TWI565121B - 非水性電解質和包含彼之鋰二次電池 - Google Patents
非水性電解質和包含彼之鋰二次電池 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- TWI565121B TWI565121B TW104114863A TW104114863A TWI565121B TW I565121 B TWI565121 B TW I565121B TW 104114863 A TW104114863 A TW 104114863A TW 104114863 A TW104114863 A TW 104114863A TW I565121 B TWI565121 B TW I565121B
- Authority
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- Taiwan
- Prior art keywords
- lithium
- group
- aqueous electrolyte
- secondary battery
- carbonate
- Prior art date
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- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 57
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 54
- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 title claims description 43
- -1 phosphorus compound Chemical class 0.000 claims description 51
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 32
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 24
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 17
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000006183 anode active material Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 11
- 150000005676 cyclic carbonates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 11
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- FDLZQPXZHIFURF-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-2].[Ti+4].[Li+] Chemical compound [O-2].[Ti+4].[Li+] FDLZQPXZHIFURF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000003660 carbonate based solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000003759 ester based solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- FKRCODPIKNYEAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl propionate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)CC FKRCODPIKNYEAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 5
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000000753 cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000002736 metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- UHOPWFKONJYLCF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-sulfanylethyl)isoindole-1,3-dione Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(=O)N(CCS)C(=O)C2=C1 UHOPWFKONJYLCF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Butyrolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCO1 YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M Propionate Chemical compound CCC([O-])=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011302 mesophase pitch Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- HNAGHMKIPMKKBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-benzylpyrrolidine-3-carboxamide Chemical compound C1C(C(=O)N)CCN1CC1=CC=CC=C1 HNAGHMKIPMKKBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- JGFBQFKZKSSODQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isothiocyanatocyclopropane Chemical compound S=C=NC1CC1 JGFBQFKZKSSODQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910018720 Li0.8 Ti2.2 O4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- RJUFJBKOKNCXHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl propionate Chemical compound CCC(=O)OC RJUFJBKOKNCXHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid trimethyl ester Natural products COC(C)=O KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- OBNCKNCVKJNDBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N butanoic acid ethyl ester Natural