TWI452723B - 光電半導體晶片 - Google Patents
光電半導體晶片 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI452723B TWI452723B TW099108846A TW99108846A TWI452723B TW I452723 B TWI452723 B TW I452723B TW 099108846 A TW099108846 A TW 099108846A TW 99108846 A TW99108846 A TW 99108846A TW I452723 B TWI452723 B TW I452723B
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- semiconductor wafer
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- optoelectronic semiconductor
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- indium content
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- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 title claims description 134
- 230000005693 optoelectronics Effects 0.000 title claims description 73
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 89
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 89
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 claims description 22
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000002800 charge carrier Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000005670 electromagnetic radiation Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005304 joining Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000012431 wafers Nutrition 0.000 description 110
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 9
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910002601 GaN Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- JMASRVWKEDWRBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Gallium nitride Chemical compound [Ga]#N JMASRVWKEDWRBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000005428 wave function Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005253 cladding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000006798 recombination Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005215 recombination Methods 0.000 description 2
- AUCDRFABNLOFRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane;indium Chemical compound [AlH3].[In] AUCDRFABNLOFRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RNQKDQAVIXDKAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum gallium Chemical compound [Al].[Ga] RNQKDQAVIXDKAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008520 organization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013139 quantization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002096 quantum dot Substances 0.000 description 1
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Description
本發明係關於一種光電半導體晶片。
美國專利文獻第US 6,849,881 B1號係關於一種具有多重量子井結構(multi-quantum well structure)之光電半導體元件。
本發明欲達到之目的係提供具有量子井結構之光電半導體晶片,該光電半導體晶片於運作中高效率地產生放射線。
根據該光電半導體晶片之至少一個實施例,該光電半導體晶片係以氮化物材料系統為基礎。換言之,製造該半導體晶片之半導體材料之一種成分係氮(nitrogen)。因此,該材料系統係例如III族氮化物(III-nitride)半導體材料。例如,該半導體晶片係以氮化鋁鎵(AlGaN)、氮化鎵(GaN)、氮化銦鎵(InGaN)或者氮化銦鋁鎵(InAlGaN)為基礎。
根據該光電半導體晶片之至少一個實施例,該光電半導體晶片係以磊晶的方式生長。該磊晶生長定義了生長方向(growth direction)z。
根據該光電半導體晶片之至少一個實施例,該光電半導體晶片包括至少一個主動量子井。本說明書中所提及之名詞「量子井」與量子化的維度無關。因此,該量子井可為零維度之量子點(zero-dimensional quantum dot)、一維度量子導線(quantum wire)、或者多重維度量子井或者這些結構之任何組合。
根據該光電半導體晶片之至少一個實施例,當該半導體晶片運作時,該至少一個主動量子井中產生電磁放射線。該電磁放射線之波長較佳介於200奈米和3000奈米之間的頻譜範圍,更具體而言,較佳介於360奈米和540奈米之間(包括360奈米和540奈米)的頻譜範圍。
根據該光電半導體晶片之至少一個實施例,該至少一個主動量子井於平行該半導體晶片之生長方向z之方向包括N個接續的區(successive zone)。於本說明書中,N係大於或等於2之自然數。換言之,該至少一個量子井包括至少兩個互相鄰近且接續形成的區。
根據該光電半導體晶片之至少一個實施例,該等區之至少兩個彼此具有不同的平均銦含量(average indium content)c。這意味該銦含量係於該主動量子井內部有目的地變化。
根據該半導體晶片之至少一個實施例,該主動量子井(2)滿足以下條件:
滿足上述條件之至少一個主動量子井意指於平行於該生長方向z之方向選定該等參數銦含量c、區數量N、以及該等區與該主動量子井之範圍,使得該銦含量c沿著該生長方向z之積分減去區數量N之2.5倍再減去該主動量子井於平行於該生長方向z之方向之範圍之1.5倍係介於40至80之間(包括40和80),較佳的情況是介於50至70之間(包括50和70)。
於本說明書中,銦含量意指由銦原子所取代之非氮晶格部位(non-nitrogen lattice site)之比例。應該以有關於上述條件之百分比方式無維度地指示出該銦含量c。如此一來,意指c係介於0至100之間(包含0和100)的無維度數值(dimensionless numerical value)。區數量N同樣意指無維度地被插入於上述條件。z也是無維度且符合平行於該生長方向z之方向之奈米座標。
於該光電半導體晶片之至少一個實施例,該光電半導體晶片係以氮化物材料系統為基礎並且包括至少一個主動量子井。該至少一個主動量子井係設計成用以於運作期間產生電磁放射線。此外,該至少一個主動量子井於平行該半導體晶片N之生長方向z之方向包括N個接續的區,其中,N係大於或等於2之自然數。該主動量子井之區之至少兩個彼此具有不同的平均銦含量c。此外,該至少一個主動量子井滿足以下條件:
更詳而言之,係滿足以下條件:
這樣的主動量子井於該生長方向至少一些有關於銦含量之部分具有階梯形狀(stepped shape)及/或類似斜坡之形狀(ramp-like shape)。藉由該主動量子井之此種類似斜坡及/或接梯形之結構,可增加價能帶(valence band)及導電帶(conduction band)中波函數(wave function)之重疊部分(overlap)。所增加之波函數之重疊部分可使得該半導體晶片具有更高之效率。
