TWI396683B - 1-芳基-5-烷基吡唑衍生化合物,彼等之製備方法及使用方法 - Google Patents
1-芳基-5-烷基吡唑衍生化合物,彼等之製備方法及使用方法 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI396683B TWI396683B TW096124519A TW96124519A TWI396683B TW I396683 B TWI396683 B TW I396683B TW 096124519 A TW096124519 A TW 096124519A TW 96124519 A TW96124519 A TW 96124519A TW I396683 B TWI396683 B TW I396683B
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- haloalkyl
- alkyl
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- FJBGIXKIXPUXBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N {2-[3-(4-chlorophenyl)propyl]-2,4,4-trimethyl-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl}(imidazol-1-yl)methanone Chemical compound C1=CN=CN1C(=O)N1C(C)(C)COC1(C)CCCC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1 FJBGIXKIXPUXBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
- A01N25/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing liquids as carriers, diluents or solvents
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
- A01N43/48—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with two nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- A01N43/56—1,2-Diazoles; Hydrogenated 1,2-diazoles
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N47/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid
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Description
本發明係關於通式(I)之1-芳基-5-烷基吡唑化合物:
其中:R1
、R2
、R3
、R4
、R5
、R6
、R7
及p係如下文所定義;或其鹽及此等化合物防治諸如昆蟲、節肢動物及蜱蟎目動物之體外寄生蟲的用途。
諸如哺乳動物及鳥類之動物常易於感染寄生蟲。此等寄生蟲可為體外寄生蟲(諸如昆蟲)及體內寄生蟲(諸如絲蟲及蠕蟲)。
家養動物(諸如貓及犬)常感染以下體外寄生蟲中之一或多者:-蚤(貓蚤(Ctenocephalides felis
)、櫛首蚤屬(Ctenocephalides
sp.)及其類似物),-蜱(扇頭蜱屬(Rhipicephalus
sp.)、硬蜱屬(Ixodes
sp.)、革蜱屬(Dermacentor
sp.)、花蜱屬(Amblyomma
sp.)及其類似物),-蟎(蠕形蟎屬(Demodex
sp.)、疥蟎屬(Sarcoptes
sp.)、耳癢蟎屬(Otodectes
sp.)及其類似物),-虱(毛虱屬(Trichodectes
sp.)、姬蟎屬(Cheyletiella
sp.)、顎虱屬(Linognathus
sp.)及其類似物),及-蠅(角蠅屬(Haematobia
sp.)、家蠅屬(Musca
sp.)、螯蠅屬(Stomoxys
sp.)、膚蠅屬(Dermatobia
sp.)、錐蠅屬(Cochliomyia
sp.)、蚊(蚊科(familyCulicidae
))及其類似物)。
蚤為特殊之問題,因為其不僅有害影響動物或人類之健康,且亦產生嚴重心理壓力。此外,蚤亦為動物中病原體(諸如犬絛蟲(Dipylidium caninum
))之載體,且亦可向人類傳播病原體。
類似地,蜱亦有害於動物或人類之身體及心理健康。然而,與蜱相關之最嚴重問題在於其為可在人類與動物中引起疾病之病原體之載體。由蜱引起之主要疾病包括疏螺旋體症(由伯氏疏螺旋菌(Borrelia burgdorferi
)引起之萊姆病(Lyme disease))、焦蟲病(由巴貝蟲屬(Babesia
sp.)引起)及立克次體病(rickettsiosis)(亦稱作洛基山斑點熱(Rocky Mountain spotted fever))。蜱亦釋放造成宿主發炎或麻痹之毒素。有時此等毒素對宿主是致命的,諸如在澳洲麻痹蜱--全環硬蜱(Ixodes holocyclus
)之情況下。
此外,蟎及虱尤其難以防治,因為存在極少作用於此等寄生蟲之活性物質且其需要頻繁治療。
同樣,農畜亦易於感染寄生蟲。舉例而言,牛受到大量寄生蟲侵擾。同樣,節肢動物害蟲(諸如蚤、虱及蜱)及蟎亦侵染家禽。在農畜中極為流行之寄生蟲為牛蜱屬(genusBoophilus
)之蜱,尤其是微小牛蜱種(speciesmicroplus
)(牛蜱)、藍蜱種(speciesdecoloratus
)及具環方頭蜱種(speciesanulatus
)之蜱。蜱(諸如微小牛蜱)尤其難於控制,因為其生存於放牧農畜之牧場中。牛及綿羊之其他重要寄生蟲以重要性遞減之順序列舉如下:(a)蠅蛆,諸如人膚蠅(Dermatobia hominis)(在巴西稱作伯爾尼(Berne))、皮蠅屬(Hypoderma
)及螺旋蠅(Cochlyomia hominivorax
)(綠蠅(greenbottle));綿羊蠅蛆,諸如絲光綠蠅(Lucilia sericata
)、銅綠蠅(Lucilia cuprina
)(在澳洲、新西蘭及南非稱作玻璃蠅蛆)。此等蠅為其幼蟲構成動物寄生蟲之蠅;(b)真蠅,亦即其成蟲構成寄生蟲之蠅,諸如騷擾角蠅(Haematobia irritans
)(角蠅);(c)虱,諸如牛顎虱(Linognathus vituli
)等;及(d)蟎,諸如疥蟎(Sarcoptes scabiei
)及羊癢蟎(Psoroptes ovis
)。
本發明之化合物亦可用於防治家居害蟲,其包括(但不限於)蟑螂、小蠊屬(Blatella
sp.)、衣蛾、衣蛾屬(Tineola
sp.)、皮蠹、皮蠹屬(Attagenus
sp.)及家蠅(Musca domestica
)及防治入Solenopsis invicta
(外引紅火蟻)、白蟻及其類似物。
此等化合物可進一步用於防治農業害蟲,諸如蚜蟲(蚜蟲屬(Acyrthiosiphon
sp.))、蝗蟲及棉象鼻蟲以及防治侵擾儲存穀物之昆蟲害蟲(諸如擬穀盜屬(Tribolium sp.)),及防治以植物組織為食之未成熟階段之昆蟲。
以上清單並不詳盡且此項技術中熟知危害動物、人類及作物之其他體外寄生蟲。
