TWI538042B - 用以改善金屬黏附之活化製程 - Google Patents
用以改善金屬黏附之活化製程 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI538042B TWI538042B TW102104746A TW102104746A TWI538042B TW I538042 B TWI538042 B TW I538042B TW 102104746 A TW102104746 A TW 102104746A TW 102104746 A TW102104746 A TW 102104746A TW I538042 B TWI538042 B TW I538042B
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- metal
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- plating
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- nickel
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- 229910001510 metal chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001092 metal group alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000000 metal hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004692 metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910001960 metal nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001463 metal phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940098779 methanesulfonic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- MOVBJUGHBJJKOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 2-amino-5-methoxybenzoate Chemical compound COC(=O)C1=CC(OC)=CC=C1N MOVBJUGHBJJKOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000007522 mineralic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012170 montan wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002815 nickel Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012536 packaging technology Methods 0.000 description 1
- PIBWKRNGBLPSSY-UHFFFAOYSA-L palladium(II) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Pd]Cl PIBWKRNGBLPSSY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002161 passivation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000059 patterning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940044654 phenolsulfonic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000008363 phosphate buffer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002120 photoresistant polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- HKSGQTYSSZOJOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium argentocyanide Chemical compound [K+].[Ag+].N#[C-].N#[C-] HKSGQTYSSZOJOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000003270 potassium fluoride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011698 potassium fluoride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001380 potassium hypophosphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CRGPNLUFHHUKCM-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium phosphinate Chemical compound [K+].[O-]P=O CRGPNLUFHHUKCM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003755 preservative agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002335 preservative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- KCXFHTAICRTXLI-UHFFFAOYSA-N propane-1-sulfonic acid Chemical compound CCCS(O)(=O)=O KCXFHTAICRTXLI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003304 ruthenium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910001925 ruthenium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007790 scraping Methods 0.000 description 1
- NEMJXQHXQWLYDM-JJKGCWMISA-M silver;(2r,3s,4r,5r)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoate Chemical compound [Ag+].OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C([O-])=O NEMJXQHXQWLYDM-JJKGCWMISA-M 0.000 description 1
- XXAQKQFXTTXLEW-UHFFFAOYSA-J silver;trisodium;dioxido-oxo-sulfanylidene-$l^{6}-sulfane Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Ag+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=S.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=S XXAQKQFXTTXLEW-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012279 sodium borohydride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000033 sodium borohydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000013024 sodium fluoride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011775 sodium fluoride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001379 sodium hypophosphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- IIACRCGMVDHOTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfamic acid Chemical class NS(O)(=O)=O IIACRCGMVDHOTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003460 sulfonic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000002906 tartaric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011975 tartaric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004772 tellurides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003585 thioureas Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012178 vegetable wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
