TWI428942B - Electric double layer capacitor - Google Patents
Electric double layer capacitor Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- TWI428942B TWI428942B TW095112760A TW95112760A TWI428942B TW I428942 B TWI428942 B TW I428942B TW 095112760 A TW095112760 A TW 095112760A TW 95112760 A TW95112760 A TW 95112760A TW I428942 B TWI428942 B TW I428942B
- Authority
- TW
- Taiwan
- Prior art keywords
- acid
- dimethyl
- ethyl
- methyl
- electrolyte
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 title claims description 62
- -1 aldehyde compound Chemical class 0.000 claims description 159
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 154
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 67
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 31
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000003125 aqueous solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- GHMLBKRAJCXXBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N resorcinol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC(O)=C1 GHMLBKRAJCXXBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-O Imidazolium Chemical compound C1=C[NH+]=CN1 RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000004964 aerogel Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000003763 carbonization Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 229960001755 resorcinol Drugs 0.000 claims description 13
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 12
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims description 11
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000010000 carbonizing Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- DTQVDTLACAAQTR-UHFFFAOYSA-M Trifluoroacetate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C(F)(F)F DTQVDTLACAAQTR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 34
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acrylate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 33
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 25
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 25
- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 description 24
- 150000002989 phenols Chemical class 0.000 description 24
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 17
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 16
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 15
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 14
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 13
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 12
- DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tert-Butanol Chemical compound CC(C)(C)O DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 12
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 12
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000000123 paper Substances 0.000 description 12
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 11
- 239000006258 conductive agent Substances 0.000 description 11
- CZPWVGJYEJSRLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrimidine Chemical compound C1=CN=CN=C1 CZPWVGJYEJSRLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 10
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 10
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 9
- YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Butyrolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCO1 YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 8
- 125000001153 fluoro group Chemical group F* 0.000 description 8
- 239000004745 nonwoven fabric Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000011240 wet gel Substances 0.000 description 8
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 7
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 7
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000002798 polar solvent Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formaldehyde Chemical compound O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 6
- 150000004693 imidazolium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 description 6
- KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butadiene Chemical compound C=CC=C KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- WWZKQHOCKIZLMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Caprylic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC(O)=O WWZKQHOCKIZLMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 5
- 150000005678 chain carbonates Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 125000004093 cyano group Chemical group *C#N 0.000 description 5
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 5
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- WABPQHHGFIMREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead(0) Chemical compound [Pb] WABPQHHGFIMREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 5
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 5
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- WQGWDDDVZFFDIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrogallol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC(O)=C1O WQGWDDDVZFFDIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 125000001453 quaternary ammonium group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 5
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- SNRUBQQJIBEYMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dodecane Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCC SNRUBQQJIBEYMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 4
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- RRHGJUQNOFWUDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isoprene Chemical compound CC(=C)C=C RRHGJUQNOFWUDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methacrylic acid Chemical compound CC(=C)C(O)=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- KWYHDKDOAIKMQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine Chemical compound CN(C)CCN(C)C KWYHDKDOAIKMQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 4
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Succinic acid Natural products OC(=O)CCC(O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229960000583 acetic acid Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 4
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 150000001449 anionic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- DOIRQSBPFJWKBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibutyl phthalate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OCCCC DOIRQSBPFJWKBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethylselenoniopropionate Natural products CCC(O)=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000002222 fluorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 238000004108 freeze drying Methods 0.000 description 4
- GAEKPEKOJKCEMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N gamma-valerolactone Chemical compound CC1CCC(=O)O1 GAEKPEKOJKCEMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910001412 inorganic anion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- FJKROLUGYXJWQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N papa-hydroxy-benzoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 FJKROLUGYXJWQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- CBXCPBUEXACCNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraethylammonium Chemical class CC[N+](CC)(CC)CC CBXCPBUEXACCNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- IBZJNLWLRUHZIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethyl-3-methyl-2h-imidazole Chemical compound CCN1CN(C)C=C1 IBZJNLWLRUHZIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- IXQGCWUGDFDQMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Ethylphenol Chemical compound CCC1=CC=CC=C1O IXQGCWUGDFDQMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Propenoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- HRPVXLWXLXDGHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylamide Chemical compound NC(=O)C=C HRPVXLWXLXDGHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 3
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 229910020366 ClO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid Chemical compound OC(O)=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910000420 cerium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000005676 cyclic carbonates Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCO MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 3
- LHGVFZTZFXWLCP-UHFFFAOYSA-N guaiacol Chemical class COC1=CC=CC=C1O LHGVFZTZFXWLCP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- JEGUKCSWCFPDGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N h2o hydrate Chemical compound O.O JEGUKCSWCFPDGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000001261 hydroxy acids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000012046 mixed solvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000002762 monocarboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 125000001421 myristyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 3
- 125000004108 n-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 3
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000002891 organic anions Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 150000002892 organic cations Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoceriooxy)cerium Chemical compound [Ce]=O.O=[Ce]=O BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 3
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 3
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-O phosphonium Chemical group [PH4+] XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 3
- 230000000379 polymerizing effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- RMVRSNDYEFQCLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiophenol Chemical compound SC1=CC=CC=C1 RMVRSNDYEFQCLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N valeric acid Chemical compound CCCCC(O)=O NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- JGKUAQBKVQNKMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N (1,3-dimethylimidazol-2-ylidene)-dimethylazanium Chemical compound CN(C)C=1N(C)C=C[N+]=1C JGKUAQBKVQNKMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BQCIDUSAKPWEOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-Difluoroethene Chemical compound FC(F)=C BQCIDUSAKPWEOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RHUYHJGZWVXEHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-Dimethyhydrazine Chemical compound CN(C)N RHUYHJGZWVXEHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IFZHGQSUNAKKSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-diethylhydrazine Chemical compound CCN(N)CC IFZHGQSUNAKKSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DWLPJPXCLGSLTI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3,4-tetraethylimidazol-1-ium Chemical compound CCC1=C[N+](CC)=C(CC)N1CC DWLPJPXCLGSLTI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DNSADNILRQYBAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3,4-tetramethylimidazol-1-ium Chemical compound CC1=C[N+](C)=C(C)N1C DNSADNILRQYBAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YOOLJTBTGUJKSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3,5-tetramethyl-1,3-diazinane Chemical compound CC1CN(C)C(C)N(C)C1 YOOLJTBTGUJKSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SBFXJIZCJIYABX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3-triethylimidazol-1-ium Chemical compound CCC=1N(CC)C=C[N+]=1CC SBFXJIZCJIYABX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DIIIISSCIXVANO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine Chemical compound CNNC DIIIISSCIXVANO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MYRTYDVEIRVNKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-Divinylbenzene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1C=C MYRTYDVEIRVNKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZZXUZKXVROWEIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-butylene carbonate Chemical compound CCC1COC(=O)O1 ZZXUZKXVROWEIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HUUBGMAZZGQSLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-dibutyl-1,2-dimethylhydrazine Chemical compound CCCCN(C)N(C)CCCC HUUBGMAZZGQSLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZFSFKYIBIOKXKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethyl-1-methylhydrazine Chemical compound CCN(C)N ZFSFKYIBIOKXKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NIHOUJYFWMURBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethyl-1-methylpyrrolidin-1-ium Chemical compound CC[N+]1(C)CCCC1 NIHOUJYFWMURBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IRGDPGYNHSIIJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazol-3-ium Chemical compound CCN1C=C[N+](C)=C1C IRGDPGYNHSIIJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KJCVRFUGPWSIIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-naphthol Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(O)=CC=CC2=C1 KJCVRFUGPWSIIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KWKAKUADMBZCLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-octene Chemical compound CCCCCCC=C KWKAKUADMBZCLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BYAVRLXYSMUHEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3,4-triethyl-1-methylimidazol-1-ium Chemical compound CCC1=CN(C)C(CC)=[N+]1CC BYAVRLXYSMUHEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QWBBPBRQALCEIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-dimethylphenol Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC(O)=C1C QWBBPBRQALCEIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CIPYSOLXHSHPOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4-diethyl-1,3-dimethylimidazol-1-ium Chemical compound CCC1=C[N+](C)=C(CC)N1C CIPYSOLXHSHPOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NKTOLZVEWDHZMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,5-xylenol Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(C)C(O)=C1 NKTOLZVEWDHZMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NXXYKOUNUYWIHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,6-Dimethylphenol Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC(C)=C1O NXXYKOUNUYWIHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XKZQKPRCPNGNFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3-hydroxyphenyl)phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC(C=2C(=CC=CC=2)O)=C1 XKZQKPRCPNGNFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- GJVSYYDNVIVXCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n,1-trimethylpyridin-1-ium-4-amine Chemical compound CN(C)C1=CC=[N+](C)C=C1 GJVSYYDNVIVXCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BLCKJZUSLUWMRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n,4-triethyl-1,3-dimethyl-1,3-diazinan-2-amine Chemical compound CCC1CCN(C)C(N(CC)CC)N1C BLCKJZUSLUWMRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UJDAQLUWCNXJLU-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-dimethyl-1-propylpyridin-1-ium-4-amine Chemical compound CCC[N+]1=CC=C(N(C)C)C=C1 UJDAQLUWCNXJLU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YFKNCTBAPAZLON-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-dimethyl-1h-indol-2-amine Chemical class C1=CC=C2NC(N(C)C)=CC2=C1 YFKNCTBAPAZLON-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FTJXXXSSRCHQKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-(2-cyanoethyl)prop-2-enamide Chemical compound C=CC(=O)NCCC#N FTJXXXSSRCHQKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OMNKZBIFPJNNIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-(2-methyl-4-oxopentan-2-yl)prop-2-enamide Chemical compound CC(=O)CC(C)(C)NC(=O)C=C OMNKZBIFPJNNIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Octanol Natural products CCCCCCCC TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- SMBYUOXUISCLCF-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-ethyl-n-methylpropan-1-amine Chemical compound CCCN(C)CC SMBYUOXUISCLCF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KERBAAIBDHEFDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-ethylformamide Chemical compound CCNC=O KERBAAIBDHEFDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004780 naphthols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910021382 natural graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitromethane Chemical compound C[N+]([O-])=O LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052755 nonmetal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N oleic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IRMPFYJSHJGOPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N olivetol Chemical compound CCCCCC1=CC(O)=CC(O)=C1 IRMPFYJSHJGOPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005486 organic electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000962 organic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000002923 oximes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000913 palmityl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- AZQWKYJCGOJGHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N para-benzoquinone Natural products O=C1C=CC(=O)C=C1 AZQWKYJCGOJGHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QNGNSVIICDLXHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N para-ethylbenzaldehyde Natural products CCC1=CC=C(C=O)C=C1 QNGNSVIICDLXHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SQYNKIJPMDEDEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N paraldehyde Chemical compound CC1OC(C)OC(C)O1 SQYNKIJPMDEDEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960003868 paraldehyde Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005011 phenolic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000286 phenylethyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- QCDYQQDYXPDABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N phloroglucinol Chemical compound OC1=CC(O)=CC(O)=C1 QCDYQQDYXPDABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960001553 phloroglucinol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QVLTXCYWHPZMCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N po4-po4 Chemical class OP(O)(O)=O.OP(O)(O)=O QVLTXCYWHPZMCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001197 polyacetylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000768 polyamine Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000767 polyaniline Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001707 polybutylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000008442 polyphenolic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000013824 polyphenols Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920000128 polypyrrole Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001282 polysaccharide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005017 polysaccharide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000123 polythiophene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005749 polyurethane resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910000027 potassium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001414 potassium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000160 potassium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011009 potassium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- DPLVEEXVKBWGHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium sulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[K+].[K+] DPLVEEXVKBWGHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HJWLCRVIBGQPNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-2-enylbenzene Chemical compound C=CCC1=CC=CC=C1 HJWLCRVIBGQPNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KJAQRHMKLVGSCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-2-ylhydrazine Chemical compound CC(C)NN KJAQRHMKLVGSCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 1
- FVSKHRXBFJPNKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N propionitrile Chemical compound CCC#N FVSKHRXBFJPNKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940090181 propyl acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-O pyridinium Chemical compound C1=CC=[NH+]C=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- JWVCLYRUEFBMGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N quinazoline Chemical compound N1=CN=CC2=CC=CC=C21 JWVCLYRUEFBMGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004053 quinones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006479 redox reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229960004889 salicylic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000002914 sec-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001415 sodium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001488 sodium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000162 sodium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- KEAYESYHFKHZAL-BJUDXGSMSA-N sodium-22 Chemical compound [22Na] KEAYESYHFKHZAL-BJUDXGSMSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000020 sulfo group Chemical group O=S(=O)([*])O[H] 0.000 description 1
