TWI447260B - 鈷合金之無電沉積 - Google Patents

鈷合金之無電沉積 Download PDF

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TWI447260B
TWI447260B TW096149337A TW96149337A TWI447260B TW I447260 B TWI447260 B TW I447260B TW 096149337 A TW096149337 A TW 096149337A TW 96149337 A TW96149337 A TW 96149337A TW I447260 B TWI447260 B TW I447260B
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Algirdas Vaskelis
Aldona Jagminiene
Ina Stankeviciene
Eugenijus Norkus
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Lam Res Corp
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    • C23COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
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    • C23C18/00Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
    • C23C18/16Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by reduction or substitution, e.g. electroless plating
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    • C23COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23CCOATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C18/00Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
    • C23C18/16Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by reduction or substitution, e.g. electroless plating
    • C23C18/31Coating with metals
    • C23C18/32Coating with nickel, cobalt or mixtures thereof with phosphorus or boron

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Description

鈷合金之無電沉積
本發明是屬於半導體裝置製造的領域,更詳細地說是屬於包含銅的多層結構製造的領域。
半導體裝置常使用含有Cu-SiC或Cu-Si3 N4 的介電阻障層。舉例來說,先進後段製程(BEOL)的金屬化結構可包括這些介電阻障層。吾人已發現,含有沉積在銅層與SiC或Si3 N4 層間的鈷合金覆蓋層造成了層間更佳的黏合度以及電遷移與銅擴散有更佳的特性。該鈷合金覆蓋層可藉化學汽相沉積(CVD,chemical vapor deposition)或無電沉積來沉積於銅之上。
將鈷合金如CoWBP或CoWP無電沉積於銅上已被提出。一典型的方法係在一強鹼性的環境下使用一鈷鹽、一鎢鹽、一次磷酸鹽還原劑、一如二甲基胺硼烷(DMAB,dimethylaminoborane)之硼烷還原劑以及一錯合劑。舉例來說,沉積作用通常發生在pH等於9或以上。當鈷合金只是用來作為促進黏合的用途時,則鎢與磷並非必要,因為包含這些元素主要的目的是藉由填滿Co的晶粒邊界以及減少或消除Cu的擴散途徑,來改善對銅擴散的阻抗性。