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- H01L21/0206—Cleaning during device manufacture during, before or after processing of insulating layers
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Description
本發明係有關於改良金屬對含矽基材之黏附的活化製程。更明確言之,本發明係有關於使用由氟離子與有機酸所構成的水性組成物改良金屬對含矽基材之黏附的活化製程。
含金屬之矽半導體廣泛用在於先進封裝技術,諸如形成閘極電極、歐姆接觸、互連線、蕭特基位障二極體接觸、光伏打電池、太陽電池及光電子組件。矽半導體可藉多種方法加以金屬化,諸如電鍍、無電鍍覆、浸沒鍍覆、光誘發鍍覆或藉各種物理或化學氣相沉積方法鍍覆。然而,在適合用於商品的矽上達成良好的金屬黏附乃最具挑戰性問題之一,這是因為在矽或金屬氧化物上形成有自然氧化物(若該沉積的金屬被退火而形成金屬矽化物,且將額外的金屬堆積在金屬矽化物上)。
退火後,金屬層典型地係沉積在金屬矽化物上,來堆積而形成導電軌線或電極。典型地在沉積此等金屬層之前,矽化物必須活化。活化可藉由在矽化物上沉積催化材料完成;然而,這需要在總體製程外,加上額外多個步驟或使用催化性膠體化合物。催化性膠體化合物可黏附至選擇性地被覆在矽上的電介質材料,結果導致非期望的、過量的、及非選擇性的金屬沉積在電介
質上。金屬的非選擇性沉積可能導致表面污染,導電材料非期望地擴散入電介質材料,及甚至由於短路及其它裝置不規則度造成裝置故障。如此不僅增加加工步驟數目,同時每當在金屬化之前含括活化步驟時,有無法妥善地活化金屬層的風險,如此導致金屬層間的黏附故障。
U.S.6,787,450揭示一種在半導體裝置上形成矽化物及使用無電金屬沉積形成導體之方法。半導體可為以矽為主、矽-鍺、鍺或砷化鎵。半導體材料選擇性地被覆以絕緣層,留下半導體的暴露區。一層鈦是藉化學氣相沉積而沉積在暴露的半導體上,及將半導體加熱退火至夠高之形成矽化鈦的溫度。除了鈦之外,諸如鎢、鈷及鎳等其它金屬也可用於形成金屬矽化物。
退火後,在沉積金屬層至矽化物上之前,將矽化物活化。活化從矽化鈦去除氧化物及含氧化物化合物。此等氧化物損害金屬對矽化物的黏附,及最終損害其中使用該半導體的任何電子裝置的可靠性。活化可使用含有過氧化銨、單獨氫氟酸(HF)或HF與氯化鈀之混合物之蝕刻液進行。各種界面活性劑也可含括於活化溶液內。若形成矽化鈷或矽化鎳而非矽化鈦,則在無電堆積以形成導體之前也需要活化矽化物。活化之後,半導體經清洗,然後使用鎳、鎳合金、鈷或鈷合金無電鍍覆來形成導體。
雖然氫氟酸為用於去除自然氧化物及製備矽及矽化物以供進行金屬化的最常見的活化配方之一,但氫氟酸攻擊或腐蝕金屬糊料電極,諸如許多光伏打裝置中存在的鋁糊料電極以及抗反射層。當抗反射層為氮化矽或氧化矽/氮化矽複合物時,此種腐蝕典型常見。因此,需要有一種去除自然氧化物,活化矽及金
屬矽化物,使得金屬良好黏附而不會損害抗反射層以及實質上腐蝕鋁電極之方法。
本發明之方法包括提供含矽之基材;使用由一種或多種氟離子來源及一種或多種個有機酸所構成的水性活化組成物,從該基材之表面去除自然氧化物;及沉積金屬層至該基材的自然氧化物被去除的位置上。然後,藉由沉積一層或多層額外金屬層而堆積金屬層。另外,最初金屬層及基材可經燒結以形成金屬矽化物。然後,使用由一種或多種氟離子來源及一種或多種有機酸所構成的水性活化組成物處理矽化物。然後,於已活化的金屬矽化物上形成額外金屬層。
該等組成物實質上不含氫氟酸,因此它們實質上不會腐蝕氮化矽及氧化矽/氮化矽複合物的抗反射被覆層,諸如於光伏打裝置中所見者。水性組成物也實質上不會腐蝕作為多種光伏打裝置的組件之鋁電極。與許多習知方法成對比,該等活化組成物使得能對含矽基材及金屬矽化物有改良金屬黏附。
如本說明書全文使用,術語「沉積」及「鍍覆」可互換使用。術語「電流軌線」及「電流線」可互換使用。術語「組成物」及「浴」可互換使用。不定冠詞「一(a)」及「一(an)」意圖含括單數及複數二者。術語「矽化物」表示矽與另一種元素(通常為金屬)的二元化合物。術語「選擇性沉積」表示沉積係出現在
基材上的特定期望區。除非上下文另行明白指示,否則下列縮寫具有下列定義:℃=攝氏度數;g=公克;ml=毫升;L=公升;A=安培;m=米;dm=分米;cm=厘米;μm=微米;nm=奈米;s=秒;UV=紫外線;N=牛頓=1千克米/平方秒;IR=紅外線;LED=發光二極體;LIP=光誘發鍍覆。全部百分比及比值除非另行指示否則皆為以重量計。全部範圍皆為包含邊值且可以任一種順序組合,除非邏輯上此等數值範圍被限制為加總至100%。
光伏打裝置及太陽電池可由含單晶矽或多晶矽或非晶矽的半導體晶圓組成。此等晶圓典型具有p型基區摻雜。半導體晶圓的形狀可為圓形、方形或長方形或可為任何其它適當形狀。此等晶圓可具有寬廣範圍的尺寸大小及表面電阻。
晶圓的背面經金屬化以提供低電阻晶圓。可使用習知方法。整個背面可經金屬被覆,或部分背面可經金屬被覆,而形成例如格網。此種背面金屬化可由各種技術提供,且可在晶圓正面金屬化之前完成。金屬被覆可以導電糊料之形式施用至背面,諸如含銀糊料、含鋁糊料或含銀及鋁糊料;但也可使用技術領域已知之其它糊料。此種導電糊料典型包括嵌置於玻璃基體的導電粒子及有機黏結劑。導電糊料可藉各種技術,諸如網版印刷施用至晶圓。施用糊料後,糊料經燒製來去除有機黏結劑。當使用含鋁的導電性糊料時,鋁部分擴散至晶圓背面,若用在也含有銀的糊料,鋁可能與銀合金化。使用此種含鋁糊料可改良電阻接觸且提供「p+」摻雜區。藉由先前施用鋁或硼及隨後進行交互擴散也可製造重度摻雜的「p+」型區。