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011975 tartaric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000002906 tartaric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000005497 tetraalkylphosphonium group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- DZLFLBLQUQXARW-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrabutylammonium Chemical compound CCCC[N+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC DZLFLBLQUQXARW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoroethene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)F BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QEMXHQIAXOOASZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetramethylammonium Chemical compound C[N+](C)(C)C QEMXHQIAXOOASZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BXYHVFRRNNWPMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetramethylphosphanium Chemical compound C[P+](C)(C)C BXYHVFRRNNWPMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003536 tetrazoles Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 235000019303 thiodipropionic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WBYWAXJHAXSJNI-VOTSOKGWSA-N trans-cinnamic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C\C1=CC=CC=C1 WBYWAXJHAXSJNI-VOTSOKGWSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-crotonic acid Natural products CC=CC(O)=O LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003852 triazoles Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- GFVKHYGXCQWRON-UHFFFAOYSA-N tributyl(ethyl)azanium Chemical compound CCCC[N+](CC)(CCCC)CCCC GFVKHYGXCQWRON-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DXJLCRNXYNRGRA-UHFFFAOYSA-M tributyl(methyl)azanium;iodide Chemical compound [I-].CCCC[N+](C)(CCCC)CCCC DXJLCRNXYNRGRA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- WVLBCYQITXONBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl phosphate Chemical compound COP(=O)(OC)OC WVLBCYQITXONBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K trisodium phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 229940005605 valeric acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- HGBOYTHUEUWSSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N valeric aldehyde Natural products CCCCC=O HGBOYTHUEUWSSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001567 vinyl ester resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011800 void material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003739 xylenols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011592 zinc chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000005074 zinc chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/04—Hybrid capacitors
- H01G11/06—Hybrid capacitors with one of the electrodes allowing ions to be reversibly doped thereinto, e.g. lithium ion capacitors [LIC]
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/30—Active carbon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/30—Active carbon
- C01B32/312—Preparation
- C01B32/318—Preparation characterised by the starting materials
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/24—Electrodes characterised by structural features of the materials making up or comprised in the electrodes, e.g. form, surface area or porosity; characterised by the structural features of powders or particles used therefor
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/32—Carbon-based
- H01G11/34—Carbon-based characterised by carbonisation or activation of carbon
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/54—Electrolytes
- H01G11/58—Liquid electrolytes
- H01G11/62—Liquid electrolytes characterised by the solute, e.g. salts, anions or cations therein
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/32—Carbon-based
- H01G11/44—Raw materials therefor, e.g. resins or coal
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/13—Energy storage using capacitors
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Electric Double-Layer Capacitors Or The Like (AREA)
Description
本發明係有關電雙層電容器者。
目前,在深液電力儲存、停電緊急補助電源等領域,謀求可大量儲存電能量之電能量儲存裝置;在電動車、混合汽車等充電式輸送機器之領域,或攜帶型個人電腦、行動電話、攜帶型音頻機器等攜帶式電子終端機之領域,期望小體積、可長時間使用、每一單位體積所儲存之電能量大的電能量儲存裝置。
電雙層電容器,係由電極、分隔板、及電解液所成。溶解於電解液之電解質,吸附於電極,期待在電解質與電極之間所形成的界面(電雙層)儲存電能量之儲存電能量裝置。儲存之能量以1/2.C.V2
[但,C為靜電容量(F),V為電位]表示;為儲存大量之能量,電能量儲存裝置之靜電容量必要增大,為以小型容器儲存大量之電能量時,必要提升每一單位體積的靜電容量。
電雙層電容器之電極泛用活性碳,具體而言,有藉由將椰殼等原料碳化、賦活而得之微細孔(細孔直徑為20以下)主體的活性碳等。美國專利第4,873,218號公報(表1)中有,以間苯二酚(R)與鹼性催化劑(C)之莫耳比(R/C)為200~410倍、間苯二酚(R)與水系溶劑(W)之重量比(R/W)為0.027~0.067倍,進行聚合而得之有機氣凝膠的活性碳之揭示。特表2002-511899號公報(申請項1、實施例1~4)中有,以R/C為2000以上、R/W為0.39~0.56倍,進行聚合而得之有機氣凝膠的活性碳之揭示。期望開發使用可更提升每一單位體積之靜電容量的新穎活性碳之電雙層電容器。
又,近年來,有將間苯二酚與甲醛在鹼性催化劑及水系溶劑之存在進行聚合,而得均勻具有中間孔(細孔直徑20以上)之有機氣凝膠,接著以有機溶劑洗淨,將水系溶劑取代為該有機溶劑後,經乾燥,接著進行碳化所得的中間孔主體之活性碳,可使用為每一單位重量之靜電容量大的電雙層電容器之電極的揭示(參照特開平9-328308號公報[0017]、特表2002-511899號公報「p.35」)。
特開平9-328308號公報[0017]中使用四乙基銨鹽作為電解質、特表2002-511899號公報[p.35]中使用氫氧化鉀作為電解質;電解質中使用氫氧化鉀等水系電解液時,有耐電壓(電位)降低,可儲存能量減少的問題。
本發明的工作同仁,就特開平9-328308號公報[0017]記載之電雙層電容器進行檢討的結果,瞭解不能充分獲得每一單位體積之靜電容量。
本發明的工作同仁,就極少上述問題之電雙層電容器進行檢討的結果,發現含有某種電解質之電雙層電容器、或含有某種活性碳之電雙層電容器,可提升每一單位體積之靜電容量。
[發明之揭示]
本發明之目的係,提供經提高每一單位體積之靜電容量的電雙層電容器。
即,本發明係提供下述[1]~[12]者。
[1]一種電雙層電容器,其係由活性碳所成電極,含電解質電解液,及分隔板所成之電雙層電容器;其特徵為電解質係式(1)所示之咪唑鹽(imidazolium)。
活性碳係在水系溶劑及鹼性催化劑存在下,將分子內具有至少一個羥基之酚性化合物與醛化合物進行聚合而得的有機氣凝膠,進行碳化所得之活性碳。
[2]如[1]記載之電雙層電容器,其中電解質之抗衝離子為至少一種選自三氟乙酸酯(CF3
CO2 -
)及四氟硼酸酯(BF4 -
)所成群之離子。
[3]如[1]或[2]記載之電雙層電容器,其中酚性化合物為間苯二酚。
[4]如[1]~[3]項中任一項記載之電雙層電容器,其中活性係每1莫耳的鹼性催化劑下使用酚性化合物0.25~1,000莫耳,每1重量份的水系溶劑下使用酚性化合物0.5~5重量份所得之活性碳。
[5]如[1]~[4]項中任一項記載之電雙層電容器,其中活性碳為在650~850℃進行碳化所得之活性碳。
[6]如[1]~[5]項中任一項記載之電雙層電容器,其中活性碳係細孔容積為1.5cc/g以下之活性碳。
[7]一種活性碳,其係細孔容積為1.5cc/g以下者;其特徵為在水系溶劑及鹼性催化劑存在下,將分子內具有至少一個羥基之酚性化合物與醛化合物進行聚合而得的有機氣凝膠,進行碳化所得。
[8]如[7]記載之活性碳,其中酚性化合物為間苯二酚。
[9]一種電極,其特徵為含有[7]或[8]項記載之活性碳。
[10]一種電雙層電容器,其特徵為含有[9]項記載之電極、分隔板、及電解液。
[11]一種活性碳之製造方法,其係在水系溶劑及鹼性催化劑存在下,將分子內具有至少一個羥基之酚性化合物與醛化合物進行聚合而得的有機氣凝膠,進行碳化之活化碳製造方法;其特徵為每一莫耳的鹼性催化劑下使用酚性化合物0.25~1,000莫耳,每1重量份的水系溶劑下使用酚性化合物0.5~5重量份,予以聚合。
[12]如[11]項記載之製造方法,其係在650~850℃下予以碳化。
[用以實施發明之最佳形態]
就本發明詳細說明如下。
本發明之電雙層電容器,係由活性碳所成之電極、含電解質之電解液、及分隔板所成。
本發明所使用之電解質係式(1)所示之咪唑鹽。
式中,R及R'為分別獨立之碳數1~6程度的烷基。碳數1~6程度之烷基有,例如甲基、乙基、正丙基、正丁基等。其中,以甲基及乙基,有增加每1單位體積之靜電容量的傾向,甚為適合。
又,R1
~R3
為分別獨立之氫原子或碳數1~6程度的烷基。碳數1~6程度之烷基之烷基,有與上述相同者。R1
~R3
可互為相異之基。
咪唑陽離子有,例如1,3-二甲基咪唑、1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑、1,3-二乙基咪唑、1,2,3-三甲基咪唑、1,3,4-三甲基咪唑、1-乙基-2,3-二甲基咪唑、1-乙基-3,4-二甲基咪唑、1-乙基-3,5-二甲基咪唑、2-乙基-1,3-二甲基咪唑、4-乙基-1,3-二甲基咪唑、1,2-二乙基-3-甲基咪唑、1,4-二乙基-3-甲基咪唑、1,5-二乙
基-3-甲基咪唑、1,3-二乙基-2-甲基咪唑、1,3-二乙基-4-甲基咪唑、1,2,3-三乙基咪唑、1,3,4-三乙基咪唑、1,2,3,4-四甲基咪唑、1-乙基-2,3,4-三甲基咪唑、1-乙基-2,3,5-三甲基咪唑、1-乙基-3,4,5-三甲基咪唑、2-乙基-1,3,4-三甲基咪唑、4-乙基-1,2,3-三甲基咪唑、1,2-二乙基-3,4-二甲基咪唑、1,3-二乙基-2,4-二甲基咪唑、1,4-二乙基-2,3-二甲基咪唑、2,4-二乙基-1,3-二甲基咪唑、4,5-二乙基-1,3-二甲基咪唑、1,2,3-三乙基-4-甲基咪唑、1,2,4-三乙基-3-甲基咪唑、1,2,5-三乙基-3-甲基咪唑、1,3,4-三乙基-2-甲基咪唑、1,3,4-三乙基-5-甲基咪唑、1,4,5-三乙基-3-甲基咪唑、1,2,3,4,5-五甲基咪唑等。
