昔芬暴露係例如圖2所示。在乳癌病患族
群中,內昔芬之暴露因此係依各種CYP2D6基因型或表現型之頻率分布而定。此頻率分布在區域或種族間大不同[Bernard,S.,K.A.Neville,等人(2006)."Interethnic differences in genetic polymorphisms of CYP2D6 in the U.S.population:clinical implications." Oncologist 11(2):126-135.;Bradford,L.D.(2002)."CYP2D6 allele frequency in European Caucasians,Asians,Africans and their descendants." Pharmacogenomics 3(2):229-243.;Sachse,C.,J.Brockmoller,等人(1997)."Cytochrome P450 2D6 variants in a Caucasian population:allele frequencies and phenotypic consequences." Am J Hum Genet 60(2):284-295.;Sistonen,J.,A.Sajantila,等人(2007)."CYP2D6 worldwide genetic variation shows high frequency of altered activity variants and no continental structure." Pharmacogenet Genomics 17(2):93-101.]。就歐洲的情況,EM為優勢的基因型[Sistonen,J.,A.Sajantila,等人(2007)."CYP2D6 worldwide genetic variation shows high frequency of altered activity variants and no continental structure." Pharmacogenet Genomics 17(2):93-101.]。
目前有一系列的研究提供了他莫昔芬之治療成功係依CYP2D6基因型或表現型而定之證據[Bijl,M.,R.van Schaik,等人(2009)."The CYP2D6*4 polymorphism affects breast cancer survival in tamoxifen users." Breast Cancer Res Treat 118(1):125-130.;Bonanni,B.,D.Macis,等人(2006)."Polymorphism in the CYP2D6 Tamoxifen-Metabolizing Gene Influences Clinical Effect but Not Hot Flashes:Data From the Italian Tamoxifen Trial." Journal of Clinical Oncology 24(22):3708-3709.;Brauch,H.,W.Schroth,等人(2008)."Clinical Relevance of CYP2D6 Genetics for Tamoxifen Response in Breast Cancer." Breast Care(Basel)3(1):43-50.;Brauch,H.B.,W.Schroth,等人(2011)."CYP2D6 and Tamoxifen:Awaiting the Denouement." Journal of Clinical Oncology 29(34):4589-4590.;Goetz,M.P.,A.Kamal,等人(2008)."Tamoxifen pharmacogenomics:the role of CYP2D6 as a predictor of drug
response." Clin Pharmacol Ther 83(1):160-166.;Goetz,M.P.,S.K.Knox,等人(2007)."The impact of cytochrome P450 2D6 metabolism in women receiving adjuvant tamoxifen." Breast Cancer Res Treat 101(1):113-121.;Goetz,M.P.,J.M.Rae,等人(2005)."Pharmacogenetics of tamoxifen biotransformation is associated with clinical outcomes of efficacy and hot flashes." J Clin Oncol 23(36):9312-9318.;Ingelman-Sundberg,M.,S.C.Sim,等人(2007)."Influence of cytochrome P450 polymorphisms on drug therapies:pharmacogenetic,pharmacoepigenetic and clinical aspects." Pharmacol Ther 116(3):496-526.;Newman,W.G.,K.D.Hadfield,等人(2008)."Impaired tamoxifen metabolism reduces survival in familial breast cancer patients." Clin Cancer Res 14(18):5913-5918.;Schroth,W.,L.Antoniadou,等人(2007)."Breast cancer treatment outcome with adjuvant tamoxifen relative to patient CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotypes." J Clin Oncol 25(33):5187-5193.;Schroth,W.,M.P.Goetz,等人(2009)."Association between CYP2D6 polymorphisms and outcomes among women with early stage breast cancer treated with tamoxifen." JAMA 302(13):1429-1436;Goetz,M.P.,等人,CYP2D6 metabolism and patient outcome in the Austrian Breast and Colorectal Cancer Study Group trial(ABCSG)8.Clin Cancer Res,2013.19(2):p.500-7.;Brauch,H.,等人,Tamoxifen Use in Postmenopausal Breast Cancer:CYP2D6 Matters.J Clin Oncol,2012.]。根據這些研究,PM因此比IM明顯地較無法受利於他莫昔芬治療,而這些因此低於EM或UM,且此項係反應在,例如公開的無復發存活曲線(所謂的卡普蘭-邁耶(Kaplan-Meier)圖)。這些公開的圖之實例係如圖3所示。在過去,這些研究結果被解釋為係指他莫昔芬之乳癌治療中的主要作用係源自於其代謝物內昔芬(他莫昔芬偶爾在文獻中亦稱為「前藥」[Goetz,M.P.,A.Kamal,等人(2008)."Tamoxifen pharmacogenomics:the role of CYP2D6 as a predictor of drug response." Clin Pharmacol Ther 83(1):
160-166.])。專家目前亦在討論內昔芬是否應取代他莫昔芬直接給藥之建議,最初的研究已公開發表,其目標為批准純的內昔芬做為乳癌治療劑[Ahmad,A.,S.M.Ali,等人(2010)."Orally administered endoxifen is a new therapeutic agent for breast cancer." Breast Cancer Res Treat 122(2):579-584.;Ahmad,A.,S.Shahabuddin,等人(2010)."Endoxifen,a new cornerstone of breast cancer therapy:demonstration of safety,tolerability,and systemic bioavailability in healthy human subjects." Clin Pharmacol Ther 88(6):814-817.]。
同樣地,在專家間已討論一段時間[de Graan,A.J.,S.F.Teunissen,等人(2011)."Dextromethorphan as a phenotyping test to predict endoxifen exposure in patients on tamoxifen treatment." J Clin Oncol 29(24):3240-3246.;Irvin,W.J.,Jr.,C.M.Walko,等人(2011)."Genotype-Guided Tamoxifen Dosing Increases Active Metabolite Exposure in Women With Reduced CYP2D6 Metabolism:A Multicenter Study." J Clin Oncol 29(24):3232-3239.;Brauch,H.,W.Schroth,等人(2008)."Clinical Relevance of CYP2D6 Genetics for Tamoxifen Response in Breast Cancer." Breast Care(Basel)3(1):43-50.;Lim,J.S.,X.A.Chen,等人(2011)."Impact of CYP2D6,CYP3A5,CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 polymorphisms on tamoxifen pharmacokinetics in Asian breast cancer patients." Br J Clin Pharmacol 71(5):737-750.]有關病患是否應在他莫昔芬治療前作基因型或表現型分型,以便於限制投藥給受益較多的EM和UM(所以帶有CYP2D6PM和IM基因型或表現型之病患應必須在無此項固有的重要治療選擇下治療)。另一種目前討論中的治療策略為以基因型或表現型為基礎增加他莫昔芬的劑量,以便於在CYP2D6 IM和PM表現型之病患中達到如同CYP2D6 EM病患於正常他莫昔芬治療下所達到的類似內昔芬濃度。就此而論,一研究顯示此方法可能為CYP2D6 IM病患之解決方案,但對於CYP2D6 PM表現型的病患,絕對無法達到相當的內昔芬濃度。因此,