晶圓的正面可視需要地進行晶體取向的紋理蝕刻
化,來對表面提供改良的光入射幾何而減少反射。可藉半導體晶圓與酸(諸如,氫氟酸或鹼)接觸,來紋理化或粗化表面。
為了產生半導體接面,在晶圓正面上進行磷擴散或離子植入以產生n摻雜(n+或n++)區及提供具有PN接面的晶圓。n摻雜區稱作為射極層。
抗反射層添加至晶圓的正面或射極層。此外,抗反射層可用作為鈍化層。典型地抗反射層包括,但不限於,氮化矽層諸如Si3N4或氧化矽層與氮化矽層的組合。此等抗反射層可藉由各種技術沉積,諸如藉各種氣相沉積法,例如化學氣相沉積及物理氣相沉積而予沉積。
晶圓正面含有用於金屬化的圖案。舉例言之,晶圓正面可由電流收集線及收集匯流排構成。電流收集線典型垂直於匯流排且相對於電流匯流排典型具有相對精細結構(亦即尺寸)。
圖案穿過抗反射層而暴露出晶圓的半導體主體的表面。另外,可於開口中形成溝槽來產生選擇性射極。此等溝槽可為高度摻雜區。有各種方法可使用來形成圖案,諸如,但非限於,雷射燒蝕、機械手段、及微影方法,其全部皆為技術領域眾所周知。此等機械手段包括鋸及刮。
當表面氧化物或自然氧化物存在於晶圓上時,該表面氧化物或金屬氧化物係在金屬化之前,使用由一或多種氟離子來源與一或多種有機酸所構成的水性組成物而從導電性圖案去除。該組成物之pH為3至小於7,較佳為3至6及更佳為4至5之範圍。水性組成物不含氫氟酸,如此它們可消除或減少,也可預防或至少抑制典型在光伏打裝置及太陽電池上找到的抗反射層
及鋁電極的腐蝕。較佳地,於施用抗反射層且電流軌線已經在抗反射層中形成且暴露出晶圓表面後,將水性組成物施用至晶圓。組成物可藉對晶圓噴灑或將晶圓浸泡入組成物而施用。水性組成物可施用30秒至3分鐘,較佳為1分鐘至2分鐘。除了去除自然氧化物之外,水性組成物活化矽來進行金屬鍍覆,否則該矽可能無法接受金屬沉積物。
氟離子來源包括,但非限於,鹼金屬氟化物,諸如氟化鉀及氟化鈉、氟化銨;金屬鹽類諸如氟化銻(III/VI)、氟化鋇、氟化錫(II)、氟化鋁(III)、氟硼酸鹽化合物、氟化四甲基銨以及其它於水性介質中可能解離成為氟離子的化合物。此等額外氟化物化合物包括,但非限於,脂肪族一級、二級及三級胺之氟鹽,諸如具有如下通式之化合物:R1N(R3)R2其中,R1、R2及R3各獨立表示H或含1至12個碳原子之烷基。然而,二氟化物不適合用作為氟離子來源,原因在於它們可能產生可能腐蝕抗反射層及含鋁電極兩者的氫氟酸。一般而言,氟離子來源包含於水性組成物內的含量為10公克/公升至60公克/公升,較佳為20公克/公升至40公克/公升。
一或多種有機酸包括,但非限於,多元羧酸類及羥基羧酸類。多元羧酸類包括,但非限於,二羧酸類諸如草酸、丙二酸、丁二酸、戊二酸、己二酸、順丁烯二酸、及反丁烯二酸。羥基羧酸類包括,但非限於,蘋果酸、酒石酸、及檸檬酸。只能使用酸,而非酸之鹽類。有機酸之鹽類不含於該自然氧化物去除組成物中。有機酸類包含於自然氧化物去除組成物內的含量為1
公克/公升至30公克/公升,較佳為5公克/公升至20公克/公升。
水性組成物係於室溫至60℃之溫度施用。較佳地,水性組成物係於室溫至30℃施用。
金屬晶種層即刻沉積在正面導電性圖案上。金屬晶種層可藉本技術領域中已知之任一種習知金屬沉積方法沉積,諸如電鍍、無電鍍覆、浸沒鍍覆、LIP或光輔助鍍覆。習知製程參數可用以沉積金屬晶種層。可能需要若干少量實驗來調整施用於特定半導體晶圓及金屬之金屬沉積方法的參數。典型地,金屬晶種層可藉電鍍、無電鍍覆及LIP沉積。更典型地,金屬晶種層可藉電解鍍覆及LIP沉積。當使用LIP或光輔助鍍覆時,若金屬來源為無電浴,則在不施用外部電流下進行鍍覆。若金屬來源係來自於電解金屬浴,則施加背面電位(整流器)至半導體晶圓基材。光可為連續式或脈衝式。可使用之光包括,但非限於,可見光、紅外光、紫外光及X光。光源包括,但非限於,白熾燈,諸如75瓦及250瓦燈泡、LED、IR燈,諸如150瓦IR燈、螢光燈、鹵素燈及雷射。
可沉積作為晶種層的金屬包括,但非限於,鎳、鈷、鈀、鉑、銠及該等金屬之合金。較佳地,鎳、鈷、鈀及鉑係沉積在金屬軌線上作為晶種層。更佳地,沉積鎳及鈷。最佳地,鎳係沉積在電流軌線上作為晶種層。當藉由電鍍、無電鍍覆、浸沒鍍覆、LIP或光輔助鍍覆而沉積金屬或金屬合金時,提供一或多種水溶性金屬化合物作為金屬來源。此等水溶性金屬化合物包括,但非限於,金屬硫酸鹽、金屬鹵化物(諸如金屬氯化物及金屬溴化物)、金屬胺基磺酸鹽、金屬磷酸鹽、金屬氧化物、金屬氫氧化物、
金屬氰化物及金屬硝酸鹽。此等金屬鹽通常於商業上可得自多種來源,諸如美國威斯康辛州密爾瓦基的亞利胥化學公司(Aldrich Chemical Company)。
本技術領域中已知的及參考文獻揭示的習知金屬鍍覆浴皆可使用,諸如U.S.3,041,255揭示的瓦特型電解鍍鎳浴。市售鎳浴之實例為鎳格林(NICKEL GLEAM®)電解鎳產品、恩格萊特®(ENLIGHT®)1300電解鍍鎳溶液、恩格萊特® 710、720及730無電鎳鍍覆溶液(鎳格林及恩格萊特®鍍覆產品全部皆係得自羅門哈斯電子材料公司(Rohm and Hass Electronic Materials,LLC))。
