TWI643616B - 紅麴發酵產物及其次級代謝物於製備調節血糖之組合物的用途 - Google Patents
紅麴發酵產物及其次級代謝物於製備調節血糖之組合物的用途 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本發明提供紅麴發酵產物及其次級代謝物於製備調節血糖之組合物的用途。經由動物實驗證實,特定劑量的紅麴發酵產物及其次級代謝物的確能夠有效調降因高油脂與高果糖飲食所誘發的高血糖症,同時也能夠有效調降因高血糖症所引發的氧化壓力反應(ROS generation)以及發炎效應。除此之外,動物實驗更證實,特定劑量的紅麴發酵產物及其次級代謝物亦能夠同步降低肝臟中的AST與ALT數值以及腎臟中的肌酸酐數值,達到減輕肝臟與腎臟之發炎現象。
Description
本發明係關於醫學用途上的組合物,尤指一種紅麴發酵產物及其次級代謝物於製備調節血糖之組合物的用途。
根據美國糖尿病協會(American Diabetes Association,ADA)之公告,當人體之空腹血糖大於126mg/dL以上或是餐後兩小時血糖大於200mg/dL,即診斷其罹患糖尿病。另外,對於空腹血糖值介於100mg/dL與126mg/dL之間且餐後兩小時血糖介於140mg/dL與200mg/dL而言,雖然未達診斷糖尿病之標準,但此種介於正常與糖尿病間之高血糖症狀則稱之為「葡萄糖耐受性不良」(Impaired glucose tolerance,IGT),而長期高血糖除了會演變為糖尿病之形成外,同時也會增加心血管疾病的罹患風險。
研究指出,高血糖(Hyperglycermia)所產生的活性
氧化物(Reactive oxygen species,ROS)是導致糖尿病(Diabetes mellitus,DM)與代謝症候群(Metabolism syndrome)的重要因子,而ROS則是造成胰臟β細胞損壞的最大元凶。並且,因高血糖造成胰臟損傷所分泌的胰島素不足會進一步導致胰島素阻抗(Insulin resistance)的發生,而胰島素阻抗被認為是第二型糖尿病的典型特徵。所謂的胰島素阻抗係指組織中的胰島素接受器功能喪失或是無法有效接收胰島素,導致血液中葡萄糖無法有效被利用,進而使得葡萄糖轉運蛋白(Glucose transporter,GLUT)無法有效利用血液葡萄糖,此時,血液中的葡萄糖不僅加重高血糖症的惡化同時也加重胰臟受損程度;最終,當胰臟嚴重受損而無法有效分泌胰島素時,便形成第二型糖尿病。
台灣衛生福利部(Ministry of Health and Welfare of Taiwan)於2010年所完成的統計顯示,第二型糖尿病患者中有90%的患者屬於肥胖症患者;其中,肥胖症患者體內大量累積之脂肪細胞會釋放發炎因子如Hypoxia-inducible Factor 1α(HIF-1α)、Tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)、Interleukin(IL)等。過多的發炎因子會促進脂解作用產生大量的甘油與游離脂肪酸(free fatty acid,FFA),且甘油與FFA經過內循環將使得肝臟產生新生糖質並生成脂質,進而加重高血糖、脂肪肝與高血酮的產生。FFA除了會促
使前發炎因子與ROS的產生之外,同時也會透過活化甘油二酯(diacylglycerol,DAG)與c激酶(protein kinasenk C,PKC)進而抑制胰島素接受器之活性,最終導致胰島素阻抗的形成。此外,相關文獻亦指出血液中的FFA也會直接對胰臟產生損害而造成胰島素分泌不足。
目前習用的降血糖藥物包括:磺醯尿素類之胰島素分泌劑、非磺醯尿素類之胰島素分泌劑、雙胍類藥物、α-葡萄糖水解酶抑制劑、胰島素增敏劑、及第四型二肽基肽酶抑制劑,然而其具有嚴重程度不一的副作用。例如,雙胍類中的邁胰妥(Metformin)產生包括腹瀉、厭食、噁心及最嚴重的致命性乳酸中毒之副作用,而α-葡萄糖水解酶抑制劑這一類的醣祿錠(Acarbose)會產生腸胃道的副作用。