products CCCC(=O)OCC OBNCKNCVKJNDBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- PWLNAUNEAKQYLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyric acid octyl ester Natural products CCCCCCCCOC(=O)CCC PWLNAUNEAKQYLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004210 ether based solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940017219 methyl propionate Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- UUIQMZJEGPQKFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butyric acid methyl ester Natural products CCCC(=O)OC UUIQMZJEGPQKFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910021382 natural graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004745 nonwoven fabric Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- DIIIISSCIXVANO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine Chemical compound CNNC DIIIISSCIXVANO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- MBNVSWHUJDDZRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylthiirane Chemical compound CC1CS1 MBNVSWHUJDDZRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- LWLOKSXSAUHTJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one Chemical compound CC1OC(=O)OC1C LWLOKSXSAUHTJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Borate Chemical compound [O-]B([O-])[O-] BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910018871 CoO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920008712 Copo Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Gallium Chemical compound [Ga] GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910004174 Li1.14Ti1.71O4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910009109 Li1.33Ti1.67O4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910011957 Li2.67Ti1.33O4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910015015 LiAsF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910013063 LiBF 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910013528 LiN(SO2 CF3)2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910013385 LiN(SO2C2F5)2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910012513 LiSbF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910012465 LiTi Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- BEKPOUATRPPTLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].BCl Chemical compound [Li].BCl BEKPOUATRPPTLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001335 aliphatic alkanes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical compound [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- IAQRGUVFOMOMEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N butene Natural products CC=CC IAQRGUVFOMOMEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- JHRWWRDRBPCWTF-OLQVQODUSA-N captafol Chemical compound C1C=CC[C@H]2C(=O)N(SC(Cl)(Cl)C(Cl)Cl)C(=O)[C@H]21 JHRWWRDRBPCWTF-OLQVQODUSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid Chemical compound OC(O)=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011300 coal pitch Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium atom Chemical compound [Ge] GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910021385 hard carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920001519 homopolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium bromide Chemical compound [Li+].[Br-] AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium chloride Chemical compound [Li+].