多種電解質中之任一者皆可用於金屬鍍覆浴,包括酸類及鹼類。電解質之實例包括,但非限於,烷磺酸類諸如甲烷磺酸、乙烷磺酸及丙烷磺酸;醇胺磺酸;芳基磺酸諸如甲苯磺酸、苯基磺酸及酚磺酸;含胺基之磺酸諸如醯胺基磺酸;胺基磺酸;無機酸;羧酸諸如甲酸及鹵乙酸;氫鹵酸;及焦磷酸。酸及鹼之鹽類也可用作為電解質。又復,電解質可含有酸之混合物、鹼之混合物、或一或多種酸與一或多種鹼之混合物。此等電解質通常為市面上可得自多個來源,諸如美國威斯康辛州密爾瓦基的亞利胥化學公司。
廣泛多種習知添加劑可含括於金屬鍍覆浴。此等添加劑包括,但非限於,界面活性劑,諸如陰離子性、陽離子性、兩性及非離子性的界面活性劑、增亮劑、晶粒精製劑、延展性加強劑、錯合劑、螯合劑、緩衝劑(諸如硼酸鹽緩衝劑、磷酸鹽緩衝劑、檸檬酸鹽緩衝劑、碳酸鹽緩衝劑、及氫氧化物緩衝劑)。緩衝劑之用量係足夠將鍍覆的pH維持於期望水平的用量,此種用量
為此技術領域中具有通常知識者所周知。若金屬鍍覆浴為無電浴,則典型地包括一或多種還原劑。此等還原劑包括,但非限於,次磷酸鈉、次磷酸鉀、硫脲及硫脲衍生物、乙內醯脲及乙內醯脲衍生物、氫醌及氫醌衍生物、間苯二酚、及甲醛及甲醛衍生物、DEA(正-二乙基-胺硼烷)、硼氫化鈉及肼。此等添加物通常於市面上可得自多個來源,諸如美國威斯康新州密爾瓦基的亞利胥化學公司。
當金屬晶種層藉由電鍍沉積時,將後側電位(整流器)施加至晶圓。所使用的電鍍方法為習知方法。通常,電流密度為0.1安培/平方分米(A/dm2)至2 A/dm2,典型地0.5 A/dm2至1.5 A/dm2。特定電流要求係取決於所使用的晶圓之特定大小及欲電鍍的金屬。
當金屬晶種層係藉由LIP或光輔助鍍覆而鍍覆時,對半導體晶圓的正面照射光能且在該晶圓的正面發生鍍覆。光能的撞擊在半導體中產生電流。該晶圓正面的鍍覆速率可藉由調整光強度、浴溫、還原劑活性、起始晶圓狀況、摻雜程度以及技術領域中具通常知識者已知的其它參數而控制。若鍍覆浴為電鍍浴,則鍍覆速率也可藉整流器調整。典型地期望20奈米至300奈米厚,或50奈米至150奈米的金屬層,確切厚度係取決於各項因素,諸如用途、大小、圖案及幾何形狀。
於晶種層金屬已相鄰於半導體晶圓的矽沉積之後,一層或多層額外金屬層可沉積於晶種層上。此等金屬層可為晶種層的相同金屬或不同金屬。此等金屬包括,但非限於,鎳、鈷、銀、銅、鉑、鈀、銠、金、錫及其合金。較佳為與晶種層相鄰的
金屬係為晶種層的同類型金屬。此等金屬可使用前述習知鍍覆法以及習知金屬鍍覆浴而沉積在晶種層上。或者,晶種層相鄰於矽沉積之後,將晶圓燒結而形成金屬矽化物。習知燒結法可用來形成矽化物。燒結之進行方式可將晶圓加熱至固定溫度歷經特定時間,或將晶圓溫度從室溫以斜坡方式升高(ramping)至特定峰溫。典型地,使用提供300℃或以上或400℃至550℃的晶圓峰溫的烤爐。典型地,尖峰溫度時間係2秒至20秒,或諸如5秒至15秒之範圍。適當烤爐之實例為以燈具為主的烤爐(紅外線)。
一般而言,固定溫度燒結係在至少3分鐘,或諸如4分鐘至10分鐘完成。半導體通過烤爐的線速度可隨所使用的烤爐而改變。可做小量實驗來決定適當的線速度。典型地,線速度為330厘米/分鐘至430厘米/分鐘,或諸如370厘米/分鐘至420厘米/分鐘。
於形成金屬矽化物之後,可剝離(striped)任何未反應的金屬。剝離可使用酸性剝離液進行,諸如典型用來剝離鎳的20至40%硝酸。然後,金屬矽化物如前文說明使用由一種或多種氟離子來源及一種或多種有機酸所構成的水性組成物活化。活化係去除矽化物上的自然氧化物及金屬氧化物。水性活化組成物可於前述相同溫度條件下施用30秒至3分鐘,較佳為1分鐘至2分鐘時間。
在活化後立即,無任何插入步驟,將額外金屬層相鄰於金屬矽化物沉積。此等金屬包括,但非限於銀、鎳、鈷、鈀、鉑、銅、銠、金、錫及其合金。相鄰於金屬矽化物沉積的金屬可為與矽化物的金屬相同的金屬,或可為不同金屬。舉例言之,若
矽化物為矽化鈷,則鎳(與鈷不同)可相鄰於矽化鈷鍍覆。較佳地,相鄰於金屬矽化物沉積的金屬乃與用來形成金屬矽化物相同類型的金屬。舉例言之,若金屬矽化物為矽化鎳,則相鄰於矽化鎳沉積的金屬較佳為鎳;若金屬矽化物為矽化鈷,則鈷相鄰於矽化物沉積。金屬可使用用於金屬矽化物形成時沉積金屬的相同方法沉積。典型地,金屬係藉由電鍍、無電鍍覆、浸沒鍍覆、LIP或光輔助鍍覆而相鄰於金屬矽化物沉積。較佳地,金屬係藉由電鍍及LIP而相鄰於金屬矽化物沉積。
一般而言,相鄰於金屬晶種層或金屬矽化物沉積的金屬層為0.5微米至50微米厚。較佳為金屬層是1微米至2微米厚。然後,一層或多層不同金屬的額外金屬層可鍍覆在相鄰於該金屬矽化物或晶種層的金屬層上。此種金屬具有0.5微米至50微米,較佳5微米至20微米之厚度範圍。較佳金屬包括銅、銀、錫、及錫/鉛合金。更佳金屬為銅及銀與錫。最佳為銅及銀。典型地,銅具有銀或錫頂蓋層(capping layer)。視需要地,最末層金屬可以習知有機可焊接性保藏劑塗覆。可使用習知金屬鍍覆浴以及習知金屬沉積參數。市售銅鍍覆浴之實例為恩格萊特® 460銅電鍍液。當使用電鍍來沉積金屬時,電流密度可為0.1 A/dm2至10 A/dm2之範圍。
當用於形成電流軌線或匯流排的最終金屬層為銀時,銀金屬層厚度可於0.5微米至10微米之範圍。較佳地,銀層之厚度為1微米至5微米。銀可由藉習知方法沉積,諸如電鍍、無電鍍覆、浸沒鍍覆、LIP或光輔助鍍覆。較佳地,銀係藉電鍍、無電鍍覆LIP或光輔助鍍覆而沉積在電流軌線或匯流排上。更佳
地,銀係藉電鍍及LIP而沉積在電流軌線及匯流。