另外,胰島素增敏劑則包括區格列酮(troglitazone)、羅格列酮(rosiglitazone)、吡咯列酮(pioglitazone)等。胰島素增敏劑可以提高周邊組織對胰島素的敏感性,進而透過與伽瑪型過氧化體增殖劑活化受器而介入調節細胞的基因轉錄功能,使細胞的葡萄糖運送器的合成增加,藉此方式增加組織細胞處理葡萄糖的能力,達到降低血液中的葡萄糖之目的。然而,此類藥物的不良藥物反應包括水腫、體重增加、鬱血性心衰竭以及最嚴重的肝毒性。
由上所述,可以得知目前習用之降血糖藥物或組合物皆具有許多副作用,因此,尋求新穎且沒有前述副作用的降血糖藥物成為新藥開發上的重大課題。有鑒於此,本案之發明人極力加以研究發明,終於研發完成本發明之一種紅麴發酵產物及其次級代謝物於製備調節血糖之組合物的用途。
本發明之主要目的在於提供一種紅麴發酵產物及其次級代謝物於製備調節血糖組合物的之用途。經由動物實驗證實,特定劑量的紅麴發酵產物及其次級代謝物的確能夠有效調降因高油脂與高果糖飲食所誘發的高血糖症,同時,也能夠有效調降因高血糖症所引發的氧化壓力反應(ROS generation)以及發炎效應。除此之外,動物實驗更證實特定劑量的紅麴發酵產物及其次級代謝物亦能夠同步降低肝臟中的AST與ALT數值以及腎臟中的肌酸酐數值,達到減輕肝臟與腎臟之發炎現象。
因此,為了達成上述本發明之目的,本案之發明人係提供第一實施例,且該第一實施例所使用的紅麴發酵產物之次級代謝產物為莫那辛(monascin);並且,動物實驗證實成人劑量為3mg/day以上的莫那辛能夠有效調降血液中過高的葡萄糖含量。
並且,為了達成上述本發明之目的,本案之發明人係提供第二實施例,且該第二實施例所使用的紅麴發酵產物之次級代謝產物為安卡黃素(ankaflavin);並且,動物實驗證實成人劑量為1.5mg/day以上的安卡黃素能夠有效調降血液中過高的葡萄糖含量。
進一步地,為了達成上述本發明之目的,本案之發明人係提供第三實施例,且該第三實施係提出包括成人劑量為3mg/day以上的莫那辛(monascin)與成人劑量為1.5mg/day以上的安卡黃素(ankaflavin)的組合物;並且,動物實驗證實該組合物能夠有效調降血液中過高的葡萄糖含量。
再者,為了達成上述本發明之目的,本案之發明人又提供第四實施例,且該第三實施係提出將一紅麴菌接種至一基質後並進一步完成一培養與發酵製程後所製得的一紅麴發酵產物的組合物;並且,動物實驗證實成人劑量為1g/day以上的該紅麴發酵產物係能夠有效調降血液中過高的葡萄糖含量。
第1圖為各組大鼠之時間-血糖濃度的資料曲線圖;第2圖為各組大鼠之AUC統計長條圖;
第3圖為各組大鼠之脂肪組織中的脂聯素表現量的統計長條圖;第4圖為各組大鼠肝臟內的ROS含量的統計長條圖;第5圖為各組大鼠之脂肪組織中的TNF-α表現量的統計長條圖;第6圖為各組大鼠之脂肪組織中的GLUT-2表現量的統計長條圖;第7圖為各組大鼠之脂肪組織中的GLUT-4表現量的統計長條圖;第8圖為各組大鼠之脂肪組織內的IL-6表現量的統計長條圖;第9圖為各組大鼠之脂肪組織內的IL-1β表現量的統計長條圖;第10圖為各組大鼠之脂肪組織內的HIF-1α表現量的統計長條圖;第11圖為各組大鼠之肝臟組織的切片圖。
為了能夠更清楚地描述本發明所提出之一種紅麴發酵產物及其次級代謝物於製備調節血糖之組合物的用途,以下將配合圖式,詳盡說明本發明之較佳實施例。
常見的紅麴菌分為六種,分別為:Monascus pilosus、Monascus purpureus、Monascus ruber、Monascus floridanus、Monascus pallens、與Monascus sanguineus)。並且,於1983年,研究人員又根據菌種的培養型態、生長型態、與閉囊果顏色重新將紅麴菌規劃為三種,包含:Monascus pilosus、Monascus purpureus和Monascus ruber。
本發明主要係自紅麴發酵產物中萃取出紅麴之次級代謝產物-monascin與ankaflavin,並以所述monascin與ankaflavin作為具有調控血糖功能之組合物。於此,必須補充說明的是,所述紅麴發酵產物係藉由將上述任一種紅麴菌接種至一紅麴山藥基質之後,並進一步完成一培養與發酵製程後所製得。關於紅麴發酵產物製造方法,可以參考中華民國專利號:I415619,於此不再重複說明。並且,為了證實本發明之用以調節血糖之組合物的確具備可實施性,以下段落將透過動物實驗證實該可實施性。動物實驗所使用的SD大鼠係購買自樂斯科生物科技股份有限公司(BioLASCO Taiwan Co.,Ltd),共72隻。SD大鼠預養一周後正式進行歷時10周的動物實驗,並於每周固定測量大鼠之體重、攝食量與飲水量。動物實驗係分為9個組別。