其中,咪唑陽離子為式(2)所示之1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑(EMI+
)時,每1單位體積之靜電容量有增加的傾向,極為適合。
本發明之電雙層電容器所使用的電解質之陽離子,可含有四乙基銨、三乙基甲基銨、三甲基丙基銨、1-乙基-1-甲基吡咯烷鎓、1-甲基-1-丙基哌啶鎓等脂肪族4級銨陽離子。
此等之含量,通常為EMI+
之莫耳數以下的程度。
本發明之電雙層電容器所使用的電解質之抗衡離子,通常有BF4 -
、PF6 -
、ClO4 -
、N(CF3
SO2
)-
、CF3
SO2 -
等;其中以CF3
SO2 -
及BF4 -
,有增加每1單位體積之靜電容量的傾向,甚為適合。抗衡離子可為不同種類之陰離子的混合物。
溶解電解質之電解液用的溶劑,通常使用極性溶劑,具體例有,碳數二甲酯、碳酸甲乙酯、碳酸二乙酯、碳酸二苯基酯、碳酸甲基苯基酯等鏈狀碳酸酯;碳酸乙烯酯、碳酸丙烯酯、2,3-二甲基碳酸乙烯酯、碳酸丁烯酯、碳酸亞乙烯酯、2-乙烯基碳酸乙烯酯等環狀碳酸酯等的碳酸酯類;甲酸甲酯、乙酸甲酸、丙酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丙酯、乙酸丁酯、乙酸戊酯、苯甲酸甲酯、苯甲酸乙酯、γ-丁內酯、γ-戊內酯、δ-戊丙酯等羧酸酯類;乙二醇二甲醚、乙二醇二乙醚、乙二醇單甲醚、乙二醇單乙醚、1,4-二噁烷、1,3-二氧五圜化合物、四氫呋喃、2-甲基四氫呋喃、2,6-二甲基四氫呋喃、四氫吡喃等醚類;乙腈、丙腈、甲氧基丙腈、戊二腈、己二腈、2-甲基戊二腈等腈類;N-甲基甲醯胺、N-乙基甲醯胺、N,N-二甲基甲醯胺、N,N-二甲基乙醯胺、N-甲基吡咯烷酮等醯胺類;二甲基碸、甲基乙基碸、二乙基碸、環丁碸、3-甲基環丁碸、2,4-二甲基環丁碸等碸類;二甲基亞碸、甲基乙基亞碸、二乙基亞碸等亞碸類;硫酸二甲酯、硫酸二乙酯、硫酸乙烯酯、硫酸丙烯酯等硫酸酯類;亞硫酸二甲酯、亞硫酸二乙酯、亞硫酸乙烯酯、亞硫酸丙烯酯等亞硫酸酯類;磷酸三甲酯、磷酸乙基二甲基酯、磷酸二乙基甲基酯、磷酸三乙酯等磷酸酯類;1,3-二甲基-2-咪唑烷酮、1,3-二甲基-3,4,5,6-四氫-2(1H)-嘧啶酮、3-甲基-2-噁唑烷酮、硝基甲烷等等。
溶解電解質之溶劑,可為不同溶劑之混合物。
溶解電解質之溶劑,以使用碳酸酯類、羧酸酯類、腈類、醯胺類、碸類為佳;以使用碳酸酯類、羧酸酯類更佳。
電解液中電解質之濃度,通常為0.5~5.0莫耳(電解質)/L(電解液),較佳為0.7~3.0莫耳(電解質)/L(電解液)程度之濃度。溶解0.5莫耳/L以上之電解質時,有增加靜電容量的傾向之故較為適合;5.0莫耳/L以下時,電解液之黏度有降低的傾向,較為適合。
電解液中所含水份之含量,通常為200ppm以下,較佳為50ppm以下,更佳為20ppm以下。藉由抑制水份之含量,可避免因水之電解對電極的影響,尤其耐電壓之降低。
本發明所使用之活性碳,係在水系溶劑及鹼性催化劑存在下,將分子內具有至少一個羥基之酚性化合物與醛化合物進行聚合而得的有機氣凝膠,進行碳化所得之活性碳。
酸性化合物,係分子內具有至少一個羥基之酚性化合物,具體而言為式(3)所示之化合物。
式中,R1 0
為可鍵結取代基之碳數1~12程度的烷基;R1 0
為複數時,R1 0
可互為相異。n為0~3之整數;m為2~5之整數。但是,n及m之和為5以下。
可鍵結於烷基之取代基有,例如鹵原子、羥基、氰基、烷氧基、胺基甲醯基、羧基、烷氧基羰基、烷基羧基氧基、磺基及胺磺醯基等。
R1 0
可為直鏈狀、支鏈狀、環狀。
R1 0
有,例如甲基、乙基、正丙基、異丙基、正丁基、異丁基、仲丁基、正辛基、壬基、叔丁基等烷基;2-羥基乙基、2-羥基丙基、3-羥基丙基、2-羥基丁基、3-羥基丁基、4-羥基丁基、2,3-二羥基丙基、3,4-二羥基丁基等鍵結羥基之烷基;氰基甲基、2-氰基乙基、3-氰基丙基等鍵結氰基之烷基;甲氧基甲基、乙氧基甲基、2-甲氧基乙基、2-乙氧基乙基、3-甲氧基丙基、3-乙氧基丙基、2-羥基-3-甲氧基丙基等鍵結烷氧基之烷基。
氯甲基、溴甲基、2-氯乙基、2-溴乙基、3-氯丙基、3-溴丙基、4-氯丁基、4-溴丁基等鹵化烷基;羧基甲基、2-羧基乙基、3-羧基丙基、4-羧基丁基、1,2-二羧基乙基、胺基甲醯基甲基、2-胺基甲醯基乙基、3-胺基甲醯基丙基、4-胺基甲醯基丁基、甲氧基羰基甲基、乙氧基羰基甲基、2-甲氧基羰基乙基、2-乙氧基羰基乙基、3-甲氧基羰基丙基、3-乙氧基羰基丙基、4-甲氧基羰基丁基、4-乙氧基羰基丁基、甲基羰基氧甲基、乙基羰基氧甲基、2-甲基羰基氧乙基、2-乙基羰基氧乙基、3-甲基羰基氧丙基、3-乙基羰基氧丙基、4-甲基羰基氧丁基、4-乙基羰基氧丁基等。
R1 0
之碳數通常為1~12的程度。
R1 0
以氫原子或無取代之烷基為佳,以氫原子、甲基、乙基、正辛基更佳。
式(1)中,n以3或4為佳,以4更佳。m以1或2為佳,以1更佳。
式(3)所示之化合物的具體例有,鄰-甲酚、間-甲酚、對-甲酚、2,3-二甲苯酚、2,4-二甲苯酚、2,5-二甲苯酚、2,6-二甲苯酚、3,4-二甲苯酚、3,5-二甲苯酚、鄰-乙基酚、異丙基酚、丁基酚、對-叔丁基酚、對-辛基酚、對-壬基酚、2-氯酚、4-甲氧基酚、2,4-二氯酚、3,5-二氯酚、4-氯-3-甲基酚、鄰苯二酚、3-甲基鄰苯二酚、4-叔丁基鄰苯二酚、間苯二酚、2-甲基間苯二酚、4-乙基間苯二酚、4-氯間苯二酚、5-甲基間苯二酚、2,5-二甲基間苯二酚、5-甲氧基間苯二酚、5-戊基間苯二酚、間苯三酚、苯三酚等。
酸性化合物可單獨或兩種以上混合使用。
酸性化合物,以使用間苯二酚、間苯三酚更佳。
有機氣凝膠之製造中所使用的醛化合物有,例如甲醛、三聚乙醛、乙醛、丁醛、水楊醛、苯甲醛等。其中以使用甲醛為佳。
醛化合物之使用量,相對於酸性化合物/莫耳,通常為1~3莫耳之程度,較佳為1.2~2.5莫耳。
有機氣凝膠之製造中所使用之鹼性催化劑有,例如碳酸鈉、碳酸鉀、碳酸鋰、氫氧化鈉、氫氧化鉀、氫氧化鋰、碳酸鋇、磷酸鈉、碳酸鋰、磷酸鉀等。其中以使用碳酸鈉為佳。
鹼性催化劑與酸性化合物之量比係,每1莫耳鹼性催化劑通常,酸性化合物為0.25~10,000莫耳,較佳為0.25~1,000莫耳,更佳為1~500莫耳之範圍。
相對於鹼性催化劑,酸性化合物為0.25~10,000莫耳之範圍時,有提高靜電容量的傾向之故,甚為適合。
有機氣凝膠之製造中所使用水系溶劑,係指水,與水以隨意之比例混合而得的有機溶劑、該有機溶劑與水的混合物之意。於此,該有機溶劑具體而言有,甲醇、乙醇、異丙醇等醇系溶劑,四氫呋喃等醚系溶劑等。此等溶劑可單獨或兩種以上混合使用。
水系溶劑,以使用水、碳數3以下之醇系溶劑、水與碳數3以下之醇系溶劑的混合物為佳,以使用水更佳。
水系溶劑與酚性化合物之比係,相對於水系溶劑1重量份,通常酚性化合物為0.5~5重量份,較佳為1~2重量份。
水系溶劑與酚性化合物之量比為0.5~5重量份時,有提高每1單位體積之靜電容量的傾向之故,極適合。
本發明之製造方法中,水系溶劑之使用量為聚合時水系溶劑的使用量之意,酚性化合物或醛化合物所含之水系溶劑亦算入使用量中。例如為37%褔馬林水溶液時,63%之水計算為水系溶劑。
有機氣凝膠之製造方法有,將酚性化合物、醛化合物、鹼性催化劑及水系溶劑,總括進行混合,通常在0~100℃、較佳為30~90℃下攪拌而得潤濕凝膠後,進行乾燥的方法;在由酚性化合物、鹼性催化劑及水系溶劑所成的混合物中,加入醛化合物,通常在0~100℃、較佳為30~90℃混合而得潤濕凝膠後,進行乾燥之方法;在由醛化合物、鹼性催化劑及水系溶劑所成的混合物中,加入酚性化合物,通常在0~100℃,較佳為30~90℃混合而得潤濕凝膠後,進行乾燥的方法;在由酚性化合物、醛化合物及水系溶劑所成的混合物中,加入鹼性催化劑,通常在0~100℃、較佳為30~90℃混合而得潤濕凝膠後,進行乾燥之方法等。
其中,以在由酚性化合物、鹼性催化劑及水系溶劑所成的混合物中,混合醛化合物而得潤濕凝膠的方法較為適合。
潤濕凝膠之乾燥,有例如在室溫~100℃程度下通風、或予以減壓乾燥的方法等。又,潤濕凝膠中之溶劑為水的情況,有在以親水性有機溶劑取代後,於室溫~100℃之程度下通風、或予以減壓乾燥的方法等。
上述之親水性有機溶劑有,例如甲醇、乙醇、正丙醇、叔丁醇等醇類;乙腈等脂肪腈類;丙酮等脂肪族酮類;二甲基亞碸等脂肪族亞碸類;乙酸等脂肪族羧酸類等。
親水性有機溶劑,以使用叔丁醇、二甲基亞碸、乙酸為佳;叔丁醇容易與水取代,更為適合。
又,可實施冷凍乾燥替代於室溫~100℃之通風或減壓乾燥的方法。冷凍乾燥之溫度,通常為-70~20℃之範圍,較佳為-30~10℃之範圍。又,冷凍乾燥通常在真空下實施。
進而,如特開平9-328308號公報之記載,可使用二氧化碳等,在超臨界狀態下進行乾燥。
潤濕凝膠之乾燥方法,以藉由乾燥而細孔容積之改變極少的冷凍乾燥更為適合。
本發明所使用之活性碳,可藉由將乾燥所得之有機氣凝膠碳化、賦活而得。該活性碳之具體的製造方法有:(i)在氮、氬、氦、氫等對碳為惰性之氣體的氣體環境下,通常於200~1500℃之範圍、較佳為600~1,100℃之範圍,進行1分鐘~24小時程度之燒成(碳化)後,在H2
O、CO2
、O2
等氧化性氣體存在下,通常於200~1,500℃之範圍、較佳為600~1,100℃之範圍,進行1分鐘~10小時程度之燒成(賦活)的方法;(ii)在氧化性氣體存在下,通常於200~1,500℃之範圍、較佳為600~1,100℃之範圍,進行1分鐘~24小時程度之燒成(碳化及賦活)的方法;(iii)將化合物(1)在空氣等氧化性氣體之存在下,通常於400℃以下、較佳為200~300℃,進行1分鐘~24小時程度之燒成(碳化)後,在對碳為惰性之氣體環境下,通常於200~1,500℃之範圍、較佳為600~1,100℃之範圍,進行1分鐘~24小時程度之燒成(碳化),進而在氧化性氣體存在下,通常於200~1,500℃之範圍、較佳為在600~1,100℃之範圍,進行1分鐘~10小時程度之燒成(賦活)的方法;(iv)將化合物(1)在空氣等氧化性氣體之存在下,通常於400℃以下、較佳為200~300℃,進行1分鐘~24小時程度之燒成(碳化)後,在H2
O或CO2
之存在下,於200~1,500℃之範圍、較佳為600~1,100℃之範圍,進行1分鐘~10小時程度之燒成(賦活)的方法;(v)將化合物(1)在真空下,通常於200~1,500℃之範圍、較佳為600~1,100℃之範圍,進行1分鐘~24小時程度之燒成(碳化)後,在氧化性氣體之存在下,通常於200~1,500℃之範圍、較佳為600~1,100℃之範圍,進行1分鐘~10小時程度之燒成(賦活)的方法;(vi)在該(ii)之氧化性氣體環境下,進行燒成(碳化及賦活)之際,混合氯化鋅、磷酸、硫化鉀、氫氧化鉀等的方法等。
其中,以(i)~(v)的方法不含金屬之故,較為適合。又,氧化性氣體以H2
O、CO2
為佳。
燒成溫度在200℃以上時,有提高細孔容積的傾向之故較為適合;在1,100℃以下時,有提高活性碳收率的傾向之故較為適合。又,燒成時間在1分鐘以上時,有提高細孔容積的傾向之故較適合;在24小時以下時,有提升活性碳收率的傾向之故,較適合。
本發明所使用之活性碳,其細孔容積以1.5cc/g以下為佳、較佳為0.1~1.5cc/g、更佳為0.3~1.0cc/g、最佳為0.3~0.6cc/g。活性碳之細孔容積為1.5cc/g以下時,有提高每1單位體積之靜電容量的傾向,甚為適合。
還有,本發明之電雙層電容器中使用細孔容積1.5cc/g以下的活性碳之情況,以採用上述之咪唑鹽作為電解質較適合,亦可採用一般使用的電解質。
該咪唑鹽(1)以外之一般使用的電解質有,含碳數4~12的有機四級銨陽離子之鹽等。
其中,以使用由陰離子與有機四級銨陽離子所成之鹽較適合。
電解質有,例如BO3 3-
、F-
、PF6 -
、BF4 -
、AsF6 -
、SbF6 -
、ClO4 -
、AlF4 -
、AlCl4 -
、TaF6 -
、NbF6 -
、SiF6 2-
、CN-
、F(HF)n -
(該式中,n為1以上4以下之數值)等無機陰離子與後述之有機陽離子的組合;後述之有機陰離子與有機陽離子的組合;有機陰離子與鋰離子、鈉離子、鉀離子、氫離子等無機陽離子之組合等。
有機陽離子,係指陽離子性有機化合物,例如有機四級銨陽離子、有機四級鏻陽離子等。
有機四級銨陽離子,係指選自烷基(碳數1~20)、環烷基(碳數6~20)、芳基(碳數6~20)及芳烷基(碳數7~20)所成群之烴基,被氮原子取代的四級銨陽離子;有機四級鏻陽離子,係指與上述同樣之烴基被磷原子取代的四級鏻陽離子。
被取代之烴基,亦可鍵結羥基、胺基、硝基、氰基、羧基、醚基、醛基等。
主要的有機四級銨陽離子、有機四級鏻陽離子有下述之化合物。
<四烷基銨陽離子>四甲基銨、乙基三甲基銨、三乙基甲基銨、四乙基銨、四正丙基銨、四正丁基銨、二乙基二甲基銨、甲基三正丙基銨、三正丁基甲基銨、乙基三正丁基銨、三正辛基甲基銨、乙基三正辛基銨、二乙基甲基異丙基銨、二乙基甲基正丙基銨、乙基二甲基異丙基銨、乙基二甲基正丙基銨、二乙基甲基甲氧基乙基銨、二甲基乙基甲氧基乙基銨、苄基三甲基銨、(CF3
CH2
)(CH3
)3
N+
、(CF3
CH2
)2
(CH3
)2
N+
等。
<乙烯二銨陽離子>N,N,N,N',N',N'-六甲基乙烯二銨、N,N'-二乙基-N,N,N',N'-四甲基乙烯二銨等。
<下述式所示之二環型銨陽離子>
(式中,X為氮原子或磷原子;n、m為分別獨立之4~6的整數)。
<具有咪唑鎓骨架之胍鎓陽離子>2-二甲基胺基-1,3,4-三甲基咪唑鎓、2-二乙基胺基-1,3,4-三甲基咪唑鎓、2-二乙基胺基-1,3-二甲基-4-乙基咪唑鎓、2-二甲基胺基-1-甲基-3,4-二乙基咪唑鎓、2-二乙基胺基-1-甲基-3,4-二乙基咪唑鎓、2-二乙基胺基-1,3,4-三乙基咪唑鎓、2-二甲基胺基-1,3-二甲基咪唑鎓、2-二乙基胺基-1,3-二甲基咪唑鎓、2-二甲基胺基-1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑鎓、2-二乙基胺基-1,3-二乙基咪唑鎓、1,5,6,7-四氫-1,2-二甲基-12H-O醯亞胺[1,2a]咪唑鎓、1,5-二氫-1,2-二甲基-2H-醯亞胺[1,2a]咪唑鎓、1,5,6,7-四氫-1,2-二甲基-2H-嘧啶亞胺[1,2a]咪唑鎓、1,5-二氫-二甲基-2H-嘧啶亞胺[1,2a]咪唑鎓、2-二甲基胺基-4-氰基-1,3-二甲基咪唑鎓、2-二甲基胺基-3-氰基甲基-1-甲基咪唑鎓、2-二甲基胺基-4-乙醯基-1,3-二甲基咪唑鎓、2-二甲基胺基-3-乙醯基甲基-1-甲基咪唑鎓、2-二甲基胺基-4-甲基羰基氧甲基-1,3-二甲基咪唑鎓、2-二甲基胺基-3-甲基羰基氧甲基-1-甲基咪唑鎓、2-二甲基胺基-4-甲氧基-1,3-二甲基咪唑鎓、2-二甲基胺基-3-甲氧基甲基-1-甲基咪唑鎓、2-二甲基胺基-4-甲醯基-1,3-二甲基咪唑鎓、2-二甲基胺基-3-甲醯基甲基-1-甲基咪唑鎓、2-二甲基胺基-3-羥基乙基-1-甲基咪唑鎓、2-二甲基胺基-4-羥基甲基-1,3-二甲基咪唑鎓等。