此選項對於CYP2D6 PM表現型之病患是無法想像的[Irvin,W.J.,Jr.,C.M.Walko,等人(2011)."Genotype-Guided Tamoxifen Dosing Increases Active Metabolite Exposure in Women With Reduced CYP2D6 Metabolism:A Multicenter Study." J Clin Oncol 29(24):3232-3239.]。
根據最近的科學知識,必須假設他莫昔芬在ER+乳癌中之正向作用可由活性組份之組合來貢獻。無疑的,他莫昔芬本身具有抗-雌激素(及因此為癌-抑制)作用,二種初級代謝物4-羥基他莫昔芬和N-去甲基他莫昔芬亦是,若投予內昔芬則其無法在病患的血漿中循環,且必須假設整個他莫昔芬治療之作用僅係經由母體物質和其活性代謝物之相互作用來達成[V.C.Craig,Long-Term Tamoxifen Treatment for Breast Cancer,S.32,Allen,K.E.,E.R.Clark,等人(1980)."Evidence for the metabolic activation of non-steroidal antioestrogens:a study of structure-activity relationships." Br J Pharmacol 71(1):83-91.;Kemp,J.V.,H.K.Adam,等人(1983)."Identification and biological activity of tamoxifen metabolites in human serum." Biochem Pharmacol 32(13):2045-2052.]。因此,單獨的內昔芬治療是否可為他莫昔芬之有意義的替代治療為有疑問的;反之,必須假設單獨的內昔芬給藥在雌激素受體-陽性的乳癌中並非對抗CYP2D6-依賴的他莫昔芬治療之適當方法。
有關乳癌之他莫昔芬治療的科學先前技術已有非常完整的記載。雖然其為相當老的物質,但他莫昔芬治療之CYP2D6基因型-或表現型-依賴性為目前研究之主體且為專業領域熱烈討論。
因此對於考慮CYP2D6基因型或表現型及能使CYP2D6 IM和PM基因型之病患達到類似CYP2D6 EM病患於正常的他莫昔芬治療下所達成的類似內昔芬濃度之他莫昔芬治療有特定的需求,且亦可據此在將乳癌風險降至最小之形式下,產生PM和IM之有希望的治療。
為了達到此目標,本發明提出了以醫藥調配物之他莫昔芬和內昔芬的組合給藥,更特言之,以固定劑量的組合物(FDC)。在一較佳的實施例中,
本發明之調配物,更特言之FDC,係以基因型-或表現型-專一性的方式來給劑。
FDC係由二或多種彼此不相關的物質如先前技術中已知的母體物質和代謝物,及例如成功地用於HIV治療、第二型糖尿病治療、高血壓治療、高脂血症治療或瘧疾和結核病之治療的物質所組成[Anvikar,A.R.,B.Sharma,等人(2012)."Artesunate-amodiaquine fixed dose combination for the treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in India." Malar J 11(1):97.Ayede,I.A.,A.G.Falade,等人(2010)."An open randomized clinical trial in comparing two artesunate-based combination treatments on Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Nigerian children:artesunate/sulphamethoxypyrazine/pyrimethamine(fixed dose over 24 hours)versus artesunate/amodiaquine(fixed dose over 48 hours)." Malar J 9:378.,Bramlage,P.,W.P.Wolf,等人(2010)."Effectiveness and tolerability of a fixed-dose combination of olmesartan and amlodipine in clinical practice." Vasc Health Risk Manag 6:803-811.,Gadzhanova,S.,M.Gillies,等人(2011)."Fixed dose combination diabetes medicines-usage in the Australian veteran population." Aust Fam Physician 40(10):811-815.,Honda,M.,M.Ishisaka,等人(2011)."Open-label randomized multicenter selection study of once daily antiretroviral treatment regimen comparing ritonavir-boosted atazanavir to efavirenz with fixed-dose abacavir and lamivudine." Intern Med 50(7):699-705.,Kauf,T.L.,K.L.Davis,等人(2012)."Spillover adherence effects of fixed-dose combination HIV therapy." Patient Prefer Adherence 6:155-164.,Kim,S.H.,K.H.Ryu,等人(2011)."Efficacy of fixed-dose amlodipine and losartan combination compared with amlodipine monotherapy in stage 2 hypertension:a randomized,double blind,multicenter study." BMC Res Notes 4:461.,Mathew,J.L.(2009)."Fixed dose drug combination for treatment
of tuberculosis." Indian Pediatr 46(10):877-880.,Mengden,T.,R.Hubner,等人(2011)."Office and ambulatory blood pressure control with a fixed-dose combination of candesartan and hydrochlorothiazide in previously uncontrolled hypertensive patients:results of CHILI CU Soon." Vasc Health Risk Manag 7:761-769.,Mengden,T.,S.Uen,等人(2009)."Management of hypertension with fixed dose combinations of candesartan cilexetil and hydrochlorothiazide:patient perspectives and clinical utility." Vasc Health Risk Manag 5:1043-1058.,Okpechi,I.G.,H.S.Schoeman,等人(2011)."Achieving blood preSsure goals sTudy in uncontrolled hypeRtensive pAtients treated with a fixed-dose combination of ramipriL/hydrochlorothiazide:the ASTRAL study." Cardiovasc J Afr 22(2):79-84.,Reynolds,J.K.(2009)."Fixed-dose combination of sitagliptin and metformin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes." Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2:127-134.,Shiga,Y.,S.Miura,等人(2011)."Comparison of the efficacy and safety of single-pill fixed-dose combinations of losartan/hydrochlorothiazide and valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide in patients with hypertension(SALT-VAT study)." Intern Med 50(21):2477-2483.]。
相較於分開給予二或多種活性成份,其優點為組織工作較簡單,製造和配送成本降低,及(就他莫昔芬/內昔芬之案例很重要)病患的服從性增加。
固定劑量組合物,更特言之基因型-或表現型-專一性FDC,其含有母體物質和一或多種可能的代謝物並用於補償基因型或表現型-相關的代謝物濃度之變異,根據先前技術並不可知。同樣地,含有母體物質和一或多種可能的代謝物並用於補償基「表現型-複製」相關的代謝物濃度之變異,根據先前技術並不可知。本處,「表現型-複製」係指因同時投予一經由一酵素轉變為一/多種活性代謝物之醫藥品,其和一抑制或誘導該轉化作用之有效的酵素抑制劑或酵素誘導劑,使病患原來的表現型以酵素和酵素抑制劑或酵素誘導劑間的相互作用為基礎轉變為另一種表現型。本處一似合理的實
例為將一有效的CYP2D6抑制劑(例如,帕羅西汀)投予同時接受他莫昔芬之CYP2D6 EM表現型的病患。因為活性成份-媒介的(例如,帕羅西汀)CYP2D6抑制作用,使原本CYP2D6 EM病患事實上成為IM或PM,並因此具有較低的內昔芬濃度(他莫昔芬之活性二次代謝物)[Borges,S.,Z.Desta,等人(2006)."Quantitative effect of CYP2D6 genotype and inhibitors on tamoxifen metabolism:implication for optimization of breast cancer treatment." Clin Pharmacol Ther 80(1):61-74.;Jin,Y.,Z.Desta,等人(2005)."CYP2D6 Genotype,Antidepressant Use,and Tamoxifen Metabolism During Adjuvant Breast Cancer Treatment." Journal of the National Cancer Institute 97(1):30-39.,Stearns,V.,M.D.Johnson,等人(2003)."Active tamoxifen metabolite plasma concentrations after coadministration of tamoxifen and the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor paroxetine." J Natl Cancer Inst 95(23):1758-1764.]。