動物實驗的第1組為具有8隻SD大鼠的正常飲食組(NOR group)。此組之SD大鼠係於實驗期間中無限餵食玉米澱粉飼料(Cornstarch)並管餵試驗樣品(test sample),其中所述試驗樣品為逆滲透水(RO water)。
動物實驗的第2組為具有8隻SD大鼠的高油脂與高果糖組(HFFD group)。此組之SD大鼠係於實驗期間中無限餵食具高油脂(High Fat)與高果糖(High Fructose)成分之咀嚼飼料並管餵試驗樣品;其中,HFFD組之試驗樣品為逆滲透水。必須補充說明的是,所述具高油脂與高果糖成分之咀嚼飼料(chew diet)係由73.3%的玉米澱粉以及26.7%的奶油粉(butter powder)。
動物實驗的第3組為具有8隻SD大鼠的雙胍藥物組(MF group)。此組之SD大鼠係於實驗期間中無限餵食具高油脂與高果糖成分之咀嚼飼料並管餵試驗樣品;其中,MF組係作為此動物實驗之正控制組,且其試驗樣品為二甲雙胍(Metformin)。並且,動物實驗的第4組為具有8隻SD大鼠的紅麴山藥組(RMD group)。此組之SD大鼠係於實驗期間中無限餵食具高油脂與高果糖成分之咀嚼飼料並管餵試驗樣品;其中,RMD組之試驗樣品為的發酵紅麴產品-紅麴山藥粉末(Red mold dioscorea)。
進一步地,動物實驗的第5組為具有8隻SD大鼠的一倍莫那辛組(MS1X group)。此組之SD大鼠係於實驗期間中無限餵食具高油脂與高果糖成分之咀嚼飼料並管餵試驗樣品;其中,MS1X組之試驗樣品為1倍劑量的紅麴之次級代謝產物-monascin。並且,動物實驗的第6組為具有8隻SD大鼠的五倍莫那辛組(MS5X group)。此組之SD大鼠係
於實驗期間中無限餵食具高油脂與高果糖成分之咀嚼飼料並管餵試驗樣品;其中,MS5X組之試驗樣品為5倍劑量的monascin。
再者,動物實驗的第7組為具有8隻SD大鼠的一倍安卡黄素組(AK1X group)。此組之SD大鼠係於實驗期間中無限餵食具高油脂與高果糖成分之咀嚼飼料並管餵試驗樣品;其中,AK1X組之試驗樣品為1倍劑量的紅麴之次級代謝產物-ankafIavin。並且,動物實驗的第8組為具有8隻SD大鼠的五倍安卡黄素組(AK5X group)。此組之SD大鼠係於實驗期間中無限餵食具高油脂與高果糖成分之咀嚼飼料並管餵試驗樣品;其中,AK5X組之試驗樣品為5倍劑量的紅麴之次級代謝產物-ankafIavin。
最後,動物實驗的第9組為具有8隻SD大鼠的莫那辛-安卡黄素組(MS-AK group)。此組之SD大鼠係於實驗期間中無限餵食具高油脂與高果糖成分之咀嚼飼料並管餵試驗樣品;其中,MS-AK組之試驗樣品係由1倍劑量的monascin與1倍劑量的ankafIavin所組成。於此,必須特別補充說明的是,前述二甲雙胍(Metformin)、紅麴山藥、莫那辛、與安卡黃素之管餵劑量,係整理於以下表(一)之中。
成人劑量-大鼠劑量之換算方式,係依據體重60kg之成人除以試驗樣品之每日人體建議攝取量再乘以實驗動物相對於人體之代謝係數,最後算得則可求出大鼠每日每公斤體重之攝取劑量。計算式表示如下計算式所示:大白鼠每公斤體重之攝取劑量=(人體建議攝取量÷60kg)×6.25。
(一)不同試驗樣品對各組別大鼠體重的影響:
如下表(二)所整理,由於高油脂與高果糖的飲食組成包含高油脂飼料(high fat powder diet)與高果糖飲水(high fructose water),因此可以根據各組大鼠的飲食狀況計算出每日總熱量攝取。同時,動物實驗進行10週後,各組大鼠的體重係被記錄於下表(三)之中。
根據表(二)與表(三)顯示,與NOR組相比,各組大鼠之每日熱量攝取量均顯著提高(p<0.05);並且,與HFFD組相比,RMD、MS5X與MS-AK組之大鼠的每日熱量攝取量係相對較低的。進一步地。根據表(三)所記錄的第十週體重顯示,相較於NOR組之大鼠,各組大鼠的體重均顯著增加;然而,相較於HFFD組之大鼠,MF組、RMD組、MS1X組、MS5X組、AK1X組、AK5X組、與MS-AK