無電沉積作用會遭到銅上的薄氧化銅層所阻礙。當銅曝露在空氣或其他氧化環境中時,此氧化銅層會形成。此外,銅與介電質表面上的污染會導致因圖形不同之電鍍效果,如鈷合金覆蓋層的厚度因圖形不同而變化。因此,在進行鈷合金覆蓋層的沉積前,有必要抑制銅層上原生氧化銅的形成。典型地,控制製程環境以抑制此氧化層的形成,以及除去銅表面本來已有之任何氧化銅及有機污染。不幸的是,在習知技藝中,於鈷合金之無電沉積製程中使用強鹼性溶液反而會促進而非抑制氧化銅的形成。
本發明之各種實施例包括使用一低pH配方,例如低於7,以將一鈷合金沉積於銅之上。這些配方包含諸如一鈷鹽、一含氮錯合劑、一酸鹼調整劑、一選擇性的晶粒邊界充填劑以及一選擇性的還原劑。
通常,使用低pH的配方造成在鈷沉積前氧化銅生成的減少。由沉積的金屬可看出,因為-OH基較少會促使一較均衡的晶粒結構,所以減少末端為OH的介電質表面面積可造成較佳的晶粒形態。沉積的金屬能夠較直接地與銅表面交互作用。如此,沉積的形態較不易受到如下因素影響:沉積速率、DMAB濃度、溫度及溶液濃度。此外,在某些實施例中,使用低pH的配方消除了用如鈀(Pd)的催化性金屬來活化表層的必要性。
相較於習知技藝之電路,在各種實施例中,使用本發明將促使積體電路擁有銅與介電阻障層間較佳的黏合度、較佳的先進後段製程(BEOL)金屬化結構,及/或較佳的電遷移效果。
本發明之各種實施例中包括一種溶液,該溶液包含一鈷鹽:一錯合劑,用以使用鈷鹽將一鈷層沉積於銅之上;及一酸鹼調整劑,用以將溶液之pH調整至低於7.0。
本發明之各種實施例中包括一種方法,該方法包含製備一溶液,用以將一鈷層沉積於銅之上,該溶液之pH低於7.0且包含一鈷(II)鹽、一包括至少二胺基之錯合劑及一用以將pH調整至低於7.0之酸鹼調整劑;浸沒一銅表面於該溶液之中;以及用該溶液將一鈷合金層沉積於該銅表面之上。
本發明之各種實施例中包括一半導體裝置,該半導體裝置使用揭露於此之該方法製造。
依照各種實施例,圖1表示一無電沉積系統,概括標示為100。此系統包含一容器110,用以容納一溶液120。容器110選擇性地用以維持溶液120的及應溫度在0與100℃之間,而在一 實施例中為大約40與70℃之間。
溶液120用以將鈷合金沉積於一銅基板上。在各種實施例中,這些鈷合金包含鈷鎢磷合金(CoWP,cobalt-tungsten-phosphorus alloy)、鈷鎢硼合金(CoWB,cobalt-tungsten-boron alloy)、鈷鎢硼磷合金(cobalt-tungsten-boron-phosphorus alloy)及/或其他類似物。在各種實施例中,這些鈷合金用以改善銅與諸如SiC或Si3 N4 之介電質層間的黏合度及/或銅擴散阻障特性。
溶液120之特性為其pH低於9。舉例來說,在各種實施例中,溶液120之pH低於7.5、7、6.5、6、5.5或5.0。
溶液120包含一鈷鹽。此鈷鹽可包含鈷(II),諸如CoSO4 、Co(NO3 )2 等。該鈷鹽亦可包含一錯鹽如[Co(II)[胺]從1至3 ]2+ [陰離子]2- ,諸如[Co(En )]SO4 、[Co(En )2 ]SO4 、[Co(En )3 ]SO4 、[Co(Dien )](NO3 )2 、[Co(Dien )2 ](NO3 )2 等,式中En 係伸乙二胺(ethylenediamine),Dien 係二伸乙三胺(diethylenetriamine)。溶液120可包含寬廣濃度範圍的鈷鹽。在一實施例中,其鈷鹽的濃度為1×10-4 M或更低。