此項技術中已知顯示一定程度的對抗多種體外寄生蟲(包括節肢動物及昆蟲)之活性的化合物。一種此類化合物為芳基吡唑,其在(例如)美國專利第5,122,530號、第5,246,255號、第5,576,429號、第5,885,607號、第6,010,710號、第6,083,519號、第6,096,329號、第6,685,954號、EP 0 234 119及EP 0 295 117(美國專利第5,232,940號、第5,547,974號、第5,608,077號、第5,714,191號、第5,916,618號及第6,372,774號)、EP 0 352 944(美國專利第4,963,575號)、EP 0 780 378(美國專利第5,817,688號、第5,922,885號、第5,994,386號、第6,124,339號、第6,180,798號及第6,395,906號)、EP 0 846 686(美國專利第6,069,157號)及WO 98/28278中提及。
已知芳基吡唑具有防治昆蟲(諸如蚤及蜱)之優良活性。氟蟲腈(Fipronil)為特定類型之1-N-芳基吡唑,其尤其有效防治蚤及蜱且為Frontline及Frontline Plus中之活性成份。氟蟲腈具有以下化學結構:
然而,殺體外寄生蟲劑對於特定寄生蟲之有效性可不同並且其製造成本可不同。此外,由於(例如)形成寄生蟲對治療劑之抵抗性(通常為此情況,例如使用胺基甲酸酯、有機磷化合物及擬除蟲菊酯時),殺體外寄生蟲劑之結果並非總是令人滿意。
自文獻已知可使肼與1,3-二羰基化合物反應以形成吡唑。舉例而言,美國專利第6,750,230號提及在唯一的位置上未經取代或經來自1,3-二酮之伸烷基取代之吡唑的合成。WO 01/32663提及吡唑羧酸三環化合物之合成。WO 03/057674提及在1-位上帶有經取代烷基之4-硫醚/亞碸吡唑之合成,其可自2-硫代-1,3-二酮與肼之反應來製備(參見第24頁,反應流程1)。然而,似乎不存在此2-硫代-1,3-二酮衍生物直接由次磺醯基鹵化物試劑與1,3-二酮化合物反應來製備的實例。
WO 02/058690及US 2004/0876627提及藉由1,3-二酮與帶有1-羥基-1-(三氟甲基)乙基取代基之苯基肼之間的反應來合成帶有(2,2,2-三氟-1-羥基-1-(三氟甲基)乙基取代基之吡唑(流程4,第11頁,US 2004/0876627)。已提及可藉由此方法合成特定化合物,5-甲基-1-[(1-羥基-1-(三氟甲基)乙基)苯基)-1H-吡唑-3-甲酸乙酯(US 2004/0876627,第23-24頁,實例8)。然而,除非在5-胺基存在下或當所有三個取代相同時(甲基),似乎不存在製備3,4,5-二取代之吡唑的實例。
在US 2005/00020564(第10頁,流程3)中亦提及3-酯-4-未經取代之吡唑之合成。
然而,藉由使肼與1,3-二羰基化合物反應來獲得吡唑通常存在之問題為難以製備具有區位選擇性之化合物,因為在1,3-二羰基化合物之不同羰基上存在反應競爭。
因此,此項技術中仍存在對於用於治療及保護動物(例如哺乳動物、魚及類鳥類)免受各種寄生蟲侵擾之更有效且迅速作用之抗寄生蟲組合物的需求。此項技術中存在對於易用於任何類型之家養動物身上(無論其體形大小及其皮毛性質如何)且無需噴撒於哺乳動物、魚類或鳥類之整個身體上之抗寄生蟲調配物的需求。此外,該調配物應在長時期內有效,進而減少其必需施用次數。
本申請案中任何文件之引用或識別並非承認該文件可用作本發明之先前技術。
本發明提供且本發明之一目的為提供新穎化合物、組合物及其用於治療或預防動物(野生或家養)(例如,家畜及伴侶動物,諸如貓、犬、馬、雞、綿羊、山羊、豬、火雞及牛)之寄生蟲之用途,該治療或預防係藉助於使此等宿主擺脫此等動物通常所遭遇之寄生蟲。
相應地,本發明之一目的為在本發明內不涵蓋任何先前已知之化合物、組合物及用途,因此本申請人保留權利且據此揭示任何先前已知之化合物、組合物及用途之棄權聲明。
本發明亦提供對體外寄生蟲(諸如蚤、蜱、蟎、蚊、蠅及虱)之有效且持久之消滅。本發明亦可有效防治體內寄生蟲、絛蟲、線蟲(諸如絲蟲)及動物及人類消化道之蛔蟲。
本發明之1-芳基-5-烷基吡唑化合物(單獨或組合)能夠提供優良之防治體外寄生蟲之保護作用,其可包括功效速度、持久功效(例如,持續至少一個月之時期)及增強之選擇性。
本發明之一態樣為提供式(I)之1-芳基-5-烷基吡唑化合物:
其中:R1
為氫、氰基、鹵素、R8
、甲醯基、-C(O)R8
、-C(O)OR8
、-C(O)NR9
R10
或-C(S)NH2
;R2
為R8
或-S(O)m
R11
;R3
為甲基、乙基或C1
-C4
鹵烷基;R4
、R5
及R7
獨立地為氫、鹵素、烷基、鹵烷基、氰基或硝基;R6
為鹵素、烷基、鹵烷基、烷氧基、鹵烷氧基、氰基、硝基、-C(O)R12
、-S(O)n
R12
或SF5
;Z為氮原子或C-R13
;R8
為烷基、鹵烷基、環烷基或鹵環烷基;R9
為氫、烷基、鹵烷基或烷氧基;R10
為氫、烷基、鹵烷基或烷氧基;R11
為烷基、鹵烷基、烯基、鹵烯基、炔基、鹵炔基或環烷基;R12
為烷基或鹵烷基;R13
為氫、鹵素、氰基、硝基、烷基、鹵烷基、烷氧基或鹵烷氧基;m為0、1或2;且n為0、1或2;或其鹽。
本發明之第二態樣提供一種製備式(I)化合物,或其醫藥學上、獸醫學上或農業上可接受之鹽,或任一實體之醫藥學上、獸醫學上或農業上可接受之溶劑合物(包括水合物)之方法。
本發明之第三態樣為提供用於治療動物以防治體外寄生蟲之組合物,其中該等組合物包含本發明之化合物及可接受之載劑。
本發明之第四態樣為提供在獸醫或家畜飼養中、在公共衛生中或在農業或園藝作物中使用本發明之1-芳基-5-烷基吡唑化合物/組合物防治體外寄生蟲(例如,節肢動物、蜱蟎目動物及昆蟲)之殺蟲方法。
本發明之第五態樣為向使用者及環境提供具有高活性及改良安全性之化合物,其係藉由優化化學、物理及生物學性質(諸如溶解度、熔點、穩定性、電子及空間參數及其類似性質)而獲得。
本發明之第六態樣為提供一種使用包含本發明之1-芳基-5-烷基吡唑化合物之組合物來預防或阻止寄生蟲傳播疾病自一實際或推斷擴增或初始宿主(諸如動物或鳥類(野生或家養)或人類)傳播給第二實際或推斷擴增或初始宿主(諸如動物、鳥類或人類)之方法。
本發明之第七態樣為提供用於製備式(I)化合物之新穎中間物化合物。
最後,已發現新穎式(I)化合物具有非常顯著之生物學性質且尤其適用於控制動物害蟲,尤其是農業中、森林中、保護儲存產品中及保護材料中以及衛生部門中所遭遇之昆蟲、節肢動物及線蟲。
對於本申請案而言,除非在本說明書中另外指出,否則以下術語具有在下文中引用之定義:(1)烷基係指直鏈與支鏈碳鏈,提及個別烷基特指直鏈(例如,丁基=正丁基)。在烷基之一實施例中,碳原子數為1-20,在烷基之另一實施例中,碳原子數為1-8個碳原子,且在烷基之另一實施例中,碳原子數為1-4個碳原子。視烷基部分在分子上之位置而定,亦涵蓋其他範圍之碳數目;(2)烯基係指具有至少一個碳碳雙鍵之直鏈與支鏈碳鏈。在烯基之一實施例中,雙鍵數為1-3,在烯基之另一實施例中,雙鍵數為1。在烯基之一實施例中,碳原子數為2-20,在烯基之另一實施例中,碳原子數為2-8,且在烯基之另一實施例中,碳原子數為2-4。視烯基部分在分子上之位置而定,亦涵蓋其他範圍之碳碳雙鍵及碳數目;(3)炔基係指具有至少一個碳碳參鍵之直鏈與支鏈碳鏈。在炔基之一實施例中,參鍵數為1-3;在炔基之另一實施例中,參鍵數為1。在炔基之一實施例中,碳原子數為2-20,在炔基之另一實施例中,碳原子數為2-8,且在炔基之另一實施例中,碳原子數為2-4。視炔基部分在分子上之位置而定,亦涵蓋其他範圍之碳碳參鍵及碳數目;(4)芳基係指C6
-C10