之大鼠的體重係相形較輕的。這樣的實驗結果顯示,餵食高油脂與高果糖飼料而體重顯著增加的大鼠,經管餵試驗物之後,其體重均有下降的趨勢;其中又以MS-AK組大鼠的體重下降最顯著。
(二)不同試驗樣品對各組別大鼠之血糖調控能力:
測定降血糖效果評估之前係事先對各組大鼠禁食12小時。於禁食期間,係停止餵食飼料並以RO水取代果糖水。取出待測血液時,係先以氣體麻醉機對大鼠進行麻醉,再以毛細管對大鼠進行眼眶採血,取得數滴待測血液,進行空腹血糖值之測定。其中,空腹血糖值之測定係使用市售血糖機(OneTouch UltraEasy,Johnson & Johnson,Taiwan)與以完成。另外,為了完成口服糖耐量之測定,係於大鼠禁食後第0分鐘以口服方式給予葡萄糖液(2g/kg),再分別於禁食後第30分鐘、第60分鐘、與第90分鐘察血糖濃度的恢復情形。
請參閱第1圖,為各組大鼠之時間-血糖濃度的資料曲線圖。並且,請同時參閱第2圖,為各組大鼠之AUC統計長條圖。其中,完成口服葡萄糖耐量試驗(oral glucose tolerance test,OGTT)之後,係繪製時間-血糖濃度的資料曲線如第1圖。並且,第1圖的資料顯示,經HFFD誘發高血糖之大鼠,亦即,HFFD組之大鼠,其第0分鐘與第30分鐘之血糖濃度顯然高於NOR組大鼠之血糖濃度。第2
圖所載資料稱為血糖變化曲線下面積(Area Under Curve,AUC)。當實驗組大鼠的AUC值明顯大於正常控制組,則視為已誘發高血糖。顯然,第2圖所示HFFD組大鼠的AUC值明顯大於NOR組。然而,相對於HFFD組之大鼠,MF組、MS1X組、MS5X組、AK5X組、與MS-AK之大鼠的AUC值係顯著下降。同時,第2圖的資料亦顯示5倍劑量的莫那辛具有較佳的AUC調降效果。值得注意的是,RMD組與AK1X組之AUC值雖然未有顯著下降,但仍表現出降低的趨勢。
因此,由表(三)、第1圖與第2圖之實驗資料,吾人可以推測HFFD組之大鼠因體內大量累積脂肪細胞而導致組織中的胰島素接受器功能喪失或是無法有效接收胰島素,造成血液中葡萄糖無法有效被利用,此時,血液中的過高的葡萄糖含量於是造成高血糖症。然而,對於管餵莫那辛與/或安卡黃素的大鼠而言,其係由於莫那辛與/或安卡黃素之作用而使得組織中的胰島素接受器可以有效接收胰島素,是以使得血液中過高的葡萄糖含量被有效地調降。
(三)不同試驗樣品對各組別大鼠之空腹血糖、胰島素、胰島素阻抗、與果糖胺的影響:
在正常的情況下,攝取高油脂與高果糖飼料的大鼠,其體內的胰臟β細胞在接收到血糖上升的刺激會開始產生胰島素;然而,由於高血糖(Hyperglycermia)所產生的
活性氧化物(Reactive oxygen species,ROS)可能造成胰臟β細胞之損壞並進一步導致胰島素阻抗(Insulin resistance,IR)的發生。因此,於此動物實驗中,必須觀察不同試驗樣品對於各組別大鼠之空腹血糖、胰島素、與胰島素阻抗之影響。
利用毛細管所取得之血液樣本係以2mL的微量離心管(microcentrifuge tube/Eppendorf tube)接取後靜置5分鐘,接著以10000 x g的轉速進行離心,之後抽取血清保存於-80℃的環境中,以待進行胰島素與果糖胺含量之測定。其終,胰島素的測定係使用酵素免疫分析試劑盒(Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)insulin kit)予以完成,且胰島素阻抗係由以下公式計算而得:HOMA-IR=[胰島素(μU/mL)×葡萄糖(mmol/L)]/22.5。另外,果糖胺的測定則係使用果糖胺檢測試劑盒(Fructosamine assay kit)予以完成。所測得之血糖(blood glucose)、胰島素(insulin)、胰島素阻抗(insulin resistance,IR)、與果糖胺(Fructosamine)的相關數據係整理於下表(四)與表(五)之中。
由表(四)的實驗數據可以得知,相較於NOR組之大鼠,HFFD組之大鼠的空腹血糖含量係顯著上升。然而,相較於HFFD組之大鼠,MF組、RMD組、MS1X組、MS5X組、AK1X組、AK5X組、與MS-AK之大鼠的空腹血糖值係顯著下降。值得注意的是,MS5X組之大鼠的空腹血糖值幾乎相等於NOR組之大鼠的空腹血糖值,實驗結果顯示5倍劑量的莫那辛具有高度的血糖濃度調降功效。
