TWI528602B - 具有遠端磷光層及反射子基板的發光二極體 - Google Patents

具有遠端磷光層及反射子基板的發光二極體 Download PDF

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TWI528602B
TWI528602B TW099114406A TW99114406A TWI528602B TW I528602 B TWI528602 B TW I528602B TW 099114406 A TW099114406 A TW 099114406A TW 99114406 A TW99114406 A TW 99114406A TW I528602 B TWI528602 B TW I528602B
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phosphor
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奧瑞蓮J F 大衛
雷飛兒I 亞迪斯
馬克 巴特沃斯
瑟吉J 比爾惠山
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飛利浦露明光學公司
皇家飛利浦電子股份有限公司
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Description

具有遠端磷光層及反射子基板的發光二極體
本發明係關於具有一上覆磷光層以波長轉換LED發射之發光二極體(LED),且特定言之,本發明係關於一種改良具有一遠端磷光體之一LED燈之效率的技術。
為使用一藍色LED晶粒來產生白光,吾人熟知藉由(例如)在一黏合劑中噴射或旋轉塗覆磷光體、電泳法、在一反射杯內應用磷光體或其他方法而直接於LED晶粒之上方沈積一YAG磷光體或紅色磷光體與綠色磷光體。吾人亦已知在LED晶粒頂上貼附一預成型磷光磚(例如一燒結磷光粉)。此等磷光層係非遠端,因為其等直接接觸半導體晶粒之表面。透過磷光體而洩漏之藍光(與磷光組合)產生白光。此等非遠端磷光體之問題包含:1)存在來自磷光層之大量藍光反向散射,接著由LED、子基板及金屬電極部分地吸收該等反向散射;2)存在由磷光體產生之大量光,由LED、子基板及金屬電極部分地吸收該等光;3)對於高功率LED而言,光子密度係非常高且使磷光體浸透;4)LED係非常熱且磷光體可對熱作出反應以導致其中嵌入磷光體顆粒之聚合物黏合層(例如矽酮)變暗;5)歸因於穿過不同厚度磷光體之藍光線之各種角度(穿過最小厚度之一垂直藍光線),色彩隨觀察角而變動。
吾人亦已知在矽酮黏合劑中注入磷光粉並於LED晶粒之上方模塑成型矽酮以形成一透鏡,諸如在由Grigoriy Basin等人申請、讓與本受讓人且以引用方式併入本文之美國專利第7,344,902中所述。在透鏡中以一非常低之密度散發磷光體。此一遠端磷光體建立一較大光源,與具有一薄磷光塗層之一LED相比,該光源之每一單元區亮度被大幅減小。又,因為磷光體覆於子基板之一大區域上方,所以由子基板以及LED晶粒與電極部分地吸收磷光,從而降低白光LED之效率。
題為「一幾乎完美之磷光體轉換式白色發光二極體」之論文(Allen等人著,Applied Physics Letters第92期,143309(2008))描述被一空氣間隙包圍之一裸露LED晶粒及被一透明層囊封之一半球形磷光層。存在自LED至空氣間隙中之弱光擷取,且由子基板吸收光。經濟地製造該裝置亦非常困難。