芳環結構。在芳基之一實施例中,該部分為苯基、萘基、四氫萘基、苯基環丙基及二氫茚基;在芳基之另一實施例中,該部分為苯基。
(5)烷氧基係指-O-烷基,其中烷基係如(1)中所定義;(6)烷醯基係指甲醯基(-C(=O)H)及-C(=O)-烷基,其中烷基係如(1)中所定義;(7)烷醯基氧基係指-O-C(=O)-烷基,其中烷醯基係如(6)中所定義;(8)烷醯基胺基係指-NH2
-C(=O)-烷基,其中烷醯基係如(6)中所定義且胺基(NH2
)部分可經如(1)中所定義之烷基取代;(9)胺基羰基係指-NH2
-C(=O),其中胺基(NH2
)部分可經如(1)中所定義之烷基取代;(10)烷氧基羰基係指-C(=O)-O-烷基,其中烷氧基係如(5)中所定義;(11)烯醯基係指-C(=O)-烯基,其中烯基係如(2)中所定義;(12)炔醯基係指-C(=O)-炔基,其中炔基係如(3)中所定義;(13)芳醯基係指-C(=O)-芳基,其中芳基係如上文所定義;(14)作為字首之環(例如,環烷基、環烯基、環炔基)係指在環中具有3至8個碳原子之飽和或不飽和環狀環結構,其範疇意欲與上文芳基之定義相區別且與其不同。在環之一實施例中,環大小之範圍為4-7個碳原子;在環之另一實施例中,環大小之範圍為3-4。視環部分在分子上之位置而定,亦涵蓋其他範圍之碳數目;(15)鹵素意謂原子氟、氯、溴及碘。"鹵基"之名稱(例如,如術語鹵烷基中所說明)係指自單一取代至全鹵取代之所有取代度(例如,如對於甲基之氯甲基(-CH2
Cl)、二氯甲基(-CHCl2
)、三氯甲基(-CCl3
)所說明);(16)雜環、雜環狀或雜環基係指完全飽和或不飽和(包括芳族(亦即"雜芳基"))環狀基團,例如4至7員單環狀環系統、7至11員雙環狀環系統或10至15員三環狀環系統,其在至少一個含碳原子之環中具有至少一個雜原子。含有雜原子之雜環基團之各環可具有1、2、3或4個選自氮原子、氧原子及/或硫原子之雜原子,其中氮及硫雜原子可視情況經氧化且氮雜原子可視情況經季銨化。雜環狀基團可在環或環系統之任何雜原子或碳原子處連接。
例示性單環雜環基團包括吡咯啶基、吡咯基、吡唑基、氧雜環丁烷基、吡唑啉基、咪唑基、咪唑啉基、咪唑啶基、噁唑基、噁唑啶基、異噁唑啉基、異噁唑基、噻唑基、噻二唑基、噻唑啶基、異噻唑基、異噻唑啶基、呋喃基、四氫呋喃基、噻吩基、噁二唑基、哌啶基、哌嗪基、2-側氧基哌嗪基、2-側氧基哌啶基、2-側氧基吡咯啶基、2-側氧基氮呯基、氮呯基、4-哌啶酮基、吡啶基、吡嗪基、嘧啶基、噠嗪基、四氫哌喃基、嗎啉基、噻嗎啉基、噻嗎啉基亞碸、噻嗎啉基碸、1,3-二氧戊環及四氫-1,1-二側氧基噻吩基、三唑基、三嗪基及其類似基團。
例示性雙環雜環基團包括吲哚基、苯幷噻唑基、苯幷噁唑基、苯幷間二氧雜戊烯基、苯幷噻吩基、啶基、喹啉基、四氫異喹啉基、異喹啉基、苯幷咪唑基、苯幷哌喃基、吲嗪基、苯幷呋喃基、色酮基、香豆素基、苯幷哌喃基、啉基、喹喏啉基、吲唑基、吡咯幷吡啶基、呋喃幷吡啶基(諸如呋喃幷[2,3-c]吡啶基、呋喃幷[3,2-b]吡啶基或呋喃幷[2,3-b]吡啶基)、二氫異吲哚基、二氫喹唑啉基(諸如3,4-二氫-4-側氧基-喹唑啉基)、四氫喹啉基及其類似基團。
例示性三環雜環基團包括咔唑基、苯幷吲哚基、啡啉基、吖啶基、啡啶基、基及其類似基團。
除非另外特定指出或由上下文顯而易見,否則如在本說明書中使用之"活性劑"或"活性成份"或"治療劑"意謂本發明之1-芳基-5-烷基吡唑化合物。
亦應指出在本揭示內容及申請專利範圍及/或段落中,如用於描述本發明之術語"1-芳基-5-烷基吡唑化合物"意欲包括所有立體異構體及結晶形式(其包括水合形式、多晶型形式及具有高達15重量%結晶結構之非晶形形式)。
應注意在本揭示內容及申請專利範圍中,諸如"包含"及其類似形式之術語可具有美國專利法中賦予其之含義,例如其可意謂"包括"及其類似形式;且諸如"基本上由...組成"之術語具有美國專利法中賦予其之含義,例如其容許未明確列出之元素,但不包括可見於先前技術中或影響本發明之基本或新穎特性之元素。
應進一步指出本發明並非意欲在本發明之範疇內涵蓋任何滿足USPTO(35 U.S.C.112,第1段)或EPO(EPC之第83條款)之書面描述及可實施性要求之先前已揭示之化合物、產物、產物之製造方法或產物之使用方法,因此本申請人保留權利且據此揭示任何先前已描述之產物、產物之製造方法或產物之使用方法之棄權聲明。因此,本發明之一目的為明確不涵蓋明確揭示於先前技術中或其新穎性受先前技術破壞之化合物、產物、產物或化合物之製造方法,或產物或化合物之使用方法,先前技術包括(但不限於)在本文中提及之任何先前技術,其包括(但不限於)美國專利第5,122,530號、第5,246,255號、第5,576,429號、第5,885,607號、第6,010,710號、第6,083,519號、第6,096,329號、第6,685,954號、EP 0 234 119及EP 0 295 117(等於美國專利第5,232,940號、第5,547,974號、第5,608,077號、第5,714,191號、第5,916,618號及第6,372,774號)、EP 0 352 944(等於美國專利第4,963,575號)、EP 0 780 378(等於美國專利第5,817,688號、第5,922,885號、第5,994,386號、第6,124,339號、第6,180,798號及第6,395,906號)、EP 0 846 686(等於美國專利第6,069,157號)及WO 98/28278;且本申請人明確保留在任何申請專利範圍中引入任何先前已揭示之化合物、產物、產物之製造方法或產物之使用方法之棄權聲明的權利。特定言之,式(I)及(Ia)之化合物並非意欲涵蓋氟蟲腈或先前已揭示之氟蟲腈之衍生物。
以下詳細說明揭示或清楚解釋且涵蓋此等及其他實施例。
本發明之第一態樣提供一種式(I)之1-芳基-5-烷基吡唑化合物:
其中:R1
為氫、氰基、鹵素、R8
、甲醯基、-C(O)R8
、-C(O)OR8
、-C(O)NR9
R10
或-C(S)NH2
;R2
為R8
或-S(O)m
R11
;R3
為甲基、乙基或C1
-C4
鹵烷基;R4
、R5
及R7
獨立地為氫、鹵素、烷基、鹵烷基、氰基或硝基;R6
為鹵素、烷基、鹵烷基、烷氧基、鹵烷氧基、氰基、硝基、-C(O)R12
、-S(O)n
R12
或SF5
;Z為氮原子或C-R13
;R8
為烷基、鹵烷基、環烷基或鹵環烷基;R9
為氫、烷基、鹵烷基或烷氧基;R10
為氫、烷基、鹵烷基或烷氧基;R11
為烷基、鹵烷基、烯基、鹵烯基、炔基、鹵炔基或環烷基;R12
為烷基或鹵烷基;R13
為氫、鹵素、氰基、硝基、烷基、鹵烷基、烷氧基或鹵烷氧基;m為0、1或2;且n為0、1或2;或其鹽。
本發明之第二態樣提供一種式(I)之1-芳基-5-烷基吡唑化合物,其中:R3
為甲基或乙基;且R1
、R2
、R4
、R5
、R6
、R7
、R8
、R9
、R10
、R11
、R12
、R13
、m及n係如上文所定義;或其鹽。
本發明之第三態樣提供一種式(I)之1-芳基-5-烷基吡唑化合物,其中:R3
為C1
-C4
鹵烷基;且R1
、R2
、R4
、R5
、R6
、R7
、R8
、R9
、R10
、R11
、R12
、R13
、m及n係如上文所定義;或其鹽。
本發明之第一態樣之另一實施例提供一種式(I)之1-芳基-5
-烷基吡唑化合物:其中:R1
為氫、氰基、鹵素、R8
、甲醯基、-C(O)R8
、-C(O)OR8
、-C(O)NR9
R10
或-C(S)NH2
;R2
為R8
或-S(O)m
R11
;R3
為甲基、乙基或C1
-C4
鹵烷基;R4
、R5
及R7
獨立地為氫、鹵素、烷基、鹵烷基、氰基或硝基;R6