並且,由表(四)實驗數據可以得知,相較於NOR組之大鼠,HFFD組之大鼠的血液胰島素含量係顯著上升。然而,相較於HFFD組之大鼠,MF組、RMD組、MS1X組、MS5X組、AK1X組、AK5X組、與MS-AK之大鼠的血液胰
島素含量係顯著下降。值得注意的是,MS5X組之大鼠的血液胰島素含量幾乎相等於NOR組之大鼠的血液胰島素含量,實驗結果顯示5倍劑量的莫那辛具有高度的胰島素含量調降功效。
進一步地,由表(五)的實驗數據可以得知,相較於NOR組之大鼠,HFFD組之大鼠的胰島素阻抗係顯著上升。然而,相較於HFFD組之大鼠,MF組、RMD組、MS1X組、MS5X組、AK1X組、AK5X組、與MS-AK之大鼠的胰島素阻抗係顯著下降。值得注意的是,實驗結果顯示5倍劑量的莫那辛具有高度的胰島素阻抗調降功效。此外,由表(五)的實驗數據可以得知,相較於NOR組之大鼠,HFFD組之大鼠的果糖胺含量係顯著上升。然而,相較於HFFD組之大鼠,MF組、RMD組、MS1X組、MS5X組、AK1X組、AK5X組、與MS-AK之大鼠的果糖胺含量係顯著下降。
因此,表(四)與表(五)的實驗數據係證實了莫那辛(monascin)與安卡黃素(ankaflavin)的確具有血糖、血糖、胰島素、胰島素阻抗、與果糖胺的調控效果,而其中又以5倍劑量(即,成人劑量15mg/day)具有最顯著的調控功效。
(四)不同試驗樣品對各組別大鼠肝、腎與脂肪組織重量的影響:
胰島素主要是作用在肝臟、肌肉及脂肪組織中,促進這些組織對血糖的吸收及利用,以降低血糖濃度。此
外,脂肪組織分為棕色脂肪組織與白色脂肪組織,且白色脂肪組織與肥胖及胰島素阻抗有著重要的關聯性;其中,白色脂肪組織會儲存由血糖轉化而成的三酸甘油酯(Triglycerides,TG)。由此可知,肥胖患者體內大量累積之脂肪細胞會產生發炎反應進而誘導脂解作用產生,大量的三酸甘油酯與游離脂肪酸(FFA)經過內循環使得肝臟產生糖質新生與脂質生成而進一步加重高血糖、脂肪肝與高血酮的產生。因此,為了確定各組大鼠血液中的血糖是否被正常利用,係必須觀察不同試驗樣品對各組別大鼠肝、腎與脂肪組織重量的影響。
測定不同試驗樣品對各組別大鼠肝、腎與脂肪組織重量的影響係必須先完成動物犧牲與樣本製備。動物犧牲之前須先禁食12小時,之後以二氧化碳窒息犧牲動物。完成犧牲後係以針筒自鼠體腹腔進行大靜脈抽血,所取得之血液樣本係以2mL的微量離心管(microcentrifuge tube/Eppendorf tube)接取後靜置5分鐘,接著以10000 x g的轉速進行離心,之後抽取血清保存於-20℃的環境中。繼續地,係自鼠體內取得肝臟、胰臟、脂肪、與腎臟等與血糖調控相關之臟器。
請參閱以下表(六),係紀錄有各組大鼠之肝臟與腎臟之重量數據。由表(六)的實驗數據可以得知,相較於NOR組之大鼠,HFFD組之大鼠的肝臟重量係顯著上升。然
而,相較於HFFD組之大鼠,MF組、RMD組、MS1X組、MS5X組、AK1X組、AK5X組、與MS-AK之大鼠的肝臟重量係顯著下降。值得注意的是,實驗數據顯示5倍劑量的莫那辛具有高度的肝臟重量調降功效。另外,相較於NOR組之大鼠,HFFD組之大鼠的腎臟重量係相對降低。然而,相較於HFFD組之大鼠,MF組、RMD組、MS1X組、MS5X組、AK1X組、AK5X組、與MS-AK之大鼠的腎臟重量雖然微微上升,但嚴格來說與HFFD組相比並沒有顯著差異。
繼續地,請參閱以下表(七),係紀錄有各組大鼠之腎周圍脂肪組織與副睪周圍脂肪組織之重量百分比數據。由表(七)的數據資料可以得知,相較於NOR組之大鼠,HFFD組之大鼠的腎周圍脂肪組織與副睪周圍脂肪組織的重量係顯著上升。然而,相較於HFFD組之大鼠,RMD組、MS1X組、AK1X組、AK5X組、與MS-AK組之大鼠的腎周圍脂肪組織與副睪周圍脂肪組織的重量係顯著下降。
除了導致高血糖症與胰島素阻抗之外,高油脂與高果糖飼料也可能引發高三酸甘油酯血症,造成肝臟之損壞。請參閱以下表(八),係紀錄有各組大鼠之三酸甘油酯與總膽固醇之濃度數據。由表(八)的數據資料可以得知,相較於NOR組之大鼠,HFFD組之大鼠的肝臟內的三酸甘油酯與總膽固醇之濃度係顯著上升。然而,相較於HFFD組之大鼠,RMD組、MS1X組、AK1X組、AK5X組、與MS-AK組之大鼠的肝臟內的三酸甘油酯與總膽固醇之濃度係顯著下降。