[Cl-] KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium iodide Chemical compound [Li+].[I-] HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001537 lithium tetrachloroaluminate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001496 lithium tetrafluoroborate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- OWNSEPXOQWKTKG-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;methanesulfonate Chemical compound [Li+].CS([O-])(=O)=O OWNSEPXOQWKTKG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- MCVFFRWZNYZUIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;trifluoromethanesulfonate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F MCVFFRWZNYZUIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002931 mesocarbon microbead Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- MPDOUGUGIVBSGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-(cyclobutylmethyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)aniline Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C1=CC=CC(NCC2CCC2)=C1 MPDOUGUGIVBSGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011301 petroleum pitch Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- FOWDZVNRQHPXDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N propyl hydrogen carbonate Chemical compound CCCOC(O)=O FOWDZVNRQHPXDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920001384 propylene homopolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910021384 soft carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- JBQYATWDVHIOAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N tellanylidenegermanium Chemical compound [Te]=[Ge] JBQYATWDVHIOAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 229910000314 transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- VAYTZRYEBVHVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dioxol-2-one Chemical compound O=C1OC=CO1 VAYTZRYEBVHVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- BJWMSGRKJIOCNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-ethenyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one Chemical compound C=CC1COC(=O)O1 BJWMSGRKJIOCNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- SBLRHMKNNHXPHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one Chemical compound FC1COC(=O)O1 SBLRHMKNNHXPHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- PMPVIKIVABFJJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclobutane Chemical compound C1CCC1 PMPVIKIVABFJJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910013684 LiClO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- RNOOHTVUSNIPCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N butan-2-yl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCC(C)OC(=O)C=C RNOOHTVUSNIPCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce] GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 125000004177 diethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims 1
- XQHAGELNRSUUGU-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium chlorate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]Cl(=O)=O XQHAGELNRSUUGU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 1
- CQDGTJPVBWZJAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N monoethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(O)=O CQDGTJPVBWZJAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- PBKYSIMDORTIEU-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentan-3-yl acetate Chemical compound CCC(CC)OC(C)=O PBKYSIMDORTIEU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 description 20