取代純粹以內昔芬之乳癌治療,包括他莫昔芬和內昔芬之本發明的組合物給藥,由於他莫昔芬、N-去甲基他莫昔芬和4-羥基他莫昔芬所展現的效力,在該等不能充分形成內昔芬的病患中(亦即CYP2D6 PM和IM)為有利的。此組合給藥的目標應是藉由給予適合的內昔芬劑量來補償與基因型或表現型相關所減少的內昔芬形成,及同時,若需要調整他莫昔芬之劑量,使得PM和IM達到相當於單獨他莫昔芬給藥下之EM或UM的他莫昔芬、N-去甲基他莫昔芬、4-羥基他莫昔芬和內昔芬之穩態血漿濃度。
除了前述的他莫昔芬-內昔芬FDC對CYP2D6 IM和PM之利益外,應用建議的固定組合物,更特言之20mg的他莫昔芬和3mg的內昔芬在特定的情況下對CYP2D6 EM和IM亦為有利的。例如,在他莫昔芬治療之初期,達到所欲的平衡濃度(亦稱為穩態濃度)之時間可相當大程度縮短。在20mg他莫昔芬之標準治療劑量的情況下,於由歐洲CYP2D6 EM基因型或表現型病患所組成的實例族群中,係於約80天後達到內昔芬之穩態濃度[Fabian C,
Sternson L,El-Serafi M,Cain L,Hearne E.;Clinical pharmacology of tamoxifen in patients with breast cancer:correlation with clinical data.Cancer.1981 Aug 15;48(4):876-82.;Jin Y,Desta Z,Stearns V,Ward B,Ho H,Lee KH,Skaar T,Storniolo AM,Li L,Araba A,Blanchard R,Nguyen A,Ullmer L,Hayden J,Lemler S,Weinshilboum RM,Rae JM,Hayes DF,Flockhart DA.;CYP2D6 genotype,antidepressant use,and tamoxifen metabolism during adjuvant breast cancer treatment.J Natl Cancer Inst.2005 Jan5;97(1):30-9.;Fuchs WS,Leary WP,van der Meer MJ,Gay S,Witschital K,von Nieciecki A.;Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of tamoxifen in postmenopausal healthy women.Arzneimittelforschung.1996 Apr;46(4):418-22.]。相較之下,若他莫昔芬治療最初係以建議的固定組合物來進行,以PBPK模型為基礎,其顯示,內昔芬之有效穩態濃度出現明顯地較快,即僅在9天後,如圖11和12所示。
對於以他莫昔芬開始治療乳癌所顯現的固定他莫昔芬-內昔芬組合物之優點,此外亦可移轉至持續服藥中斷之頻繁發生的真實生活情況(亦稱為不服從)。此不服從在他莫昔芬病患中眾所皆知並有完整記載。服從性差係與可能對莫昔芬治療反應較差有關[Barron,T.I.,等人,Early discontinuation of tamoxifen:a lesson for oncologists.Cancer,2007.109(5):p.832-9.;Dezentje,V.O.,等人,Effect of concomitant CYP2D6 inhibitor use and tamoxifen adherence on breast cancer recurrence in early-stage breast cancer.J Clin Oncol,2010.28(14):p.2423-9.;Friese,C.R.,等人,Adjuvant endocrine therapy initiation and persistence in a diverse sample of patients with breast cancer.Breast Cancer Res Treat,2013.;Hershman,D.L.,等人,Early discontinuation and nonadherence to adjuvant hormonal therapy in a cohort of 8,769 early-stage breast cancer patients.J Clin Oncol,2010.28(27):p.4120-8.;McCowan,C.,等人,Cohort study examining tamoxifen adherence and its relationship to mortality in women with breast cancer.Br J Cancer,2008.99(11):p.1763-8.;
Partridge,A.H.,Non-adherence to endocrine therapy for breast cancer.Ann Oncol,2006.17(2):p.183-4.;Rae,J.M.,等人,Cytochrome P450 2D6 activity predicts discontinuation of tamoxifen therapy in breast cancer patients.Pharmacogenomics J,2009.9(4):p.258-64.;Ruddy,K.J.and A.H.Partridge,Adherence with adjuvant hormonal therapy for breast cancer.Ann Oncol,2009.20(3):p.401-2.;Ziller,V.,等人,Adherence to adjuvant endocrine therapy in postmenopausal women with breast cancer.Ann Oncol,2009.20(3):p.431-6.]。
在他莫昔芬藥物假期之事件中,他莫昔芬及其活性代謝物之血漿量(因此,特別是亦指內昔芬)降至治療上有效閥值以下。類似於最初的他莫昔芬治療,固定的組合物本處同樣可有利地用於CYP2D6 EM和IM,以加速重新獲得有效濃度,如圖15至18之模擬結果所示。
因此,本發明首先係提供含有母體物質之醫藥調配物,其作用係依表現及/或抑制/誘導的蛋白變體、酵素變體、受體變體或轉運子變體的數量或活性而定,及一或多種可能的母體物質之代謝物。特言之,本發明調配物之劑量係以基因型-或表現型-專一性方式來定義。
然而,此一多重醫藥活性物質之組合調配物有其困難性。主要的困難為測定最佳內昔芬和他莫昔芬劑量,以確保CYP2D6 PM和IM中治療上有效的穩態血漿量。
在本發明中,進一步的目的係,例如,藉由以使用結合生理學為基礎的4-羥基他莫昔芬、N-去甲基他莫昔芬和內昔芬之藥物動力學(PBPK)模型為基礎之方法來達成。該方法和對應的市售模型PK-Sim®/MoBi®係描述在WO2007/147539、WO05/116854和WO 05/033982申請案中,其教導文係特此整合於此方面,並用於本發明中,開發以結合的PBPK模型為基礎之方法。開發4-羥基他莫昔芬、N-去甲基他莫昔芬和內昔芬之結合的PBPK模型已有描述[Dickschen,K.,等人,Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling of tamoxifen and its metabolites in women of different CYP2D6
phenotypes provides new insight into the tamoxifen mass balance.Frontiers in Pharmacology,2012.3.]。隨後係使用此方法,例如,將CYP2D6 PM和IM之他莫昔芬和內昔芬劑量最佳化。另外在本處所呈現的公開CYP2D6 PM模型參數化及CYP2D6 IM參數化之間的唯一困難為用於CYP2D6酵素活性之因子(IM:0.62;PM 0.015[Coller,J.K.,N.Krebsfaenger,等人(2002)."The influence of CYP2B6,CYP2C9 and CYP2D6 genotypes on the formation of the potent antioestrogen Z-4-hydroxy-tamoxifen in human liver." Br J Clin Pharmacol 54(2):157-167.])。圖4係顯示他莫昔芬及其三種活性代謝物(4-羥基他莫昔芬、N-去甲基他莫昔芬和內昔芬)之結合的PBPK圖表。
因此,本發明進一步係提供製備包括母體物質,其作用係依表現及/或抑制/誘導的蛋白變體、酵素變體、受體變體或轉運子變體的數量或活性而定,及至少一種母體物質之代謝物的固定劑量組合醫藥調配物之方法,係包括下列步驟:a)輸入一種生物體、其基因型或表現型、其母體物質和至少該母體物質之代謝物、在單獨將母體物質遞送至輸入模型之情況下,用於母體物質之參照的基因型或表現型之最佳的參照穩態血漿量,b)將來自a)項的數據發送至一包括物質模組、生物體數據模組、基因型數據模組或表現型數據模組,及以生理學為基礎的藥物動力學模型之計算模組中,其中該物質模組係包括有關此物質之物理化學及/或生物化學性質的數據,生物體模組係包括有關生物體腔室之數據,而基因型數據模組或表現型數據模組係包括基因型或表現型-專一性數據,c)從物質數據模組中自動選擇母體物質及代謝物-專一性數據,d)以a)項的輸入為基礎,從生物體數據模組中自動選擇生物體-專一性數據,e)從基因型數據模組或表現型數據模組中自動選擇基因型或表現型-專一性數據,f)將從a)至e)項中所選的數據發送至以生理學為基礎的藥物動力學模型,
g)藉由以生理學為基礎的藥物動力學模型,就此參照的基因型或表現型,計算母體物質之最佳劑量,以得到來自a)項之母體物質的輸入最佳參照血漿濃度,h)就投予g)項中所計算的母體物質劑量之情況,對基因型或表現型計算代謝物(N-去甲基他莫昔芬、4-羥基他莫昔芬、內昔芬)之參照穩態血漿量,i)就投予g)項中所計算的母體物質劑量之情況,計算由於a)項中就有關對應的參照血漿濃度所輸入的基因型或表現型所降低的代謝物之血漿量,j)就組合獲得的h)項之代謝物的參照血漿量和a)項之母體物質的參照血漿量,計算代謝物劑量和母體物質劑量,k)經由輸出模組將固定劑量組合醫藥調配物之代謝物劑量和母體物質劑量輸出,及/或l)將j)項中所計算的劑量發送至醫藥品給劑之自動裝置。
在本發明中,醫藥品給劑之自動裝置係指用於製備劑型,例如錠劑、膠囊、液體劑型或其元件之裝置,以及用於量出劑量,例如先前技術中已知的平衡、單位-劑量系統之裝置,或用於體積測定或重量測定上量出液體之裝置。
視需要,計算模組另外具有包括有關劑型,例如錠劑、膠囊、液體劑型或其元素之數據的給藥模組。該數據通常包括劑型之釋放性質,例如組合調配物之立即、延遲釋放,以及差別(例如藉由層狀活性成份分布)或同時釋放(例如藉由聯合造粒)。在輸入模組中,劑型則可選擇性定義,且有關對應劑型之數據係自動地由給藥模組選出,並發送到以生理學為基礎的藥物動力學模型。