因此,表(六)、表(七)與表(八)的實驗數據係證實,因為莫那辛與/或安卡黃素之作用,使得管餵有莫那辛與/或安卡黃素之高血糖症大鼠體內的胰島素的作用正常或胰島素阻抗被減輕,進而使其體內的肝、腎與脂肪組織重量被顯著調降;同時,由於高血糖症之大鼠血液中的血糖濃度被莫那辛與/或安卡黃素所調降,進而連帶地減少脂肪組織所儲存由血糖轉化而成的三酸甘油酯的濃度。
另外,脂聯素(adiponectin)為一種由脂肪組織所分泌的蛋白質。人體血清中大約含有5-30μg/mL的脂聯素,用以維持體內葡萄糖與脂值的平衡。一些研究顯示,脂聯素在胰島素阻抗中扮演很重要的作用,而脂聯素與三酸甘油酯等代謝疾病有關參數之間,有著密切的關聯性。
請參閱第3圖,為各組大鼠之脂肪組織中的脂聯素表現量的統計長條圖。如第3圖所示,相較於NOR組之大鼠,HFFD組之大鼠的脂肪組織中的脂聯素表現量係明顯較低。然而,相較於HFFD組之大鼠,MF組、RMD組、MS1X
組、MS5X組、AK1X組、AK5X組、與MS-AK之大鼠的脂肪組織中的脂聯素表現量係顯著提升。因此,第3圖的實驗數據係證實了莫那辛(monascin)與安卡黃素(ankaflavin)的確具有脂肪組織中的脂聯素表現量的調控效果。
(五)不同試驗樣品對誘發高血糖大鼠之肝臟ROS生成的影響:
研究資料顯示,胰島素阻抗的生成會導致脂肪過度貯積,並在胰島素增加以及脂肪酸本身調控不良之下,使得肝臟細胞易於遭受進一步的氧化作用,造成肝臟細胞內的活性氧族群(reactive oxygen species,ROS)異常增加。
請參閱第4圖,為各組大鼠肝臟內的ROS含量的統計長條圖。如第4圖所示,相較於NOR組之大鼠,HFFD組之大鼠肝臟內的的ROS含量係顯著上升。然而,相較於HFFD組之大鼠,MF組、RMD組、MS1X組、MS5X組、AK1X組、AK5X組、與MS-AK之大鼠肝臟內的的ROS含量係顯著下降。因此,第4圖的實驗數據係證實了莫那辛(monascin)與安卡黃素(ankaflavin)的確具有肝臟之ROS含量的調控效果。
(六)不同試驗樣品對各組別大鼠之脂肪組織的炎症因子的影響:
ROS在發炎反應中扮演重要的訊息傳遞功能,降低ROS的生成可以降低發炎反應的程度。當脂肪組織產
生發炎反應時,大量炎症因子會被生成以實現對脂肪組織的保護,例如:腫瘤壞死因子α(tumor necrosis factor alpha,TNF-α)、白細胞介素6(interleukin 6,IL-6)、白細胞介素1β(interleukin 1β,IL-1β)。同時,當脂肪組織承受過高的氧化壓力之時,缺氧誘導因子1α(Hypoxic-inducible factor 1α,HIF-1α)也會有過量的表現。
承上所述,TNF-α會抑制胰島素受體受質蛋白(IRS-1)與脂肪組織中的胰島素接受器之結合,並降低葡萄糖轉運體(Glucose Transporter,GLUT)的含量,從而抑制脂肪細胞攝取葡萄糖,導致胰島素阻抗之產生。請參閱第5圖,係各組大鼠之脂肪組織的TNF-α表現量的統計長條圖。如第5圖所示,相較於NOR組之大鼠,HFFD組之大鼠的TNF-α表現量係顯著上升。然而,相較於HFFD組之大鼠,MF組、RMD組、MS1X組、MS5X組、AK1X組、AK5X組、與MS-AK之大鼠的TNF-α表現量係顯著下降。
基於第5圖資料顯示莫那辛與安卡黃素能夠有效調降TNF-α表現量,吾人可以猜測莫那辛與安卡黃素係能夠相對地提升脂肪組織中的葡萄糖轉運體(GLUT)的表現量。請參閱第6圖與第7圖,分別為各組大鼠脂肪組織中的GLUT-2與GLUT-4表現量的統計長條圖。如第6圖所示,HFFD組之大鼠的脂肪細胞中的GLUT-2表現量係低於NOR組;然而,MF組、RMD組、MS1X組、MS5X組、AK1X組、
AK5X組、與MS-AK之大鼠的脂肪細胞中的GLUT-2表現量係高於HFFD組與NOR組之大鼠。值得注意的是,第7圖顯示RMD組與MS-AK組之GLUT-4表現量係同時高於HFFD組與NOR組之大鼠,這個實驗結果證實以1倍劑量的莫那辛及1倍劑量的安卡黃素調配而成之試驗物,其係展現最佳的葡萄糖轉運體的表現量的調升功效。