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 19
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 14
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 13
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- 239000006258 conductive agent Substances 0.000 description 10
- QVLTXCYWHPZMCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N po4-po4 Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O.OP(O)(O)=O QVLTXCYWHPZMCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 4
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 3
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000009830 intercalation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 3
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- DHKHKXVYLBGOIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-Diethoxyethane Chemical compound CCOC(C)OCC DHKHKXVYLBGOIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000002000 Electrolyte additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrrole Chemical class C=1C=CNC=1 KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth atom Chemical compound [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001768 carboxy methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000010948 carboxy methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000008112 carboxymethyl-cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 2
- JHIVVAPYMSGYDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexanone Chemical compound O=C1CCCCC1 JHIVVAPYMSGYDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000009831 deintercalation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethylene glycol Natural products OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920002313 fluoropolymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000001449 isopropyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 150000002642 lithium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000012046 mixed solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000004108 n-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- WDHYRUBXLGOLKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphoric acid;prop-2-enoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C=C.OP(O)(O)=O WDHYRUBXLGOLKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920006254 polymer film Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- DURPTKYDGMDSBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-butoxybutane Chemical compound CCCCOCCCC DURPTKYDGMDSBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XNWFRZJHXBZDAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-METHOXYETHANOL Chemical class COCCO XNWFRZJHXBZDAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VALXVSHDOMUUIC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylprop-2-enoic acid;phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O.CC(=C)C(O)=O VALXVSHDOMUUIC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000881 Cu alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PIICEJLVQHRZGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylenediamine Chemical compound NCCN PIICEJLVQHRZGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102000004310 Ion Channels Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 229910018068 Li 2 O Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910010238 LiAlCl 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012851 LiCoO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013716 LiNi Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910003307 Ni-Cd Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 125000004213 tert-butoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(O*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