此外,可增加電荷載體捕陷率(charge carrier trapping rate)。換言之,可增加電荷載體(例如:電子)捕陷於該主動量子井中之機率,並且用於放射線發射(radiation-emitting)之重組。由能帶邊緣(band edge)區域中一個或多個階梯所形成之異質邊界(heteroboundary)可能造成產生局部邊界表面電荷(localised boundary surface charge)。這些局部邊界表面電荷可額外地降低壓電電場(piezo field),藉此可以類似方式增加該半導體晶片產生放射線之效率。
上述與該量子井之參數有關的條件(更詳而言之,係有關於該等區之厚度及該等區之銦含量)指示出該主動量子井組構之參數範圍,藉由如此令人意外的高效率可因此達到特別高的整體放射線產生之效率。
本說明書中∫c
(z
)dz
-2,5N
-1,5∫dz
項之數值範圍可假設成沒有任何基本原則上的限制。舉例而言,對於習知主動量子井而言,該項可能超過200或也可能小於0。
根據該光電半導體晶片之至少一個實施例,該至少一個主動量子井滿足以下條件:
較佳的情況是滿足以下條件:
於本說明書中,ci
係第i個區之平均銦含量,而wi
係該至少一個主動量子井之第i個區之寬度。該等量子井之區係於平行該半導體晶片之生長方向z之方向被連續地編號。因此,可沿著該生長方向或者相反於該生長方向編號該等區。
舉例而言,於該主動量子井之一個區中,銦含量沿著該生長方向局部偏離該整體區之平均銦含量最多達30%,較佳的情況是,偏離最多達15%。換言之,明顯地,銦含量類似階梯般(step-like)之增加或下降於鄰近的區之間形成例如邊界或邊界區域。
根據該光電半導體晶片之至少一個實施例,於各個情形下考量到製造的容忍度(tolerance),該至少一個主動量子井之區中之銦含量c係固定的。固定可能意指例如該等區中之銦含量c顯示出偏離平均值最多達2個百分點,更詳而言之,最多達1個百分點。用語「固定」並非例如排除銦含量分佈(profile)中階梯邊緣(step edge)於平行該生長方向之方向呈現圓形之可能性。換言之,可藉由階梯函數(step function)估計銦含量之分佈。
根據該光電半導體晶片之至少一個實施例,該至少一個主動量子井包括至少三個區。換言之,N係大於或等於3。更詳而言之,於各個情形下,至少三個區(較佳的情況是所有區)具有不同的平均銦含量。
根據該光電半導體晶片之至少一個實施例,該光電半導體晶片包括p-連接側(p-connection side)與n-連接側。於該半導體晶片之p-連接側上佈置有例如p型摻雜半導體材料(p-doped semiconductor material),而n-連接側上佈置有n型摻雜半導體材料。該半導體晶片較佳可經由該等連接側而電性接觸。
根據該光電半導體晶片之至少一個實施例,施加以下條件於該等區之至少一些之平均銦含量:
ci
<ci+1
且ci+1
>ci+2
。
於本說明書中,該等區係於平行該生長方向之方向被連續地編號,更詳而言之,係自該p-連接側朝向該n-連接側。較佳的情況是,i=1。換言之,該主動量子井包含具有高銦含量之中心區(central zone),該中心區之兩側係由具有較低銦含量之區所圍繞。
根據該光電半導體晶片之至少一個實施例,亦施加以下條件:ci
<ci+2
。換言之,該主動量子井包括具有高銦含量之中心區。位置較該中心區更為接近該p-連接側之區相較於位置更為接近該n-連接側之區具有較低之銦含量。
根據該光電半導體晶片之至少一個實施例,於自該p-連接側朝向該n-連接側之方向,對於該等區之至少一些之平均銦含量施加以下條件:
ci
>ci+1
且ci+2
>ci+1
且ci
>ci+2
。
換言之,第i+1個區係由兩個具有較高銦含量之區所圍繞。第i+1個區例如構成該量子井分佈中之中間阻障(intermediate barrier)。較佳的情況是,i=1或者i=2。
根據該光電半導體晶片之至少一個實施例,該銦含量c於平行該生長方向z之方向單調地(monotonically)遞增。換言之,該主動量子井包括一區,特別是i=1,且具有最大銦含量(maximum indium content)之區,且自此區開始,於製造容忍度以內,銦含量於平行該生長方向z之方向單調地遞增。此意味著,例如對於各個區i施加以下條件:ci ci+1
,其中,i大於或等於1,且i小於或等於N-1,較佳的情況是,ci
>ci+1
。更詳而言之,此類半導體晶片並不具有任何中間阻障。
根據該光電半導體晶片之至少一個實施例,該至少一個主動量子井包括介於3至10個之間(包含3及10個)之區。換言之,3N10,較佳的情況是,3N6。
根據該光電半導體晶片之至少一個實施例,該主動量子井之總寬度係介於0.25奈米(nm)至12奈米之間(包含0.25奈米及12奈米),更具體而言,係介於0.5奈米至10奈米之間(包含0.5奈米及10奈米),較佳的情況是,介於3.5奈米至8奈米之間(包含3.5奈米及8奈米)。