<具有四氫嘧啶鎓骨架之胍鎓陽離子>2-二甲基胺基-1,3,4-三甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、2-二乙基胺基-1,3,4-三甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、2-二乙基胺基-1,3-二甲基-4-乙基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、2-二甲基胺基-1-甲基-3,4-二乙基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、2-二乙基胺基-1-甲基-3,4-二乙基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、2-二乙基胺基-1,3,4-三乙基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、2-二甲基胺基-1,3-二甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、2-二甲基胺基-1-乙基-3-甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、2-二乙基胺基-1,3-二乙基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、1,3,4,6,7,8-六氫-1,2-二甲基-2H-醯亞胺[1,2a]嘧啶鎓、1,3,4,6-四氫-1,2-二甲基-2H-醯亞胺[1,2a]嘧啶鎓、1,3,4,6,7,8-六氫-1,2-二甲基-2H-嘧啶亞胺[1,2a]嘧啶鎓、1,3,4,6-四氫-1,2二甲基-2H-嘧啶亞胺[1,2a]嘧啶鎓、2-二甲基胺基-4-氰基-1,3-二甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、2-二甲基胺基-3-氰基甲基-1-甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、2-二甲基胺基-4-乙醯基-1,3-二甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、2-二甲基胺基-3-乙醯基甲基-1-甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、2-二甲基胺基-4-甲基羰基氧甲基-1,3-二甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、2-二甲基胺基-3-甲基羰基氧甲基-1-甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、2-二甲基胺基-4-甲氧基-1,3-二甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、2-二甲基胺基-3-甲氧基甲基-1-甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、2-二甲基胺基-4-甲醯基-1,3-二甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、2-二甲基胺基-3-甲醯基甲基-1-甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、2-二甲基胺基-3-羥基乙基-1-甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、2-二甲基胺基-4-羥基甲基-1,3-二甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓等。
<具有二氫嘧啶鎓骨架之胍鎓陽離子>2-二甲基胺基-1,3,4-三甲基-1,4(6)-二氫嘧啶鎓、2-二乙基胺基-1,3,4-三甲基-1,4(6)-二氫嘧啶鎓、2-二乙基胺基-1,3-二甲基-4-乙基-1,4(6)-二氫嘧啶鎓、2-二甲基胺基-1-甲基-3,4-二乙基-1,4(6)-二氫嘧啶鎓、2-二乙基胺基-1-甲基-3,4-二乙基-1,4(6)-二氫嘧啶鎓、2-二乙基胺基-1,3,4-三乙基-1,4(6)-二氫嘧啶鎓、2-二甲基胺基-1,3-二甲基-1,4(6)-二氫嘧啶鎓、2-二乙基胺基-1,3-二甲基-1,4(6)-二氫嘧啶鎓、2-二甲基胺基-1-乙基-3-甲基-1,4(6)-二氫嘧啶鎓、2-二乙基胺基-1,3-二乙基-1,4(6)-二氫嘧啶鎓、1,6,7,8-四氫-1,2-二甲基-2H-醯亞胺[1,2a]嘧啶鎓、1,6-二氫-1,2-二甲基-2H-醯亞胺[1,2a]嘧啶鎓、1,6,7,8-四氫-1,2-二甲基-2H-嘧啶亞胺[1,2a]嘧啶鎓、1,6-二氫-1,2-二甲基-2H-嘧啶亞胺[1,2a]嘧啶鎓、2-二甲基胺基-4-氰基-1,3-二甲基-1,4(6)-二氫嘧啶鎓、2-二甲基胺基-3-氰基甲基-1-甲基-1,4(6)-二氫嘧啶鎓、2-二甲基胺基-4-乙醯基-1,3-二甲基-1,4(6)-二氫嘧啶鎓、2-二甲基胺基-3-乙醯基甲基-1-甲基-1,4(6)-二氫嘧啶鎓、2-二甲基胺基-4-甲基羰基氧甲基-1,3-二甲基-1,4(6)-二氫嘧啶鎓、2-二甲基胺基-3-甲基羰基氧甲基-1-甲基-1,4(6)-二氫嘧啶鎓、2-二甲基胺基-4-甲氧基-1,3-二甲基-1,4(6)-二氫嘧啶鎓、2-二甲基胺基-3-甲氧基甲基-1-甲基-1,4(6)-二氫嘧啶鎓、2-二甲基胺基-4-甲醯基-1,3-二甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、2-二甲基胺基-3-甲醯基甲基-1-甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、2-二甲基胺基-3-羥基乙基-1-甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、2-二甲基胺基-4-羥基甲基-1,3-二甲基-1,4(6)-二氫嘧啶鎓等。
<吡咯烷鎓陽離子>N,N-二甲基吡咯烷鎓、N-乙基-N-甲基吡咯烷鎓、N-正丙基-N-甲基吡咯烷鎓、N-正丁基-N-甲基吡咯烷鎓、N,N-二乙基吡咯烷鎓、螺旋(1,1')-雙吡咯烷鎓等。
<哌啶鎓陽離子>N,N-二甲基哌啶鎓、N-乙基-N-甲基哌啶鎓、N,N-二乙基哌啶鎓、N-正丙基-N-甲基哌啶鎓、N-正丁基-N-甲基哌啶鎓、N-乙基-N-正丁基哌啶鎓。
<六亞甲基亞胺鎓陽離子>N,N-二甲基六亞甲基亞胺鎓、N-乙基-N-甲基六亞甲基亞胺鎓、N,N-二乙基六亞甲基亞胺鎓等。
<嗎啉鎓陽離子>N,N-二甲基嗎啉鎓、N-乙基-N-甲基嗎啉鎓、N-丁基-N-甲基嗎啉鎓、N-乙基-N-丁基嗎啉鎓等。
<哌嗪鎓陽離子>N,N,N',N'-四甲基哌嗪鎓、N-乙基-N,N',N'-三甲基哌嗪鎓、N,N'-二甲基-N,N'-二甲基哌嗪、N,N,N'-三乙基-N'-甲基哌嗪鎓、N,N,N',N'-四乙基哌嗪鎓等。
<四氫嘧啶鎓陽離子>1,3-二甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、1,2,3-三甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、1,3,4-三甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、1,3,5-三甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、1-乙基-2,3-二甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、1-乙基-3,4-二甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、1-乙基-3,5-二甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、1-乙基-3,6-二甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、2-乙基-1,3-二甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、4-乙基-1,3-二甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、5-乙基-1,3-二甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、1,2,3,4-四甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、1,2,3,5-四甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、8-甲基-1,8-二吖二環[5.4.0]-7-(十一)烯鎓、5-甲基-1,5-二吖二環[4.3.0]-5-壬烯鎓、8-乙基-1,8-二吖二環[5.4.0]-7-(十一)烯鎓、5-乙基-1,5-二吖二環[4.3.0]-5-壬烯鎓、5-甲基-1,5-二吖二環[5.4.0]-5-(十一)烯鎓、5-乙基-1,5-二吖二環[5.4.0]-5-(十一)烯鎓、1,2,3,4-四甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、1,2,3,5-四甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、1-乙基-2,3,4-三甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、1-乙基-2,3,5-三甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、1-乙基-2,3,6-三甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、2-乙基-1,3,4-三甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、2-乙基-1,3,5-三甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、4-乙基-1,2,3-三甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、4-乙基-1,3,5-三甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、4-乙基-1,3,6-三甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、5-乙基-1,2,3-三甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、5-乙基-1,3,4-三甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、1,2-二乙基-3,4-二甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、1,2-二乙基-3,5-二甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、1,2-二乙基-3,6-二甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、1,3-二乙基-2,4-二甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、1,3-二乙基-2,5-二甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、1,4-二乙基-2,3-二甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、1,4-二乙基-4,5-二甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、1,4-二乙基-3,6-二甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、1,5-二乙基-2,3-二甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、1,5-二乙基-3,4-二甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、1,5-二乙基-3,6-二甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、2,4-二乙基-1,3-二甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、2,5-二乙基-1,3-二甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、4,5-二乙基-1,3-二甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、4,6-二乙基-1,3-二甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、1,2,3,4,5-五甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、1,2,3,4,6-五甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、1,2,3,4,5,6-六甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、4-氰基-1,2,3-三甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、3-氰基甲基-1,2-二甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、2-氰基甲基-1,3-二甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、4-乙醯基-1,2,3-三甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、3-乙醯基甲基-1,2-二甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、4-甲基羰基甲基-1,2,3-三甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、3-甲基羰基氧甲基-1,2-二甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、4-甲氧基-1,2,3-三甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、3-甲氧基甲基-1,2-二甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、4-甲醯基-1,2,3-三甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、3-甲醯基甲基-1,2-二甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、3-羥基乙基-1,2-二甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、4-羥基甲基-1,2,3-三甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓、2-羥基乙基-1,3-二甲基-1,4,5,6-四氫嘧啶鎓等。