需要一種使用一遠端磷光體來建立一磷光體轉換式LED之技術,其藉由使LED及子基板吸收較少光而非常有效率。亦可期望提供一種遠端磷光體,其中所得光源係小於具有注入於矽酮透鏡中之磷光體的一光源。
在一實施例中,一藍色LED晶粒係安裝在一子基板上。該子基板具有包圍該晶粒之一反射表面。已於一薄半球形囊封劑(諸如矽酮或另一高折射率透明材料)之上方模塑成型該LED晶粒。接著,於允許藍光穿過但自上反射磷光之囊封層上方建立一薄反射層。該反射層可為全反射大於臨界角之光的一低折射率(低n)層(例如一空氣間隙或多孔層),或該反射層可為一分佈式布拉格反射器。接著,於該反射層之上方沈積或模塑成型一磷光層。該磷光層可密而薄以便不建立一大光源。接著,於該磷光層之上方形成一透明外層(諸如一模塑成型之矽酮透鏡)以保護該磷光層並提供光學性質(諸如建立一期望之發射圖案並增加光擷取)。
描述各種技術以於LED晶粒之上方形成各種層,且一方法為一種用於形成所有層之模塑成型技術。
內半球形囊封劑(具有介於LED晶粒之折射率與反射層之折射率之間之一折射率)改良自LED晶粒之光擷取。因為磷光體「外殼」係與晶粒遠端,所以存在很少之藍光散射。此外,由反射層及反射子基板向外反射磷光,改良效率。此外,由反射層反射出來自磷光體之任何藍光反向散射而非返回至LED中,因為經反向散射之光之大多數不會與反射層垂直。此外,亦因為一透鏡中未注入遠端磷光體,所以磷光體外殼可具有一小直徑以建立一明亮光源。實現一遠端磷光體之所有優點同時亦建立一小光源。
磷光體可為YAG、紅色、綠色或其他任何色彩或磷光體之組合。
在一實施例中,對具有安裝在一子基板晶圓上之數百LED晶粒的一晶圓級同時執行各種層之建立。
相同或等效之元件用相同符號標記。
圖1繪示安裝在一子基板晶圓12之一部分上之一習知覆晶LED晶粒10。在一覆晶中,n型觸點及p型觸點兩者係形成於該LED晶粒之相同側上。
LED晶粒10係由生長在一生長基板(諸如一藍寶石基板)上之半導體磊晶層(包含一n型層14、一作用層15及一p型層16)形成。在圖1中,已藉由雷射剝離、蝕刻、研磨或藉由其他技術而移除該生長基板。在一實例中,該等磊晶層係GaN基,且該作用層15發射藍光。發UV光之LED晶粒亦可應用於本發明。
一金屬電極18電接觸p型層16,且一金屬電極20電接觸n型層14。在一實例中,該電極18與該電極20係超音波焊接至一陶瓷子基板晶圓12上之陽極金屬墊22與陰極金屬墊23的金墊。該子基板晶圓12具有通向用於黏合至一印刷電路板之底部金屬墊26與28的導電通孔24。許多LED係安裝在該子基板晶圓12上且後續將被切割以形成個別LED/子基板。
在受讓人之美國專利第6,649,440號與第6,274,399號及美國專利公開案US 2006/0281203 A1與2005/0269582 A1中可找到LED之進一步細節,所有該等案均以引用方式併入本文中。
根據本發明之一實施例,一反射層29(例如R>90%)係形成於子基板晶圓12之表面上方以反射由一遠端磷光層產生之光。子基板通常係陶瓷、矽或其他光吸收材料。該反射層29可為一經濺鍍之金屬鏡(例如鋁或銀)、一介電鏡、一金屬/介電組合或一非吸收漫射器。在一實施例中,該反射層29延伸至除LED晶粒10上方外的晶圓12之所有區。在另一實施例中,該反射層29係圍繞各LED晶粒之一鏡面環,該鏡面環至少在磷光層接觸子基板之位置的下方延伸。當沈積該反射層29時,一遮罩(圖中未顯示)可在附接LED晶粒之前暫時形成於LED晶粒區之上方以防止該反射層29遮蓋金屬墊22與23,或一印刷處理可用以形成該反射層29。該反射層29將增加燈之效率。