計算模組係計算母體物質和代謝物的最佳醫藥品劑量,及若適當,最佳的給劑療法。其係由電腦執行軟體以及執行程式所需的硬體所組成。該硬體一般為市售的PC。若為帶有內建鍵盤或晶片讀卡機之攜帶型電腦的情況,其係直接與輸入裝置相連接,或就地設定並與輸入裝置(伺服器)連接。
原則上,所有常見的傳輸技術,有線和無線方法二者皆為適合且可行的。特佳的係將輸入的病患資料經由手持式輸入模組或晶片讀卡機以無線傳輸。
軟體使得以一或多個資料庫管理所有與計算最佳醫藥品劑量有關的資料變成可能。在一此方法之較佳的實施例中,亦可進行病患-專一性的劑量計算。與計算醫藥品劑量有關的資料通常係分成生物體-專一性、物質-專一性、基因型或表現型-專一性,及較佳地給藥-專一性數據,及較佳地儲存、自動檢索,於對應的數據模組。
在一特別與個人化給藥有關的實施例中,生理學(或人體計測)資料、病理學資料、與額外給藥有關的可能資料所謂的共給藥,亦同樣的儲存、自動檢索,於數據模組中為病患-專一的數據。
物質數據包括,例如,親脂性、游離的血漿部分、血液-血漿比、分溶係數、滲透性、體積分布、清除、清除的性質、清除比例、分泌性質、給劑療法、轉運基質、藥物動力學及/或藥效學指標及有害效應。
相關的醫藥品資料有,更特言之,推薦的治療劑量(根據製造商之資料)、藥物動力學及/或藥效學指標、清除率(總清除率為參照族群或參照個體中血液或血漿清除率)、清除性質(肝-代謝、膽、腎等)及個別有關總清除率處理過程之比例、活性轉運子/受體/酵素之動力參數(若該醫藥品及/或其代謝物為一或多種活性轉運子/受體/酵素之基質),以及物理化學和藥物動力學資料,例如親脂性、血漿中未結合部分、與醫藥品及/或其代謝物結合之血漿蛋白、血液-血漿分布係數或體積分布。
例如可經由個案研究調查得到的經驗知識,可同樣的另外為帶有物質資料或與共給藥有關的資料之資料庫的部分。
類似病患-專一性資料,相關的生理學或人體計測和病理學資料,例如,在各情況下為年齡、性別、種族、體重、身高、身體質量指數、淨體重、基因表現數據、疾病、過敏、用藥、腎功能和肝功能。相關的病理學資料
為,更特言之,疾病、過敏、腎功能和肝功能。
在共給藥的情況下,有關所有另外投予的醫藥品之對應的前述資料為共給藥相關資料庫之部分。
最佳劑量及,若適當,最佳給劑療法係以物質-專一性數據、生物體-專一性數據和基因型-或表現型-專一性數據為基礎可能結合給藥-專一性數據,使用合理的數學模型計算所欲投予的物質(母體物質和代謝物)之藥物動力學和藥效學行為,以資料庫中本發明之資料為基準,加以計算。就此,合理的數學模型可,例如為異速量度函數或以生理學為基礎的藥物動力學模型。
在本發明較佳的實施例中,係使用生理學為基礎的藥物動力學/藥效學模擬模型來計算個別的劑量。特佳地為詳述於WO2005/633982中之動態產生的生理學基礎模擬模型。
當使用WO2005/633982之生理學基礎模擬模型時,特別的好處為動力上模擬同時給予多種醫藥品及其相互作用之可能性。就此,動力上係指,在相互作用中,可將二種(可能地,亦為二種以上)相互作用物質之動力學列入考慮。此項優於,其中,例如酵素或轉運子以時間-依賴的方式完全或部分被抑制的靜態考量,因為動力模擬得以將劑量療法最佳化。此劑量療法最佳化之可能的結果為,例如,當投予二種相互作用物質時,維持例如12小時之最大時間間隔(就每天投予一次),以便將相互影響最小化。
特別適合進行本發明方法的為拜耳技術服務公司(Bayer Technology Services GmbH)之PK-Sim®和MoBi®所組成的系統生物軟體組。
例如蛋白抑制或誘導之過程已知為時間-依賴的,而因此以該過程為基礎的相互作用效應亦同樣為時間-依賴的。在特定的案例中,這些發生在數天或數星期之時標上的動力效應,可能於治療期間內有調整醫藥品劑量之需求。在立即投予相互影響的醫藥品之情況下,簡單的靜態考量或僅發出警告給處理者,如先前技術中所知,並無法適當處理此複雜的動力效應。
經驗上,本發明之方法能根據他莫昔芬劑量模擬不同CYP2D6基因型或表現型之乳癌病患中四種物質他莫昔芬、4-羥基他莫昔芬、N-去甲基他莫昔芬和內昔芬的穩態血漿量。經由調整他莫昔芬劑量(可能為必須的)及同時模擬漸增的內昔芬劑量,此模型可提出CYP2D6 IM和PM中二種活性成份之最佳劑量之問題。在此特定的情況下,穩態的血漿量為藥理學上重要的參數;在本處血漿濃度之精確的時期為其次。根據本發明,適合的物質組合通常係依基因型或表現型來測定,此組合補償了該基因型或表現型相較於參照組之差異。
就劑型而言,係以市售的20mg他莫昔芬錠劑調配物以每天給藥一次為基礎,由於此調配物而不會有調配物受到延遲或阻礙。此劑型,例如係描述於Astra Zeneca公司之Nolvadex® 20mg膜衣錠或Ratiopharm公司之Tamoxifen-ratiopharm®10mg/20mg/30mg錠劑的產品資訊中,在此二案例的6.1部分。
在本發明實例中,其可能顯示,由20mg的他莫昔芬和3mg的內昔芬所組成之組合物在CYP2D6 PM中產生了與在CYP2D6 EM中單獨投予20mg他莫昔芬之情況下相當的他莫昔芬、4-羥基他莫昔芬、N-去甲基他莫昔芬和內昔芬的血漿量。在CYP2D6 IM中,已發現20mg的他莫昔芬和1mg的內昔芬之組合為最佳的(圖5-7)。
本發明因此進一步係提供:-包括15-25mg的他莫昔芬和0.25-5.0mg的內昔芬之固定劑量的組合調配物。
特言之:-對CYP2D6 IM病患為,包括15-25mg的他莫昔芬和0.25-2.00mg的內昔芬,更特言之,18-22mg的他莫昔芬和0.5-1.5mg的內昔芬,特佳地20mg的他莫昔芬和1.0mg的內昔芬之固定劑量的組合調配物(圖8 A b))及
-對CYP2D6 PM病患為,包括15-25mg的他莫昔芬和1.0-5.0mg的內昔芬,更特言之18-22mg的他莫昔芬和2.0-4.0mg的內昔芬,更特言之20mg的他莫昔芬和3.0mg的內昔芬之固定劑量的組合調配物(圖8 A c))。
本發明調配物之其他組份可從上述的先前技術得知。對於本發明調配物之製備,係使用來自(其中包括)Astra Zeneca公司之Nolvadex® 20mg膜衣錠或Ratiopharm公司之Tamoxifen-ratiopharm®10mg/20mg/30mg錠劑,及Ahmad,A.,等人,Endoxifen,a new cornerstone of breast cancer therapy:demonstration of safety,tolerability,and systemic bioavailability in healthy human subjects.Clin Pharmacol Ther,2010.88(6):p.814-7 bzw.US 2009-0291134 A1之產品資訊的調配物。
為了在乳癌病患中達到較高的內昔芬暴露,他莫昔芬劑量,在過去依照經驗亦會增加。取代每天20mg的他莫昔芬(其在CYP2D6 EM中為有效的),係將至高每天40mg的他莫昔芬以二個個別劑量投予CYP2D6 IM和PM。然而,即使劇烈增加母體物質之劑量仍無法產生於20mg的他莫昔芬治療劑量後在CYP2D6 EM中所觀察到的內昔芬濃度[Irvin,W.J.,Jr.,等人,Genotype-Guided Tamoxifen Dosing Increases Active Metabolite Exposure in Women With Reduced CYP2D6 Metabolism:A Multicenter Study.J Clin Oncol,2011.29(24):p.3232-9.]。因此,所述的他莫昔芬和內昔芬之基因型-或表現型-專一性組合給藥的特別利益為,在CYP2D6 IM和PM中他莫昔芬的暴露相較於CP2D6 EM並未大幅提升(與目前科學界中廣傳的增加他莫昔芬劑量相反)。
然而,因為他莫昔芬(及同樣地在CYP2D6 PM和IM中他莫昔芬和內昔芬之廣傳的非固定劑量組合治療)必須長期每天服用一次(典型地5年),可能的組合治療之第二項困難為確保最佳可能的服從性。已知服從性(因此治療成功),在藥物治療的情況下,係因必須服用許多錠劑而下降。就此理由,有利的係將他莫昔芬和內昔芬組合,形成FDC。在各情況下,
FDC則含有確定劑量的二種活性成份,依照CYP2D6基因型或表現型(PM或IM)而定,以單一劑型的形式(例如錠劑或膠囊)。
因此,本發明另一較佳地實施例為,在各情況下,前述比例的他莫昔芬和內昔芬之基因型-或表現型-專一性固定劑量組合物。
使用他莫昔芬/內昔芬之實例所顯示的方法亦可容易地轉移到其他母體物質加上一(或多種)代謝物之組合,其形成係受他莫昔芬和內昔芬特質及受已在前面提過的「表現型複製」之現象所影響。更特言之,就可待因(codeine)作用之最佳化,應可應用一FDC,更精確地可待因和嗎啡(morphine)(其從可待因轉化同樣係由CYP2D6催化)之基因型-或表現型-專一性FDC。
其他可能的候選物實例有(其中包括):依洛匹坦(ezlopitant)、多奈呱齊(donepezil)、氯吡格雷(clopidogrel)、環磷醯胺、硫唑嘌呤(azathioprine)、伊立替康(irinotecan)、來氟米特、卡培他濱、普拉格雷(prasugrel)、文拉法辛(venlafaxine)、氯沙坦(losartan)、托特羅定(tolterodine)、曲馬多(tramadol、羥考酮(oxycodone)、氫可酮(hydrocodone)、多柔比星、嗎替麥考酚酯(mycophenolate mofetil)、雌莫司汀(estramustine)、異環磷醯胺、吉西他濱、依託泊苷、特非那丁(terfenadine)、甲胺蝶呤(methotrexate)。
含有母體物質和一或多種代謝物之所述的醫藥調配物發明,較佳地FDC,可容易地轉移到其他活性成份候選物。在詳述於上的他莫昔芬-內昔芬之實例中,問題為在具有CYP2D6 IM或PM表現型之病患中他莫昔芬轉變為內昔芬不足。如示例所示,對於CYP2D6 IM或CYP2D6 PM,標準劑量的母體物質與基因型-或表現型-專一性內昔芬劑量之組合物,以固定組合醫藥調配物,可彌補此不足及消除治療反應之差異性。
基本上,由母體物質及一或多種代謝物所組成之基因型-或表現型-專一性醫藥調配物,較佳地FDC,首先可轉移至所有母體物質,其由於多態
性酵素、蛋白、報導子或轉運子,而轉變成一或多種活性代謝物及/或結合及/或轉運及/或產生其藥效作用。