<二氫嘧啶鎓陽離子>1,3-二甲基-1,4-或-1,6-二氫嘧啶鎓[此等以1,3-二甲基-1,4(6)-二氫嘧啶鎓表示,以下均同。]、1,2,3-三甲基-1,4(6)-二氫嘧啶鎓、1,2,3,4-四甲基-1,4(6)-二氫嘧啶鎓、1,2,3,5-四甲基-1,4(6)-二氫嘧啶鎓、8-甲基-1,8-二吖二環[5.4.0]-7,9(10)-(十一)二烯鎓、5-甲基-1,5-二吖二環[4.3.0]-5,7(8)-壬二烯鎓、4-氰基-1,2,3-三甲基-1,4(6)-二氫嘧啶鎓、3-氰基甲基-1,2-二甲基-1,4(6)-二氫嘧啶鎓、2-氰基甲基-1,3-二甲基-1,4(6)-二氫嘧啶鎓、4-乙醯基-1,2,3-三甲基-1,4(6)-二氫嘧啶鎓、3-乙醯基甲基-1,2-二甲基-1,4(6)-二氫嘧啶鎓、4-甲基羰基氧甲基-1,2,3-三甲基-1,4(6)-二氫嘧啶鎓、3-甲基羰基氧甲基-1,2-二甲基-1,4(6)-二氫嘧啶鎓、4-甲氧基-1,2,3-三甲基-1,4(6)-二氫嘧啶鎓、3-甲氧基甲基-1,2-二甲基-1,4(6)-二氫嘧啶鎓、4-甲醯基-1,2,3-三甲基-1,4(6)-二氫嘧啶鎓、3-甲醯基甲基-1,2-二甲基-1,4(6)-二氫嘧啶鎓、3-羥基乙基-1,2-二甲基-1,4(6)-二氫嘧啶鎓、4-羥基甲基-1,2,3-三甲基-1,4(6)-二氫嘧啶鎓、2-羥基乙基-1,3-二甲基-1,4(6)-二氫嘧啶鎓、及上述二氫嘧啶鎓系陽離子之2位的氫原子被氟原子取代之陽離子等。
1,3,4,6,7,8-六氫-1,2-二甲基-2H-嘧啶亞胺[1,2a]嘧啶鎓
<吡啶鎓陽離子>N-甲基吡啶鎓、N-乙基吡啶鎓、N-正丙基吡啶鎓、N-正丁基吡啶鎓、N-甲基-4-甲基吡啶鎓、N-乙基-4-甲基吡啶鎓、N-正丙基-4-甲基吡啶鎓、N-正丁基-4-甲基吡啶鎓、N-甲基-3-甲基吡啶鎓、N-乙基-3-甲基吡啶鎓、N-正丙基-3-甲基吡啶鎓、N-正丁基-3-甲基吡啶鎓、N-甲基-2-甲基吡啶鎓、N-乙基-2-甲基吡啶鎓、N-正丙基-2-甲基吡啶鎓、N-正丁基-2-甲基吡啶鎓、N-甲基-2,4-二甲基吡啶鎓、N-乙基-2,4-二甲基吡啶鎓、N-正丙基-2,4-二甲基吡啶鎓、N-正丁基-2,4-二甲基吡啶鎓、N-甲基-3,5-二甲基吡啶鎓、N-乙基-3,5-二甲基吡啶鎓、N-正丙基-3,5-二甲基吡啶鎓、N-正丁基-3,5-二甲基吡啶鎓、N-甲基-4-二甲基胺基吡啶鎓、N-乙基-4-二甲基胺基吡啶鎓、N-正丙基-4-二甲基胺基吡啶鎓、N-正丁基-4-二甲基胺基吡啶鎓等。
<皮考啉鎓陽離子>N-甲基皮考啉鎓、N-乙基皮考啉鎓等。
<咪唑鎓系陽離子>1,2,3-三甲基咪唑鎓、1,2,3,4-四甲基咪唑鎓、1,3,4-三甲基-2-乙基咪唑鎓、1,3-二甲基-2,4-二乙基咪唑鎓、1,2-二甲基-3,4-二乙基咪唑鎓、1-甲基-2,3,4-三乙基咪唑鎓、1,2,3,4-四乙基咪唑鎓、1,3-二甲基-2-乙基咪唑鎓、1-乙基-2,3-二甲基咪唑鎓、1,2,3-三乙基咪唑鎓、1,1-二甲基-2-庚基咪唑鎓、1,1-二甲基-2-(2'-庚基)咪唑鎓、1,1-二甲基-2-(3'-庚基)咪唑鎓、1,1-二甲基-2-(4'-庚基)咪唑鎓、1,1-二甲基-2-(十二)烷基咪唑鎓、1,1-二甲基咪唑鎓、1,1,2-三甲基咪唑鎓、1,1,2,4-四甲基咪唑鎓、1,1,2,5-四甲基咪唑鎓、1,1,2,4,5-五甲基咪唑鎓、1,2,3-三甲基咪唑鎓、1,3,4-三甲基咪唑鎓、1,2,3,4-四甲基咪唑鎓、1,2,3,4-四乙基咪唑鎓、1,2,3,5-五甲基咪唑鎓、1,3-二甲基-2-乙基咪唑鎓、1-乙基-2,3-二甲基咪唑鎓、1-乙基-3,4-二甲基咪唑鎓、1-乙基-3,5-二甲基咪唑鎓、4-乙基-1,3-二甲基咪唑鎓、1,2-二乙基-3-甲基咪唑鎓、1,4-二乙基-3-甲基咪唑鎓、1,5-二乙基-3-甲基咪唑鎓、1,3-二乙基-2-甲基咪唑鎓、1,3-二乙基-4-甲基咪唑鎓、1,2,3-三乙基咪唑鎓、1-乙基-2,3,4-三甲基咪唑鎓、1-乙基-2,3,5-三甲基咪唑鎓、1-乙基-3,4,5-三甲基咪唑鎓、2-乙基-1,3,4-三甲基、4-乙基-1,2,3-三甲基咪唑鎓、1,2-二乙基-3,4-二甲基咪唑鎓、1,3-二乙基-2,4-二甲基咪唑鎓、1,4-二乙基-2,3-二甲基咪唑鎓、2,4-二乙基-1,3-二甲基咪唑鎓、4,5-二乙基-1,3-二甲基咪唑鎓、3,4-二乙基-1,2-二甲基咪唑鎓、1,2,3-三乙基-4-甲基咪唑鎓、1,2,4-三乙基-3-甲基咪唑鎓、1,2,5-三乙基-3-甲基咪唑鎓、1,3,4-三乙基-2-甲基咪唑鎓、1,3,4-三乙基-5-甲基咪唑鎓、1,4,5-三乙基-3-甲基咪唑鎓、2,3,4-三乙基-1-甲基咪唑鎓、4-氰基-1,2,3-三甲基咪唑鎓、3-氰基甲基-1,2-二甲基咪唑鎓、2-氰基甲基-1,3-二甲基咪唑鎓、4-乙醯基-1,2,3-三甲基咪唑鎓、3-乙醯基甲基-1,2-二甲基咪唑鎓、4-甲基羰基氧甲基-1,2,3-三甲基咪唑鎓、3-甲基羰基氧甲基-1,2-二甲基咪唑鎓、4-甲氧基-1,2,3-三甲基咪唑鎓、3-甲氧基甲基-1,2-二甲基咪唑鎓、4-甲醯基-1,2,3-三甲基咪唑鎓、3-甲醯基甲基-1,2-二甲基咪唑鎓、3-羥基乙基-1,2-二甲基咪唑鎓、4-羥基甲基-1,2,3-三甲基咪唑鎓、2-羥基乙基-1,3-二甲基咪唑鎓、及上述咪唑鎓系陽離子之2位的氫原子被氟原子取代之化合物等。
<喹啉鎓陽離子>N-甲基喹啉鎓、N-乙基喹啉鎓等。
<雙吡啶鎓陽離子>N-甲基-2,2'-雙吡啶鎓、N-乙基-2,2'-雙吡啶鎓等。
<其他之銨陽離子>N-甲基噻唑鎓、N-乙基噻唑鎓、N-甲基噁唑鎓、N-乙基噁唑鎓、N-甲基-4-甲基噻唑鎓、N-乙基-4-甲基噻唑鎓、N-乙基異噻唑鎓、1,4-二甲基-1,24-三唑鎓、1,4-二乙基-1,2,4-三唑鎓、1-甲基-4-乙基-1,2,4-三唑鎓、1-乙基-4-甲基-1,2,4-三唑鎓、1,2-二甲基吡唑鎓、1,2-二乙基吡唑鎓、1-甲基-2-乙基吡唑鎓、N-甲基吡嗪鎓、N-乙基吡嗪鎓、N-甲基噠鎓、N-乙基噠嗪鎓等。
<四烷基鏻陽離子>四甲基鏻、乙基三甲基鏻、三乙基甲基鏻、四乙基鏻、二乙基二甲基鏻、三甲基正丙基鏻、三甲基異丙基鏻、乙基二甲基正丙基鏻、乙基二甲基異丙基鏻、二乙基甲基正丙基鏻、二乙基甲基異丙基鏻、二甲基二正丙基鏻、二甲基正丙基異丙基鏻、二甲基二異丙基鏻、三乙基正丙基鏻、正丁基三甲基鏻、異丁基三甲基鏻、叔丁基三甲基鏻、三乙基異丙基鏻、乙基甲基二正丙基鏻、乙基甲基正丙基異丙基鏻、乙基甲基二異丙基鏻、正丁基乙基二甲基鏻、異丁基乙基二甲基鏻、叔丁基乙基二甲基鏻、二乙基二正丙基鏻、二乙基正丙基異丙基鏻、二乙基二異丙基鏻、甲基三正丙基鏻、甲基二正丙基異丙基鏻、甲基正丙基二異丙基鏻、正丁基三乙基鏻、異丁基三乙基鏻、叔丁基三乙基鏻、二正丁基二甲基鏻、二異丁基二甲基鏻、二叔丁基二甲基鏻、正丁基異丁基二甲基鏻、正丁基叔丁基二甲基鏻、異丁基叔丁基二甲基鏻、三正辛基甲基鏻、乙基三正辛基鏻等。
有機陰離子,係指含有可具有取代基之烴基的陰離子;有例如選自N(SO2
Rf
)2 -
、C(SO2
Rf
)3 -
、Rf
COO-
、以及Rr
SO3 -
(Rf
為碳數1~12之全氟烷基)所成群之陰離子,及下述所示之有機酸(羧酸、有機磺酸、有機磷酸)或由酚去除活性氫原子的陰離子等。
<羧酸>(1)碳數2~15之2~4元的聚羧酸:(1-1)脂肪族聚羧酸:(1-1-1)飽和聚羧酸:乙二酸、丙二酸、丁二酸、戊二酸、己二酸、庚二酸、辛二酸、壬二酸、癸二酸、(十一)烷二酸、(十二)烷二酸、(十三)烷二酸、(十四)烷二酸、(十五)烷二酸、(十六)烷二酸、甲基丙二酸、乙基丙二酸、丙基丙二酸、丁基丙二酸、戊基丙二酸、己基丙二酸、二甲基丙二酸、二乙基丙二酸、甲基丙基丙二酸、甲基丁基丙二酸、乙基丙基丙二酸、二丙基丙二酸、甲基丁二酸、乙基丁二酸、2,2-二甲基丁二酸、2,3-二甲基丁二酸、2-甲基戊二酸、3-甲基戊二酸、3-甲基-3-乙基戊二酸、3,3-二乙基戊二酸、3,3-二甲基戊二酸、3-甲基己二酸等。
(1-1-2)不飽和聚羧酸:環丁烯1,2-二羧酸、4-甲基-環丁烯-1,2-二羧酸、環戊烯-1,2-二羧酸、5-甲基-環戊烯-1,2-二羧酸、二環[2.2.1]庚-2-烯-2,3-二羧酸、1-甲基-二環[2.2.1]庚-2-烯-2,3-二羧酸、6-甲基-二環[2.2.1]庚-2-烯-2,3-二羧酸、二環[2.2.1]庚-2,5-二烯-2,3-二羧酸、1-甲基-二環[2.2.1]庚-2,5-二烯-2,3-二羧酸、6-甲基-二環[2.2.1]庚-2,5-二烯-2,3-二羧酸、呋喃-2,3-二羧酸、5-甲基-呋喃-2,3-二羧酸、4-甲基-呋喃-2,3-二羧酸、4,5-二羥基-呋喃-2,3-二羧酸、4,5-二羥基-4-甲基-呋喃-2,3-二羧酸、4,5-二羥基-5-甲基-呋喃-2,3-二羧酸、2,5-二羥基-呋喃-3,4-二羧酸、2,5-二羥基-2-甲基-呋喃-3,4-羧酸、順丁烯二酸、反丁烯二酸、衣康酸、檸康酸等。此等之中較佳者為-1,2-環丁二烯-1,2-二羧酸、4-甲基-1,2-環丁烯-1,2-二羧酸、1,2-環戊烯-1,2-二羧酸、5-甲基-1,2-環戊烯-1,2-二羧酸、呋喃-3,4-二羧酸、2-甲基-3,4-呋喃二羧酸。
(1-2)芳香族聚羧酸苯二甲酸、異苯二甲酸、對苯二甲酸、偏苯三酸、均苯甲酸等。
(1-3)含有S之聚羧酸硫代二丙酸等。
(2)碳酸2~20之羥酸:(2-1)脂肪族羥酸二醇酸、乳酸、酒石酸、萞麻油脂肪酸等。
(2-2)芳香羥酸水楊酸、苦杏仁酸、4-羥基苯甲酸、1-羥基-2-萘甲酸、3-羥基-2-萘甲酸、6-羥基-2-萘甲酸等。
(3)碳酸1~30之單羧酸:(3-1)脂肪族單羧酸:(3-1-1)飽和單羧酸甲酸、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、異丁酸、戊酸、己酸、庚酸、辛酸、壬酸、(十二)烷酸、(十四)烷酸、(十八)烷酸、(二十二)烷酸、(十一)烷酸等。
(3-1-2)不飽和單羧酸丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、丁烯酸、油酸、斯庫阿林酸、4,5-二羥基-4-環戊烯-1,3-二酮、2,3-二羥基-2-環己烯-1,4-二酮等。
(3-2)芳香族單羧酸:苯甲酸、苯基丙烯酸、萘(甲)酸、甲苯(甲)酸、乙基苯甲酸、丙基苯甲酸、異丙基苯甲酸、丁基苯甲酸、異丁基苯甲酸、仲丁基苯甲酸、叔丁基苯甲酸、羥基苯甲酸、乙氧基苯甲酸、丙氧基苯甲酸、異丙氧基苯甲酸、丁氧基苯甲酸、異丁氧基苯甲酸、仲丁氧基苯甲酸、叔丁氧基苯甲酸、胺基苯甲酸、N-甲基胺基苯甲酸、N-乙基胺基苯甲酸、N-丙基胺基苯甲酸、N-異丙基胺基苯甲酸、N-丁基胺基苯甲酸、N-異丁基胺基苯甲酸、N-仲丁基胺基苯甲酸、N-叔丁基胺基苯甲酸、N,N-二甲基胺基苯甲酸、N,N-二乙基胺基苯甲酸、硝基苯甲酸、均苯甲酸等。
<酚>(1)一元酚(包含苯酚類、萘酚類):苯酚、烷基(碳收1~15)酚類(甲酚、二甲苯酚、乙基苯酚、正或異丙基苯酚、異十二烷基苯酚等)、甲氧基苯酚類(丁子香酚、愈瘡木酚等)、α-萘酚、β-萘酚、環己基苯酚等;(2)多元酚:鄰苯二酚、間苯二酚、苯三酚、均苯三酚、雙酚A、雙酚F、雙酚S等。
<分子內具有1個至2個碳數1~15的烷基之磷酸酯>單及二甲基磷酸酯、單及二異丙基磷酸酯、單及二丁基磷酸酯、單及二(2-乙基己基)磷酸酯、單及二異癸基磷酸酯等。
<有機磺酸>烷基(碳數1~15)苯磺酸(對-甲苯磺酸、壬基苯磺酸、十二烷基苯磺酸等)、磺水楊酸、甲烷磺酸、三氟甲烷磺酸等。
<具有三唑、四唑骨架之有機酸>1-H-1,2,4-三唑、1,2,3-三唑、1,2,3-苯并三唑、羧基苯并三唑、3-巰基-1,2,4-三唑、1,2,3-三唑-4,5-二羧酸、3-巰基-5-甲基-1,2,4-三唑、1,2,3,4-四唑等。
<含硼有機酸>硼二草酸、硼二乙醇酸、硼二(2-羥基異丁酸)、鏈烷硼酸、芳基硼酸、甲烷硼酸、乙烷硼酸、苯基硼酸等。
<下述式表示之陰離子>[(Rf
)k
BF4 - k
]-
(式中,k為1~4之整數;Rf
為與上述相同者)。
三氟甲基三氟硼酸酯、雙(三氟甲基)二氟硼酸酯、三(三氟甲基)氟硼酸酯、四(三氟甲基)硼酸酯、五氟乙基三氟硼酸酯、雙(五氟乙基)二氟硼酸酯、三(五氟乙基)氟硼酸酯、四(五氟乙基)硼酸酯等。
<下述式所示之陰離子>
(式中,R'為可具有羥基、胺基、硝基、氰基、氯基、氟基、甲醯基或具醚鍵之基的碳數1~10之烴基或氫原子為氟原子。R'可互為相同或相異者。R'之相互間可為伸烷基鍵結形成環)。
<下述式所示之陰離子>
(式中,R"與R'為相同者;R"可互為相同或相異。R"之相互間可為烷基鍵結形成環)。
<下述式所示之陰離子>
陰離子以無機陰離子為佳,尤其以BF4 -
、AsF6 -
、SbF6 -
為佳,其中以BF4 -
有提升靜電容量的傾向之故,最為適合。
含有機系電解質之電解液,採用以有機極性溶劑為主成份之溶劑;含有機極性溶劑之電解液中所含水份的含量,通常為200ppm以下、較佳為50ppm以下、更佳為20ppm以下。藉由抑制含有機極性溶劑之電解液中的水份含量,可抑制由於水之電解對電極的影響,尤其耐電壓之降低。
溶解電解質之電解液的溶劑,可採用與上述咪唑陽離子所使用之相同者。
電解液中電解質之濃度,有與使用上述咪唑陽離子之際的相同濃度者。
使用如此而得之活性碳作為電雙層電容器用電極的方法有,例如,以碳化之原狀直接使用的方法、將活性碳粉碎而使用之方法、將經粉碎之活性碳造粒、顆粒化,成形為纖維狀、毛氈狀、織物狀或薄片狀等各種形狀而使用之方法等。成形之方法所使用的活性碳粒子之粒徑,通常為50μm以下,較佳為30μm以下,更佳為粉碎成10μm以下之平均粒徑。藉由將活性碳粉碎為微細狀,可提升電極之容積密度、減低內部電阻。
粉碎方法,可使用例如衝擊摩擦粉碎機、離心力粉碎機、球磨機(管磨機、複合磨機、圓錐形球磨機、桿磨機)、振動磨機、膠體磨機、摩擦圓盤磨機、噴射磨機等微粉碎用的粉碎機。
粉碎方法,一般使用球磨機;採用球磨機之情況,為避免金屬粉之混入,球或粉碎容器以使用氧化鋁、氧化鋯、瑪璃等非金屬製為佳。
本發明之電極,係以含該活性碳為特徵之電極;通常容易成形為電極,電極中尚含有黏合劑、導電劑等。
電極之製造方法,通常係將含有活性碳、黏合劑、導電劑之混合物,在集電體上成形。具體而言,有例如將在活性碳、黏合劑、導電劑等添加溶劑混合之漿料,以刮板法等塗佈或浸漬於集電體,予以乾燥之方法;例如將在活性碳、黏合劑、導電劑等添加溶劑,經混煉、成形、乾燥而得之薄片,藉著導電性黏著劑黏合於集電體表面後,進行壓縮及熱處理而乾燥的方法;例如將由活性碳、黏合劑、導電劑及液狀潤滑等所成之混合物,在集電體上成形後,去除液狀潤滑劑,接著將所得薄片狀之成形物在單軸或多軸方向進行接伸處理的方法等。
電極為薄片狀之情況,其厚度為50~1000μm之程度。
集電體之材料有,例如鎳、鋁、鈦、銅、金、銀、鉑、鋁合金、不銹鋼等金屬;例如在碳材料、活性碳纖維上,藉由將鎳、鋁、鋅、銅、錫、鉛等此等之合金予以火焰噴塗、電弧噴塗而形成者;例如在橡膠、苯乙烯-乙烯-丁烯-苯乙烯共聚物(SEBS)等樹脂中,分散導電劑之導電性薄膜等。尤其以輕量且導電性優異、電化學上穩定的鋁更為適合。
集電體之形狀有,例如箔、平板狀、篩孔狀、網狀、板條狀、沖孔狀或壓紋狀者,或此等之組合者(例如篩孔狀平板)等。
在集電體表面亦可藉由蝕刻處理形成凹凸。
導電劑有,例如石墨、碳黑、乙炔黑、捕集黑,與本發明相異之活性碳等導電性碳;天然石墨、熱膨脹石墨、鱗狀石墨、膨脹石墨等石墨系導電劑;氣相成長碳纖維等碳纖維;鋁、鎳、銅、銀、金、鋁等金屬微粒子或金屬纖維;氧化釕或氧化鈦等導電性金屬氧化物;聚苯胺、聚吡咯、聚噻吩、聚乙炔、聚阿現等導電性高分子等。
從少量且有效提升導電性之點而言,以碳墨、乙炔黑及捕集黑更為適合。
電極中導電劑之配合量,相對於本發明之活性碳的100重量份,通常為5~50重量份之程度,較佳為10~30重量份的程度。
黏合劑有,例如氟化合物之聚合物等。氟化合物有,例如氟化烷基(碳數1~18)(甲基)丙烯酸酯、全氟烷基(甲基丙烯酸酯[例如全氟(十二)烷基(甲基)丙烯酸酯、全氟正辛基(甲基)丙烯酸酯、全氟正丁基(甲基)丙烯酸酯]、全氟烷基取代烷基(甲基)丙烯酸酯[例如全氟己基乙基(甲基)丙烯酸酯、全氟辛基乙基(甲基)丙烯酸酯]、全氟氧烷基(甲基)丙烯酸酯[例如全氟(十二)烷基氧乙基(甲基)丙烯酸酯及全氟癸基氧乙基(甲基)丙烯酸酯等]、氟化烷基(碳數1~18)丁烯酸酯、氟化烷基(碳數1~18)順丁烯二酸酯及反丁烯二酸酯、氟化烷基(碳數1~18)衣康酸酯、氟化烷基取代烯烴(碳數2~10之程度,氟原子之數1~17之程度)、例如全氟己基乙烯,在碳數2~10程度及氟原子數程度之雙鍵碳上鍵結氟原子的氟化烯烴、(十四)烯烴乙烯、三氟乙烯、偏氟乙烯、六氟丙烯等。