繼續地參閱第8圖與第9圖,分別為各組大鼠之脂肪組織內的IL-6與IL-1β表現量的統計長條圖。如第8圖與第9圖所示,HFFD組之大鼠的脂肪組織內的IL-6與IL-1β的表現量係明顯高於NOR組大鼠。然而,相較於HFFD組之大鼠,MF組、RMD組、MS1X組、MS5X組、AK1X組、AK5X組、與MS-AK之大鼠的脂肪細胞中的IL-6與IL-1β表現量係低於HFFD組與NOR組之大鼠。
請再繼續參閱第10圖,分別為各組大鼠之脂肪組織內的HIF-1α表現量的統計長條圖。如第10圖,HFFD組之大鼠的脂肪組織內的HIF-1α的表現量係遠高於NOR組大鼠。然而,相較於HFFD組之大鼠,MF組、RMD組、MS1X組、MS5X組、AK1X組、AK5X組、與MS-AK之大鼠的脂肪細胞中的HIF-1α表現量係低於HFFD組與NOR組之大鼠。
因此,第5圖、第6圖、第7圖、第8圖、第9圖、與第10圖的實驗數據係證實攝取1倍劑量以上的莫那辛與/或1倍劑量以上的安卡黃素調,係能夠有效調降高血糖
(Hyperglycermia)所引發的氧化壓力反應(ROS generation)以及發炎效應,以及發炎效應所導致的葡萄糖轉運蛋白無法被有效利用之現象。
(七)不同試驗樣品對各組別大鼠之肝臟的影響:
肝臟為人體內最大且含有豐富酵素之臟器,其中含量最多的酵素為天門冬胺酸轉胺酶(Aspartate aminotransferase,AST)與丙胺酸轉胺酶(Alanine aminotransferase,ALT)。當肝臟受到損害時,AST與ALT就會釋出至血液中。因此,藉由測定肝臟內的AST與ALT之濃度,係能夠確定高血糖症之大鼠體內的肝臟是否受到損害。
請參閱第11圖,為各組大鼠之肝臟組織的切片圖。如第10圖所示,HFFD組之高血糖症大鼠,其肝臟組織因為過多的脂肪堆積而產生所謂的肝臟脂肪化現象(圖中箭頭處);同時,觀察MF組、RMD組、MS1X組、MS5X組、AK1X組、AK5X組、與MS-AK之大鼠的肝臟組織的切片圖,可以發現高血糖症大鼠所罹患的肝臟異常脂肪化之現象可以經由餵食莫那辛與/或安卡黃素之後而獲得改善。
進一步地,表(八)係紀錄有各組大鼠肝臟內的AST與ALT之濃度數值。其中,表(八)的實驗數據係證實,相較於NOR組,HFFD組織大鼠肝臟內的AST與ALT數值與NOR組之大鼠並無顯著差異,這樣的結果表示高血糖症的
大鼠(HFFD組)體內的肝臟雖然異常脂肪化,但肝臟尚未有異常的損害狀況出現。然而,觀察MF組、RMD組、MS1X組、MS5X組、AK1X組、AK5X組、與MS-AK之大鼠的AST與ALT數值,可以發現高血糖症大鼠之AST與ALT數值可以經由餵食莫那辛與/或安卡黃素之後而獲得調降。
另外,相關研究亦指出,長期的高血糖會破壞大量的腎臟內的腎絲球(glomeruli),進而降低腎臟的過濾能力,導致身體的蛋白質流失並讓更多的廢物(特別是肌酸酐(creatinine)和尿素(urea))留在血液中。下表(九)係紀錄有各組大鼠腎臟內的肌酸酐之濃度數值。其中,表(九)的實驗數據係證實,相較於NOR組,HFFD組織大鼠肝臟內的肌酸酐數值與NOR組之大鼠並無顯著差異;然而,觀察MF組、RMD組、MS1X組、MS5X組、AK1X組、AK5X組、與MS-AK之大鼠的肌酸酐數值,可以發現高血糖症大鼠之肌
酸酐數值可以經由餵食莫那辛與/或安卡黃素之後而獲得調降。
綜上所述,可以清楚得知本發明所提供之用以調節血糖之組合物,包括屬於次級代謝物的莫那辛(Monascin)與安卡黃素(Ankaflavin)以及屬於紅麴發酵產物的紅麴山藥(RMD),的確都能夠有效調降因高油脂與高果糖飲食所誘發的高血糖症,同時,也能夠有效調降因高血糖症所引發的氧化壓力反應(ROS generation)以及發炎效應。除此之外,本發明之用以調節血糖之組合物更可於調降血糖濃度之時,同步降低肝臟中的AST與ALT數值以及腎臟中的肌酸酐數值,達到減輕肝臟與腎臟之發炎現象。
必須加以強調的是,上述之詳細說明係針對本發明可行實施例之具體說明,惟該實施例並非用以限制本發
明之專利範圍,凡未脫離本發明技藝精神所為之等效實施或變更,均應包含於本案之專利範圍中。
Claims (2)