根據該光電半導體晶片之至少一個實施例,對於該至少一個主動量子井之該等區之一些或者全部之寬度w施加以下條件:
wi
>wi+1
且wi+2
>wi+1
。
換言之,寬度較小之區係位於兩個寬度較大之區之間。更詳而言之,於本說明書中,該區wi
係該主動量子井中具有最大平均銦含量之區。較佳的情況是,i=1或者i=2。
根據該光電半導體晶片之至少一個實施例,對於該主動量子井之該等區之至少一些之寬度w施加以下條件:
wi
<wi+1
且wi
<wi+2
。
於本說明書中,第i+1個區較佳具有最高之銦含量。因此,較佳的情況是,i=1。可特別額外地施加以下之條件:
wi+1
>wi+2
。
根據該光電半導體晶片之至少一個實施例,該主動量子井之至少一個中間阻障於平行該生長方向z之方向之寬度係小於該至少一個主動量子井之進一步區(further zone)之最小寬度。換言之,該中間阻障係薄的。更詳而言之,該中間阻障於該生長方向具有介於0.25奈米與1.25奈米之間(包含0.25奈米與1.25奈米)的厚度。
根據該光電半導體晶片之至少一個實施例,該等區之厚度(除了中間阻障之厚度以外,該中間阻障層可選擇性地存在)係介於1.5奈米與4奈米之間(包含1.5奈米與4奈米),更具體而言,係介於1.75奈米與3奈米之間(包含1.75奈米與3奈米)。
根據該光電半導體晶片之至少一個實施例,具有最高銦含量之區之銦含量係介於15%與50%之間(包含15%與50%)。
根據該光電半導體晶片之至少一個實施例,至少一個區(鄰近具有最大銦含量之區)之銦含量係介於具有最大銦含量之區之平均銦含量之30%與80%之間(包含30%與80%),更具體而言,係介於40%與60%之間(包含40%與60%)。
根據該光電半導體晶片之至少一個實施例,對於至少一個第i個區之平均銦含量施加以下條件,其中較佳的情況是i=2或者i>2;
35 ci-1 ci 0.65 ci-1
,更具體而言係
0.40 ci-1 ci 0.60 ci-1
。
根據該光電半導體晶片之至少一個實施例,該光電半導體晶片,於平行該生長方向z之方向,包括介於2至5個之間(包含2及5個)之主動量子井。換言之,該半導體晶片包括多重量子井結構。
根據該光電半導體晶片之至少一個實施例,該光電半導體晶片包括至少一個非主動量子井(inactive quantum well)。於本說明書中,該非主動量子井之平均銦含量係低於該至少一個主動量子井之區之平均銦含量,該至少一個主動量子井之區包括最大平均銦含量。
於本說明書中,非主動具體而言意指該非主動量子井並非設計成用於放射線之產生(radiation generation)。當該半導體晶片運作時,該至少一個非主動量子井中不會因此產生或者僅僅產生經發射之放射線之可忽略之一小部分。較佳的情況是,該非主動量子井中所產生之部分放射線量低於10%,更具體而言,係低於2%。
根據該光電半導體晶片之至少一個實施例,於平行該生長方向z之方向,該非主動量子井之厚度小於該主動量子井之厚度。較佳的情況是,該非主動量子井之厚度至多相當於該主動量子井之厚度之75%。
根據該光電半導體晶片之至少一個實施例,該光電半導體晶片包括至少兩個非主動量子井,該等非主動量子井圍住該至少一個主動量子井。
根據該光電半導體晶片之至少一個實施例,兩個鄰近的主動量子井之間佈置有至少一個非主動量子井,更具體而言係一個至五個之間(包括一個與五個)之非主動量子井。較佳的情況是,該p-連接側與最靠近該p-連接側的主動量子井之間也佈置有至少一個非主動量子井,更具體而言係一個至五個之間(包括一個與五個)之非主動量子井。同樣的設計也較佳施加於最靠近該n-連接側之主動量子井。
根據該光電半導體晶片之至少一個實施例,該光電半導體晶片包括至少兩個波導層(waveguide layer),該至少一個主動量子井(更具體而言係所有的主動量子井)係位於該等波導層之間。換言之,該等波導層圍住該至少一個主動量子井。
根據該光電半導體晶片之至少一個實施例,該等波導層之至少一層包括一層或多層電荷載體阻障層(charge carrier barrier layer)。該電荷載體阻障層包括例如電子阻障層(electron barrier layer),且已將該電子阻障層引進該p-連接側上之波導層中。該電荷載體阻障層可能具有升高的A1含量以及介於0.25奈米與20奈米之間(包含0.25奈米與20奈米)之厚度。
根據該光電半導體晶片之至少一個實施例,該光電半導體晶片係設計成用以產生雷射放射線(laser radiation)。換言之,該半導體晶片係雷射晶片。
根據該光電半導體晶片之至少一個實施例,該光電半導體晶片係設計成用以產生介於430奈米至540奈米之間(包含430奈米及540奈米)之電磁放射線。換言之,該半導體晶片發射藍色光頻譜範圍以及/或綠色光頻譜範圍之光。