母體物質經由多態性酵素轉變為活性代謝物之另一實例為氯吡格雷。氯吡格雷,在其轉變成活性代謝物後,藉由阻斷經由醣蛋白IIb/IIIa受體複合物之ADP-依賴的血小板活化,抑制血液凝結。氯吡格雷係經由(其中包括)多態性酵素CYP2C19轉變成其活性代謝物。CYP2C19可能具顯著的遺傳多態性。類似CYP2D6,因此可在人群中發現CYP2C19 PM。本處,同樣地,合理的懷疑具有CYP2C19 PM基因型或表現型之病患可能無法有效地受益於氯吡格雷之治療[Simon T,Bhatt DL,Bergougnan L,Farenc C,Pearson K,Perrin L,Vicaut E,Lacreta F,Hurbin F,Dubar M.;Genetic polymorphisms and the impact of a higher clopidogrel dose regimen on active metabolite exposure and antiplatelet response in healthy subjects.,Clin Pharmacol Ther.2011 Aug;90(2):287-95.;Lee JB,Lee KA,Lee KY.;Cytochrome P450 2C19 polymorphism is associated with reduced clopidogrel response in cerebrovascular disease.Yonsei Med J.2011 Sep;52(5):734-8.;Kazui M,Nishiya Y,Ishizuka T,Hagihara K,Farid NA,Okazaki O,Ikeda T,Kurihara A.;Identification of the human cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the two oxidative steps in the bioactivation of clopidogrel to its pharmacologically active metabolite.Drug Metab Dispos.2010 Jan;38(1):92-9.;Savi P,Pereillo JM,Uzabiaga MF,Combalbert J,Picard C,Maffrand JP,Pascal M,Herbert JM.;Identification and biological activity of the active metabolite of clopidogrel.Thromb Haemost.2000 Nov,84(5):891-6.;Cervinski MA,Schwab MC,Lefferts JA,Lewis LD,Lebel KA,Tyropolis AM,Pflueger SM,Tsongalis GJ.;Establishment of a CYP2C19 genotyping assay for clinical use.Am J Clin Pathol.2013 Feb,139(2):202-7;Frelinger AL 3rd,Lee RD,Mulford DJ,Wu J,Nudurupati S,Nigam A,Brooks
JK,Bhatt DL,Michelson AD.;A randomized,2-period,crossover design study to assess the effects of dexlansoprazole,lansoprazole,esomeprazole,and omeprazole on the steady-state pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of clopidogrel in healthy volunteers.J Am Coll Cardiol.2012 Apr 3,59(14):1304-11.;Gong IY,Crown N,Suen CM,Schwarz UI,Dresser GK,Knauer MJ,Sugiyama D,Degorter MK,Woolsey S,Tirona RG,Kim RB.;Clarifying the importance of CYP2C19 and PON1 in the mechanism of clopidogrel bioactivation and in vivo antiplatelet response.Eur Heart J.2012 Nov,33(22):2856-2464a.;Mega JL,Hochholzer W,Frelinger AL 3rd,Kluk MJ,Angiolillo DJ,Kereiakes DJ,Isserman S,Rogers WJ,Ruff CT,Contant C,Pencina MJ,Scirica BM,Longtine JA,Michelson AD,Sabatine MS.;Dosing clopidogrel based on CYP2C19 genotype and the effect on platelet reactivity in patients with stable cardiovascular disease.JAMA.2011 Nov 23,306(20):2221-8.;Zabalza M,Subirana I,Sala J,Lluis-Ganella C,Lucas G,Tomás M,Masiá R,Marrugat J,Brugada R,Elosua R.;Meta-analyses of the association between cytochrome CYP2C19 loss- and gain-of-function polymorphisms and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease treated with clopidogrel.Heart.2012 Jan;98(2):100-8.,Yamamoto K,Hokimoto S,Chitose T,Morit aK,Ono T,Kaikita K,Tsujita K,Abe T,Deguchi M,Miyagawa H,Saruwatari J,Sumida H,Sugiyama S,Nakagawa K,Ogawa H.,Impact of CYP2C19 polymorphism on residual platelet reactivity in patients with coronary heart disease during antiplatelet therapy.J Cardiol.2011 Mar;57(2):194-201.;Jin B,Ni HC,Shen W,Li J,Shi HM,Li Y.;Cytochrome P450 2C19 polymorphism is associated with poor clinical outcomes in coronary artery disease patients treated with clopidogrel.Mol Biol Rep.2011 Mar;38(3):1697-702.,Shuldiner AR,O'Connell JR,Bliden KP,
Gandhi A,Ryan K,Horenstein RB,Damcott CM,Pakyz R,Tantry US,Gibson Q,Pollin TI,Post W,Parsa A,Mitchell BD,Faraday N,Herzog W,Gurbel PA.;Association of cytochrome P450 2C19 genotype with the antiplatelet effect and clinical efficacy of clopidogrel therapy.JAMA.2009 Aug 26,302(8):849-57.;Sibbing D,Stegherr J,Latz W,Koch W,Mehilli J,Dörrler K,Morath T,Schömig A,Kastrati A,von Beckerath N.;Cytochrome P450 2C19 loss-of-function polymorphism and stent thrombosis following percutaneous coronary intervention.Eur Heart J.2009 Apr,30(8):916-22.;Hulot JS,Bura A,Villard E,Azizi M,Remones V,Goyenvalle C,Aiach M,Lechat P,Gaussem P.;Cytochrome P450 2C19 loss-of-function polymorphism is a major determinant of clopidogrel responsiveness in healthy subjects.Blood.2006 Oct 1,108(7):2244-7.]。使用本發明之觀念,在此情況下亦可能計算由氯吡格雷及其活性代謝物所組成之基因型-或表現型-專一性醫藥調配物,較佳地FDC,以彌補CYP2C19 PM中活性代謝物之形成不足。
為了測定最佳的參照穩態血漿量,其可使用所測定的數據或藥物動力學模型例如PK-Sim®和MoBi®,其可在輸入參照劑量後計算血漿量。
再者,由母體物質及一或多種代謝物所組成之基因型-或表現型-專一性調配物,較佳地FDC之原理,可轉移至所有母體物質,其藉由可被抑制/誘導的酵素、蛋白、受體或運轉子,而轉變成一或多種活性代謝物及/或結合及/或轉運及/或產生其藥效作用。
如上所詳述使用他莫昔芬及CYP2D6抑制劑帕羅西汀(Paroxetine)之實例,需要同時給予醫藥成份A和醫藥成份B,其中A必須經由酵素轉變為成活性代謝物以便於產生其整體作用,而B係抑制該酵素,可有效將病患從EM基因型轉變成PM基因型或表現型。由於醫療需要同時投予帕羅西汀,該病患才能有效轉變成CYP2D6 PM,其因此可將較少的他莫昔芬轉變成內昔芬。使用如上所詳述之觀念,同樣地在本處可計算由他莫昔
芬及內昔芬所組成之基因型-或表現型-專一性醫藥調配物,較佳的FDC,其可彌補由於帕羅西汀所造成的CYP2D6抑制所產生的內昔芬形成不足。
以此類推,本發明之觀念可應用於需要及醫療顯示同時投予氯吡格雷和競爭性CYP2C19抑制劑奧美拉唑之情況。使用如上所詳述之觀念和方法,藉由計算由帕羅西汀及其活性代謝物所組成之基因型-或表現型-專一性醫藥調配物,較佳的FDC,同樣地可彌補所產生減少的氯吡格雷變成其活性代謝物之轉變量。
上文所說明之觀念亦能補償遺傳多態性和酵素抑制及/或酵素誘導之組合,其就其活性而言,加成地降低/增加此相同或不同酵素或蛋白或受體或轉運子。此項係使用接受他莫昔芬治療及另外需要投予帕羅西汀之具有CYP2D6 PM基因型或表現型的病患實例,作為示例說明。藉由如上所詳述的觀念,可考量對於經由CYP2D6從他莫昔芬形成內昔芬之效應,並可計算由帕羅西汀及其活性代謝物所組成之最佳的基因型-或表現型-專一性醫藥調配物,較佳的FDC。以此類推,此項亦可使用在帕羅西汀治療下其目前需要投予奧美拉唑之具有CYP2C19 PM基因型或表現型之病患的實例來加以理解。
圖1:來自人類中他莫昔芬之複合生物轉化流程的摘錄。
圖2:在他莫昔芬治療之情況下於CYP2D6快速代謝者(EM)、中間代謝者(IM)或緩慢代謝者(PM)表現型之病患中,細胞色素P450(CYP)2D6基因型-或表顯型-依賴的內昔芬之穩態濃度。
圖3:於他莫昔芬治療下根據細胞色素P450(CYP)2D6快速代謝者(EM)、中間代謝者(IM)或緩慢代謝者(PM)基因型或表現型之乳癌病患的無復發存活曲線(Kaplan-Meier)。
圖4:結合生理學基礎之藥物動力學(PBPK)模型的腔室圖。
圖5A:於CYP2D6快速代謝者、中間代謝者和緩慢代謝者(EM/IM/PM)基因型或表現型族群中他莫昔芬(TAM)、N-去甲基他莫昔芬(NDM)、4-羥基他莫昔芬(4OH)、內昔芬(END)之結合的PBPK模型。