圖2係其上安裝一LED晶粒10陣列之一子基板晶圓12之一簡化圖。一單一子基板晶圓12上可具有500至4000個LED。將使用下述方法同時處理該晶圓12上之所有LED。
於LED晶粒10之上方模塑成型一第一矽酮層以如下所述地囊封晶粒10。
圖3繪示子基板晶圓12與LED晶粒10之一部分係定位於具有用液態矽酮34或軟化矽酮34或供電式矽酮34或片狀矽酮填充之空腔32的一模具30上方。若矽酮34並非以液態或軟化形式施配,則加熱模具30以軟化矽酮34。子基板晶圓12係抵靠模具30使得LED晶粒10係陷於各空腔32內之矽酮34中。將晶圓12與模具30按壓在一起以迫使矽酮34填充所有空隙。一周邊密封件允許壓力較高同時在矽酮34填充空隙時允許排出所有空氣。亦可在密封件周圍使用一真空源以於晶圓12與模具30之間抽出一真空。
接著,根據所用矽酮34之類型而加熱模具30以固化矽酮34。若原矽酮34在室溫下為一固體(例如一粉末或片狀物),則冷卻模具30以硬化矽酮34。或者,可使用一透明模具且用UV光固化矽酮34。
接著,自晶圓12移除模具30,導致圖4之結構,其中所得矽酮層36囊封各LED晶粒10。在所示之實施例中,矽酮層36係經成形以具有一實質上半球形狀。矽酮層36之厚度並非至關重要,因為LED光透過透明矽酮層36而將一朗伯(Lambertian)圖案擴展。
接著,可根據所用矽酮34之類型而使晶圓12遭受約250℃之一後固化溫度以額外硬化矽酮層36。可使用除矽酮以外之材料,諸如粉末狀之環氧模塑成型化合物或另一合適聚合物。
亦可使用射出成型來形成矽酮層36,其中晶圓12與模具係聯合在一起,通過入口而將一液態矽酮壓射至模具中,且建立一真空。模具空腔之間之小通道允許矽酮填充所有空腔。接著,矽酮因加熱而固化,且使模具與晶圓12分離。
矽酮層36(聚合物)可代以由一高折射率之玻璃、環氧樹脂或其他材料形成。
參考圖5至圖8而描述一種用於在LED晶粒10之上方形成額外層及矽酮層36之技術。後續描述一所有模塑成型之處理。
在圖5中,一固態半球形圓頂38係藉由模塑成型或另一技術而形成。該圓頂38可具有約5毫米之一直徑。該圓頂可為矽酮、環氧樹脂、藍寶石或其他合適透明材料。
在圖6中,圓頂38係經加工或經處理以形成具有約3毫米之一直徑的一空腔40。在一實施例中,對圓頂38之模塑成型處理可於一圓頂陣列中之圓頂之間建立一薄連接器,該等圓頂配對子基板晶圓12上之LED晶粒10之位置以簡化處置。
在圖7中,於空腔內形成一實質上均勻厚度之一薄磷光層42(約數百微米)。此可使用注入於一矽酮黏合劑中之一預成型磷光體撓性片之一層壓而完成。亦可藉由在一矽酮黏合劑中噴射磷光體、電泳法、沈積後加工或藉由其他技術而沈積磷光體。如在所有實施例中,該磷光層42可包括複數個不同磷光層或一磷光體混合物(諸如YAG磷光體、紅色磷光體及/或綠色磷光體)以產生白光。若使用一UV LED,則一藍色磷光體亦將用以建立白光。
接著,使完成之罩蓋44與各LED晶粒10對準,如圖8中所示,且罩蓋44係貼附至包圍各LED晶粒10的子基板晶圓12之表面。矽酮可用作為一黏著劑。
如圖9中所示,磷光層42與矽酮層36之間存在一空氣間隙46。LED晶粒10具有約1毫米之側面,矽酮層36具有約2毫米之一直徑,磷光層42為數百微米,且空腔40具有約3毫米之一直徑,矽酮層36之周圍留下約0.2毫米至0.5毫米之一空氣間隙46。因為空氣間隙46之折射率(n)約為1,且磷光層42之n約為1.7至2,所以大於臨界角朝向空氣間隙46所產生之任何磷光會被全部反射回且不被LED晶粒10、電極或其他元件吸收。