- 一種紅麴發酵產物之次級代謝物於製備調節血糖之組合物的用途,其中,所述紅麴發酵產物之次級代謝物係為莫那辛(monascin);並且,包括有成人劑量為3mg/day以上的莫那辛的該調節血糖之組合物係能夠有效調降血液中過高的葡萄糖含量以及因高血糖所引發的胰島素阻抗,並同時對於因高血糖所引發的脂肪組織中的葡萄糖轉運體(Glucose transporter,GLUT)的表現量的下降達到有效的調升效果;其中,包括有成人劑量為3mg/day以上的莫那辛的該調節血糖之組合物更能同時對於因高血糖所引發的腎臟中的肌酸酐(creatinine)的濃度上升達到有效的調降效果,藉此預防糖尿病腎病變;其中,包括有成人劑量為3mg/day以上的莫那辛的該調節血糖之組合物更能同時對於因高血糖所引發的肝臟中的天門冬胺酸轉胺酶(Asparate-aminotransferase,AST)、丙胺酸轉胺酶(Alanine aminotransferase,ALT)、與三酸甘油酯(triglyceride,TG)的濃度上升達到有效的調降效果;同時,亦能夠對於因高血糖所引發的肝臟內的活性氧族群(reactive oxygen species,ROS)的增加達到有效的調降效果,藉此預防非酒精性肝損傷。
- 一種紅麴發酵產物之次級代謝物於製備調節血糖之組合物的用途,其中,所述紅麴發酵產物之次級代謝物係為安卡黃素(ankaflavin);並且,包括有成人劑量為1.5mg/day以上的安卡黃素的該調節血糖之組合物係能夠有效調降血液中過高的葡萄糖含量以及因高血糖所引發的胰島素阻抗,並同時對於因高血糖所引發的脂肪組織中的葡萄糖轉運體(Glucose transporter,GLUT)的表現量的下降達到有效的調升效果,其中,包括有成人劑量為1.5mg/day以上的安卡黃素的該調節血糖之組合物更能同時對於因高血糖所引發的腎臟中的肌酸酐(creatinine)的濃度上升達到有效的調降效果,藉此預防糖尿病腎病變;其中,包括有成人劑量為1.5mg/day以上的安卡黃素的該調節血糖之組合物更能同時對於因高血糖所引發的肝臟中的天門冬胺酸轉胺酶(Asparate-aminotransferase,AST)、丙胺酸轉胺酶(Alanine aminotransferase,ALT)、與三酸甘油酯(triglyceride,TG)的濃度上升達到有效的調降效果;同時,亦能夠對於因高血糖所引發的肝臟內的活性氧族群(reactive oxygen species,ROS)的增加達到有效的調降效果,藉此預防非酒精性肝損傷。
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JP2016162640A JP2017088593A (ja) | 2015-11-13 | 2016-08-23 | 血糖調節のための組成物 |
US15/246,549 US20170135983A1 (en) | 2015-11-13 | 2016-08-25 | Composition for regulating blood sugar |
EP16186174.5A EP3167894A1 (en) | 2015-11-13 | 2016-08-29 | Composition for regulating blood sugar |
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AU2016225884A AU2016225884A1 (en) | 2015-11-13 | 2016-09-08 | Composition for regulating blood sugar |
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Non-Patent Citations (4)
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JH Lee,et al."Role of Hyperinsulinemia and Glucose Intolerance in the Pathogenesis of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver in Patients with Normal Body Weight",Korean J Intern Med. 1998 Feb; 13(1): 10–14. * |
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