進一步而言,指示出光電半導體晶片中至少一個主動量子井中之鋁含量(aluminium content)變化。
於該光電半導體晶片之至少一個實施例中,該光電半導體晶片係以氮化物材料系統為基礎,並且包括至少一個主動量子井,於運作期間,電磁放射線係產生於該主動量子井中。於平行於該半導體晶片之生長方向z之方向,該半導體晶片包括N個接續的區,該等區之至少兩個彼此具有不同的平均鋁含量k,且N係大於或等於2之自然數。
於本說明書中,該至少一個主動量子井滿足以下條件:
對於波長大於285奈米且特是小於或等於360奈米之放射線而言,又或者是
對於波長小於或等於285奈米且特別是大於或等於210奈米之放射線而言。
也揭露了本說明書中所述之半導體晶片(其中該主動量子井之該等區之平均銦含量係經變化)之特徵伴隨經變化之鋁含量,且反之亦然。由於能帶間隙(band gap)隨著銦含量的增加而降低並且隨著鋁含量的增加而增加,因此與銦含量有關之相關符號必須與該主動量子井之區之平均鋁含量變化之相關符號反向。
本說明書中所描述之光電半導體晶片之一些應用可用於作為顯示器背光或者顯示工具之範例。再者,本說明書中所描述之半導體晶片也可用於作為投影目的(用於泛光燈(floodlight)、聚光燈或者用於一般照明)之發光裝置中。
以下將參考圖式並藉由示範實施例之輔助對於本說明書中所述之光電半導體晶片進行更詳細之描述。個別圖式中相同之元件係藉由相同的參考編號進行標示。該等元件間的關係所顯示之尺寸都並非真實之尺寸,然而為了更易於了解,個別元件可以誇張之尺寸進行顯示。
第1A圖係經由生長方向z之銦含量c與能帶間隙Eg
之分佈而示意地顯示光電半導體晶片1之示範實施例。相較於圍繞量子井2之半導體晶片1之區域而言,主動量子井2具有較高之銦含量c。該量子井2包括兩個區A1
、A2
。於該量子井2之第一區A1
中,銦含量c大於該第二區A2
中之銦含量。當該半導體晶片1運作時,放射線(radiation)實際上係單獨地較佳於該第一區A1
中產生。
該半導體晶片1係以例如氮化銦鎵(InGaN)材料系統為基礎。對於銦含量百分比x而言,能帶間隙Eg
可大約表示如下,尤係見於公開文件Applied Physics Letters,第80冊,第25期,2002年,4741至4743頁:
Eg
(x)=x‧3.42+(1-x)‧0.77-x‧(1-x)‧1.43。
於本說明書中,能帶間隙Eg
係以電子伏特(eV)表示。該能帶間隙Eg
隨著銦含量的增加而降低。對於對應於大約450奈米波長之能帶間隙Eg
而言,該銦含量較佳相當於介於17%和22%之間(包含17%和22%),同時對於對應於大約490奈米波長之能帶間隙Eg
而言,該銦含量較佳相當於介於24%和29%之間(包含24%和29%)。
區A1
、A2
中之銦含量c於各個情形下均係大約固定的。舉例而言,該第一區A1
之銦含量c1
相當於22%,而該第二區A2
之銦含量c2
相當於大約12%。該第一區A1
之寬度w1
係大約2.5奈米,同時該第二區A2
之寬度w2
係大約2奈米。因此,該主動量子井2之總寬度W相當於大約4.5奈米。該等區A1
、A2
係於與該半導體晶片1之生長方向z相反之方向上被連續地編號。此編號係實施於自該半導體晶片1之p-連接側p朝向n-連接側n之方向。
由於該等區A1
、A2
中固定的銦含量c,使得
∫c
(z
)dz
-2,5N
-1,5∫dz
項可由項表示。
於本說明書中,係以百分比方式無維度地指示出第i個區之銦含量ci
,並且以奈米為單位無維度地指示出寬度wi
。N等於該等區A1
、A2
之數量。對於根據第1A圖之主動量子井2而言,係得到該項之數值如下:
藉由例如利用電子顯微鏡(更具體而言,係利用穿透式電子顯微鏡)測量該量子井2,能夠決定用於該主動量子井2之該項之數值。
第1B圖示意地描繪根據第1A圖之半導體晶片1之價能帶(valence band)與導電帶(conduction band)於該生長方向z之能量E分佈。能帶間隙Eg
於各個情況下於該生長方向z均相當於該價能帶與該導電帶的能量E之間的差異。於各個情況下,該價能帶與該導電帶之波函數係標示為粗線,而相關的能量位準(level)係標示為細的水平線。該價能帶與該導電帶之基本狀態之波函數之重疊區域相對較大。如此一來,能夠於該量子井2中得到高的電荷載體(亦即,電子和電洞)重組率。也能夠增加電荷載體捕陷於該主動量子井2中之比率。
第2圖係顯示半導體晶片1之進一步示範實施例之示意圖。銦含量c之分佈於該生長方向z具有三個區A1
、A2
、A3
。該主動量子井2係由該等三個區所形成。該等區A1
、A2
、A3
之近似、平均銦含量係描繪成虛線。該銦含量c之真實分佈包括偏離此線,更具體而言,於顯示如同虛線之理想分佈(idealised profile)之階梯邊緣之區域中偏離該線。然而,個別區A1
、A2
、A3