圖5B:圖5A的另一種描述。
圖6A:使用PK-Sim®經由本發明之方法於CYP2D6 IM病患中對於與他莫昔芬同時給藥之內昔芬劑量探索結果。
圖6B:圖6A的另一種描述。
圖7A:使用PK-Sim®經由本發明之方法於CYP2D6 PM病患中就每天一次與他莫昔芬同時給藥之內昔芬劑量探索結果。
圖7B:圖7A的另一種描述。
圖8係顯示以基因型或表現型為基礎之內昔芬和內昔芬的疏鬆結合(A)或FDC(B)給劑。
圖9和10:PK-Sim®之模組設計圖。
圖11:使用PK-Sim®經由本發明之方法於CYP2D6 EM病患中對於他莫昔芬和內昔芬同時給藥之負荷劑量研究結果。
圖12:使用PK-Sim®經由本發明之方法於CYP2D6 EM病患中對於他莫昔芬和內昔芬同時給藥之負荷劑量的對照研究結果。
圖13:使用PK-Sim®經由本發明之方法於CYP2D6 IM病患中對於他莫昔芬和內昔芬同時給藥之負荷劑量研究結果。
圖14:使用PK-Sim®經由本發明之方法於CYP2D6 IM病患中對於他莫昔芬和內昔芬同時給藥之負荷劑量對照研究結果。
圖15:使用PK-Sim®經由本發明之方法於CYP2D6 EM病患中對於他莫昔芬和內昔芬同時給藥之服從性-劑量研究結果。
圖16:使用PK-Sim®經由本發明之方法於CYP2D6 EM病患中對於他莫昔芬和內昔芬同時給藥之服從性-劑量的對照研究結果。
圖17:使用PK-Sim®經由本發明之方法於CYP2D6 IM病患中對於他莫昔芬和內昔芬同時給藥之服從性-劑量研究結果。
圖18:使用PK-Sim®經由本發明之方法於CYP2D6 IM病患中對於他莫昔芬和內昔芬同時給藥之服從性-劑量的對照研究結果。
圖式係說明他莫昔芬治療之發明觀念及顯示使用PK-Sim®由本發明方法做為實例之他莫昔芬/內昔芬FDC劑量探索結果,並非將此觀念限制於該實例。
圖1係顯示來自人類中他莫昔芬之複合生物轉化流程的摘錄。大約90%的他莫昔芬代謝成N-去甲基他莫昔芬及約7%代謝成4-羥基他莫昔芬。內昔芬係獨特地從N-去甲基他莫昔芬經由多態性細胞色素P450(CYP)2D6所形成。由他莫昔芬形成4-羥基他莫昔芬係經由多態性CYP2D6進行至約50%的程度。因此,CYP2D6大大地涉入基本的內昔芬形成步驟[Coller,J.K.,N.Krebsfaenger,等人(2002)."The influence of CYP2B6,CYP2C9 and CYP2D6 genotypes on the formation of the potent antioestrogen Z-4-hydroxy-tamoxifen in human liver." Br J Clin Pharmacol 54(2):157-167.;Desta,Z.,B.A.Ward,等人(2004)."Comprehensive evaluation of tamoxifen sequential biotransformation by the human cytochrome P450 system in vitro:prominent roles for CYP3A and CYP2D6." J Pharmacol Exp Ther 310(3):1062-1075.;Kaku,T.,K.Ogura,等人(2004)."Quaternary ammonium-linked glucuronidation of tamoxifen by human liver microsomes and
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A4." Biochem Pharmacol 67(11):2093-2102.;Murdter,T.E.,W.Schroth,等人(2011)."Activity levels of tamoxifen metabolites at the estrogen receptor and the impact of genetic polymorphisms of phase I and II enzymes on their concentration levels in plasma." Clin Pharmacol Ther 89(5):708-717.;Nishiyama,T.,K.Ogura,等人(2002)."Reverse geometrical selectivity in glucuronidation and sulfation of cis- and trans-4-hydroxytamoxifens by human liver UDP-glucuronosyltransferases and sulfotransferases." Biochem Pharmacol 63(10):1817-1830.;Sun,D.,G.Chen,等人(2006)."Characterization of tamoxifen and 4-hydroxytamoxifen glucuronidation by human UGT1A4 variants." Breast Cancer Res 8(4):R50.;Sun,D.,A.K.Sharma,等人(2007)."Glucuronidation of active tamoxifen metabolites by the human UDP glucuronosyltransferases." Drug Metab Dispos 35(11):2006-2014.]。
圖2係顯示在他莫昔芬治療之情況下於CYP2D6快速代謝者(EM)、中間代謝者(IM)或緩慢代謝者(PM)表現型之病患中,細胞色素P450(CYP)2D6基因型-或表顯型-依賴的內昔芬之穩態濃度。內昔芬濃度之基因劑量效應明顯:具有二個功能性CYP2D6對偶基因(EM)之病患比僅具有一個CYP2D6功能性對偶基因(IM)或無功能性CYP2D6對有基因(PM)之病患明顯呈現較高的內昔芬暴露[圖式係來自(從左上至右下):[Kiyotani,K.,T.Mushiroda,等人(2010)."Significant effect of polymorphisms in CYP2D6 and ABCC2 on clinical outcomes of adjuvant tamoxifen therapy for breast cancer patients." J Clin Oncol 28(8):1287-1293.;Murdter,T.E.,W.Schroth,等人(2011)."Activity levels of tamoxifen metabolites at the estrogen receptor and the impact of genetic polymorphisms of phase I and II enzymes on their concentration levels in plasma." Clin Pharmacol Ther 89(5):708-717.;Lim,J.S.,X.A.Chen,等人(2011)."Impact of CYP2D6,
CYP3A5,CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 polymorphisms on tamoxifen pharmacokinetics in Asian breast cancer patients." Br J Clin Pharmacol 71(5):737-750.;Lim,H.S.,H.Ju Lee,等人(2007)."Clinical implications of CYP2D6 genotypes predictive of tamoxifen pharmacokinetics in metastatic breast cancer." J Clin Oncol 25(25):3837-3845.;Borges,S.,Z.Desta,等人(2006)."Quantitative effect of CYP2D6 genotype and inhibitors on tamoxifen metabolism:implication for optimization of breast cancer treatment." Clin Pharmacol Ther 80(1):61-74.;Jin,Y.,Z.Desta,等人(2005)."CYP2D6 Genotype,Antidepressant Use,and Tamoxifen Metabolism During Adjuvant Breast Cancer Treatment." Journal of the National Cancer Institute 97(1):30-39.]
圖3係顯示於他莫昔芬治療下根據細胞色素P450(CYP)2D6快速代謝者(EM)、中間代謝者(IM)或緩慢代謝者(PM)基因型或表現型之乳癌病患的無復發存活曲線(Kaplan-Meier)。[圖式係來自(1至3組):Schroth,W.,M.P.Goetz,等人(2009)."Association between CYP2D6 polymorphisms and outcomes among women with early stage breast cancer treated with tamoxifen." JAMA 302(13):1429-1436.;Goetz,M.P.,S.K.Knox,等人(2007)."The impact of cytochrome P450 2D6 metabolism in women receiving adjuvant tamoxifen." Breast Cancer Res Treat 101(1):113-121.;Goetz,M.P.,J.M.Rae,等人(2005)."Pharmacogenetics of tamoxifen biotransformation is associated with clinical outcomes of efficacy and hot flashes." J Clin Oncol 23(36):9312-9318.]
圖4係顯示結合生理學基礎之藥物動力學(PBPK)模型的腔室圖,用於PK-Sim®中作為在投予母體物質他莫昔芬後,模擬細胞色素P450(CYP)2D基因型-或表現型-專一性形成N-去甲基他莫昔芬、4-羥基他莫昔芬和內昔芬,或用於模擬同時投予他莫昔芬和內昔芬根據CYP2D6基因型或表
現型及所產生的血清濃度。在肝臟的細胞內腔中,他莫昔芬產生了N-去甲基他莫昔芬和4-羥基他莫昔芬,且因此他莫昔芬PBPK模型係作為產生二種初級代謝物之功能。以此類推,二次代謝物係在N-去甲基他莫昔芬和4-羥基他莫昔芬之PBPK模型的細胞內腔中產生。