為鹵素、烷基、鹵烷基、烷氧基、鹵烷氧基、氰基、硝基、-C(O)R12
、-S(O)n
R12
或SF5
;Z為氮原子或C-R13
;R8
為烷基、鹵烷基、環烷基或鹵環烷基;R9
為氫、烷基、鹵烷基或烷氧基;R10
為氫、烷基、鹵烷基或烷氧基;R11
為烷基、鹵烷基、烯基、鹵烯基、炔基、鹵炔基或環烷基;R12
為烷基或鹵烷基;R13
為氫、鹵素、氰基、硝基、烷基、鹵烷基、烷氧基或鹵烷氧基;m為0、1或2;且n為0、1或2;或其鹽。
本發明之第一態樣之另一實施例提供一種式(I)之1-芳基-5-烷基吡唑化合物,其中:R1
為氫、氰基、鹵素、R8
、甲醯基、-C(O)R8
、-C(O)OR8
、-C(O)NR9
R10
或-C(S)NH2
;R2
為烷基、鹵烷基或-S(O)m
R11
;R3
為甲基、乙基或C1
-C4
鹵烷基;R4
、R5
及R7
獨立地為氫、鹵素、烷基、鹵烷基、氰基或硝基;R6
為鹵素、烷基、鹵烷基、烷氧基、鹵烷氧基、氰基、硝基、-C(O)R12
、-S(O)n
R12
或-SF5
;Z為氮原子或C-R13
;R8
為烷基、鹵烷基、環烷基或鹵環烷基;R9
為氫、烷基、鹵烷基或烷氧基;R10
為氫、烷基、鹵烷基或烷氧基;R11
為烷基、鹵烷基、烯基、鹵烯基、炔基、鹵炔基或環烷基;R12
為烷基或鹵烷基;R13
為氫、鹵素、氰基、硝基、烷基、鹵烷基、烷氧基或鹵烷氧基;m為0、1或2;且n為0、1或2;或其鹽。
本發明之第一態樣之另一實施例提供一種式(I)之1-芳基-5-烷基吡唑,其中:R1
為氫、氰基、鹵素、R8
、甲醯基、-C(O)R8
、-C(O)OR8
、-C(O)NR9
R10
或-C(S)NH2
;R2
為C1
-C4
烷基、C1
-C4
鹵烷基或-S(O)m
R11
;R3
為甲基、乙基或C1
-C4
鹵烷基;R4
、R5
及R7
獨立地為氫、鹵素、C1
-C4
烷基、C1
-C4
鹵烷基、氰基或硝基;R6
為鹵素、C1
-C4
烷基、C1
-C4
鹵烷基、C1
-C4
烷氧基、C1
-C4
鹵烷氧基、氰基、硝基、-C(O)R12
、-S(O)n
R12
或SF5
;Z為氮原子或C-R13
;R8
為C1
-C4
烷基、C1
-C4
鹵烷基或視情況經一或多個鹵素取代之環烷基;R9
為氫、C1
-C4
烷基、C1
-C4
鹵烷基或C1
-C4
烷氧基;R10
為氫、C1
-C4
烷基、C1
-C4
鹵烷基或C1
-C4
烷氧基;R11
為C1
-C4
烷基、C1
-C4
鹵烷基、C2
-C4
烯基、C2
-C4
鹵烯基、C2
-C4
炔基、C2
-C4
鹵炔基或環烷基;R12
為C1
-C4
烷基或C1
-C4
鹵烷基;R13
為氫、鹵素、氰基、硝基、C1
-C4
烷基、C1
-C4
鹵烷基、C1
-C4
烷氧基或C1
-C4
鹵烷氧基;m為0、1或2;且n為0、1或2;或其鹽。
本發明之第一態樣之另一實施例提供一種式(I)之1-芳基-5-烷基吡唑,其中:R1
為氫、氰基、氟、氯、R8
、甲醯基、-C(O)R8
、-C(O)OR8
、-C(O)NR9
R10
或-C(S)NH2
;R2
為C1
-C2
烷基、C1
-C2
氟烷基、C1
-C2
氯烷基或-S(O)m
R11
;R3
為視情況經一至三個鹵素取代之甲基、乙基;R4
、R5
及R7
係獨立地選自由氫、氟、氯、C1
-C2
烷基、C1
-C2
氟烷基、C1
-C2
氯烷基、氰基及硝基組成之群;R6
為氟、氯、C1
-C2
烷基、C1
-C2
氟烷基、C1
-C2
氯烷基、C1
-C2
烷氧基、C1
-C2
氟烷氧基、C1
-C2
氯烷氧基、氰基、硝基、-C(O)R12
、-S(O)n
R12
或SF5
;Z為氮原子或C-R13
;R8
為C1
-C2
烷基、C1
-C2
氟烷基或C1
-C2
氯烷基;R9
為氫、C1
-C2
烷基、C1
-C2
氟烷基、C1
-C2
氯烷基或C1
-C2
烷氧基;R10
為氫、C1
-C2
烷基、C1
-C2
氟烷基、C1
-C2
氯烷基或C1
-C2
烷氧基;R11
為C1
-C2
烷基、C1
-C2
氟烷基、C1
-C2
氯烷基、C2
-C4
烯基、C2
-C4
氟烯基、C2
-C4
氯烯基、C2
-C4
炔基、C2
-C4
氟炔基或C2
-C4
氯炔基;R12
為C1
-C2
烷基、C1
-C2
氟烷基或C1
-C2
氯烷基;R13
為氫、氟、氯、氰基、硝基、C1
-C2
烷基、C1
-C2
氟烷基、C1
-C2
氯烷基、C1
-C2
烷氧基、C1
-C2
氟烷氧基或C1
-C2
氯烷氧基;m為0、1或2;且n為0、1或2;或其鹽。
本發明之第一態樣之另一實施例(其中Z為C-R13
)提供一種式(I)之1-芳基-5-烷基吡唑,其中:R1
為氰基;R2
為-S(O)m
R11
;R3
為視情況經一至三個鹵素取代之甲基、乙基;R4
、R5
、R7
獨立地為氫或鹵素;R6
為C1
-C4
鹵烷基、C1
-C4
鹵烷氧基或SF5
;R11
為C1
-C4
鹵烷基;R13
為視情況經一或多個氟或氯取代之C1
-C4
烷基或鹵素;且m為0、1或2;或其鹽。
本發明之第一態樣之另一實施例(其中Z為C-R13
)提供一種式(I)之1-芳基-5-烷基吡唑,其中:R1
為氰基;R2
為-S(O)m
R11
;R3
為甲基、乙基、-CH2
F或-CHF2
;R4
、R5
及R7
獨立地為氫或鹵素;R6
為-CF3
、-OCF3
或-SF5
;R11
為-CF3
、-CClF2
或-CCl2
F;R13
為甲基、氯或氟;且m為0、1或2;或其鹽。
本發明之第一態樣之另一實施例(其中Z為C-R13
)提供一種式(I)之1-芳基-5-烷基吡唑,其中:R1
為氰基;R2
為-S(O)m
R11
;R3
為甲基、乙基、-CH2
F或-CHF2
;R4
為氫、Cl或F;R5
與R7
均為氫;R6
為-CF3
、-OCF3
或-SF5
;R11
為-CF3
、-CClF2
或-CCl2
F;R13
為甲基、氯或氟;且m為0、1或2;或其鹽。
本發明之第二態樣之另一實施例提供一種式(I)之1-芳基-5-烷基吡唑化合物:其中:R1
為氫、氰基、鹵素、R8
、甲醯基、-C(O)R8
、-C(O)OR8
、-C(O)NR9
R10
或-C(S)NH2
;R2
為R8
或-S(O)m
R11
;R3
為甲基或乙基;R4
、R5
及R7
獨立地為氫、鹵素、烷基、鹵烷基、氰基或硝基;R6
為鹵素、烷基、鹵烷基、烷氧基、鹵烷氧基、氰基、硝基、-C(O)R12
、-S(O)n
R12
或SF5
;Z為氮原子或C-R13
;R8
為烷基、鹵烷基、環烷基或鹵環烷基;R9
為氫、烷基、鹵烷基或烷氧基;R10
為氫、烷基、鹵烷基或烷氧基;R11
為烷基、鹵烷基、烯基、鹵烯基、炔基、鹵炔基或環烷基;R12
為烷基或鹵烷基;R13
為氫、鹵素、氰基、硝基、烷基、鹵烷基、烷氧基或鹵烷氧基;m為0、1或2;且n為0、1或2;或其鹽。
本發明之第二態樣之另一實施例提供一種式(I)之1-芳基-5-烷基吡唑化合物,其中:R1
為氫、氰基、鹵素、R8
、甲醯基、-C(O)R8
、-C(O)OR8
、-C(O)NR9
R10
或-C(S)NH2
;R2
為烷基、鹵烷基或-S(O)m
R11
;R3
為甲基或乙基;R4
、R5
及R7
獨立地為氫、鹵素、烷基、鹵烷基、氰基或硝基;R6
為鹵素、烷基、鹵烷基、烷氧基、鹵烷氧基、氰基、硝基、-C(O)R12
、-S(O)n
R12
或-SF5
;Z為氮原子或C-R13
;R8
為烷基、鹵烷基、環烷基或鹵環烷基;R9
為氫、烷基、鹵烷基或烷氧基;R10
為氫、烷基、鹵烷基或烷氧基;R11
為烷基、鹵烷基、烯基、鹵烯基、炔基、鹵炔基或環烷基;R12
為烷基或鹵烷基;R13