溶液120更包含一錯合劑。通常該錯合劑包含一胺基,但在另種實施例中可用氨和其他簡單有機胺及聚胺(polyamine)替代。舉例來說,該錯合劑可包含氨、NH4 OH、或二胺(diamine)和三胺(tri-amine)化合物。在各種實施例中,錯合劑包含伸乙二胺、丙二胺(propylenediamine)、二伸乙三胺(diethylenetriamine)、3-亞甲基二胺(3-methylenediamine)、三伸乙四胺(triethylenetetraamine)、四伸乙五胺(tetraethylenepentamine)、高碳脂肪族聚胺(higher aliphatic polyamines)及/或其他聚胺。在各種實施例中,聚胺包含四胺(tetra-amines)、五胺(penta-amines)、環狀二胺(cyclic diamines)及/或三胺。這些聚胺的一般結構為R”-NH-R’-R-NH-R’’’或R”-NH-R’-NH-R-NH-R’’’,或更普遍地 R’’’-NH-[R’-NH]n -[R’-NH]m -R-NH-R’’’’。
在各種實施例中,錯合劑包含如苯-1,2-二胺(benzene-1,2-diamine)的芳族聚胺(aromatic polyamines)和如吡啶(pyridine)、雙吡啶(dipyridine)與含氮雜環胺(nitrogen heterocyclic amines)的含氮雜環(nitrogen heterocycles),及/或如吡啶-1-胺(pyridine-1-amine)的聚胺。在某些實施例中,胺在酸性介質中質子化後形成胺鹽。當錯合劑的濃度會廣泛地變化時,在某些實施例中則選定濃度使鈷沉積和薄膜特徵最佳化。錯合劑的濃度通常大於鈷鹽陽離子的濃度。
溶液120更包含一酸鹼調整劑。該酸鹼調整劑依所需之陰離子可包含諸如乙酸、硫酸、硝酸或其他無機或有機酸。在某些實施例中,酸鹼調整劑包含一緩衝液。通常選定酸鹼調整劑的濃度來達到溶液120之pH的期望值,諸如pH低於7.5、7、6.5、6、5.5或5.0。
溶液120選擇性地更包含一晶粒邊界充填劑。此晶粒邊界充填劑可包含如一鎢酸(WO4 -2 )鹽。替代或額外的晶粒邊界充填劑亦包可括磷基化合物,而基本上熟悉本技藝者當可輕易得知其他被包含之化合物。
溶液120更包含一活化劑或一還原劑,例如DMAB。沉積前,該活化劑用以活化銅表面。其他活化劑包括其他胺基硼烷(aminoboranes)如NaBH4 。基本上熟悉本技藝者當可輕易得知可作為還原劑之其他胺基硼烷類型。
在各種實施例中,溶液120更包含選定的添加劑,使溶液120的特定應用效果最佳化。這些添加劑可選擇性地包含用以產生具有較小尺寸之晶粒生長之增進成核(nucleation enhancement)添加劑、結核生成抑制劑(nodule growth suppressors)、界面活性劑、安定劑及/或其他類似物。
在一實施例中,溶液120包含濃度為0.01M至0.05M間之CoSO4 、濃度為大約0.015M之Dien 、濃度為0.1M至0.4M間之DMAB, 以及用以將pH調整至大約5.5之CH3 COOH。
溶液120選擇性地用脫氧液體製備。
依照各種實施例,圖2表示使用圖1之系統將一鈷合金層沉積於一銅層上的方法。在某些實施例中,此方法係用來製造積體電路。
在一製備溶液步驟210中,溶液120進行製備。可在容器110中進行製備,或在一外部器皿之中製備完成後將溶液120從該器皿轉移至容器110。
在一浸沒基板步驟220中,將欲覆蓋一鈷合金薄膜之銅表面浸沒於溶液120之中。該銅表面選擇性地可為積體電路的一部分,及/或可裝設於半導體晶片上。
在一塗覆薄層步驟230中,藉由銅表面與溶液120的化學及應,鈷合金沉積於銅表面上。
在一選擇性的沉積介電質步驟240中,一介電質沉積於鈷合金的上方。此沉積可藉由化學汽相沉積及/或類似方法於一無電電鍍溶液中來完成。
依照各種實施例,圖3表示使用圖2之方法所製造的部分半導體裝置,如形成於晶片上之電路,該電路包括一銅層310、一鈷合金層320及一介電阻障層330。可選擇地,鈷合金層320係實質上比銅層310與介電阻障層330更薄。相較於習知技藝之電路,在某些實施例中,該電路的特性是改善銅層310與介電阻障層330間的黏合度及/或減少銅擴散至介電阻障層之中。
數個實施例特別地說明及/或敘述於此。然而在不離開本發明之精神及所限定之範圍下,須了解到各種修改與變化係包含於前述教示及隨附之申請專利範圍之範疇中。舉例來說,縱使敘述於此的系統及方法係於製造電路之領域,其可被應用於生產其他裝置。此外,於此探討之溶液可為水性或非水性。