黏合劑的其他之例示有,含有不含氟原子之乙烯性雙鍵的單體之加成聚合物等。如此之單體有,例如,環烷基(碳數1~22)(甲基)丙烯酸酯[(甲基)丙烯酸甲酯、(甲基)丙烯酸乙酯、(甲基)丙烯酸正丁酯、(甲基)丙烯酸異丁酯、(甲基)丙烯酸環己酯、(甲基)丙烯酸2-乙基己基酯、(甲基)丙烯酸異癸酯、(甲基)丙烯酸(十二)烷基酯、(甲基)丙烯酸(十八)烷基酯等];含有芳香環之(甲基)丙烯酸[(甲基)丙烯酸苄基酯、(甲基)丙烯酸苯基乙基酯];伸烷基二醇或二伸烷基二醇(伸烷基之碳數2~4)之單(甲基)丙烯酸酯[2-羥基乙基(甲基)丙烯酸酯、2-羥基丙基(甲基)丙烯酸酯、二乙二醇單(甲基)丙烯酸酯];(聚)丙三醇(聚合度1~4)之單(甲基)丙烯酸酯;多官能(甲基)丙烯酸酯[(聚)乙二醇(聚合度1~100)之二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、(聚)丙二醇(聚合度1~100)之二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、2,2-雙(4-羥基乙基苯基)丙烷二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、三羥甲基丙烷三(甲基)丙烯酸酯等](甲基)丙烯酸酯系單體;(甲基)丙烯醯胺、(甲基)丙烯醯胺系衍生物[N-羥甲基(甲基)丙烯醯胺、雙丙酮丙烯醯胺等](甲基)丙烯醯胺系單體;(甲基)丙烯腈、2-氰基乙基(甲基)丙烯酸酯、2-氰基乙基丙烯醯胺等含氰基單體;苯乙烯及碳數7~18之苯乙烯衍生物(α-甲基苯乙烯、乙烯基甲苯、對-羥基苯乙烯及二乙烯基苯等]苯乙烯系單體;碳數4~12之烷二烯[丁二烯、異戊二烯、氯丁二烯等]二烯系單體;羧酸(碳數2~12)乙烯酯[乙酸乙烯酯、丙酸乙烯酯、丁酸乙烯酯及辛酸乙烯酯等]、羧酸(碳數2~12)(甲基)烯丙基酯[乙酸(甲基)烯丙基酯、丙酸(甲基)烯丙基酯及辛酸(甲基)烯丙基酯等]鏈烯基酯系單體;(甲基)丙烯酸環氧丙基酯、(甲基)烯丙基環氧丙基醚等含有環氧基之單體;碳數2~12之單烯烴[乙烯、丙烯、1-丁烯、1-辛烯及1-(十二)烯等]單烯烴類;含有氯、溴或碘原子之單體,例如氯乙烯及偏氯乙烯等含有氟以外之鹵原子的單體;丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸等(甲基)丙烯酸;丁二烯、異戊二烯等含有共軛雙鍵之單體等。
又,加成聚合物,可為例如由乙烯.乙酸乙烯酯共聚物、苯乙烯.丁二烯共聚物、乙烯.丙烯共聚物等複數種單體所成之共聚物。又,羧酸乙烯酯聚合物,可為聚乙烯醇等部份或完全凝膠化者。
黏合劑,可為氟化合物、與含有不含氟原子之乙烯性雙鍵的單體之共聚物。
黏合劑的其他之例示有,例如澱粉、甲基纖維素、羧基甲基纖維素、羥基甲基纖維素、羥基乙基纖維素、羥基丙基纖維素、羧基甲基羥基乙基纖維素、硝基纖維素等多糖類及其衍生物;酚樹脂;三聚氰胺樹脂;聚胺基甲酸酯系樹脂;尿素樹脂;聚醯亞胺樹脂;聚醯胺醯亞胺樹脂;石油瀝青;煤碳瀝青等。
黏合劑以氟化合物之聚合物為佳,尤其以四氟乙烯之聚合物的聚四氟乙烯更佳。
黏合劑,可使用複數種之黏合劑。
電極中黏合劑之配合量,相對於活性碳100重量份,通常為0.5~30重量份,較佳為2~30重量份之程度。
黏合劑中所使用之溶劑,除例如異丙醇、乙醇、甲醇等醇類以外,尚有醚類、酮類等。黏合劑增黏之情況,為容易塗佈於集電體,可使用增塑劑。
導電性黏著劑,通常為該導電劑與該黏合劑之混合物;其中,碳黑與聚乙烯醇之混合物不必要使用有機溶劑、調製容易、進而儲存性優異之故,更適合。
本發明之電極,可使用於例如乾電池、氧化還原電容器、混合電容器、電雙層電容器等電極。
於此,氧化還原電容器係例如「大容量電雙層電容器之最前線(田村英雄監修,N.T.S發行所)」的第3章(p.141~)之記載,以電極中含有活性物質,藉由氧化還原反應蓄電為特徵的裝置。在2枚電極之間,挾持與後述電雙層電容器所使用之相同的分隔板,充滿電解液之構成所成。本發明中,所謂電解液係指電解質與溶劑的混合物之意。
氧化還原電容器中所使用之活性物質有,釕等之過渡金屬氧化物、過渡金屬氫氧化物、導電性高分子等。電極中含有本發明之活性碳單獨、或本發明之活性碳與上述例示之導電劑的混合物1~60重量%,上述例示之黏合劑2~30重量%。
氧化還原用之電解液,使用釕等之過渡金屬氧化物或過渡金屬氫氧化物作為活性物質的情況,例如有以特開2002-359155號公報記載之條件,使用硫酚水溶液等。又,採用有機酸為電解質,使用溶解於有機系溶劑之電解液的情況,例如有使用特開2002-267860號公報記載之條件等。使用導電性高分子為活性物質之情況,以採用溶解於有機溶劑、且離解者作為電解質較適合,例如LiBF4
、LiPF6
、LiClO4
等鋰鹽。尤其從電離度大、溶解性良好之理由而言,以採用LiPF6
更佳。還有,此等電解質可分別單獨使用,亦可併用其中之2種以上。還有,電解液中電解質之濃度,從離子傳導度良好的理由而言,以0.5~1.5mol/L為佳。電解質之濃度為0.5mol/L以上時,有提升靜電容量的傾向之故,較為適合;在1.5mol/L以下時,電解液黏度降低,有提升離子傳導度的傾向,甚為適合。
氧化還原電容器用之電解液中所含的溶劑,以使用後述之電雙層電容器所例示的有機極性溶劑為佳。其中,以採用非質子性之有機溶劑更佳,可使用例如由1種或2種以上之環狀碳酸酯、鏈狀碳酸酯、環狀酯等所成的混合溶劑。環狀碳酸酯之例有,碳酸乙烯酸、碳酸丙烯酯等;鏈狀碳酸酯有,碳酸二甲酯、碳酸二乙酯、碳酸甲乙酯等;環狀酯之例有,γ-丁內酯、γ-戊內酯等。此等之中可單獨使用任一種、或2種以上混合使用。還有,電解液,為助長電解質之離解要求高介電常數,且為不妨礙離子之移動要求低黏度,進而要求電化學之高耐氧化還原性。因此,以碳酸酯類為溶劑更適合,例如將高介電常數溶劑之碳酸乙烯酯等、與低黏性溶劑之碳酸二乙酯等混合使用更適合。
混合電容器係以充電時,藉由負極中之鋰離子插入石墨等碳之層間,於正極之電極表面吸附電解質的陰離子,構成電雙層而蓄電為特徵的裝置。負極使用與鋰離子蓄電池相同的電極,正極使用上述記載之本發明的電極,在正極與負極之間挾持與後述的電雙層電容器同樣之分隔板,填滿電解液所構成。負極,具體而言可使用「次世代型鋰蓄電池(田村英雄監修,N.T.S發行所公司發行)」之第1章第3節(p.25~)使記載者。
混合電容器用之電解質,通常使用無機陰離子與鋰陽離子之組合,尤其以至少一種選自BF4 -
、PF6 -
、ClO4 -
所成群之無機陰離子與鋰陽離子的組合更佳。
混合電容器之電解液中所含的有機極性溶劑,通常使用以選自碳酸酯類及內酯類所成群之至少一種為主成份的溶劑。具體而言有,碳酸丙烯酯、碳酸乙烯酯、碳酸丁烯酯等環狀碳酸酯類,碳酸二甲酯、碳酸甲乙酯、碳酸二乙酯等鏈狀碳酸酯類、γ-丁內酯等溶劑;較佳為碳酸乙烯酯與1種以上之鏈狀碳酸酯的混合溶劑、γ-丁內酯單獨、γ-丁內酯與1種以上之鏈狀碳酸酯類的混合溶劑等溶劑。
添加劑,可使用電雙層電容器之項所例示的添加劑。
本發明之電極,靜電容量優越之故,適合為電雙層電容器之電極。就電雙層電容器詳細說明如下。
本發明之電雙層電容器,係以含有該電極為特徵之電容器;具體而言有,例如在該電極的正極與負極2個之間具有獨立的分隔板,於分隔板與電極之間填充電解液的電容器;例如在該電極的正極與負極2個之間填充固體電解質(凝膠電解質)的電容器。
藉由予以充電,正極為+帶電,在正極的界面負之電解質形成電雙層;同時負極為-帶電,在負極的界面正之電解質形成電雙層,而儲蓄電能量。停止充電亦保持電雙層,放電時解除電雙層釋放電能量。
電雙層電容器,可為含有正極及負極之1個元件,可為將複數之元件組合的電容器。
固體電解質,係在樹脂中分散後述之電解質者,進而可將後述之有機極性溶劑分散。具體而言有「大容量電雙層電容器之最前線(田村英雄監修,N.T.S發行所公司發行)」的第79頁記載之凝膠電解質,特開2004-172346號公報及其引用文獻、特開2004-303567號公報及其引用文獻、特開2003-68580號公報及其引用文獻、特開2003-257240號公報等記載之固體電解質等。
本發明之電雙層電容器,在該電極的正極與負極2個之間具有獨立的分隔板,係適合於在分隔板與電極之間填充電解液的電雙層電容器,就此電雙層電容器詳細說明如下。
電雙層電容器之形狀有,例如硬幣型、回繞型、層合型、蛇腹型等。
硬幣型之製造例有,如圖1所示,在不銹鋼等金屬製容器(11)中依順序層合集電體(12)、電極(13)、分隔板(14)、電極(13)、及集電體(12),使用電解液填充後,以金屬製蓋(15)、及墊圈(16)封閉之方法等。
回繞型之製造例有,如圖2所示,在集電體(22)上塗佈含該活性碳之混合漿料,經乾燥,調製成集電體(22)及電極(23)之層合薄片,將此薄片2枚藉著分隔(24)回繞,與電極封口板(25)同時封閉於圓筒型之鋁、不銹鋼等金屬製容器(21)的方法等。
還有,集電體預先具備導線,以一方之層合薄片的導線(26)為正極、另一方之層合薄片的導線(26)為負極,進行充電及放電。
層合型,如圖3所示,將集電體(32)及電極(33)之層合薄片與分隔板(34)交替層合後,置入鋁、不銹鋼等金屬製容器(31),填充電解液、集電體交互與導線(35)連接,予以封閉之方法;如圖4所示,將集電體(42)及電極(43)之層合薄片以及分隔板(44)交替壓黏,外層以橡膠材料密封,填充電解液後,予以封閉之方法等。又,適當含有墊圈(46)之雙極結構,可為能使用電壓隨意設定之結構。
本發明之實施例,如圖5所示,係在加壓板(51)之間層合成形為薄片狀的電極(53)、分隔板(54)、電極(53)、集電體(52)及絕緣材料(55),在分隔板(54)、與電極(53)之間填充電解液,以氟樹脂將外層密封,實施以螺栓壓緊之電雙層電容器。還有,螺栓係由(52)之集電體絕緣。
蛇腹型,係將電極及集電體之薄片2枚藉著分隔板摺成蛇腹狀同時層合後,與層合型同樣調製之方法。
電雙層電容器中所使用之分隔板,擔當將正極與負極分離、保持電解液的任務之故,可使用具有較大的離子透過度,具所定機械強度的絕緣性之膜。
分隔板有,例如將黏液絲、天然纖維素等抄紙、電解紙、半皮紙、馬尼拉紙、纖維素或聚酯等纖維進行抄紙而得之混抄紙;聚乙烯不織布、聚丙烯不織布、聚酯不織布、玻璃纖維、多孔性聚乙烯、多孔性聚丙烯、多孔性聚酯、阿拉密特纖維、聚對苯二甲酸丁二醇酯不織布、對系全芳香族聚醯胺、偏氟乙烯、四氟乙烯、偏氟乙烯與六氯丙烯之共聚物、氟橡膠等含氟樹脂等不織布或多孔性膜等。
分隔板,可為由二氧化矽等陶瓷粉末粒子與該黏合劑所成的成形物。該成形物,通常為正極及負極整體成形。又,就採用聚乙烯或聚丙烯之分隔板而言,為提升親水性可混合界面活性劑或二氧化矽粒子。進而,分隔板中可含有丙酮等有機溶劑、苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)等增塑劑。
分隔板,可使用質子傳導型聚合物。
分隔板之中以電解紙、黏液絲或天然纖維素之抄紙、牛皮紙、馬尼拉紙、將纖維素或聚酯之纖維進行抄紙而得的混抄紙、聚乙烯不織布、聚丙烯不織布、聚酯不織布、馬尼拉麻薄片、玻璃纖維薄片等為佳。
分隔板之孔徑,通常為0.01~10μm之程度。分隔板之厚度通常為1~300μm的程度,較佳為5~30μm。
分隔板可為將空隙率不同之分隔板層合者。
以實施例為基準詳細說明本發明如下。本發明並非限定於此等實施例者自不待言。
在反應容器中,將間苯二酚33.0g、37重量%褔馬林48.7g、碳酸鈉0.16g及蒸餾水22g混合,於50℃保溫24小時,即得以水潤濕之有機氣凝膠。此時,每1莫耳之鹼催化劑下酚性化合物的使用量為200莫耳、每1重量份之水(褔馬林中所含之水及蒸餾水的總和)酚性化合物的使用量為0.63重量份。
在所得凝膠中加入叔丁醇洗淨,上述凝膠中之水被叔丁醇取代。將被叔丁醇取代之凝膠於-30℃真空下進行24小時之冷凍乾燥後,在氬氣氣體環境下於800℃進行燒成,即得活性碳。所得活性碳之細孔容積,為0.47cc/g。
將所得活性碳粉碎,使成粉末狀者80重量份、碳黑10重量份、及聚四氟乙烯10重量份之混合物進行混煉後,成形為薄片狀。在所得薄片2枚之間,置入作為分隔板之紙後,填充作為電解液之3mol/L EMI+
BF4 -
鹽的碳酸丙烯酯溶液,製成2極式電雙層電容器。
藉由測定使用該電容器之定電流充放電(100mA/g),活性碳之每1單位體積的靜電容量21.3F/c.c,每1單位重量之靜電容量為20.2F/g。結果如表1所示。
除實施例1中,採用間苯二酚27.5g、37重量%褔馬林40.6g、碳酸鈉0.13g及蒸餾水55.1g,燒成溫度為1,000℃,使用將表1記載之電解質填充於碳酸丙烯酯為電解液以外,與實施例1同樣的實施,即得2極式電雙層電容器。結果如表1所示。
BMI+
:1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑(式(3))
[實施例4~7]
除實施例1中,每1重量份的水(褔馬林中所含之水及蒸餾水的總和)之酸性化合物的使用量採用表1所示之值,燒成溫度採用表2所示之值,採用四乙基銨BF4
鹽作為電解質,電解液調整為1mol/L,進行30mA/g之定電流充放電測定以外,依實施例1之基準實施。結果如表2所示。
除實施例1中,每1重量份的水(褔馬林中所含之水及蒸餾水的總和)之酚性化合物的使用量採用表1所示之值,燒成溫度採用表2所示之值,採用四乙基銨BF4
鹽作為電解質,電解液調整為1 mol/L,進行30mA/g之定電流充放電測定以外,依實施例1之基準實施。結果如表2所示。
本發明之活性碳,可使用於例如乾電池用電極、壓電元件用感知器、負載催化劑之載體、色譜儀用材料、吸附劑、電雙層電容器之電極等。每1單位體積的靜電容量優越之故,適合使用於電雙層電容器之電極。
本發明之電雙層電容器,由於每1單位體積的靜電容量優越之故,可利用於能源之吸附、儲存。尤其,由於其優異的特性之故,適合使用於攜帶電子末端領域或具有充電機能之輸送機器領域的能源之吸附、儲存等。
11...金屬製容器
12...集電體
13...電極
14...分隔板
15...金屬製蓋
16...墊圈
21...金屬製容器
22...集電體
23...電極
24...分隔板
25...電極封口板
26...導線
31...金屬製容器
32...集電體
33...電極
34...分隔板
35...導線
36...接頭
37...安全閥
41...加壓板及接頭
42...集電體
43...電極
44...分隔板
46...墊圈
51...加壓板
52...集電體
53...電極
54...分隔板
55...絕緣材料
圖1為硬幣型電雙層之一例的概略圖。
圖2為回繞型電雙層之一例的概略圖。
圖3為層合型電雙層之一例的概略圖。
圖4為與圖3相異之層合型電雙層的一例之概略圖。
圖5為使用本發明之實施例及比較例的層合型電雙層之一例的概略圖。
Claims (3)
- 一種電雙層電容器,其係由活性碳所成電極,含電解質電解液、及分隔板所成之電雙層電容器;其特徵為,電解質係式(1)所示之咪唑鹽(imidazolium);
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之電雙層電容器,其中電解質之抗衡離子,為至少一種選自三氟乙酸酯(CF3 CO2 - )、四氟硼酸酯(BF4 - )所成群之離子。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之電雙層電容器,其中活性碳為在800~1000℃進行碳化所得之活性碳。
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WO2006109815A1 (ja) | 2006-10-19 |
EP1876611A4 (en) | 2009-12-09 |
KR20080002911A (ko) | 2008-01-04 |
TW200705487A (en) | 2007-02-01 |
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