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- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- Secondary Cells (AREA)
- Inorganic Compounds Of Heavy Metals (AREA)
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Description
本發明關於非水性電解質及包含彼之鋰二次電池。
近來,儲能技術已日益發展。隨著儲能技術之應用擴展至行動電話、攝錄影機、筆記型電腦甚至電動載具,已努力進行電化學裝置之研發。
在該等電化學裝置當中之可充電二次電池的發展成為受注目的中心。近來,在二次電池之發展中,已對新穎電極及電池之設計的發展進行研究以改善電容量密度及比能。
在目前使用之二次電池當中,於1990年代早期所發展的鋰二次電池備受矚目,原因係鋰二次電池比使用水性電解質之傳統電池(諸如Ni-MH電池、Ni-Cd電池及H2SO4-Pb電池)具有較高操作電壓及明顯較高之能量密度。然而,鋰二次電池的限制在於,因使用有機電解質而
可能發生著火及爆炸及其製造可能困難。因此,已發展鋰離子聚合物電池以改善該等鋰二次電池的限制。然而,彼等之電容量比該等鋰二次電池之電容量相對較低。
在鋰二次電池之初始充電期間,從正極活性材料(諸如鋰金屬氧化物)所產生的鋰離子移至負極活性材料(諸如石墨)以嵌入該負極活性材料。在此情況下,由於鋰離子具有高度反應性,該等鋰離子係與電解質及在負極活性材料表面上之構成負極活性材料的碳反應以形成諸如Li2CO3、Li2O或LiOH之化合物。該等化合物在該負極活性材料表面上形成一種安定之膜(固態電解質界面SEI)。在該負極活性材料表面上形成之膜可藉由作為離子通道而僅使鋰離子通過及可防止因與鋰離子一起於該電解質中移動之具有高分子量的有機溶劑分子嵌入該負極活性材料所造成之負極結構破壞。又,由於該膜防止該負極活性材料與該電解質之間接觸,不會發生該電解質分解且能可逆地維持該電解質中之鋰離子的量。如此,可維持安定的充電及放電。
然而,關於該鋰二次電池,由於碳材料可因碳之晶格參數改變以及當充電及放電進行時溶劑之分解所造成的氣體產生,而從電子轉移路徑去吸附,該鋰二次電池之電容量會降低。如此,為了克服該等限制,持續需要發展改善電池之初始電容量及功率的方法。
本發明提供可藉由在電極上形成安定之膜來改善電池的初始電容量及功率特性以及壽命特性之非水性電解質。
本發明亦提供包含該非水性電解質之鋰二次電池、電池模組及電池組。
根據本發明一態樣,提供非水性電解質,該非水性電解質包括:有機溶劑;鋰鹽;及式1之磷化合物,
其中,在式1中,X1及X2各自獨立地為氫原子或具有1至4個碳原子之烷基,R係選自由下列所組成之群組:具有1至20個碳原子之烷基、具有3至20個碳原子之環烷基、羥基、及具有1至20個碳原子之烷氧基,m為0至29之整數,且n為1或2之整數。
由於根據本發明之非水性電解質包含包括丙
烯醯氧基之磷化合物作為電解質添加劑,當用於電池時,可在充電及放電期間於電極上形成安定之膜。因此,該電池於室溫及低溫下之初始電容量及功率特性以及壽命特性可獲得改善。
附於本說明書之以下圖式以舉例方式圖示說明本發明的較佳實例,且連同以下之本發明詳細說明一起能使本發明之技術概念更為人暸解,因此本發明不應解釋為僅關於此等圖式中的標的。
圖1為圖示實施例1及對照實例1中所製備之電池的電容與電壓比(dQ/dV)之圖;圖2為圖示實施例1及對照實例1中所製備之電池的初始電容量之圖;圖3為圖示實施例1及對照實例1中所製備之電池的功率之圖;圖4為圖示實施例1及對照實例1中所製備之電池的電阻之圖;圖5為圖示實施例1及對照實例1中所製備之電池的放電功率之圖;及圖6為圖示當降低實施例1及對照實例1中所製備之電池的電阻時電位隨著時間改變之圖。
下文中,將更詳細說明本發明以期更清楚暸解本發明。將暸解本說明書及申請專利範圍所使用之文字或用語不應解釋為常用字典中所界定的意思。基於發明人可適當界定最佳地解釋本發明之文字或用語的原理,另外該等文字或用語應解釋為具有與其在相關技術內容及本發明技術觀念中一致之意思。
根據本發明一實施態樣,提供包含有機溶劑、鋰鹽及下式1之磷化合物的非水性電解質。
在式1中,X1及X2各自獨立地為氫原子或具有1至4個碳原子之烷基。在此情況下,該烷基可特別為具有1至4個碳原子之直鏈或支鏈烷基,諸如甲基、乙基、丙基、異丙基、正丁基或第三丁基。具體而言,X可為氫原子或甲基。
又,在式1中,R可為選自由下列所組成之群組中的一者:具有1至20個碳原子之烷基、具有3至20個碳原子之環烷基、羥基(-OH)、及具有1至20個碳原子之烷氧基。在此情況下,該烷基可特別為具有1至20個碳原子之直鏈或支鏈烷基,諸如甲基、乙基、丙基、異丙基、正丁基、第三丁基、己基、庚基、辛基、或癸基,該環烷基可特別為環丙基、環丁基、環戊基、環己基、金鋼烷基、或降莰基,及該烷氧基可特別為甲氧基、
乙氧基、丙氧基、丁氧基、或第三丁氧基。具體而言,R可為具有1至6個碳原子之直鏈或支鏈烷基或羥基,及更具體而言,可為羥基。
又,在式1中,m為0至29之整數,特別是,0至3之整數,及更特別的,0或1之整數。
此外,在式1中,n為1或2之整數。
具體而言,式1之磷化合物可為式1中之X1及X2各自獨立地為氫原子或具有1至4個碳原子之直鏈或支鏈烷基,且R為具有1至6個碳原子之直鏈或支鏈烷基或羥基的化合物。具體而言,式1之磷化合物可為X1及X2各自獨立地為氫原子或具有1至4個碳原子之直鏈或支鏈烷基,R為羥基,m為0或1之整數,且n為1或2之整數的化合物。
又,具體而言,式1之磷化合物可為下式1a或1b之化合物;
在式1a及1b中,X1、X2及m係與前文定義相同,
R1及R2各自獨立地為具有1至20個碳原子之烷基或具有3至20個碳原子之環烷基,具體而言,為具有1至6個碳原子之直鏈或支鏈烷基,且R3為羥基(-OH)或具有1至20個碳原子之烷氧基,具體而言,為羥基。在此情況下,該烷基、環烷基及烷氧基係與前文定義相同。
更具體而言,式1之磷化合物可為選自由下式2a至2f之代合物所組成的群組中之一者。
式1之磷化合物可藉由在電池之充電及放電期間在電極上形成安定的固態電解質界面(SEI;鈍化膜)而改善室溫(23±5℃)及低溫(-10℃±5℃),特別是低溫下之壽命特性以及初始電容量及功率特性。又,關於鋰二次電池中的鋰鈦氧化物為底之負極活性材料,因高電位而使添加劑之還原分解反應會難以發生,且即使形成SEI,會因鋰鈦氧化物之催化性質而使該SEI之電阻高。反之,在使用式1之磷化合物作為電解質添加劑的情況下,由於包括
在磷化合物中之P=O基使鋰鈦氧化物之催化性質安定,以及丙烯醯氧基增加還原反應,故該SEI之電阻會降低。因此,電池之性能及壽命特性可獲得進一步改善。
上述式1之磷化合物可根據典型方法製備及使用,或可使用市售產品。