圖5A係顯示於CYP2D6快速代謝者、中間代謝者和緩慢代謝者(EM/IM/PM)基因型或表現型族群中他莫昔芬(TAM)、N-去甲基他莫昔芬(NDM)、4-羥基他莫昔芬(4OH)、內昔芬(END)之結合的PBPK模型。在細胞色素P450(CYP)2D6快速代謝者(EM)、中間代謝者(IM)和緩慢代謝者(PM)基因型或表現型之歐洲女性實例族群中,在1年內每天一次給予20mg的他莫昔芬後,他莫昔芬、N-去甲基他莫昔芬、4-羥基他莫昔芬和內昔芬之穩態血漿濃度。盒鬚圖顯示各別族群的第5、第25、第50、第75和第95個百分位數。符號代表模型變換之實驗數據[由左至右:Gjerde,J.Geisler,等人(2010)."Associations between tamoxifen,estrogens,and FSH serum levels during steady state tamoxifen treatment of postmenopausal women with breast cancer." BMC Cancer 10:313.;Gjerde,J.,M.Hauglid,等人(2008)."Effects of CYP2D6 and SULT1A1 genotypes including SULT1A1 gene copy number on tamoxifen metabolism." Ann Oncol 19(1):56-61.;Madlensky,L.,L.Natarajan,等人(2011)."Tamoxifen metabolite concentrations,CYP2D6 genotype,and breast cancer outcomes." Clin Pharmacol Ther 89(5):718-725.;Murdter,T.E.,W.Schroth,等人(2011)."Activity levels of tamoxifen metabolites at the estrogen receptor and the impact of genetic polymorphisms of phase I and II enzymes on their concentration levels in plasma." Clin Pharmacol Ther 89(5):708-717.;Irvin,W.J.,Jr.,C.M.Walko,等人(2011)."Genotype-Guided Tamoxifen Dosing Increases Active Metabolite Exposure in Women With Reduced CYP2D6 Metabolism:A Multicenter Study." J Clin Oncol 29(24):3232-3239.]。圖5B
係顯示另一種描述。
圖6A係顯示使用PK-Sim®經由本發明之方法於CYP2D6 IM病患中對於與他莫昔芬同時給藥之內昔芬劑量探索結果。圖6A係顯示相較於CYP2D6 EM之病患的實驗數據,在帶有細胞色素P450(CYP)2D6快速代謝者(EM)或中間代謝者(IM)基因型或表現型之歐洲病患的實例族群中,於1年內每天一次給予20mg的他莫昔芬後,他莫昔芬(TAM)、N-去甲基他莫昔芬(NDM)、4-羥基他莫昔芬(4OH)和內昔芬(END)之穩態血漿濃度。在細胞色素CYP2D6 IM基因型或表現型之歐洲病患的實例族群中,於1年內每天一次同時給予20mg的他莫昔芬加上0.5mg或1mg或1.5mg的內昔芬後,他莫昔芬、N-去甲基他莫昔芬、4-羥基他莫昔芬和內昔芬之穩態血漿濃度。接受20mg的他莫昔芬加上1mg的內昔芬之CYP2D6 IM病患顯現與1年內每天一次接受20mg的他莫昔芬之CYP2D6 EM病患相等的內昔芬濃度。[From left to right:Gjerde,J.Geisler,等人(2010)."Associations between tamoxifen,estrogens,and FSH serum levels during steady state tamoxifen treatment of postmenopausal women with breast cancer." BMC Cancer 10:313.;Gjerde,J.,M.Hauglid,等人(2008)."Effects of CYP2D6 and SULT1A1 genotypes including SULT1A1 gene copy number on tamoxifen metabolism." Ann Oncol 19(1):56-61.;Madlensky,L.,L.Natarajan,等人(2011)."Tamoxifen metabolite concentrations,CYP2D6 genotype,and breast cancer outcomes." Clin Pharmacol Ther 89(5):718-725.;Murdter,T.E.,W.Schroth,等人(2011)."Activity levels of tamoxifen metabolites at the estrogen receptor and the impact of genetic polymorphisms of phase I and II enzymes on their concentration levels in plasma." Clin Pharmacol Ther 89(5):708-717.;Irvin,W.J.,Jr.,C.M.Walko,等人(2011)."Genotype-Guided Tamoxifen Dosing Increases Active Metabolite Exposure in Women With Reduced CYP2D6 Metabolism:A
Multicenter Study." J Clin Oncol 29(24):3232-3239]圖6B係顯示另一種描述。於1年內每天一次給予20mg的他莫昔芬後,測定CYP2D6 EM基因型或表現型之歐洲病患的他莫昔芬(TAM)、N-去甲基他莫昔芬(NDM)、4-羥基他莫昔芬(4OH)和內昔芬(END)之穩態最低血漿濃度作為比較,如灰色長條(第5-第95個百分位數)帶有中位數(深灰色線)所示。接受20mg的他莫昔芬加上1mg的內昔芬之CYP2D6 IM病患顯現與1年內每天一次接受20mg的他莫昔芬之CYP2D6 EM病患相等的內昔芬濃度。
圖7A係顯示使用PK-Sim®經由本發明之方法於CYP2D6 PM病患中就每天一次與他莫昔芬同時給藥之內昔芬劑量探索結果。圖7A係顯示相較於CYP2D6 EM基因型或表現型之病患的實驗數據,在帶有細胞色素P450(CYP)2D6快速代謝者(EM)或緩慢代謝者(PM)基因型或表現型之歐洲病患的實例族群中,於1年內每天一次給予20mg的他莫昔芬後,他莫昔芬(TAM)、N-去甲基他莫昔芬(NDM)、4-羥基他莫昔芬(4OH)和內昔芬(END)之穩態血漿濃度。在細胞色素CYP2D6 PM基因型或表現型之歐洲病患的實例族群中,於1年內每天一次同時給予20mg的他莫昔芬另外加上1mg或2mg或3mg或4mg的內昔芬後,他莫昔芬、N-去甲基他莫昔芬、4-羥基他莫昔芬和內昔芬之穩態血漿濃度。接受20mg的他莫昔芬加上3mg的內昔芬之CYP2D6 PM病患顯現與1年內每天一次接受20mg的他莫昔芬之CYP2D6 EM病患相等的內昔芬濃度。[From left to right:Gjerde,J.Geisler,等人(2010)."Associations between tamoxifen,estrogens,and FSH serum levels during steady state tamoxifen treatment of postmenopausal women with breast cancer." BMC Cancer 10:313.;Gjerde,J.,M.Hauglid,等人(2008)."Effects of CYP2D6 and SULT1A1 genotypes including SULT1A1 gene copy number on tamoxifen metabolism." Ann Oncol 19(1):56-61.;Madlensky,L.,L.Natarajan,等人(2011)."Tamoxifen metabolite concentrations,CYP2D6 genotype,and breast cancer outcomes."
Clin Pharmacol Ther 89(5):718-725.;Murdter,T.E.,W.Schroth,等人(2011)."Activity levels of tamoxifen metabolites at the estrogen receptor and the impact of genetic polymorphisms of phase I and II enzymes on their concentration levels in plasma." Clin Pharmacol Ther 89(5):708-717.;Irvin,W.J.,Jr.,C.M.Walko,等人(2011)."Genotype-Guided Tamoxifen Dosing Increases Active Metabolite Exposure in Women With Reduced CYP2D6 Metabolism:A Multicenter Study." J Clin Oncol 29(24):3232-3239.]圖7B係顯示另一種描述。於1年內每天一次給予20mg的他莫昔芬後,測定CYP2D6 EM基因型或表現型之歐洲病患的他莫昔芬(TAM)、N-去甲基他莫昔芬(NDM)、4-羥基他莫昔芬(4OH)和內昔芬(END)之穩態最低血漿濃度作為比較,如灰色長條(第5-第95個百分位數)帶有中位數(深灰色線)所示。接受20mg的他莫昔芬加上3mg的內昔芬之CYP2D6 PM病患顯現與1年內每天一次接受20mg的他莫昔芬之CYP2D6 EM病患相等的內昔芬濃度。
圖8係顯示以基因型或表現型為基礎之內昔芬和內昔芬的疏鬆結合(A)或FDC(B)給劑。
圖9和10係顯示PK-Sim®之模組設計圖。
圖11至14係顯示藉由PBPK模型對CYP2D6 EM和IM全身性評估起初以20mg他莫昔芬和3mg內昔芬之固定組合物治療乳癌對於獲得內昔芬穩態濃度之影響。
圖11係顯示使用PK-Sim®經由本發明之方法於CYP2D6 EM病患中對於他莫昔芬和內昔芬同時給藥之負荷劑量研究結果。圖11係顯示在具有細胞色素P450(CYP)2D6快速代謝者(EM)基因型或表現型之歐洲病患中,每天一次同時給予20mg的他莫昔芬加上3mg的內昔芬後,他莫昔芬(TAM)、N-去甲基他莫昔芬(NDM)、4-羥基他莫昔芬(4OH)和內昔芬(END)之最低血漿濃度。於1年內每天一次給予20mg的他莫昔芬後,測
定CYP2D6 EM基因型或表現型之歐洲病患的他莫昔芬(TAM)、N-去甲基他莫昔芬(NDM)、4-羥基他莫昔芬(4OH)和內昔芬(END)之穩態最低血漿濃度作為比較,如灰色長條(第5-第95個百分位數)帶有中位數(深灰色線)所示。時間點係採用在內昔芬濃度之中間數最低量首先超過由CYP2D6 EM基因型或表現型之歐洲病患所組成、於標準治療下的實例族群之中間數最低量內昔芬濃度當天的前一天,在本案例中為第9天。