係藉由顯現出陡峭之銦含量c上升與下降之區域而彼此清楚地分割。
於以下所述之示範實施例中,係於該生長方向z藉由階梯所估計之理想銦含量c。因此,銦含量c可能偏離以類似第2圖之方式所顯示之分佈。
第3A圖顯示半導體元件,其中,該主動量子井2具有大約6奈米之寬度W以及大約22%之平均銦含量c。因此,項具有大約120之數值。以此方式,該價能帶與該導電帶中之基本狀態波函數(basic state wave function)僅具有相對較小之重疊部分,參照第3B圖及第3C圖。此外,由於壓電電場之緣故,該量子井2之區域中之價能帶與導電帶之能量梯度相對較大,係由第3C圖中之傾斜虛線所表示。
該量子井2之側邊能夠顯現出類似斜坡之分佈,並且能夠產生經變更之主動量子井2’(藉由長劃點線(dash-dotted line)所表示)。
半導體晶片1之進一步示範實施例係顯示於第4圖中。該主動量子井2具有最高銦含量c2
之區A2
係於該p-連接側p之方向與該區A1
相連,其中,該區A1
包括有較低之平均銦含量c1
。該區A1
也可為斜坡狀,由長劃點線所表示。
如第4B圖中所示,相較於第3C圖,由於該區A1
使得具有最大銦含量c2
之區A2
之區域中於該生長方向z之能量E梯度顯著地降低,如第4圖中之實線所表示。對於直接比對而言,根據第3C圖之量子井2之能量E之斜率以虛線顯示於第4B圖中。換言之,該區A1
降低了電位分佈(potential profile)之梯度。如此的梯度降低造成該主動量子井2中與產生放射線有關之效率提升。
於該半導體晶片1之根據第5圖之示範實施例中,該主動量子井2包括三個區A1
、A2
、A3
。具有最大銦含量c2
之區A2
具有最大寬度w2
。該p-連接側上之區A1
之銦含量c1
係低於該n-連接側上該n-連接側區A3
之銦含量c3
。同樣的設計係施加於區A1
、A3
之寬度w1
、w3
。
如第5B圖所示,該量子井2具有相對較大的有效寬度(effective width),並且因此具有高的電荷載體捕陷率。同樣地降低了電位分佈之梯度。位於該等區A1
、A3
與該主動量子井2外側圍繞的半導體材料之間的異質邊界之局部電荷降低了壓電電場。以此方式,於該量子井2中可達到特別高的放射線產生效率。
於根據第6圖之示範實施例中,該主動量子井2包括三個區A1
、A2
、A3
。該銦含量ci
係於與該生長方向Z相反之方向上自該區A1
開始單調地遞增。不同於第6圖中所示,該等區A2
、A3
之間的階梯邊緣(如同點線所表示者)也可例如呈現圓形。不同於第6圖中所示,該主動量子井2也可明確地包括多於三個區A1
、A2
、A3
。
於根據第7圖之示範實施例中,該主動量子井2包括該p-連接側上之區A1
以及該n-連接側上之複數個區A3
、A4
,該等區A1
、A2
、A3
圍繞著具有最大平均銦含量c2
之區A2
。
於根據第8圖之半導體晶片1之示範實施例中,該主動量子井2包括兩個中間阻障(barrier),該等中間阻障係由區A2
、A4
所形成。區A2
、A4
中之銦含量c2
、c4
於各個情形下皆低於鄰近區以及/或者區A2
、A4
中之鋁含量係較高於鄰近區。根據第9圖,該p-連接側上也額外地存在有具有較低銦含量c1
之區A1
。
根據第10圖,該半導體晶片1包括兩個主動量子井2a、2b。該等量子井2a、2b之每一者均包括兩個區A1
、A2
。不同於第10圖且如該等主動量子井2a、2b之間的點線所示者,該半導體晶片1也可包括例如三個、四個、五個、或更多個主動量子井。
根據第11圖,該半導體晶片1除了該等主動量子井2a、2b以外也包括非主動量子井3。該非主動量子井3之銦含量係例如介於該等主動量子井2a、2b的區A1
、A2
之間。該非主動量子井3係位於該半導體晶片1之p-連接側p上。不同於第11圖中所示,該非主動量子井3也可能包括複數個具有不同銦含量及/或鋁含量之區。
第12圖顯示該非主動量子井3也可位於該n-連接側n上。該n-連接側n及/或該p-連接側p上也可形成有多達五個非主動量子井3之群組。於此情形下,多個非主動量子井3之群組無須具有相同數量的非主動量子井3。如第13圖所示,非主動量子井3或者具有複數個非主動量子井3之群組同樣位於該等主動量子井2a、2b之間。
根據第14圖,該光電半導體晶片1額外地包括兩個披覆層(cladding layer)4a、4b,該等披覆層4a、4b圍住或包圍該等主動量子井2a、2b。
於根據第15圖之示範實施例中,該半導體晶片1於各個情形下皆額外地包括介於該主動量子井2與該等波導層4a、4b之間的阻障層6。此外,該p-連接側上之波導層4a包括電荷載體阻障層5。該電荷載體阻障層5係由例如具有經提高之鋁含量之薄層所形成。
不同於第15圖中所示,該半導體晶片1也包括複數個主動量子井2並且同樣選擇性地具有一個或多個非主動量子井3。
於根據第1圖、第2圖以及第4至15圖之半導體晶片1之示範實施例中,該至少一個主動量子井2於各個情形下均係組構成關於區A之數量N、銦含量c以及該等區A之寬度w,使得∫c