又,式1之磷化合物的含量以該非水性電解質之總重計可為0.05重量%至5.0重量%。在式1之磷化合物的量少於0.05重量%的情況下,會難以在該電極上形成安定之膜,因此,因該膜之形成所產生的效果會不足。在式1之磷化合物的量大於5.0重量%之情況下,由於所形成的薄膜可作為電阻,故有降低電池之初始電容量及功率的風險。
根據本發明該實施態樣之非水性電解質可包含有機溶劑及具有式1之磷化合物的鋰鹽。
只要有機溶劑可用作電池之電化學反應中所牽涉的離子可移動通過的介質,可使用任何有機溶劑用作該有機溶劑而無特別限制。具體而言,該有機溶劑可包含碳酸酯為底之溶劑、酯為底之溶劑、醚為底之溶劑、酮為底之溶劑、或芳族烴為底之溶劑,及可使用彼等之任一者或彼等之二或多者之混合物。
該碳酸酯為底之有機溶劑可特別包含環狀碳酸酯、線性碳酸酯、或彼等之混合物。該環狀碳酸酯之特定實例可為碳酸伸乙酯、碳酸伸丙酯、碳酸1,2-伸丁酯、碳酸2,3-伸丁酯、碳酸1,2-伸戊酯、碳酸2,3-伸戊酯、碳
酸伸乙烯酯、碳酸乙烯酯伸乙酯、或其鹵化物。又,鹵化之特定實例可為碳酸伸氟乙酯等,但本發明不局限於此。線性碳酸酯之特定實例可為碳酸二甲酯、碳酸二乙酯、碳酸二丙酯、碳酸乙基甲酯、碳酸甲基丙酯及碳酸乙基丙酯,但本發明不局限於此。
此外,酯為底之有機溶劑可特別包含乙酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯、丙酸甲酯、丙酸乙酯、丙酸丙酯、丁酸甲酯、丁酸乙酯、二甲亞碸、乙腈、二甲氧基乙烷、二乙氧基乙烷、環丁碸、γ-丁內酯、硫化丙烯或四氫呋喃,及可使用彼等之任一者或彼等之二或多者之混合物。考慮改善低溫性能之顯著影響,在該等材料當中,該酯為底之有機溶劑可為線性酯化合物,諸如乙酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯、丙酸甲酯、丙酸乙酯、丙酸丙酯、丁酸甲酯及丁酸乙酯。
又,該醚為底之溶劑可特別為二丁基醚或四氫呋喃,該酮為底之溶劑可特別為環己酮,及該芳族烴為底之溶劑可特別為苯或氟苯。
由於環狀碳酸酯為底之溶劑(諸如碳酸伸乙酯及碳酸伸丙酯)在上述有機溶劑當中為高黏性有機溶劑且具有高介電常數,故該等環狀碳酸酯為底之溶劑可良好地解離電解質中的鋰鹽。又,當藉由混合酯為底之溶劑使用上述環狀碳酸酯為底之溶劑時,可製備具有較高導電性之電解質。因此,該有機溶劑可包含上述環狀碳酸酯及酯為底之溶劑的混合物,及可特別包含上述酯為底之溶劑係以高於該環狀碳酸酯的濃度混合之混合物。具體而言,該有
機溶劑可包含以5:5至2:8之體積比混合的環狀碳酸酯為底之溶劑及酯為底之溶劑的混合物。當使用式1之磷化合物且該環狀碳酸酯與該酯為底之溶劑係以上述體積比混合時,可獲得降低實質電阻及改善電池特性之進一步改良效果。
又,作為非水性電解質中之鋰鹽,只要鋰鹽為鋰二次電池中常用且能提供鋰離子,可使用任何鋰鹽而無特別限制。具體而言,該鋰鹽可包含選自由下列所組成之群組中任一者:氯化鋰(LiCl)、溴化鋰(LiBr)、碘化鋰(LiI)、過氯酸鋰(LiClO4)、四氟硼酸鋰(LiBF4)、六氟磷酸鋰(LiPF6)、六氟砷酸鋰(LiAsF6)、六氟銻酸鋰(LiSbF6)、四氯鋁酸鋰(LiAlCl4)、甲磺酸鋰(CH3SO3Li)、三氟甲磺酸鋰(CF3SO3Li)、雙(三氟甲基)磺醯亞胺鋰(LiN(SO2CF3)2)、雙(全氟乙基磺醯基)醯亞胺鋰(LiN(SO2C2F5)2)、氯硼烷鋰、較低碳脂族羧酸鋰及四苯基硼酸鋰、或彼等之二或多者之混合物。
更具體而言,該鋰鹽可為六氟磷酸鋰(LiPF6)。由於LiPF6具有高解離度,LiPF6可提高非水性電解質之導電性,此外,會抑制負極上之電解質的還原分解反應。因此,當使用式1之磷化合物且以LiPF6作為鋰鹽時,可獲得室溫及低溫循環特性及低溫電容量特性方面的進一步改善效果。
又,可在非水性電解質中包含濃度為0.6mol/l至2mol/l之鋰鹽。在該鋰鹽之濃度小於0.6mol/l
的情況下,由於該非水性電解質之導電性會降低,故該非水性電解質之性能會變差。在該鋰鹽之濃度大於2mol/l的情況下,該非水性電解質之黏度會提高,因而會使鋰離子的移動率降低。考慮到該非水性電解質之導電性及該鋰離子之移動率,具體而言,可在該電解質中包含濃度為0.7mol/l至1.6mol/l之該鋰鹽。
在根據本發明該實施態樣之非水性電解質中,除了上述組分以外,基於改善電池之壽命特性、防止電池電容量降低及改善電池之放電電容量的目的,可選擇性另外包含於非水性電解質中的添加劑。
具體而言,該添加劑可包含吡啶、亞磷酸三乙酯、三乙醇胺、環醚、乙二胺、正乙二醇二甲醚、六磷酸三醯胺、硝苯衍生物、硫、醌亞胺染料、N-經取代之唑啶酮、N,N-經取代之咪唑啶、乙二醇二烷基醚、銨鹽、吡咯、2-甲氧基乙醇、三氯化鋁,及可使用彼等之任一者或彼等之二或多者之混合物。又,該添加劑之含量以該非水性電解質之總重計可為0.1重量%至1重量%。
根據本發明其他實施態樣,提供包含上述非水性電解質之鋰二次電池。
具體而言,該鋰二次電池包含負極、正極、分隔板及該非水性電解質。
該鋰二次電池可根據本技術中已知的典型方法製造,及可藉由將多孔分隔板插置於負極與正極之間且注入根據本發明之非水性電解質來製造。
在該鋰二次電池中,該負極包含負極收集器及配置於該負極收集器上之負極活性材料層。又,該負極活性材料層可包含負極活性材料及可選擇性另外包含導電劑及黏合劑。
在該負極活性材料層中,可使用能使鋰可逆地嵌入及脫嵌之化合物作為該負極活性材料。作為特定實例,可使用碳材料、金屬化合物、或彼等之混合物。低結晶碳及高結晶碳二者均可用作該碳材料。
低結晶碳之典型實例可為軟質碳及硬質碳,高結晶碳之典型實例可為天然石墨、凝析石墨(Kish graphite)、熱解碳、介相瀝青為底之碳纖維、內消旋碳微珠、介相瀝青、及高溫燒結碳,諸如石油或煤瀝青衍生之焦炭,及可使用常用作用於鋰二次電池之碳材料的任何材料而無限制。
又,該金屬化合物可包括選自由下列所組成之群組中至少一種金屬元素之化合物:矽(Si)、鍺(Ge)、錫(Sn)、鉛、(Pb)、磷(P)、銻(Sb)、鉍(Bi)、鋁(Al)、鎵(Ga)、銦(In)、鈦(Ti)、錳(Mn)、鐵(Fe)、鈷(Co)、鎳(Ni)、銅(Cu)、鋅(Zn)、銀(Ag)、鎂(Mg)、鍶(Sr)及鋇(Ba)。該等金屬化合物可以任何形式使用,諸如單一物質、合金、氧化物(TiO2、SnO2等)、氮化物、硫化物、硼化物、或與鋰之合金,但該單一物質、該合金、該氧化物及該與鋰之合金可獲得高電容量電池。其中,該化合物可含有選自Si、Ge及Sn中之至少一種元素,及當包括選自Si及Sn之至少一種元素時可獲得較高電容量的電池。
更具體而言,該負極活性材料可包括鋰鈦氧化物(LTO)。該鋰鈦氧化物可特別為Li0.8Ti2.2O4、Li2.67Ti1.33O4、LiTi2O4、Li1.33Ti1.67O4、或Li1.14Ti1.71O4,及可使用彼等之任一者或彼等之二或多者之混合物。
在包括該鋰鈦氧化物之負極的存在下,當將包括根據本發明該實施態樣之磷化合物的非水性電解質注入該鋰二次電池時,於該電極表面上所形成之SEI的電阻會如上述降低。
又,在該負極中,使用導電劑以對該負極提供導電性,且只要導電劑具有適當電子傳導性而不會造成電池中之負面化學改變,可使用任何導電劑而無特別限制。該導電劑之特定實例可為碳為底之材料,諸如天然石墨或人造石墨、碳黑、乙炔黑、科琴碳黑(Ketjen Black)、槽黑、爐黑、燈黑、熱碳黑、或碳纖維;金屬粉末或金屬纖維,諸如銅、鎳、鋁或銀;針狀或樹枝狀導電鬚狀物,諸如氧化鋅鬚狀物及碳酸鈣鬚狀物;導電金屬氧化物,諸如氧化鈦;或導電聚合物,諸如聚伸苯衍生物,及可使用彼等之任一者或彼等之二或多者之混合物。該導電劑之含量以100重量份該負極活性材料計可為1重量份至30重量份。
此外,在該負極中,黏合劑改善該等負極活性材料粒子之間的黏著以及該負極活性材料與電流收集器之間的黏著,及只要黏合劑通常可用於形成負極之組成物中,可使用任何黏合劑而無特別限制。具體而言,該黏合