為氫、鹵素、氰基、硝基、烷基、鹵烷基、烷氧基或鹵烷氧基;m為0、1或2;且n為0、1或2;或其鹽。
本發明之第二態樣之另一實施例提供一種式(I)之1-芳基-5-烷基吡唑,其中:R1
為氫、氰基、鹵素、R8
、甲醯基、-C(O)R8
、-C(O)OR8
、-C(O)NR9
R10
或-C(S)NH2
;R2
為C1
-C4
烷基、C1
-C4
鹵烷基或-S(O)m
R11
;R3
為甲基或乙基;R4
、R5
及R7
獨立地為氫、鹵素、C1
-C4
烷基、C1
-C4
鹵烷基、氰基或硝基;R6
為鹵素、C1
-C4
烷基、C1
-C4
鹵烷基、C1
-C4
烷氧基、C1
-C4
鹵烷氧基、氰基、硝基、-C(O)R12
、-S(O)n
R12
或SF5
;Z為氮原子或C-R13
;R8
為C1
-C4
烷基、C1
-C4
鹵烷基或視情況經一或多個鹵素取代之環烷基;R9
為氫、C1
-C4
烷基、C1
-C4
鹵烷基或C1
-C4
烷氧基;R10
為氫、C1
-C4
烷基、C1
-C4
鹵烷基或C1
-C4
烷氧基;R11
為C1
-C4
烷基、C1
-C4
鹵烷基、C2
-C4
烯基、C2
-C4
鹵烯基、C2
-C4
炔基、C2
-C4
鹵炔基或環烷基;R12
為C1
-C4
烷基或C1
-C4
鹵烷基;R13
為氫、鹵素、氰基、硝基、C1
-C4
烷基、C1
-C4
鹵烷基、C1
-C4
烷氧基或C1
-C4
鹵烷氧基;m為0、1或2;且n為0、1或2;或其鹽。
本發明之第二態樣之另一實施例提供一種式(I)之1-芳基-5-烷基吡唑,其中:R1
為氫、氰基、氟、氯、R8
、甲醯基、-C(O)R8
、-C(O)OR8
、-C(O)NR9
R10
或-C(S)NH2
;R2為C1
-C2
烷基、C1
-C2
氟烷基、C1
-C2氯烷基或-S(O)mR11
;R3
為甲基或乙基;R4
、R5
及R7
係獨立地選自由氫、氟、氯、C1
-C2
烷基、C1
-C2
氟烷基、C1
-C2
氯烷基、氰基及硝基組成之群;R6
為氟、氯、C1
-C2
烷基、C1
-C2
氟烷基、C1
-C2
氯烷基、C1
-C2
烷氧基、C1
-C2
氟烷氧基、C1
-C2
氯烷氧基、氰基、硝基、-C(O)R12
、-S(O)n
R12
或SF5
;z為氮原子或C-R13
;R8
為C1
-C2
烷基、C1
-C2
氟烷基或C1
-C2
氯烷基;R9
為氫、C1
-C2
烷基、C1
-C2
氟烷基或C1
-C2
氯烷基;R10
為氫、C1
-C2
烷基、C1
-C2
氟烷基或C1
-C2
氯烷基;R11
為C1
-C2
烷基、C1
-C2
氟烷基、C1
-C2
氯烷基、C2
-C4
烯基、C2
-C4
氟烯基、C2
-C4
氯烯基、C2
-C4
炔基、C2
-C4
氟炔基或C2
-C4
氯炔基;R12
為C1
-C2
烷基、C1
-C2
氟烷基或C1
-C2
氯烷基;R13
為氫、氟、氯、氰基、硝基、C1
-C2
烷基、C1
-C2
氟烷基、C1
-C2
氯烷基、C1
-C2
烷氧基、C1
-C2
氟烷氧基或C1
-C2
氯烷氧基;m為0、1或2;且n為0、1或2;或其鹽。
本發明之第二態樣之一實施例(其中Z為C-R13
)提供一種式(I)之1-芳基-5-烷基吡唑,其中:R1
為氰基;R2
為-S(O)m
R11
;R3
為甲基或乙基;R4
、R5
、R7
獨立地為氫或鹵素;R6
為C1
-C4
鹵烷基、C1
-C4
鹵烷氧基或SF5
;R11
為C1
-C4
鹵烷基;R13
為視情況經一或多個氟或氯取代之C1
-C4
烷基或鹵素;且m為0、1或2;或其鹽。
本發明之第二態樣之另一實施例(其中Z為C-R13
)提供一種式(I)之1-芳基-5-烷基吡唑,其中:R1
為氰基;R2
為-S(O)m
R11
;R3
為甲基或乙基;R4
、R5
及R7
獨立地為氫或鹵素;R6
為-CF3
、-OCF3
或-SF5
;R11
為-CF3
、-CClF2
或-CCl2
F;R13
為甲基、氯或氟;且m為0、1或2;或其鹽。
本發明之第二態樣之另一實施例(其中Z為C-R13
)提供一種式(I)之1-芳基-5-烷基吡唑,其中:R1
為氰基;R2
為-S(O)m
R11
;R3
為甲基或乙基;R4
為氫、Cl或F;R5
與R7
均為氫;R6
為-CF3
、-OCF3
或-SF5
;R11
為-CF3
、-CClF2
或-CCl2
F;R13
為甲基、氯或氟;且m為0、1或2;或其鹽。
本發明之第三態樣之另一實施例提供一種式(I)之1-芳基-5-烷基吡唑化合物,其中:R3
係選自由C1
-C4
鹵烷基、經一至三個鹵素取代之C1
-C4
烷基、CH2
F及CHF2
組成之群;且R1
、R2
、R4
、R5
、R6
、R7
、R8
、R9
、R10
、R11
、R12
、R13
、m及n係如上文所定義;或其鹽。
本發明之第三態樣之另一實施例提供一種式(I)之1-芳基-5-烷基吡唑化合物,其中:R1
為氫、氰基、鹵素、R8
、甲醯基、-C(O)R8
、-C(O)OR8
、-C(O)NR9
R10
或-C(S)NH2
;R2
為烷基、鹵烷基或-S(O)m
R11
;R3
為C1
-C4
鹵烷基;R4
、R5
及R7
獨立地為氫、鹵素、烷基、鹵烷基、氰基或硝基;R6
為鹵素、烷基、鹵烷基、烷氧基、鹵烷氧基、氰基、硝基、-C(O)R12
、-S(O)n
R12
或-SF5
;Z為氮原子或C-R13
;R8
為烷基、鹵烷基、環烷基或鹵環烷基;R9
為氫、烷基、鹵烷基或烷氧基;R10
為氫、烷基、鹵烷基或烷氧基;R11
為烷基、鹵烷基、烯基、鹵烯基、炔基、鹵炔基或環烷基;R12
為烷基或鹵烷基;R13
為氫、鹵素、氰基、硝基、烷基、鹵烷基、烷氧基或鹵烷氧基;m為0、1或2;且n為0、1或2;或其鹽。
本發明之第三態樣之另一實施例提供一種式(I)之1-芳基-5-烷基吡唑,其中:R1
為氫、氰基、鹵素、R8
、甲醯基、-C(O)R8
、-C(O)OR8
、-C(O)NR9
R10
或-C(S)NH2
;R2
為C1
-C4
烷基、C1
-C4
鹵烷基或-S(O)m
R11
;R3
為C1
-C4
鹵烷基;R4
、R5
及R7
獨立地為氫、鹵素、C1
-C4
烷基、C1
-C4
鹵烷基、氰基或硝基;R6
為鹵素、C1
-C4
烷基、C1
-C4
鹵烷基、C1
-C4
烷氧基、C1
-C4
鹵烷氧基、氰基、硝基、-C(O)R12
、-S(O)n
R12
或SF5
;Z為氮原子或C-R13
;R8
為C1
-C4
烷基、C1
-C4
鹵烷基或視情況經一或多個鹵素取代之環烷基;R9
為氫、C1
-C4
烷基、C1
-C4
鹵烷基或C1
-C4
烷氧基;R10
為氫、C1
-C4
烷基、C1
-C4
鹵烷基或C1
-C4
烷氧基;R11
為C1
-C4
烷基、C1
-C4
鹵烷基、C2
-C4
烯基、C2
-C4
鹵烯基、C2
-C4
炔基、C2
-C4
鹵炔基或環烷基;R12
為C1
-C4
烷基或C1
-C4
鹵烷基;R13
為氫、鹵素、氰基、硝基、C1
-C4
烷基、C1
-C4
鹵烷基、C1
-C4
烷氧基或C1
-C4
鹵烷氧基;m為0、1或2;且n為0、1或2;或其鹽。
本發明之第三態樣之另一實施例提供一種式(I)之1-芳基-5-烷基吡唑,其中:R1
為氫、氰基、氟、氯、R8
、甲醯基、-C(O)R8
、-C(O)OR8
、-C(O)NR9
R10
或-C(S)NH2
;R2
為C1
-C2
烷基、C1
-C2
氟烷基或-S(O)m
R11
;R3
為視情況經一至三個鹵素取代之甲基或乙基;R4
、R5
及R7
係獨立地選自由氫、氟、氯、C1
-C2
烷基、C1
-C2
氟烷基、C1
-C2
氯烷基、氰基及硝基組成之群;R6
為氟、氯、C1
-C2