藉由使包圍LED晶粒10之矽酮層36實質上為半球形,空氣間隙46與矽酮層36之界面處將具有非常少的LED光之TIR。矽酮層36改良自LED晶粒10之光擷取,因為其折射率(例如>1.5)更接近於LED晶粒10之折射率(例如>2.2)。
圖10顯示將如何反射圖9之燈48內所產生之各種光線。光線50係來自LED晶粒10之一藍光線且透過磷光層42而洩漏。光線52係來自磷光體顆粒之一發射(例如黃光、紅光、綠光等等),其沿遠離空氣間隙46之一方向。光線54係來自該磷光體顆粒之一發射,其以大於臨界角自空氣間隙46界面反射且離開燈48而非撞擊LED 10或子基板晶圓12。光線56係來自磷光顆粒之一發射,其自子基板晶圓12上之反射層29(圖1)反射。
又,光線54可為來自LED晶粒之一經反向散射藍光線。雖然該藍光線大體上幾乎垂直地射入磷光層,但來自磷光體之反向散射大體上為等向性,所以經反向散射光係以一廣角範圍(入射)。任何大於臨界角之經反向散射藍光線均藉由空氣間隙46界面(或本文中所述之其他反射層)而反射出去而非返回至LED中。
低折射率層(空氣間隙46)、矽酮層36及反射層29之組合極大地增加自燈48之光擷取。
圖11繪示可使用矽酮透鏡58內具有一低磷光體顆粒密度之一較厚罩蓋以取代形成圖7之罩蓋。空氣間隙46充當如圖10中之一反射器。光線50係來自LED晶粒10之一藍光線,其透過透鏡58而洩漏。光線60與光線62係來自磷光體顆粒之光線(或經反向散射之藍光),其等已自空氣間隙46界面反射。光線64係來自磷光體顆粒之一光線,其已自子基板晶圓12上之反射層29(圖1)反射。因為矽酮透鏡58比圖10中之磷光層42寬得多,所以燈66之每一單元區亮度將小於圖10之亮度,此可為有利或不利(取決於應用)。
歸因於處置及各種對準,圖5至圖11之技術可能較難。
由圖3描繪之連續模塑成型處理可用以形成圖12中所示之結構,其中直接於矽酮層36之上方模塑成型一低折射率材料以取代一空氣間隙。在一實施例中,如先前所述地模塑成型矽酮層36。接著,用溶膠凝膠填充具有更大空腔32(圖3)之一模具。溶膠凝膠已為人所熟知且包括溶劑中之奈米顆粒以形成凝膠。可模塑成型此一物質。接著,該溶劑因高溫而乾燥,導致部分縮水及由該等奈米顆粒形成之晶體。所得層將極其多孔且表現得像一空氣間隙一樣有效。折射率係非常低,因為結構大部分為空間。在圖12中,該溶膠凝膠層顯示為層68。可使用另一低折射率材料以取代溶膠凝膠,只要折射率比磷光層低。
接下來,用注入於矽酮中之磷光體顆粒填充具有稍大圓頂之定形空腔的另一模具。接著,具有模塑成型之溶膠凝膠圓頂的子基板晶圓12係抵靠該模具,如參考圖3所論述。接著,磷光層70因高溫而固化。接著,於磷光層之上方模塑成型一最終矽酮透鏡72,或磷光層可為最終層。所得燈74之操作係類似於圖10或圖11(取決於磷光層是否為最終層)中所示之操作。
圖13繪示低折射率層(46或68)可代以為一沈積式布拉格反射器(DBR)76。使用保形濺鍍可使一DBR 76非常薄且該DBR 76可由具有98奈米與64奈米之厚度的10對SiO2/Ta2O5(折射率n分別為1.5與2)(提供40°左右450奈米(藍光)下之反射率)組成,接著是具有129奈米與81奈米之厚度的6對SiO2/Ta2O5(提供45°左右550奈米(綠光)下之反射率)。當LED光(R<10%)在450奈米下以幾乎垂直至15°之一角度入射時該DBR 76實質上係透明。該DBR 76係以大於15°反射。接著,如先前所述地模塑成型磷光層78及外矽酮透鏡80。圖13繪示穿過該DBR 76且自該DBR 76被反射且自子基板表面被反射之各種光線。