劑可包括氟化聚合物,諸如聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)、聚四氟乙烯、聚六氟丙烯、或聚偏二氟乙烯-六氟丙烯共聚物(PVDF-共聚-HFP);聚烯為底之聚合物,諸如聚乙烯或聚丙烯;聚(甲基)丙烯酸酯為底之聚合物,諸如聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯或聚丙烯酸酯;聚丙烯腈;纖維素為底之聚合物,諸如羧甲基纖維素(CMC);或各種橡膠,諸如苯乙烯-丁二烯橡膠或氟橡膠,及可使用彼等之任一者或彼等之二或多者之混合物。
又,該黏合劑可為包括能與負極活性材料表面上之羥基進行氫鍵結的官能基(具體而言,羧基、羥基、磺酸基及環氧丙基)之氟化聚合物。因而,包括在該黏合劑中之官能基可藉由與存在於電流收集器表面或負極活性材料表面上之羥基形成氫鍵而改善黏著性。此外,由於黏合劑可在負極活性材料表面上形成鋰離子選擇性滲透膜,該黏合劑可抑制初始放電期間因電解質與與負極活性材料表面上之鋰離子反應所合成的鋰化合物形成。因此,由於即使因短路而使電池中之濃度提高,熱不安定性鋰化合物的量仍少,可抑制放熱分解及可抑制電解質與負極材料中之鋰離子之間的反應。該黏合劑之含量以100重量份該負極活性材料計可為1重量份至30重量份。
在該鋰二次電池中,該正極包括正極收集器及配置於該正極收集器上之正極活性材料層。又,該正極活性材料層可包括正極活性材料及可選擇性另外包括導電劑及黏合劑。
在該正極活性材料層中,可使用能使鋰可逆地嵌入及脫嵌之化合物(鋰化嵌入化合物)作為該正極活性材料。具體而言,該正極活性材料可為包括鋰與過渡金屬之鋰過渡金屬氧化物,該過渡金屬係諸如鈷、錳、鎳、或鋁,及具體而言,可使用選自由下列所組成之群組中的任一者:LixCoO2(0.5<x<1.3)、LixNiO2(0.5<x<1.3)、LixMnO2(0.5<x<1.3)、LixMn2O4(0.5<x<1.3)、Lix(NiaCobMnc)O2(0.5<x<1.3,0<a<1,0<b<1,0<c<1,a+b+c=1)、LixNi1-yCoyO2(0.5<x<1.3,0<y<1)、LixCo1-yMnyO2(0.5<x<1.3,0y<1)、LixNi1-yMnyO2(0.5<x<1.3,0y<1)、Lix(NiaCobMnc)O4(0.5<x<1.3,0<a<2,0<b<2,0<c<2,a+b+c=2)、LixMn2-zNizO4(0.5<x<1.3,0<z<2)、LixMn2-zCozO4(0.5<x<1.3,0<z<2)、LixCoPO4(0.5<x<1.3)及LixFePO4(0.5<x<1.3)、或彼等之二或多者之混合物。
又,在該正極中,導電劑及黏合劑可與該負極中所述者相同。
可使用用於形成負極及正極活性材料層之組成物可容易黏附的具有高導電性且在電池之電壓範圍內無反應性的任何金屬作為該負極及正極中的電流收集器而無限制。具體而言,正極收集器可包括鋁、鎳、或由彼等之組合所製備的箔,而負極收集器可包括銅、金、鎳或銅合金、或由彼等之組合所製備的箔。又,可堆疊二或多個由上述材料所形成之基底材料層且用作電流收集器。
又,電極材料混合物可藉由選擇性混合負極
及正極活性材料與導電劑和黏合劑並分散於溶劑中而個別製備,然後可藉由將電極材料混合物個別塗覆、乾燥及輥壓於電流收集器之至少一個表面上而製備負極及正極。此外,可在輥壓之後於真空下在約50℃至約250℃之溫度中進一步進行熱處理約2小時。
由上述方法所製備之正極活性材料層的厚度(就電流收集器之一個表面而言)可在30μm至120μm或50μm至100μm之範圍,而負極活性材料層之厚度可在1μm至100μm或3μm至70μm之範圍。在正極及負極符合上述厚度範圍之情況下,由於可充分確保各電極活性材料層中之活性材料的量,可防止電池電容量降低及可改善循環特性或速率能力(rate capability)。
又,該鋰二次電池中之正極及負極係由分隔板隔離,及用作鋰二次電池之分隔板的典型多孔聚合物膜,例如由從聚烯烴為底之聚合物(諸如乙烯同元聚合物、丙烯同元聚合物、乙烯/丁烯共聚物、乙烯/己烯共聚物及乙烯/甲基丙烯酸酯共聚物)所製備的多孔聚合物膜可單獨使用或以與彼之積層使用作為分隔板。又,可使用典型多孔不織布,例如由高熔點玻璃纖維或聚對酞酸伸乙酯纖維所形成之不織布,但本發明不局限於此。
本發明之鋰二次電池的形狀無特別限制,及例如可使用利用罐之圓筒型、稜柱型、袋型或硬幣型。可使用圓筒形電池,例如該圓筒電池可包括電流中斷裝置(CID)。
由於根據本發明該實施態樣之鋰二次電池藉由包括式1之磷化合物作為非水性電解質添加劑而安定地展現經改良壽命特性以及在室溫及低溫(特別是在低溫(-10±5℃))下之經改良初始電容量和功率特性,該鋰二次電池適用於可攜式裝置,諸如行動電話、筆記型電腦及數位相機,及電動車,諸如油電混合載具。
根據本發明其他實施態樣,提供包括該鋰二次電池作為單元電池之電池模組及包括該電池模組之電池組。
該電池模組或該電池組可用作中型及大型裝置的電源,該等裝置係例如電動工具;電動車,諸如電動載具(EV)、油電混合載具(HEV)、或插電式油電混合載具(PHEV)、儲能系統。
下文茲根據特定實施例更詳細描述本發明。然而,下列實例僅供更清楚暸解本發明,而不限制本發明之範疇。
[實施例1]
(1)製備非水性電解質
製備混合溶劑,其中以3:7之重量比混合碳酸伸乙酯(EC)及丙酸丙酯(PP),然後藉由將作為鋰鹽之LiPF6添加至該混合溶劑以獲得1M之LiPF6濃度來製備溶液。之後,藉由將下式2b之丙烯酸磷酸酯(methacrylic acid phosphate)添加至該溶液來製備非水性電解質。此處,添加該丙烯酸磷酸酯以獲得以該非水性電解質之總重
計為0.5重量%。
(2)製備正極
以2:1之重量比混合LiCoO2及LiNi0.56Co0.2Mn0.27O2來製備正極活性材料。之後,藉由以96:2:2之重量比混合該正極活性材料、作為導電劑之碳黑及作為黏合劑之聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)來製備正極材料混合物,然後藉由以該正極材料混合物塗覆鋁(Al)箔電流收集器且乾燥該經塗覆之電流收集器來製備正極。
(3)製備負極
藉由以98:1:1之重量比混合作為負極活性材料之Li0.8Ti2.2O4(LTO)、苯乙烯-丁二烯橡膠(SBR)黏合劑及作為增稠劑之羧甲基纖維素(CMC)來製備負極材料混合物,然後藉由以該負極材料混合物塗覆銅箔(Cu)且乾燥該經塗覆之電流收集器來製備負極。
(4)製備鋰二次電池
鈕扣電池係藉由使用所製備之非水性電解質及將多孔聚乙烯膜配置於所製備之正極與負極之間所製備的電極組的典型方法製備。
[實施例2]
鋰二次電池係使用與實施例1相同方式製備,惟獨使用下式2a之磷化合物代替丙烯酸磷酸酯。
[實施例3]
鋰二次電池係使用與實施例1相同方式製備,惟獨使用下式2c之磷化合物代替丙烯酸磷酸酯。
[實施例4]
鋰二次電池係使用與實施例1相同方式製備,惟獨使用下式2f之磷化合物代替丙烯酸磷酸酯。
[對照實例1]
鋰二次電池係以與實施例1相同方式製備,惟獨於實施例1之(1)製備非水性電解質中不添加丙烯酸磷酸酯。
[實驗實例1:評估室溫下之電池性能]
藉由以下方法評估實施例1及對照實例1中所製備之電池的性能。各測試係重複三次,且彼等之結果分別以該等測量的平均值表示。
實施例1及對照實例1中所製備之電池係於室溫(23℃)下以0.1C以1.2V至2.0V的驅動電壓充電,直到充電狀態(SOC)達20%,並觀察電容與電壓比之改變。其結果係呈現於圖1。
如圖1所示,就包括該包含丙烯酸磷酸酯之非水性電解質的實施例1之電池來說,在1.5V至1.8V之電壓範圍中觀察到對應於還原反應的峰(見虛線圓圈)。此結果係因包括在實施例1之電池中的丙烯酸磷酸酯於LTO負極表面上之反應形成安定的固態電解質界面(SEI)所致。
又,實施例1及對照實例1中所製備之電池係在室溫(23℃)下以0.3C充電及以0.3C放電,且測量該等電池的初始電容量。其結果係呈現於圖2。