本發明於此敘述之實施例係舉例性的。由於在描述本發明這些實施例時參考舉例,熟悉技藝者當可更加明白所描述之方法及/ 或特定結構的各種修改及應用。所有依賴本發明之教示的修改、應用或變化,及藉由這些教示使本技藝進步者,都將被認為在本發明的精神及範圍之內。因此,須了解到本發明並非完全地僅限於舉例之實施例,且這些描述與附圖不應被認為是具限制性的。
100‧‧‧無電沉積系統
110‧‧‧容器
120‧‧‧溶液
210‧‧‧製備溶液步驟
220‧‧‧浸沒基板步驟
230‧‧‧塗覆薄層步驟
240‧‧‧沉積介電質步驟
310‧‧‧銅層
320‧‧‧鈷合金層
330‧‧‧介電阻障層
圖1表示依照各種實施例中之無電沉積系統。
圖2表示依照各種實施例中之方法,該方法利用圖1之系統將一鈷合金層沉積於一銅層上。
圖3表示依照各種實施例中之介電質,該介電質可利用圖2之方法製造,且包括一銅層、一鈷合金層以及一介電阻障層。
310‧‧‧銅層
320‧‧‧鈷合金層
330‧‧‧介電阻障層

Claims (23)

  1. 一種用以沉積鈷層之溶液,包含:一鈷鹽;一錯合劑,用以使用該鈷鹽將一鈷層沉積於銅之上,該錯合劑包含一胺化合物;及一酸鹼調整劑,用以將該溶液之pH調整至低於6.0。
  2. 如申請專利範圍第1項之用以沉積鈷層之溶液,更包含一晶粒邊界充填劑。
  3. 如申請專利範圍第1項之用以沉積鈷層之溶液,更包含一用以增進細晶粒生長之添加劑、一結核生長抑制劑或一界面活性劑。
  4. 如申請專利範圍第1項之用以沉積鈷層之溶液,其中該鈷鹽包含一鈷(II)鹽。
  5. 如申請專利範圍第1項之用以沉積鈷層之溶液,其中該鈷鹽包含一胺基。
  6. 如申請專利範圍第1項之用以沉積鈷層之溶液,其中該鈷鹽包含一胺基,且該鈷鹽之結構為[Co(II)[胺]從1至3 ]2+ [陰離子]2-
  7. 如申請專利範圍第1項之用以沉積鈷層之溶液,其中該鈷鹽包含[Co(En )]SO4 、[Co(En )2 ]SO4 、[Co(En )3 ]SO4、[Co(Dien )](NO3 )2 或[Co(Dien )2 ](NO3 )2
  8. 如申請專利範圍第1項之用以沉積鈷層之溶液,其中該胺化合物包含一二胺。
  9. 如申請專利範圍第1項之用以沉積鈷層之溶液,其中該胺化合物包含一三胺。
  10. 如申請專利範圍第1項之用以沉積鈷層之溶液,其中該胺化合物包含一聚胺,該聚胺的結構為R”-NH-R’-R-NH-R'''。
  11. 如申請專利範圍第1項之用以沉積鈷層之溶液,其中該胺化合物包含一聚胺,該聚胺的結構為R”-NH-R’-NH-R-NH-R'''。
  12. 如申請專利範圍第1項之用以沉積鈷層之溶液,其中該胺化合物包含一聚胺,該聚胺的結構為R'''-NH-[R’-NH]n -[R’-NH]m -R-NH-R''''。
  13. 如申請專利範圍第1項之用以沉積鈷層之溶液,其中該胺化合物為芳香族。
  14. 如申請專利範圍第1項之用以沉積鈷層之溶液,更包括一還原劑。
  15. 如申請專利範圍第14項之用以沉積鈷層之溶液,其中該還原劑包含DMAB。
  16. 如申請專利範圍第1項之用以沉積鈷層之溶液,其中該溶液以脫氧液體製備。
  17. 一種用以沉積鈷層之方法,包含:製備一溶液,該溶液用以將一鈷層沉積於銅上,且其pH低於6.0,該溶液並包含:一鈷(II)鹽; 一錯合劑,包括至少兩個胺基;及一酸鹼調整劑,用以將pH調整至低於6.0;浸沒一銅表面於該溶液中;及用該溶液沉積一鈷合金層於該銅表面。
  18. 如申請專利範圍第17項之用以沉積鈷層之方法,更包含將一介電質層沉積於該鈷合金層之上。
  19. 如申請專利範圍第17項之用以沉積鈷層之方法,其中該鈷鹽包含一鈷(II)鹽。
  20. 如申請專利範圍第17項之用以沉積鈷層之方法,其中該鈷鹽包含一胺基。
  21. 如申請專利範圍第17項之用以沉積鈷層之方法,其中該錯合劑包含一胺化合物。
  22. 如申請專利範圍第17項之用以沉積鈷層之方法,其中該溶液更包括一還原劑。
  23. 一種半導體裝置,係使用申請專利範圍第17項之用以沉積鈷層之方法製造。
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