為使所有此等設計有效率,自內矽酮圓頂之擷取效率必須高效。此要求LED光以小於臨界角之一角度撞擊此界面,且因此內圓頂之半徑必須足夠大。因此,一般而言,對小入射角與小光源尺寸之間之需求存在一取捨。若晶粒為1×1毫米且內圓頂之半徑為2毫米,則光之大部分以小角度(小於15°)撞擊圓頂,且僅一些光線以高達20°之角度撞擊。此小於環氧樹脂(或矽酮)/空氣界面之全內折射角(約41°)且小於DBR之高透射最大角。因此,此等尺寸適於本申請案中所述之實施方案。
圖14係一圖表,其繪示當與本發明之遠端磷光體實施例一起使用時流明輸出對子基板上之反射層29(圖1)之反射率的近似改良。
所有實施例之各種組合可用以建立具有高效率之一遠端磷光燈。
除改良之效率外,遠端半球形磷光層(具有一實質上均勻厚度)實現色彩對觀察角之一致,且磷光體不因高溫而分解。
接著,切割子基板晶圓12以形成個別LED/子基板,其中各種圖式可表示個別LED/子基板。
在此揭示內容中,術語「子基板」用以意指用於至少一LED晶粒之一支撐,其中子基板上之電觸點係黏合至LED晶粒上之電極,且其中子基板具有待連接至一電源供應器之電極。
雖然已顯示及描述本發明之特定實施例,但明顯地熟習此項技術者可在不背離具有更廣態樣之本發明之情況下作出改變及修飾,且因此,隨附請求項將涵蓋其等範圍內之落在本發明之真實精神及範圍內的所有此等改變及修飾。
10...LED晶粒
12...子基板晶圓
14...n型層
15...作用層
16...p型層
18...金屬電極
20...金屬電極
22...陽極金屬墊
23...陰極金屬墊
24...導電通孔
26...底部金屬墊
28...底部金屬墊
29...反射層
30...模具
32...空腔
34...矽酮
36...矽酮層
38...圓頂
40...空腔
42...磷光層
44...罩蓋
46...空氣間隙
48...燈
50...光線
52...光線
54...光線
56...光線
58...透鏡
60...光線
62...光線
64...光線
66...燈
68...溶膠凝膠層
70...磷光層
72...透鏡
74...燈
76...沈積式布拉格反射器(DBR)
78...磷光層
80...透鏡
圖1係安裝在一子基板上之一藍色或UV覆晶LED晶粒之一橫截面圖,其中該子基板具有一反射頂層。
圖2繪示用一LED晶粒陣列(諸如500至4000個LED)填入之一簡化子基板晶圓,其中同時處理該晶圓上之所有LED晶粒。
圖3繪示子基板晶圓抵靠一模具以形成用於囊封LED晶粒並使一磷光層與LED晶粒隔開之一第一矽酮層。相同模塑成型處理(使用不同模具)可用於形成除圖5至圖8之處理外的所有層。
圖4繪示囊封後之LED晶粒。
圖5繪示一固態半球形外透鏡。
圖6繪示經加工以建立一空腔的圖5之透鏡。
圖7繪示具有沈積於其上方之一磷光層的圖6之空腔。
圖8繪示於經囊封晶粒上方貼附透鏡及磷光層。
圖9繪示貼附於經囊封晶粒上方之透鏡及磷光層,且一空氣間隙介於磷光層與囊封劑之間以提供TIR。
圖10繪示圖9之光源內之各種光線,其等顯示藉由空氣間隙及子基板表面之反射。
圖11繪示具有注入於外透鏡中之磷光體的一光源,其顯示藉由空氣間隙及子基板表面之反射。