(z
)dz
-2,5N
-1,5∫dz
項或者項具有介於40與80之間(包含40與80)的數值,更具體而言,係介於50與70之間(包含50與70)的數值。
第16圖及第17圖示意地顯示有關於半導體晶片之主動量子井2之區A之銦含量c與寬度w之參數變化。對於個別參數變化而言,該∫c
(z
)dz
-2,5N
-1,5∫dz
項之數值(簡稱FoM)係沿著x-軸進行繪示。根據第16圖,該主動量子井於各個情形下均包括兩個區A。介於40與80之間的FoM數值,更具體而言係介於50與70之間,該等半導體晶片表現出高效率,由例如雷射活躍度(laser activity)所表示。同樣的情形可施加於根據第17圖之半導體晶片,其中,該主動量子井於各個情形下均包括三個區A。
舉例而言,於所示之FoM數值範圍內之該等半導體晶片之效率係較高於這些數值範圍以外之半導體晶片,其中,該效率係指操作該半導體晶片所發射之光學輸出功率除以電性輸入功率所得之商(quotient)。於大約440奈米之經發射放射線波長以及30mW之光學輸出功率處,所示範圍以外之FoM數值之效率可能低於6%,而對於更具體來說介於50與70之間(包含50與70)之FoM數值而言,效率可能大於或等於8%。於大約480奈米之波長以及5mW之輸出功率處,所示範圍以外之FoM數值之效率可能低於0.5%,而對於更具體來說介於50與70之間(包含50與70)之FoM數值而言,效率至少為0.6%,較佳的情況是至少0.8%。
第18圖顯示半導體晶片1之示範實施例,該半導體晶片1於該主動量子井2之生長方向z之兩個區A1
、A2
之鋁含量k係經過不同調整。該等區A1
、A2
之鋁含量k與厚度係經選定,使得該主動量子井2滿足以下條件:
根據第18圖之示範實施例也可包括非主動量子井、複數個主動量子井、及/或披覆層和阻障層,例如類似於根據第15圖之示範實施例。
舉例而言,根據第1、2、及4至15圖,能夠對於該主動量子井2之區A之鋁含量k進行調整以結合對於該主動量子井2之區A之銦含量c進行調整。
在此描述之本發明並非限定於本說明書中之示範實施例。相反地,本發明涵蓋了任何新穎的特徵以及該等特徵之任何組合,尤其係關於本發明申請專利範圍中之特徵之任何組合,即便該特徵本身或該等特徵之組合本身並未於申請專利範圍或該等示範實施例中明確指出。
本專利申請案主張德國專利申請案第10 2009 015 569.4號之國際優先權,其中所揭示之內容係併入本說明書中作為參考。
1...光電半導體晶片
2...主動量子井
2a...主動量子井
2b...主動量子井
3...非主動量子井
4...波導層
5...電荷載體阻障層
6...阻障層
A...量子井之區
A1
...區
A2
...區
A3
...區
c...銦含量
E...能量
Eg
...能帶間隙
FoM...數值
k...鋁含量
n...半導體晶片之n-連接側
p...半導體晶片之p-連接側
w...區之寬度
W...量子井之總寬度
W1
...區之寬度
W2
...區之寬度
z...生長方向
第1A圖係顯示本說明書中所述之半導體晶片之示範實施例之示意剖面圖;
第1B圖係顯示本說明書中所述之半導體晶片之能帶結構之示意圖;
第2圖係顯示本說明書中所述之光電半導體晶片之進一步示範實施例之示意圖;
第3圖係顯示半導體元件之示意圖;
第4圖至第15圖係顯示本說明書中所述之光電半導體晶片之進一步示範實施例之示意圖;
第16圖及第17圖係顯示對於半導體晶片之參數變化之示意圖;以及
第18圖係顯示本說明書中所述之光電半導體晶片之示範實施例之示意圖,該光電半導體晶片包含具有不同鋁含量之區。
1...光電半導體晶片
2...主動量子井
A1
...區
A2
...區
c...銦含量
Eg
...能帶間隙
n...半導體晶片之n-連接側
p...半導體晶片之p-連接側
W...量子井之總寬度
W1
...區之寬度
W2
...區之寬度
z...生長方向
Claims (12)
- 一種光電半導體晶片(1),係以氮化物材料系統為基礎,包括至少一個主動量子井(2),其中,於運作期問,電磁放射線係產生於該主動量子井(2)中;該主動量子井(2)於平行該半導體晶片(1)之生長方向z之方向包括N個接續的區(A),其中,N係大於或等於2之自然數;該等區(A)之至少兩個彼此具有不同的平均銦含量c;以及該主動量子井(2)滿足以下條件:
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之光電半導體晶片(1),其中,該至少一個主動量子井(2)滿足以下條件:
- 如申請專利範圍第1項或第2項所述之光電半導體晶片(1),其中,於各個情形下,該至少一個主動量子井(2)之該等區(A)中之銦含量c係固定的。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之光電半導體晶片(1),其中,N係大於或等於3,且其中,於平行該生長方向z之方向並且自該半導體晶片(1)之p-連接側(p)朝向n-連接側(n),施加以下條件於該等區(A)之至少一些之平均銦含量:cj >cj+1 且cj+2 >cj+1 且cj >cj+2 ,其中,j ≠i ,該等區(A)係於平行該生長方向z之方向被連續地編號。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項或第2項所述之光電半導體晶片(1),其中,N係介於3至10之間(包含3及10),且其中,該主動量子井(2)之總寬度(W)係介於0.25nm至12nm之間(包含0.25nm及12nm)。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之光電半導體晶片(1),於平行該生長方向z之方向,包括介於2至5個之間(包含2及5個)之主動量子井(2)。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之光電半導體晶片(1),包括至少2個非主動量子井(3),其中,於各個情形下,該非主動量子井(3)之銦含量係低於該至少一個主動量子井(2)中之最大銦含量。
- 如申請專利範圍第7項所述之光電半導體晶片(1),其中,至少一個非主動量子井(3)係位於至少兩個鄰近的 主動量子井(2)之間。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項或第2項所述之光電半導體晶片(1),包括至少兩個波導層(4),其中,該至少一個主動量子井(2)係位於該等波導層(4)之間,且其中,該等波導層(4)之至少一層包含至少一層電荷載體阻障層(5)。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項或第2項所述之光電半導體晶片(1),係設計成用以產生雷射放射線。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項或第2項所述之光電半導體晶片(1),係設計成用以產生介於430nm至540nm之間(包含430nm及540nm)之電磁放射線。
- 一種光電半導體晶片(1),係以氮化物材料系統為基礎,包括至少一個主動量子井(2),其中,於運作期間,電磁放射線係產生於該主動量子井(2)中;該主動量子井(2)於平行該半導體晶片(1)之生長方向z之方向包括N個接續的區(A),其中,N係大於或等於2之自然數;該等區(A)係於平行該生長方向z之方向被連續地編號;該等區(A)之至少兩個彼此具有不同的平均鋁含量k;以及該主動量子井(2)滿足以下條件:
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EP2415085B1 (de) | 2019-01-02 |
DE102009015569B9 (de) | 2023-06-29 |
TW201044635A (en) | 2010-12-16 |
CN102369606A (zh) | 2012-03-07 |
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JP2015092636A (ja) | 2015-05-14 |
US9202971B2 (en) | 2015-12-01 |
JP5933775B2 (ja) | 2016-06-15 |
EP2415085A1 (de) | 2012-02-08 |
KR20120009475A (ko) | 2012-01-31 |
DE102009015569B4 (de) | 2023-03-23 |
JP2012522390A (ja) | 2012-09-20 |
US8908733B2 (en) | 2014-12-09 |
WO2010112310A1 (de) | 2010-10-07 |
US20130028281A1 (en) | 2013-01-31 |
JP2016157977A (ja) | 2016-09-01 |
KR101645057B1 (ko) | 2016-08-02 |
CN104319331B (zh) | 2017-05-10 |
DE102009015569A1 (de) | 2010-10-07 |
CN102369606B (zh) | 2014-10-01 |
KR101704985B1 (ko) | 2017-02-08 |
CN104319331A (zh) | 2015-01-28 |
US20150063395A1 (en) | 2015-03-05 |
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