如圖2所示,包括該包含丙烯酸磷酸酯之非水性電解質的實施例1之電池展現540mAh或更高之初始電容量,其比電解質中不包括丙烯酸磷酸酯的對照實例1之電池的初始電容量(535至537mAh)改善約0.9%。
此外,為了評估實施例1及對照實例1中所製備之鋰二次電池的功率特性,在50% SOC下測量於23℃下充電及放電的電池之5C功率及電阻。彼等之結果係呈現於圖3及4。
如圖3及4所示,包括該包含丙烯酸磷酸酯之非水性電解質的實施例1之電池的電阻比對照實例1降低約11%,因此功率特性獲得改善。具體而言,實施例1
中所製備之電池的功率比對照實例1改善11%。
[實驗實例2:評估低溫下之電池性能]
分別針對實施例1及對照實例1中所製備之電池測量在低溫(-10℃)下於1.2V至2.0V之SOC的5C放電功率及根據電阻降低之單位時間功率(脈衝:0.5秒)三次。彼等之結果係呈現於圖5及6。
圖5為圖示實施例1及對照實例1中所製備之電池的放電功率之圖。如圖5所示,即使在-10℃之低溫下,包括該包含丙烯酸磷酸酯之非水性電解質的實施例1之電池展現比對照實例1中所製備之電池高的功率,及具體而言,所展現之功率改善約25%。又,電阻特性改善約20%。
圖6為圖示當降低實施例1及對照實例1中所製備之電池的電阻時電位(即,功率)隨著時間改變之圖。如圖6所示,可確認實施例1中所製備之電池在電阻降低期間的單位時間功率高於對照實例1中所製備之電池。可暸解即使在室溫(-10℃)下實施例1中所製備之電池的功率亦改善0.7%。
Claims (22)
- 一種非水性電解質,其包含:有機溶劑;鋰鹽;及式1之磷化合物,
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之非水性電解質,其中X1及X2各自獨立地為氫原子或具有1至4個碳原子之烷基,且R為具有1至6個碳原子之烷基或羥基。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之非水性電解質,其中X1及X2各自獨立地為氫原子或具有1至4個碳原子之烷基,R為羥基,m為0或1之整數,且 n為1或2之整數。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之非水性電解質,其中該磷化合物之含量以該非水性電解質之總重計為0.05重量%至5.0重量%。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之非水性電解質,其中該有機溶劑包含選自由下列所組成之群組中任一者:碳酸酯為底之溶劑、酯為底之溶劑、醚為底之溶劑、酮為底之溶劑、及芳族烴為底之溶劑、或彼等之二或多者之混合物。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之非水性電解質,其中該有機溶劑包含以5:5至2:8之體積比混合的環狀碳酸酯為底之溶劑及酯為底之溶劑的混合物。
- 如申請專利範圍第6項之非水性電解質,其中該環狀碳酸酯為底之溶劑包含選自由下列所組成之群組中任一者:碳酸伸乙酯、碳酸伸丙酯、碳酸1,2-伸丁酯、碳酸2,3-伸丁酯、碳酸1,2-伸戊酯、碳酸2,3-伸戊酯、碳酸伸乙烯酯、碳酸乙烯酯伸乙酯(vinyl ethylene carbonate)、及碳酸伸氟乙酯(fluoroethylene carbonate)、或彼等之二或多者之混合物。
- 如申請專利範圍第6項之非水性電解質,其中該酯為底之溶劑包含選自由下列所組成之群組中任一者:二甲亞碸、乙腈、二甲氧基乙烷、二乙氧基乙烷、環丁碸、γ-丁內酯、硫化丙烯、四氫呋喃、乙酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯、丙酸甲酯、丙酸乙酯、丙酸丙酯、丁酸甲酯及丁酸乙酯、或彼等之二或多者之混合物。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之非水性電解質,其中該鋰鹽包含選自由下列所組成之群組中任一者:氯化鋰(LiCl)、溴化鋰(LiBr)、碘化鋰(LiI)、過氯酸鋰(LiClO4)、四氟硼酸鋰(LiBF4)、六氟磷酸鋰(LiPF6)、六氟砷酸鋰(LiAsF6)、六氟銻酸鋰(LiSbF6)、四氯鋁酸鋰(LiAlCl4)、甲磺酸鋰(CH3SO3Li)、三氟甲磺酸鋰(CF3SO3Li)、雙(三氟甲基)磺醯亞胺鋰(LiN(SO2CF3)2)、雙(全氟乙基磺醯基)醯亞胺鋰(LiN(SO2C2F5)2)、氯硼烷鋰、脂族接酸鋰及四苯基硼酸鋰、或彼等之二或多者之混合物。
- 一種鋰二次電池,其包含:負極;正極;分隔板;及如申請專利範圍第1至9項中任一項之非水性電解質。
- 如申請專利範圍第10項之鋰二次電池,其中該負極包含選自由下列所組成之群組中任一者之負極活性材料:碳材料、金屬化合物及彼等之混合物。
- 如申請專利範圍第11項之鋰二次電池,其中該碳材料包含選自由下列所組成之群組中任一者:軟質碳、硬質碳、天然石墨、凝析石墨(Kish graphite)、熱解碳、介相瀝青為底之碳纖維、內消旋碳(meso-carbon)微珠、介相瀝青、及石油或煤瀝青衍生之焦炭、或彼等之二或多者之混合物。
- 如申請專利範圍第11項之鋰二次電池,其中該金屬化合物係包含選自由下列所組成之群組中至少一種金屬元素之化合物:矽(Si)、鍺(Ge)、錫(Sn)、鉛(Pb)、磷(P)、銻(Sb)、鉍(Bi)、鋁(Al)、鎵(Ga)、銦(In)、鈦(Ti)、錳(Mn)、鐵(Fe)、鈷(Co)、鎳(Ni)、銅(Cu)、鋅(Zn)、銀(Ag)、鎂(Mg)、鍶(Sr)、及鋇(Ba)、或彼等之混合物。
- 如申請專利範圍第10項之鋰二次電池,其中該負極包含鋰鈦氧化物為底之負極活性材料。
- 如申請專利範圍第14項之鋰二次電池,其中該鋰鈦氧化物為底之負極活性材料包含選自由下列所組成之群組中任一者:Li0.8Ti2.2O4、Li2.67Ti1.33O4、LiTi2O4、Li1.33Ti1.67O4及Li1.14Ti1.71O4、或彼等之二或多者之混合物。
- 如申請專利範圍第10項之鋰二次電池,其中該正極包含正極活性材料層,該正極活性材料層包括含鋰之過渡金屬氧化物。
- 如申請專利範圍第16項之鋰二次電池,其中該含鋰之過渡金屬氧化物包含選自由下列所組成之群組中任一者:LixCoO2(0.5<x<1.3)、LixNiO2(0.5<x<1.3)、LixMnO2(0.5<x<1.3)、LixMn2O4(0.5<x<1.3)、Lix(NiaCobMnc)O2(0.5<x<1.3,0<a<1,0<b<1,0<c<1,a+b+c=1)、LixNi1-yCoyO2(0.5<x<1.3,0<y<1)、LixCo1-yMnyO2(0.5<x<1.3,0y<1)、LixNi1-yMnyO2(0.5<x<1.3,0y<1)、Lix(NiaCobMnc)O4(0.5<x<1.3,0<a<2,0<b<2,0<c<2,a+b+c=2)、LixMn2-zNizO4 (0.5<x<1.3,0<z<2)、LixMn2-zCozO4(0.5<x<1.3,0<z<2)、LixCoPO4(0.5<x<1.3)及LixFePO4(0.5<x<1.3)、或彼等之二或多者之混合物。
- 如申請專利範圍第10項之鋰二次電池,其中該分隔板包含選自由下列所組成之群組中任一者:乙烯同元聚合物、丙烯同元聚合物、乙烯/丁烯共聚物、乙烯/己烯共聚物、乙烯/甲基丙烯酸酯共聚物及多孔不織布、或彼等之二或多層之堆疊。
- 一種電池模組,其包含如申請專利範圍第10項之鋰二次電池作為單元電池。
- 一種電池組,其包含如申請專利範圍第19項之電池模組。
- 如申請專利範圍第20項之電池組,其中該電池組係用作中型及大型裝置的電源。
- 如申請專利範圍第21項之電池組,其中該中型及大型裝置係選自由下列所組成之群組中任一者:電動載具、油電混合載具、插電式油電混合載具及儲能系統。
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