圖12繪示一光源,其中各層均係藉由於LED晶粒上方之一連續模塑成型處理而形成,且低折射率(n)層可為任何可模塑成型之層(包含一犧牲溶膠凝膠層)。
圖13繪示一光源,其中反射層係一分佈式布拉格反射器(DBR)。
圖14係一圖表,其繪示流明輸出對子基板上反射層之反射率的改良。
10...LED晶粒
12...子基板晶圓
14...n型層
15...作用層
16...p型層
18...金屬電極
20...金屬電極
22...陽極金屬墊
23...陰極金屬墊
24...導電通孔
26...底部金屬墊
28...底部金屬墊
29...反射層

Claims (10)

  1. 一種發光裝置,其包括:一覆晶(flip-chip)發光二極體(LED)晶粒,其在一子基板(submount)上;一反射層,其對於可見波長而言具有至少90%之一反射率,該反射層形成於該子基板之一頂面上;一透明實質上半球形(hemispherical)第一層,其囊封該LED晶粒,該第一層具有一第一折射率;一實質上半球形第二層,其包圍(surrounding)該第一層,該第二層包含已經乾燥的一溶膠凝膠(sol-gel)以形成一多孔層,俾使其具有低於該第一折射率之一第二折射率;及一實質上半球形磷光層,其形成於該第二層之上方,該第二層具有至少當光相對於該第二層大於一特定(a certain)角度時導致該第二層反射來自該磷光層之光的特性,其中該子基板之該頂面上之該反射層至少在該磷光層之一部分之下方延伸。
  2. 如請求項1之裝置,其中該磷光層具有大於該第一折射率之一第三折射率。
  3. 如請求項1之裝置,其中該第二層包含一空氣間隙。
  4. 如請求項1之裝置,其中該磷光層包括注入於矽酮中之磷光粉。
  5. 如請求項1之裝置,其進一步包括包圍該磷光層之一透 明第三層。
  6. 如請求項1之裝置,其中該LED晶粒發射藍光,且該磷光層具有將該藍光之一部分轉換成當與該藍光組合時建立白光之光的一特性。
  7. 一種用於形成一發光裝置之方法,其包括:在一子基板上提供一覆晶發光二極體(LED)晶粒;在該子基板之一頂面上形成一反射層,對於可見波長而言該反射層具有至少90%之一反射率;於該LED晶粒之上方模塑成型(molding)一透明實質上半球形第一層且囊封該LED晶粒,該第一層具有一第一折射率;形成包圍該第一層之一實質上半球形第二層,該第二層包含已經乾燥的一溶膠凝膠以形成一多孔層,俾使其具有低於該第一折射率之一第二折射率;及於該第二層之上方模塑成型一實質上半球形磷光層,該第二層具有至少當光相對於該第二層大於某一角度時導致該第二層反射來自該磷光層之光的特性,其中該子基板之該頂面上之該反射層至少在該磷光層之一部分之下方延伸。
  8. 如請求項7之方法,其中形成包圍該第一層之該實質上半球形第二層包括於該第一層之上方模塑成型該溶膠凝膠且乾燥該溶膠凝膠,以建立具有該第二折射率的該第二層,該第二折射率小於該磷光層之折射率。
  9. 如請求項7之方法,其中模塑成型一實質上半球形磷光 層包括模塑成型具有注入於矽酮中之磷光粉的一層。
  10. 如請求項7之方法,其進一步包括於該磷光層之上方模塑成型一透明第三層。
TW099114406A 2009-06-09 2010-05-05 具有遠端磷光層及反射子基板的發光二極體 TWI528602B (zh)

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