烷基、C1
-C2
氟烷基、C1
-C2
氯烷基、C1
-C2
烷氧基、C1
-C2
氟烷氧基、C1
-C2
氯烷氧基、氰基、硝基、-C(O)R12
、-S(O)n
R12
或SF5
;Z為氮原子或C-R13
;R8
為C1
-C2
烷基、C1
-C2
氟烷基或C1
-C2
氯烷基;R9
為氫、C1
-C2
烷基、C1
-C2
氟烷基或C1
-C2
氯烷基;R10
為氫、C1
-C2
烷基、C1
-C2
氟烷基或C1
-C2
氯烷基;R11
為C1
-C2
烷基、C1
-C2
氟烷基、C1
-C2
氯烷基、C2
-C4
烯基、C2
-C4
氟烯基、C2
-C4
氯烯基、C2
-C4
炔基、C2
-C4
氟炔基或C2
-C4
氯炔基;R12
為C1
-C2
烷基、C1
-C2
氟烷基或C1
-C2
氯烷基;R13
為氫、氟、氯、氰基、硝基、C1
-C2
烷基、C1
-C2
氟烷基、C1
-C2
氯烷基、C1
-C2
烷氧基、C1
-C2
氟烷氧基或C1
-C2
氯烷氧基;m為0、1或2;且n為0、1或2;或其鹽。
本發明之第三態樣之另一實施例(其中Z為C-R13
)提供一種式(I)之1-芳基-5-烷基吡唑,其中:R1
為氰基;R2
為-S(O)m
R11
;R3
為經一至三個鹵素取代之甲基或乙基;R4
、R5
、R7
獨立地為氫或鹵素;R6
為C1
-C4
鹵烷基、C1
-C4
鹵烷氧基或SF5
;R11
為C1
-C4
鹵烷基;R13
為C1
-C4
烷基或鹵素;且m為0、1或2;或其鹽。
本發明之第三態樣之另一實施例(其中Z為C-R13
)提供一種式(I)之1-芳基-5-烷基吡唑,其中:R1
為氰基;R2
為-S(O)m
R11
;R3
為經一至三個鹵素取代之甲基或乙基;R4
、R5
及R7
獨立地為氫或鹵素;R6
為C1
-C4
鹵烷基、C1
-C4
鹵烷氧基或-SF5
;R11
為C1
-C4
鹵烷基;R13
為C1
-C4
烷基或鹵素;且m為0、1或2;或其鹽。
本發明之第三態樣之另一實施例(其中Z為C-R13
)提供一種式(I)之1-芳基-5-烷基吡唑,其中:R1
為氰基;R2
為-S(O)m
R11
;R3
為-CH2
F或-CHF2
;R4
為氫、氟或氯;R5
與R7
均為氫;R6
為-CF3
、-OCF3
或SF5
;R11
為-CF3
、-CClF2
或-CCl2
F;R13
為甲基、氟或氯;且m為0、1或2;或其鹽。
本發明之第三態樣之另一實施例(其中Z為C-R13
)提供一種式(I)之1-芳基-5-烷基吡唑:R1
為氰基;R2
為-S(O)m
R11
;R3
為-CH2
F或-CHF2
;R4
為Cl;R5
與R7
均為氫;R6
為-CF3
、-OCF3
或-SF5
;R11
為-CF3
、-CClF2
或-CCl2
F;R13
為氯或氟;且m為0、1或2;或其鹽。
本發明亦提供用於製備式(Ia)之1-芳基-5-烷基吡唑化合物之新穎中間物化合物(Ia):
其中:R1
為氫、氰基、鹵素、R8
、甲醯基、-C(O)R8
、-C(O)OR8
、-C(O)NR9
R10
或-C(S)NH2
;R2
為R8
或-S(O)m
R11
;R3
為經至少一個-OH取代之C1
-C4
烷基;R4
、R5
及R7
獨立地為氫、鹵素、烷基、鹵烷基、氰基或硝基;R6
為鹵素、烷基、鹵烷基、烷氧基、鹵烷氧基、氰基、硝基、-C(O)R12
、-S(O)n
R12
或SF5
;Z為C-F;R8
為烷基、鹵烷基、環烷基或鹵環烷基;R9
為氫、烷基或鹵烷基;R10
為氫、烷基或鹵烷基;R11
為烷基、鹵烷基、烯基、鹵烯基、炔基、鹵炔基或環烷基;R12
為烷基或鹵烷基;m為0、1或2;且n為0、1或2;或其鹽。
式(Ia)之1-芳基-5-烷基吡唑化合物之另一實施例為:R1
為氫、氰基、鹵素、R8
、甲醯基、-C(O)R8
、-C(O)OR8
、-C(O)NR9
R10
或-C(S)NH2
;R2
為R8
或-S(O)m
R11
;R3
為經至少一個-OH取代之C1
-C4
烷基;R4
、R5
及R7
獨立地為氫、鹵素、烷基、鹵烷基、氰基或硝基;R6
為鹵素、烷基、鹵烷基、烷氧基、鹵烷氧基、氰基、硝基、-C(O)R12
、-S(O)n
R12
或SF5
;Z為氮原子或C-F;R8
為烷基、鹵烷基、環烷基或鹵環烷基;R9
為氫、烷基或鹵烷基;R10
為氫、烷基或鹵烷基;R11
為烷基、鹵烷基、烯基、鹵烯基、炔基、鹵炔基或環烷基;R12
為烷基或鹵烷基;m為0、1或2;且n為0、1或2;或其鹽。
式(Ia)之1-芳基-5-烷基吡唑化合物之另一實施例為:R1
為氫、氰基、鹵素、R8
、甲醯基、-C(O)R8
、-C(O)OR8
、-C(O)NR9
R10
或-C(S)NH2
;R2
為烷基、鹵烷基或-S(O)m
R11
或環烷基;R3
為經至少一個-OH取代之C1
-C4
烷基;R4
、R5
及R7
獨立地為氫、鹵素、烷基、鹵烷基、烷氧基、氰基或硝基;R6
為鹵素、烷基、鹵烷基、烷氧基、鹵烷氧基、氰基、硝基、-C(O)R12
、-S(O)n
R12
或SF5
;Z為C-F;R8
為烷基、鹵烷基、環烷基或鹵環烷基;R9
為氫、烷基或鹵烷基;R10
為氫、烷基或鹵烷基;R11
為烷基、鹵烷基、烯基、鹵烯基、炔基、鹵炔基或環烷基;R12
為烷基或鹵烷基;m為0、1或2;且n為0、1或2;或其鹽。
本發明之另一實施例提供式(I)之1-芳基-5-烷基吡唑,其中:R1
為氫、氰基、鹵素、R8
、甲醯基、-C(O)R8
、-C(O)OR8
、-C(O)NR9
R10
或-C(S)NH2
;R2
為C1
-C4
烷基、C1
-C4
鹵烷基或-S(O)m
R11
;R3
為經-OH取代之C1
-C4
烷基;R4
、R5
及R7
獨立地為氫、鹵素、C1
-C4
烷基、C1
-C4
鹵烷基、氰基或硝基;R6
為鹵素、C1
-C4
烷基、C1
-C4
鹵烷基、C1
-C4
烷氧基、C1
-C4
鹵烷氧基、氰基、硝基、-C(O)R12
、-S(O)n
R12
或SF5
;Z為C-F;R8
為C1
-C4
烷基、C1
-C4
鹵烷基或視情況經一或多個鹵素取代之環烷基;R9
為氫、C1
-C4
烷基或C1
-C4
鹵烷基;R10
為氫、C1
-C4
烷基或C1
-C4
鹵烷基;R11
為C1
-C4
烷基、C1
-C4
鹵烷基、C2
-C4
烯基、C2
-C4
鹵烯基、C2
-C4
炔基、C2
-C4
鹵炔基或環烷基;R12
為C1
-C4
烷基或C1
-C4
鹵烷基;m為0、1或2;且n為0、1或2;或其鹽。
本發明之另一實施例提供式(I)之1-芳基-5-烷基吡唑,其中:R1
為氫、氰基、氟、氯、R8
、甲醯基、-C(O)R8
、-C(O)OR8
、-C(O)NR9
R10
或-C(S)NH2
;R2
為C1
-C2
烷基、C1
-C2
氟烷基或-S(O)m
R11
;R3
為經-OH取代之C1
-C4
烷基;R4
、R5
及R7
係獨立地選自由氫、氟、氯、C1
-C2
烷基、C1
-C2
氟烷基、C1
-C2
氯烷基、C1
-C2
烷氧基、C1
-C2
氟烷氧基、C1
-C2
氯烷氧基、C1
-C2
烷硫基、C1
-C2
氟烷硫基、C1
-C2
氯烷硫基、氰基及硝基組成之群;R6
為氟、氯、C1
-C2
烷基、C1
-C2
氟烷基、C1
-C2
氯烷基、C1
-C2
烷氧基、C1
-C2
氟烷氧基、C1
-C2
氯烷氧基、氰基、硝基、-C(O)R12
、-S(O)n
R12
或SF5
;Z為C-F;R8
為C1
-C2
烷基、C1
-C2
氟烷基或C1
-C2
氯烷基;R9
為氫、C1
-C2
烷基、C1
-C2
氟烷基或C1
-C2
氯烷基;R10
為氫、C1
-C2
烷基、C1
-C2