圖12係顯示使用PK-Sim®經由本發明之方法於CYP2D6 EM病患中對於他莫昔芬和內昔芬同時給藥之負荷劑量的對照研究結果。圖12係顯示在具有細胞色素P450(CYP)2D6快速代謝者(EM)基因型或表現型之歐洲病患中,每天一次給予20mg的他莫昔芬後,他莫昔芬(TAM)、N-去甲基他莫昔芬(NDM)、4-羥基他莫昔芬(4OH)和內昔芬(END)之最低血漿濃度。於1年內每天一次給予20mg的他莫昔芬後,預測定CYP2D6 EM基因型或表現型之歐洲病患的他莫昔芬(TAM)、N-去甲基他莫昔芬(NDM)、4-羥基他莫昔芬(4OH)和內昔芬(END)之穩態最低血漿濃度作為比較,如灰色長條(第5-第95個百分位數)帶有中位數(深灰色線)所示。時間點係採用在內昔芬濃度之中間數最低量首先達到由CYP2D6 EM基因型或表現型之歐洲病患所組成、於標準治療下的實例族群之中間數最低量內昔芬濃度當天,在本案例中為第120天。
圖13係顯示使用PK-Sim®經由本發明之方法於CYP2D6 IM病患中對於他莫昔芬和內昔芬同時給藥之負荷劑量研究結果。圖13係顯示在具有細胞色素P450(CYP)2D6中間代謝者(IM)基因型或表現型之歐洲病患中,每天一次同時給予20mg的他莫昔芬加上3mg的內昔芬後,他莫昔芬(TAM)、N-去甲基他莫昔芬(NDM)、4-羥基他莫昔芬(4OH)和內昔芬(END)之最低血漿濃度。於1年內每天一次給予20mg的他莫昔芬後,預測定CYP2D6 EM基因型或表現型之歐洲病患的他莫昔芬(TAM)、N-去甲基他莫昔芬(NDM)、4-羥基他莫昔芬(4OH)和內昔芬(END)之穩態最低血漿
濃度作為比較,如灰色長條(第5-第95個百分位數)帶有中位數(深灰色線)所示。時間點係採用在內昔芬濃度之中間數最低量首先超過由CYP2D6 EM基因型或表現型之歐洲病患所組成、於標準治療下的實例族群之中間數最低量內昔芬濃度當天的前一天,在本案例中為第13天。
圖14係顯示使用PK-Sim®經由本發明之方法於CYP2D6 IM病患中對於他莫昔芬和內昔芬同時給藥之負荷劑量對照研究結果。圖14係顯示在具有細胞色素P450(CYP)2D6中間代謝者(IM)基因型或表現型之歐洲病患中,每天一次同時給予20mg的他莫昔芬和1mg的內昔芬後,他莫昔芬(TAM)、N-去甲基他莫昔芬(NDM)、4-羥基他莫昔芬(4OH)和內昔芬(END)之最低血漿濃度。於1年內每天一次給予20mg的他莫昔芬後,預測定CYP2D6 EM基因型或表現型之歐洲病患的他莫昔芬(TAM)、N-去甲基他莫昔芬(NDM)、4-羥基他莫昔芬(4OH)和內昔芬(END)之穩態最低血漿濃度作為比較,如灰色長條(第5-第95個百分位數)帶有中位數(深灰色線)所示。時間點係採用在內昔芬濃度之中間數最低量首先達到由CYP2D6 EM基因型或表現型之歐洲病患所組成、於標準治療下的實例族群之中間數最低量內昔芬濃度當天,在本案例中為第67天。
總言之,直接比較在CYP2D6 EM中投予20mg的他莫昔芬或根據本發明於IM中投予20mg的他莫昔芬和1mg的內昔芬,及於CYP2D6 EM和IM中投予本發明之20mg的他莫昔芬和3mg的內昔芬,明顯地顯示投予FDC(由20mg的他莫昔芬和3mg的內昔芬所組成)達到內昔芬穩態濃度實質上更快,比標準劑量(就EM為20mg的他莫昔芬及根據本發明之20mg的他莫昔芬和1mg的內昔芬所組成)平均快約111天或54天。
圖15至18係顯示不服從性調查的模擬。模擬下列情節:
圖15係顯示使用PK-Sim®經由本發明之方法於CYP2D6 EM病患中對於他莫昔芬和內昔芬同時給藥之服從性-劑量研究結果。圖15係顯示在具有細胞色素P450(CYP)2D6快速代謝者(EM)基因型或表現型之歐洲病患
中,每天一次給予20mg的他莫昔芬歷時6個月及2、4、8和12週的藥物假期期間後,他莫昔芬(TAM)、N-去甲基他莫昔芬(NDM)、4-羥基他莫昔芬(4OH)和內昔芬(END)之最低血漿濃度。隨後每天一次同時投予20mg的他莫昔芬和3mg的內昔芬。於1年內每天一次給予20mg的他莫昔芬後,測定CYP2D6 EM基因型或表現型之歐洲病患的他莫昔芬(TAM)、N-去甲基他莫昔芬(NDM)、4-羥基他莫昔芬(4OH)和內昔芬(END)之穩態最低血漿濃度作為比較,如灰色長條(第5-第95個百分位數)帶有中位數(深灰色線)所示。時間點係採用在內昔芬濃度之中間數最低量首先超過由CYP2D6 EM基因型或表現型之歐洲病患所組成、於標準治療下的實例族群之中間數最低量內昔芬濃度當天的前一天,在本案例中,就2-週藥物假期之情況為開始服用FDC後的第2天,就4-週藥物假期之情況為開始服用FDC後的第3天,就8-週藥物假期之情況為開始服用FDC後的第7天,就12-週藥物假期之情況為開始服用FDC後的第9天。
圖16係顯示使用PK-Sim®經由本發明之方法於CYP2D6 EM病患中對於他莫昔芬和內昔芬同時給藥之服從性-劑量的對照研究結果。圖16係顯示在具有細胞色素P450(CYP)2D6快速代謝者(EM)基因型或表現型之歐洲病患中,每天一次給予20mg的他莫昔芬歷時6個月及2、4、8和12週的藥物假期期間後,他莫昔芬(TAM)、N-去甲基他莫昔芬(NDM)、4-羥基他莫昔芬(4OH)和內昔芬(END)之最低血漿濃度。隨後每天一次投予20mg的他莫昔芬。每天一次給予20mg的他莫昔芬歷時1年後,預測定CYP2D6 EM基因型或表現型之歐洲病患的他莫昔芬(TAM)、N-去甲基他莫昔芬(NDM)、4-羥基他莫昔芬(4OH)和內昔芬(END)之穩態最低血漿濃度作為比較,如灰色長條(第5-第95個百分位數)帶有中位數(深灰色線)所示。時間點係採用在內昔芬濃度之中間數最低量首先達到由CYP2D6 EM基因型或表現型之歐洲病患所組成、於標準治療下的實例族群之中間數最低量內昔芬濃度當天,在本案例中,就2-週藥物假期之情況為開始服用
FDC後的第269天,就4-週藥物假期之情況為開始服用FDC後的第334天,就8-週藥物假期之情況為開始服用FDC後>336天,就12-週藥物假期之情況為開始服用FDC後的>336天。
圖17係顯示使用PK-Sim®經由本發明之方法於CYP2D6 IM病患中對於他莫昔芬和內昔芬同時給藥之服從性-劑量研究結果。圖17係顯示在具有細胞色素P450(CYP)2D中間代謝者(IM)基因型或表現型之歐洲病患中,每天一次同時給予20mg的他莫昔芬和1mg的內昔芬歷時6個月及2、4、8和12週的藥物假期期間後,他莫昔芬(TAM)、N-去甲基他莫昔芬(NDM)、4-羥基他莫昔芬(4OH)和內昔芬(END)之最低血漿濃度。隨後每天-次同時投予20mg的他莫昔芬和3mg的內昔芬。於1年內每天一次給予20mg的他莫昔芬後,預測定CYP2D6 EM基因型或表現型之歐洲病患的他莫昔芬(TAM)、N-去甲基他莫昔芬(NDM)、4-羥基他莫昔芬(4OH)和內昔芬(END)之穩態最低血漿濃度作為比較,如灰色長條(第5-第95個百分位數)帶有中位數(深灰色線)所示。時間點係採用在內昔芬濃度之中間數最低量首先超過由CYP2D6 EM基因型或表現型之歐洲病患所組成、於標準治療下的實例族群之中間數最低量內昔芬濃度當天的前一天,在本案例中,就2-週藥物假期之情況為開始服用FDC後的第4天,就4-週藥物假期之情況為開始服用FDC後的第7天,就8-週藥物假期之情況為開始服用FDC後的第10天,就12-週藥物假期之情況為開始服用FDC後的第11天。
圖18係顯示使用PK-Sim®經由本發明之方法於CYP2D6 IM病患中對於他莫昔芬和內昔芬同時給藥之服從性-劑量的對照研究結果。圖18係顯示在具有細胞色素P450(CYP)2D6中間代謝者(IM)基因型或表現型之歐洲病患中,每天一次同時給予20mg的他莫昔芬和1mg的內昔芬歷時6個月及2、4、8和12週的藥物假期期間後,他莫昔芬(TAM)、N-去甲基他莫昔芬(NDM)、4-羥基他莫昔芬(4OH)和內昔芬(END)之最低血漿濃度。
隨後每天一次同時投予20mg的他莫昔芬和1mg的內昔芬。於1年內每天一次給予20mg的他莫昔芬後,預測定CYP2D6 EM基因型或表現型之歐洲病患的他莫昔芬(TAM)、N-去甲基他莫昔芬(NDM)、4-羥基他莫昔芬(4OH)和內昔芬(END)之穩態最低血漿濃度作為比較,如灰色長條(第5-第95個百分位數)帶有中位數(深灰色線)所示。時間點係採用在內昔芬濃度之中間數最低量首先達到由CYP2D6 EM基因型或表現型之歐洲病患所組成、於標準治療下的實例族群之中間數最低量內昔芬濃度當天,在本案例中,就2-週藥物假期之情況為開始服用FDC後的第217天,就4-週藥物假期之情況為開始服用FDC後的第250天,就8-週藥物假期之情況為開始服用FDC後的第283天,就12-週藥物假期之情況為開始服用FDC後的第315天。
總言之,由圖15至18之模擬結果顯示,20mg他莫昔芬和3mg內昔芬之固定的組合給藥對於加速獲得有效的內昔芬穩態濃度在不服從的事件中為有利的。
Claims (4)
- 一種固定劑量組合醫藥調配物,係含有母體物質,其作用係依照表現的蛋白變體、酵素變體、受體變體或轉運子變體之量或活性而定,及至少一種其代謝物;其中該調配物包括15-25mg的他莫昔芬和0.25-5.0mg的內昔芬;且其劑量係以基因型-或表現型-專一性方式來定義。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之調配物,用於CYP2D6 IM病患,係包括15-25mg的他莫昔芬和0.25-2.00mg的內昔芬。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之調配物,用於CYP2D6 PM病患,係包括15-25mg的他莫昔芬和1.0-5.0mg的內昔芬。
- 一種藉由使用配置於電腦裝配軟體中以生理學為基礎之藥理動力學(PBPK)模型製備如申請專利範圍第1至3項中任一項之固定劑量組合醫藥調配物之方法,該軟體包含建構為使用由使用者輸入之數據來解決以生理學為基礎之藥理動力學(PBPK)模型之計算模組、關於自動選自物質數據模組之物質的物理化學及/或生物化學性質之物質數據、關於自動選自生物體(organism)模組之生物體腔室之數據及自動選自基因型數據模組或表現型數據模組之基因型或表現型專一性數據,其係包括下列步驟:a)輸入一種生物體、其基因型或表現型、母體物質和至少一種該母體物質之代謝物及在單獨將母體物質遞送至輸入模型之情況下參照基因型或參照表現型之母體物質之最佳的參照穩態血漿含量,b)將來自a)的數據發送至該包括該物質模組、該生物體數據模組、該基因型數據模組或表現型數據模組,及該以生理學為基礎的藥物動力學模型之計算模組中,c)從物質數據模組中自動選擇母體物質及代謝物-專一性數據,d)以輸入a)為基礎,從生物體數據模組中自動選擇生物體-專一性數據,e)從基因型數據模組或表現型數據模組中自動選擇基因型或表現型-專一性數據,f)將從a)至e)中所選的數據發送至以生理學為基礎的藥物動力學模型,g)藉由以生理學為基礎的藥物動力學模型,就參照的基因型或參照的表現型,計算母體物質之最佳劑量,以便得到來自a)之母體物質的輸入最佳參照血漿含量,h)就投予g)中所計算的母體物質劑量之情況,對參照基因型或參照表現型計算代謝物之參照穩態血漿含量,i)就投予g)中所計算的母體物質劑量之情況,計算由於有關對應的參照基因型或參照表現型所降低的代謝物之血漿含量,j)就組合獲得的h)之代謝物的參照血漿含量和a)之母體物質的參照血漿含量,計算代謝物劑量和母體物質劑量,k)經由輸出模組將固定劑量組合醫藥調配物之代謝物劑量和母體物質劑量輸出,及/或將j)中所計算的劑量發送至醫藥品給劑之自動裝置。
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