可使用習知銀鍍覆浴。銀浴可為含氰化物的銀浴或不含氰化物的銀浴。銀離子來源包括,但非限於:氰化銀鉀、硝酸銀、硫代硫酸銀鈉、葡萄糖酸銀;銀-胺基酸錯合物諸如銀-半胱胺酸錯合物;銀烷基磺酸鹽諸如甲烷磺酸銀。可使用銀化合物之混合物,諸如硝酸銀與銀-半胱胺酸錯合物之混合物。組成物中之銀離子濃度典型為習知用量,諸如2公克/公升至40公克/公升。此等銀化合物於市面上可得自多個來源,諸如美國威斯康辛州密爾瓦基的亞利胥化學公司。商業上有用的鍍銀組成物之實例可以恩格萊特®鍍銀(ENLIGHT® Silver Plate)600及620鍍覆液獲得。
廣泛多種習知界面活性劑可用於銀鍍覆浴,諸如陰離子性、陽離子性、兩性及非離子性的界面活性劑。界面活性劑可以習知用量含括。銀鍍覆浴可含有一或多種額外習知成分。此等額外成分包括,但非限於,電解質、緩衝劑、增亮劑、晶粒精製劑、螯合劑、錯合劑、還原劑、整平劑及延展性增強劑。此等額外成分為本技術領域所周知且可以習知用量使用。此等添加劑通常於商業上可得自多個來源,諸如美國威斯康辛州密爾瓦基的亞利胥化學公司。
銀鍍覆組成物可具有1至14,典型1至12,及又更典型8至10之範圍的pH。金屬鍍覆期間,鍍覆組成物的工作溫度可為10℃至100℃,或諸如20℃至60℃。典型地,工作溫度係於30℃至40℃,及更典型地35℃至40℃之範圍。當電鍍銀時,典型電流密度為0.1 A/dm2至5 A/dm2,及更典型為1 A/dm2至3 A/dm2。
視需要地,於金屬化之前,半導體晶圓可經邊緣隔離。邊緣隔離可減少在金屬化期間由於金屬沉積物從半導體晶圓的n型射極層至p型層之橋接所導致之半導體晶圓分流的機率。邊緣隔離之方式可藉由在金屬化之前沿著半導體邊緣施用膠帶或習知鍍覆阻劑,亦即邊緣遮罩,而完成。此種鍍覆阻劑可為以蠟為主的組成物,包括一或多種蠟諸如蒙恬蠟(montan wax)、石蠟、大豆蠟、植物蠟及動物蠟。此外,此等阻劑可包括一種或多種交聯劑,諸如習知丙烯酸酯類、二丙烯酸酯類及三丙烯酸酯類,及一或多種固化劑來當阻劑曝光於射線諸如紫外線或可見光時固化該阻劑。固化劑包括,但非限於,習知用在光阻劑及其它感光組成物中的光起始劑。此等光起始劑為本技術領域周知且係公開於參考文獻。此等鍍覆阻劑可藉由習知網印程序或藉選擇性噴墨法施用。或者,半導體晶圓可使用抗反射層邊緣隔離。其達成方式係在抗反射層形成期間將用來形成抗反射層的材料沉積在半導體層邊緣上。
鑑於光伏打裝置製造中的多種習知金屬沉積法,於金屬沉積前去除自然氧化物及活化矽及金屬矽化物之方法使金屬層對半導體晶圓能有良好且改良地黏附。水性氟離子及有機酸活化組成物不含氫氟酸,因此不會腐蝕抗反射層且實質上不會腐蝕鋁電極。自然氧化物去除法及活化法已經特別參考用在光伏打裝置及太陽電池的矽半導體晶圓做說明;然而,該等方法可用於其它物品的組件的製造,諸如閘極電極、歐姆接觸、互連線、蕭特基位障二極體接觸及光電子組件。
含括下列實施例來舉例說明本發明,但非意欲限制
本發明之範圍。
提供四個在一側上塗覆有深藍色氮化矽抗反射層的單晶矽晶圓。兩個晶圓係浸沒於入1wt%水性氫氟酸內。另外兩個晶圓係浸沒於室溫之由30克/升氟化銨及10公克/公升草酸所構成的以氟化物鹽為主的水性活化劑組成物內。浸沒於氫氟酸內1分鐘後,氮化矽從深藍色轉成褐色,指示有顯著的氫氟酸侵蝕。浸沒在氟化銨及草酸的水性組成物的晶圓上之氮化矽塗覆層並未顯示任何目測可觀察的變化。
提供具有矽化鎳沉積物的兩個經摻雜的單晶矽晶圓。各經摻雜的矽晶圓在晶圓的正面上具有n+摻雜區段形成射極層及在射極層下的pn-接面。各晶圓的正面塗覆由氮化矽所構成的抗反射層。各晶圓的正面具有穿通抗反射層之電流軌線的圖案。矽化鎳沉積物被覆在電流軌線表面上。各電流軌線橫跨晶圓的全長。電流軌線在各個晶圓末端及在各晶圓中央接合匯流排。各晶圓的背面係經過p+摻雜。
然後,使用3M電路鍍覆帶®(Circuit Plating Tape®)1280,將單晶晶圓研著其邊緣貼膠帶而貼到鍍覆架上。膠帶也可保護晶圓免於任何潛在的非期望的邊緣鍍覆。各晶圓係浸沒在1 wt%氫氟酸水溶液內1分鐘來活化矽化鎳。然後單晶晶圓浸沒在化學惰性鍍覆池內所含恩格萊特® 1300電解鍍鎳液的水性浴中。矽化鎳塗覆的電流軌線係陰極連接至整流器,而且鎳電極用作為陽極。鍍覆溫度為35℃。電流密度為2 A/dm2。進行鍍鎳,直到
在矽化鎳上沉積250奈米厚的鎳層。
從鎳鍍覆浴中移出晶圓,及浸沒於鍍銅浴內來使用銅鍍覆鎳層。30微米厚的銅層使用恩格萊特® 460電解銅電鍍液而鍍覆在鎳上。銅浴為30℃及電流密度為5A/dm2。晶圓從銅浴中取出及觀察鍍覆品質。不僅觀察到電流軌線上的鍍覆,同時也觀察到在晶圓上1wt%氫氟酸腐蝕氮化矽抗反射層的部分上的鎳沉積物及銅沉積物二者。
重複實施例2所述方法,除了使用室溫之30公克/公升氟化銨及10公克/公升草酸所構成的水性溶液替代氫氟酸來活化矽化鎳。然後如實施例2所述已活化的矽化鎳上,使用250奈米鎳層鍍覆之,接著使用30微米銅層鍍覆鎳層。從銅鍍浴中取出兩個晶圓,及觀察鍍覆效能。只觀察到電流軌線上的鍍覆。沒有可觀察的氮化矽抗反射層的腐蝕及電流軌線區域外的金屬鍍覆。
提供兩個經摻雜的單晶矽晶圓。各經摻雜的矽晶圓在晶圓的正面具有n+摻雜區段形成為射極層及在射極層下方的pn-接面。各晶圓的正面係以由氧化矽/氮化矽所構成的抗反射複合物層塗覆。各晶圓的正面具有穿通抗反射層的電流軌線的圖案,其暴露矽晶圓表面。暴露後的矽有一層自然氧化矽層。各電流軌線橫跨晶圓的全長。電流軌線在各晶圓的末端及在各晶圓的中心接合匯流排。各晶圓的背面為p+摻雜且含有鋁電極。
然後,使用3M電路鍍覆帶® 1280,將單晶晶圓沿著