氟烷基或C1
-C2
氯烷基;R11
為C1
-C2
烷基、C1
-C2
氟烷基、C1
-C2
氯烷基、C2
-C4
烯基、C2
-C4
氟烯基、C2
-C4
氯烯基、C2
-C4
炔基、C2
-C4氟炔基或C2
-C4
氯炔基;R12
為C1
-C2
烷基、C1
-C2
氟烷基或C1
-C2
氯烷基;m為0、1或2;且n為0、1或2;或其鹽。
本發明之範疇內亦涵蓋本文中所提供之1-芳基-5-烷基-吡唑之酸式鹽或鹼式鹽(若適當)。
術語"酸"涵蓋所有醫藥學、獸醫學或農業上可接受之無機酸或有機酸。無機酸包括礦物酸,諸如氫鹵酸(諸如氫溴酸及鹽酸)、硫酸、磷酸及硝酸。有機酸包括所有醫藥學上可接受之脂族、脂環族及芳族羧酸、二羧酸、三羧酸及脂肪酸。在酸之一實施例中,酸可為直鏈或支鏈、飽和或不飽和之C1
-C20
脂族羧酸(其視情況經鹵素或羥基取代),或C6
-C12
芳族羧酸。該等酸之實例為碳酸、甲酸、反丁烯二酸、乙酸、丙酸、異丙酸、戊酸、α-羥基酸(諸如乙醇酸及乳酸)、氯乙酸、苯甲酸、甲烷磺酸及水楊酸。二羧酸之實例包括草酸、蘋果酸、丁二酸、酒石酸及順丁烯二酸。三羧酸之一實例為檸檬酸。脂肪酸包括具有4至24個碳原子之所有醫藥學或獸醫學上可接受之飽和或不飽和脂族或芳族羧酸。實例包括丁酸、異丁酸、第二丁酸、月桂酸、棕櫚酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亞麻油酸、次亞麻油酸及苯基硬脂酸。其他酸包括葡糖酸、葡糖庚酸及乳糖酸。
術語"鹼"涵蓋所有醫藥學、獸醫學或農業上可接受之無機鹼或有機鹼。該等鹼包括(例如)鹼金屬鹽及鹼土金屬鹽,諸如鋰鹽、鈉鹽、鉀鹽、鎂鹽或鈣鹽。有機鹼包括常見烴基胺鹽及雜環胺鹽,其包括(例如)嗎啉鹽及哌啶鹽。
本發明之殺體外寄生蟲組合物包含1-芳基-5-烷基吡唑及可接受之載劑,例如獸醫學上可接受之載劑或殺體外寄生蟲上可接受之載劑。在本發明之一實施例中,殺體外寄生蟲上可接受之載劑為調配物技術中通常使用之有機溶劑。此等有機溶劑可見於(例如)Remington Pharmaceutical Science,第16版(1986)中。此等溶劑包括(例如)丙酮、乙酸乙酯、甲醇、乙醇、異丙醇、二甲基甲醯胺、二氯甲烷或二乙二醇單乙醚(Transcutol)。此等溶劑可根據所需相之性質補充各種賦形劑,諸如C8
-C10
辛酸/癸酸三甘油酯(Estasan或Miglyol 812)、油酸或丙二醇。
本發明之殺蟲組合物包含1-芳基-5-烷基吡唑及可接受之載劑,例如農業上可接受之載劑。在本發明之一實施例中,農業上可接受之載劑為調配物技術中通常使用之有機溶劑。此等有機溶劑可見於(例如)C.Marsden,"Solvents Guide",第2版,Interscience,N.Y.1963中。此等溶劑包括(例如)丙酮、丁醇、環己酮、二甲基甲醯胺、二甲苯或者高沸點芳族化合物或烴或此等物質之混合物。此等溶劑可補充各種離子型及/或非離子型界面活性劑(乳化劑)。
本發明之組合物亦可為多種形式,其包括(但不限於)經口調配物、可注射調配物及局部、經皮或皮下調配物。
本發明之組合物可為適於經口使用之形式,例如為誘餌(例如參見美國專利第4,564,631號)、膳食補充物、口含錠、含片、咀嚼劑、錠劑、硬或軟膠囊、乳液、水性或油性懸浮液、水性或油性溶液、經口灌服調配物、可分散粉末或顆粒、糖漿或酏劑、腸溶性調配物或糊狀物。意欲用於經口使用之組合物可根據此項技術中已知用於製造醫藥組合物之任何方法來製備,且該等組合物可含有一或多種選自由甜味劑、苦味劑、調味劑、著色劑及防腐劑組成之群之藥劑以提供醫藥學上優良且適口之製劑。
錠劑可含有與適用於製造錠劑之無毒、醫藥學上可接受之賦形劑混合的活性成份。此等賦形劑可為(例如)惰性稀釋劑,諸如碳酸鈣、碳酸鈉、乳糖、磷酸鈣或磷酸鈉;成粒劑及崩解劑,例如玉米澱粉或褐藻酸;黏合劑,例如澱粉、明膠或阿拉伯膠;及潤滑劑,例如硬脂酸鎂、硬脂酸或滑石,錠劑可未經包衣或可藉由已知技術將其包衣以延遲在胃腸道中之崩解及吸收且進而提供歷經較長時期之持續作用。舉例而言,可使用諸如單硬脂酸甘油酯或二硬脂酸甘油酯之延時材料。亦可藉由美國專利第4,256,108號、第4,166,452號及第4,265,874號(以引用的方式併入本文中)中所述之技術將其包衣以形成用於受控釋放之滲透性治療錠劑。
用於經口使用之調配物可為硬明膠膠囊,其中活性成份係與惰性固體稀釋劑(例如,碳酸鈣、磷酸鈣或高嶺土)混合。膠囊亦可為軟明膠膠囊,其中活性成份係與水或可混溶溶劑(諸如丙二醇、PEG及乙醇)或油介質(例如花生油、液體石蠟或橄欖油)混合。
本發明之組合物亦可為水包油乳液或油包水乳液之形式。油性相可為植物油,例如橄欖油或花生油;或礦物油,例如液體石蠟或此等物質之混合物。適合乳化劑可為天然存在之磷脂,例如大豆磷脂、卵磷脂;及由脂肪酸及己糖醇酐衍生之酯或偏酯,例如脫水山梨糖醇單油酸酯;及此等偏酯與環氧乙烷之縮合產物,例如聚氧乙烯脫水山梨糖醇單油酸酯。乳液亦可含有甜味劑、苦味劑、調味劑及/或防腐劑。
在調配物之一實施例中,本發明之組合物為微乳液之形式。微乳液適用作液體載劑媒劑。微乳液為包含水性相、油性相、界面活性劑及助界面活性劑之四元系統。其為半透明且各向同性之液體。
微乳液包含水性相之微液滴於油性相中之穩定分散液或相反地油性相之微液滴於水性相中之穩定分散液。此等微液滴之尺寸小於200 nm(對於乳液而言為1000 nm至100,000 nm)。界面膜包含交替之表面活性(SA)分子與助表面活性(Co-SA)分子,其藉由降低界面張力而使微乳液可自發形成。
在油性相之一實施例中,油性相可由礦物油或植物油、由不飽和聚糖基化甘油酯或三甘油酯,或者由該等化合物之混合物形成。在油性相之一實施例中,油性相包含三甘油酯;在油性相之另一實施例中,三甘油酯為中鏈三甘油酯,例如C8
-C10
辛酸/癸酸三甘油酯。在油性相之另一實施例中,其佔選自由約2至約15%、約7至約10%及約8至約9% v/v組成之群之% v/v範圍的微乳液。
水性相包括(例如)水或二醇衍生物,諸如丙二醇、乙二醇醚、聚乙二醇或甘油。在二醇衍生物之一實施例中,二醇係選自由丙二醇、二乙二醇單乙醚、二丙二醇單乙醚及其混合物組成之群。通常,水性相在微乳液中佔約1至約4% v/v之比例。
用於微乳液之界面活性劑包括二乙二醇單乙醚、二丙二醇單甲醚、聚乙二醇化C8
-C10
甘油酯或聚甘油基-6二油酸酯。除此等界面活性劑之外,助界面活性劑包括短鏈醇,諸如乙醇及丙醇。
一些化合物常用於上文所述之三種組份,亦即水性相、界面活性劑及助界面活性劑。然而,專業人員根據其技能水平應熟知對於相同調配物之各組份可使用不同化合物。在關於界面活性劑/助界面活性劑之量之一實施例中,助界面活性劑與界面活性劑之比可為約1/7至約1/2。在關於助界面活性劑之量之另一實施例中,在微乳液中可存在約25至約75% v/v之界面活性劑及約10至約55% v/v之助界面活性劑。
油性懸浮液可藉由將活性成份懸浮於植物油(例如花生油、橄欖油、芝麻油或可可油)或礦物油(諸如液體石蠟)中來調配。油性懸浮液可含有增稠劑,例如蜂蠟、固體石蠟或鯨蠟醇。可添加甜味劑(諸如蔗糖、糖精或阿斯巴甜糖)、苦味劑及調味劑以提供適口之經口製劑。此等組合物可藉由添加抗氧化劑(諸如抗壞血酸)或其他已知防腐劑來保存。
水性懸浮液可含有與適用於製造水性懸浮液之賦形劑混合的活性物質。該等賦形劑為懸浮劑,例如羧甲基纖維素鈉、甲基纖維素、羥基-丙基甲基纖維素、海藻酸鈉、聚乙烯吡咯啶酮、黃蓍膠及阿拉伯膠;分散劑或濕潤劑可為天然存在之磷脂,例如卵磷脂;或環氧烷與脂肪酸之縮合產物,例如聚氧乙烯硬脂酸酯;或環氧乙烷與長鏈脂族醇之縮合產物,例如十七伸乙基氧基鯨蠟醇;或環氧乙烷與衍生自脂肪酸及己糖醇之偏酯的縮合產物,諸如聚氧乙烯山梨糖醇單油酸酯;或環氧乙烷與衍生自脂肪酸及己糖醇酐之偏酯的縮合產物,例如聚乙烯脫水山梨糖醇單油酸酯。水性懸浮液亦可含有一或多種防腐劑(例如對羥基苯甲酸乙酯或對羥基苯甲酸正丙酯)、一或多種著色劑、一或多種調味劑及一或多種甜味劑及/或苦味劑(諸如上文所列出之彼等)。