其邊緣貼膠帶而貼到鍍覆架上。膠帶也覆蓋背面鋁電極及保護晶圓免於任何潛在的非期望邊緣鍍覆。然後,各晶圓浸沒於室溫之由30公克/公升氟化銨及10公克/公升草酸所構成的水性組成物內1分鐘,以去除暴露的矽表面上的自然氧化矽。然後晶圓浸沒於化學惰性鍍覆池內所含恩格萊特® 1300電解鍍鎳溶液之水性浴內,該鍍覆池是透光的。晶圓背面上的鋁電極連結至整流器,及鎳電極係用作為陽極。鍍覆溫度為35℃。電流密度為0.5 A/dm2。整個鍍覆期間使用250瓦白熾燈,以施用人造光至晶圓。進行鍍鎳,直到電流軌線的矽上沉積250奈米厚的鎳層。
然後,將各已鍍覆的晶圓置於喜拉森(Sierra Therm)烤爐7500系列w/T-3 Qz中。IR燈燒結晶圓且形成矽化鎳。烤爐中的溫度以10秒時間從室溫以斜坡方式升高至425℃,且尖峰設定燒結溫度為425℃,歷經10秒時間。晶圓通過烤爐的速度為150厘米/分鐘。
冷卻後,然後使用3M電路鍍覆帶® 1280,將晶圓沿其邊緣貼膠帶而貼到鍍覆架上。膠帶也覆蓋背面鋁電極且保護晶圓免於潛在非期望的邊緣鍍覆。然後,將晶圓置於室溫之由30公克/公升氟化銨及10公克/公升草酸所構成的水性組成物內歷時1分鐘,來活化矽化鎳以進行金屬鍍覆。然後各晶圓藉前述相同方法使用恩格萊特® 1300電解鍍鎳液鍍覆250奈米鎳層。
然後各晶圓上的鎳層使用恩格萊特® 460電解銅電鍍液鍍覆10微米厚銅層。整個鍍覆期間使用250瓦白熾燈施加人造光至晶圓。鋁電極連接至整流器及銅電極作用為陽極。銅浴為30℃及電流密度為2 A/dm2。
然後,將晶圓浸沒於恩格萊特®銀鍍覆620不含氰化物的銀電鍍液內。鋁背面電極連接至整流器,及可溶性銀電極作用為陽極。電鍍液之溫度為35℃。250瓦白熾燈為人造光源。電流密度為2 A/dm2,及進行鍍覆,直到2微米厚的銀層沉積於銅中。
從電鍍液中取出晶圓,並且觀察鍍覆效能。只在電流軌線上觀察到鍍覆。並無顯示任何抗反射層之腐蝕或電流軌線區外的金屬鍍覆。然後使用焊料/拉扯測試來測試金屬層的黏附。焊料助熔劑施用至含有62% Sn、36% Pb及2% Ag(得自美國銦公司(Indium Corporation))的1.5毫米寬之帶。晶圓係在恆溫基礎陶瓷熱板上加熱至70℃,及該帶係使用於360℃施加的威樂(Weller)WDI焊鐵而焊接至晶圓的匯流排上。使用GP STAB-TEST試(得自GP太陽能公司(GP Solar))進行拉扯測試。測定從各晶圓扯下金屬層的力係大於4牛頓(N),表示將該金屬層用於許多商業應用是可接受的。
提供兩個經摻雜的單晶矽晶圓。各經摻雜的矽晶圓在晶圓正面具有n+摻雜區段形成射極層及在射極層下方的pn接面。各晶圓正面塗覆由氧化矽/氮化矽所構成的抗反射複合層。各晶圓的正面具有穿通抗反射層的電流軌線的圖案,其暴露矽晶圓表面。暴露後的矽具有自然氧化矽。各電流軌線橫跨晶圓全長。電流軌線在各晶圓的末端及在各晶圓中央接合匯流排。各晶圓的背面為p+摻雜且含有鋁電極。
然後使用3M電路鍍覆帶® 1280,將晶圓沿著其邊緣貼膠帶而貼到鍍覆架上。然後晶圓浸沒於化學惰性鍍覆池內的恩
格萊特® 1300電解鍍鎳液的水性浴內,該鍍覆池是透光的。晶圓背面上的鋁電極連接至整流器,及鎳電極係作用為陽極。鍍覆溫度為35℃。電流密度為0.5 A/dm2。整個鍍覆期間,使用250瓦白熾燈施用人造光。然而,即便在鍍覆10分鐘後,暴露的矽電流軌線上仍未觀察到鎳,該10分鐘係超過正常鍍鎳週期30秒至2分鐘。咸信矽晶圓表面上的自然氧化物的存在乃晶圓鍍覆失敗的起因。
提供四個經摻雜的單晶矽晶圓。各個經摻雜的矽晶圓在晶圓正面上有n+摻雜區段形成射極層及在射極層下的pn-接面。各晶圓的正面塗覆由氧化矽/氮化矽所構成的抗反射複合層。各晶圓的正面具有穿通抗反射層的電流軌線的圖案,其暴露矽晶圓表面。暴露的矽具有自然二氧化矽層。各電流軌線橫跨晶圓全長。電流軌線在各晶圓的末端及各晶圓的中心接合匯流排。各晶圓的背面為p+摻雜且含有鋁電極。
然後使用3M電路鍍覆帶® 1280,將各晶圓沿其邊緣貼膠帶而貼到鍍覆架上。各晶圓浸沒於室溫之由30公克/公升氟化銨及10公克/公升草酸所構成的水性組成物經歷1分鐘,來去除暴露的矽表面上的自然氧化矽。然後晶圓浸沒於透光的化學惰性鍍覆池中所含之恩格萊特® 1300電解鍍鎳液的水性浴。晶圓的背面上的鋁電極連接至整流器,及鎳電極用作為陽極。鍍覆溫度為35℃。電流密度為0.5 A/dm2。整個鍍覆期間,使用250瓦白熾燈施加人造光至晶圓。進行鍍鎳,直到電流軌線的矽上沉積250奈米厚的鎳層。
將各已鍍覆的晶圓從鍍覆架上移開,然後置於喜拉森烤爐7500系列w/T-3 Qz中。IR燈燒結晶圓且形成矽化鎳。烤爐溫度以10秒時間從室溫以斜坡方式升高至425℃,且峰溫設定燒結溫度425℃經歷10秒週期。晶圓通過烤爐的速度為150厘米/分鐘。
冷卻後,使用3M電路鍍覆帶® 1280,將晶圓沿著其邊緣貼膠帶而貼到鍍覆架上。各晶圓使用恩格萊特® 1300電解鍍鎳液藉前述相同方法鍍覆250奈米鎳層。然後各晶圓上的鎳層使用恩格萊特® 460電解銅電鍍液鍍覆10微米厚的銅層。整個鍍覆期間,使用250瓦白熾燈施加人造光至晶圓。鋁電極連結至整流器,及銅電極作用為陽極。銅浴為30℃及電流密度為2 A/dm2。
晶圓浸沒於恩格萊特®鍍銀620不含氰化物的銀電鍍液。鋁背面電極連接至整流器,及可溶性銀電極作用為陽極。電鍍液溫度為35℃。250瓦白熾燈作為人造光源。電流密度為2 A/dm2,及進行鍍覆,直到2微米厚的銀層沉積在銅上。
從電鍍液中取出晶圓,及觀察鍍覆效能。只在電流軌線上觀察到鍍覆。並無顯示抗反射層之腐蝕。
然後使用史考屈(Scotch)透明膠帶型錄號碼600測試金屬層的黏附。將膠帶施用至各晶圓的金屬鍍覆側,然後用手從晶圓扯下該膠帶。膠帶實質上移除晶圓上的全部金屬,表示黏附力小於1N。因晶圓未能通過膠帶測試,故無法使用更激烈的焊接/拉扯測試如上實施例4測試金屬黏附。如上實施例4所示,施用水性氟化物及酸之配方來從矽去除自然氧化物,接著使用相同組成物活化矽化鎳改良金屬對晶圓的黏附。
在其背面上有鋁電極的兩個單晶矽晶圓在習知費雪科學(Fischer Scientific)稱重天平上稱重。然後各晶圓浸沒於室溫1 wt%氫氟酸水溶液1分鐘。然後晶圓從溶液中取出,以水清洗,且讓其風乾。然後重新稱重。測得重量的損耗為0.5 wt%。該重量的損耗係由於氫氟酸對鋁電極的腐蝕作用。
重複如上實施例7所述方法,除了晶圓係浸沒於由30公克/公升氟化銨及10公克/公升草酸所構成的水性組成物,而非氫氟酸溶液。測得的重量損耗只有0.1 wt%。相較於暴露於實施例7的氫氟酸,當暴露於由氟化銨及草酸所構成的水性組成物時,鋁電極的腐蝕較少。
Claims (6)
- 一種用以改善金屬黏附之方法,包括:a)提供包含矽之基材;b)使用由一種或多種氟離子來源及一種或多種有機酸所構成的水性活化組成物從該基材之表面去除自然氧化物;c)沉積金屬晶種層至該基材的自然氧化物被去除位置上;d)燒結該金屬晶種層與該基材,以形成金屬矽化物;及e)讓該金屬矽化物與該水性活化組成物接觸,以活化該金屬矽化物;及於該經活化的金屬矽化物上沉積一層或多層金屬層。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之方法,進一步包括在該矽化物形成後及在讓該金屬矽化物與該水性活化組成物接觸之前,剝離未反應的金屬。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之方法,其中,該金屬晶種層係選自鎳、鈷、鈀、鉑、銠及其合金。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之方法,其中,該水性活化組成物之pH為3至低於7。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之方法,其中,該一層或多層金屬層係選自銀、鎳、鈷、鈀、鉑、金、銅、銠、錫及其合金。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之方法,其中,該基材為太陽電池之組件、閘極電極、歐姆接觸、互連線、蕭特基位障二極體接觸、光伏打裝置之組件、或光電子組件。
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CN103540972A (zh) * | 2013-10-29 | 2014-01-29 | 常熟市伟达电镀有限责任公司 | 高硬度的电镀液 |
WO2015081077A1 (en) | 2013-11-26 | 2015-06-04 | Arizona Board Of Regents On Behalf Of Arizona State University | Solar cells formed via aluminum electroplating |
US20170133521A1 (en) * | 2014-07-02 | 2017-05-11 | Vincent Akira Allen | A method for forming a photovoltaic cell and a photovoltaic cell formed according to the method |
JP6667215B2 (ja) * | 2014-07-24 | 2020-03-18 | キヤノン株式会社 | X線遮蔽格子、構造体、トールボット干渉計、x線遮蔽格子の製造方法 |
KR102513653B1 (ko) * | 2015-03-20 | 2023-03-23 | 아토테크 도이칠란트 게엠베하 운트 콤파니 카게 | 실리콘 기판의 활성화 방법 |
WO2016193409A1 (en) * | 2015-06-04 | 2016-12-08 | Imec Vzw | Methods for forming metal electrodes on silicon surfaces of opposite polarity |
CN107043929B (zh) * | 2017-03-23 | 2019-08-16 | 中国科学院化学研究所 | 一种在原子力显微镜探针表面可控区域生成金属镀层的方法 |
CN113583679B (zh) * | 2021-07-27 | 2022-10-28 | 光华科学技术研究院(广东)有限公司 | 铁氧体表面粗化液及其在铁氧体表面粗化处理和金属化处理的应用 |
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US20130203252A1 (en) | 2013-08-08 |
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EP2626891A2 (en) | 2013-08-14 |
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