適用於藉由添加水來製備水性懸浮液之可分散粉末及顆粒提供與分散劑或濕潤劑、懸浮劑及一或多種防腐劑混合之活性成份。適合分散劑或濕潤劑及懸浮劑由上文已提及之彼等例示。亦可存在額外賦形劑,例如甜味劑、苦味劑、調味劑及著色劑。
糖漿及酏劑可用甜味劑(例如甘油、丙二醇、山梨糖醇或蔗糖)來調配。該等調配物亦可含有緩和劑、防腐劑、調味劑及/或著色劑。
在本發明之另一實施例中,組合物可為糊狀物形式。糊狀物形式之實施例之實例包括(但不限於)美國專利第6,787,342號及第7,001,889號(其各者以引用的方式併入本文中)中描述之彼等。除本發明之1-芳基-5-烷基吡唑化合物之外,糊狀物亦可含有煙霧狀二氧化矽、黏度改質劑、載劑、可選之吸收劑及可選之著色劑、穩定劑、界面活性劑或防腐劑。
用於製備糊狀調配物之方法包含以下步驟:(a)藉由混合將1-芳基-5-烷基化合物溶解或分散於載劑中;(b)將煙霧狀二氧化矽添加至含有溶解之1-芳基-5-烷基吡唑化合物之載劑中且混合直至二氧化矽分散於載劑中;(c)靜置(b)中形成之中間物歷經充分時間以使在步驟(b)期間裹入之空氣逸出;及(d)在攪拌下將黏度改質劑添加至中間物中以製得均一糊狀物。
以上步驟為說明性而非限制性的。舉例而言,步驟(a)可為最後步驟。
在調配物之一實施例中,調配物為含有1-芳基-5-烷基吡唑化合物、煙霧狀二氧化矽、黏度改質劑、吸收劑、著色劑及親水性載劑(其為三乙酸甘油酯、單甘油酯、二甘油酯或三甘油酯)之糊狀物。
糊狀物亦可包括(但不限於)黏度改質劑,其係選自由PEG 200、PEG 300、PEG 400、PEG 600、單乙醇胺、三乙醇胺、甘油、丙二醇、聚氧乙烯(20)脫水山梨糖醇單油酸酯(聚山梨醇酯80或Tween 80)及泊洛沙姆(Polyoxamer)(例如普流尼克(Pluronic)L 81)組成之群;吸收劑,其係選自由碳酸鎂、碳酸鈣、澱粉及纖維素及其衍生物組成之群;及著色劑,其係選自由二氧化鈦、氧化鐵及FD&C Blue #1鋁色澱組成之群。
組合物可為無菌可注射水性或油性懸浮液之形式。此懸浮液可使用上文已提及之彼等適合分散劑或濕潤劑及懸浮劑根據已知技術來調配。無菌可注射製劑亦可為於無毒非經腸可接受之稀釋劑或溶劑中之無菌可注射溶液或懸浮液,例如為於1,3-丁二醇中之溶液。可使用之可接受之媒劑及溶劑包括水、林格氏溶液(Ringer's solution)及等張氯化鈉溶液。亦可使用諸如乙醇、丙二醇或聚乙二醇之共溶劑。可使用諸如苯酚或苄醇之防腐劑。
另外,通常使用無菌、不揮發性油作為溶劑或懸浮介質。對此而言,可使用包括合成單甘油酯或二甘油酯之任何無刺激性不揮發性油。另外,諸如油酸之脂肪酸亦可用於製備注射劑。
局部、經皮及皮下調配物可包括乳液、乳膏、軟膏、凝膠、糊狀物、散劑、洗髮精、傾塗調配物、即用調配物、點塗溶液及懸浮液。本發明之化合物或其中活性劑中包括至少一種本發明之化合物之組合物(點塗組合物)的局部施用可容許本發明之化合物經由動物之腺體(例如皮脂腺)分布及/或使活性劑可達成全身性作用(血漿濃度)或遍及皮毛。當化合物經由腺體分布時,腺體可充當儲集器,藉以可存在持久(例如1-2個月)作用。點塗調配物通常係施用於局部區域中,該區域係指一定面積而非整個動物。在局部區域之一實施例中,該位置係在兩肩之間。在局部區域之另一實施例中,其為長條區域,例如自動物之頭至尾之長條區域。
傾塗調配物描述於美國專利第6,010,710號中,其以引用的方式併入本文中。傾塗調配物有利地為油性的,且通常包含稀釋劑或媒劑以及用於活性成份之溶劑(例如有機溶劑)(若活性成份不溶於稀釋劑中時)。
可用於本發明中之有機溶劑包括(但不限於):檸檬酸乙醯基三丁酯、脂肪酸酯(諸如二甲酯)、己二酸二異丁酯、丙酮、乙腈、苄醇、二乙二醇丁醚、二甲基乙醯胺、二甲基甲醯胺、二丙二醇正丁醚、乙醇、異丙醇、甲醇、乙二醇單乙醚、乙二醇單甲醚、單甲基乙醯胺、二丙二醇單甲醚、液體聚氧乙二醇、丙二醇、2-吡咯啶酮(例如N-甲基吡咯啶酮)、二乙二醇單乙醚、乙二醇及鄰苯二甲酸二乙酯,或此等溶劑中至少兩者之混合物。
作為媒劑或稀釋劑,可提及植物油,諸如(但不限於)大豆油、花生油、蓖麻油、玉米油、棉籽油、橄欖油、葡萄籽油、向日葵油等;礦物油,諸如(但不限於)石蠟油、石蠟、聚矽氧等;脂族或環狀烴或者(例如)中鏈(諸如C8
至C12
)三甘油酯。
在本發明之另一實施例中,可添加潤膚劑及/或展布劑及/或成膜劑。潤膚劑及/或展布劑及/或成膜劑之一實施例為選自由以下各物組成之群之彼等藥劑:(a)聚乙烯吡咯啶酮、聚乙烯醇、乙酸乙烯酯與乙烯吡咯啶酮之共聚物、聚乙二醇、苄醇、甘露糖醇、甘油、山梨糖醇、聚氧乙烯化脫水山梨糖醇酯;卵磷脂、羧甲基纖維素鈉、聚矽氧油、聚二有機矽氧烷油(諸如聚二甲基矽氧烷(PDMS)油),例如含有矽烷醇官能基之聚二有機矽氧烷油或45V2油,(b)陰離子型界面活性劑,諸如鹼金屬硬脂酸鹽,硬脂酸鈉、硬脂酸鉀或硬脂酸銨;硬脂酸鈣、三乙醇胺硬脂酸酯;松脂酸鈉;烷基硫酸鹽(例如月桂基硫酸鈉及鯨蠟基硫酸鈉);十二烷基苯磺酸鈉、二辛基磺基丁二酸鈉;脂肪酸(例如衍生自可可油之脂肪酸),(c)陽離子型界面活性劑,諸如式N+
R'R"R"'R""Y-
之水溶性第四銨鹽,其中基團R為視情況經羥基化之烴基且Y-
為強酸之陰離子,諸如鹵離子、硫酸根及磺酸根陰離子;鯨蠟基三甲基溴化銨為可使用之陽離子型界面活性劑之一,(d)式N+
R'R"R'"之胺鹽,其中基團R為視情況經羥基化之烴基;鹽酸十八烷基胺為可使用之陽離子型界面活性劑之一,(e)非離子型界面活性劑,諸如視情況經聚氧乙烯化之脫水山梨糖醇酯(例如聚山梨醇酯80)、聚氧乙烯化烷基酯;聚氧丙基化脂肪醇,諸如聚氧丙烯-苯乙烯醚;聚乙二醇硬脂酸酯、蓖麻油之聚氧乙烯化衍生物、聚甘油酯、聚氧乙烯化脂肪醇、聚氧乙烯化脂肪酸、環氧乙烷與環氧丙烷之共聚物,(f)兩性界面活性劑,諸如甜菜鹼之經取代月桂基化合物;或(g)此等藥劑中至少兩者之混合物。
溶劑可根據1-芳基-5-烷基吡唑化合物之濃度及其在此溶劑中之溶解度呈比例使用。應尋求具有最小可能體積。由媒劑補足差額至100%。
在潤膚劑之量之一實施例中,潤膚劑係以選自由0.1至10體積%及0.25至5體積%組成之群之比例使用。
在本發明之另一實施例中,組合物可為如美國專利第6,395,765號(其以引用的方式併入本文中)中所述之即用溶液形式。除1-芳基-5-烷基吡唑化合物之外,即用溶液可含有結晶抑制劑、有機溶劑及有機共溶劑。
在結晶抑制劑之量之一實施例中,結晶抑制劑可以選自由約1至約20%(w/v)及約5至約15%組成之群之比例存在。在結晶抑制劑之量之另一實施例中,該量符合如下試驗,其中將0.3 ml包含於液體載劑中之10%(w/v)1-芳基-5-烷基吡唑化合物及10%抑制劑的溶液在20℃下置於玻璃載片上且使其靜置24小時。隨後用肉眼觀測載片。可接受之抑制劑為添加後提供極少晶體(例如小於10個晶體)或不提供晶體之抑制劑。
有機溶劑具有選自由介於約10與35之間及介於約20與30之間組成之群之範圍的介電常數,此有機溶劑在總組合物中之含量表示達成100%組合物之補充量;且有機共溶劑具有選自由低於100℃及低於80℃組成之範圍的沸點,且具有選自由介於約10與40之間及介於約20與30之間組成之群之範圍的介電常數;此共溶劑可以介於約1/15與1/2之間之有機共溶劑/有機溶劑重量/重量(W/W)比存在於組合物中。該溶劑為揮發性的以充當乾燥促進劑,且可與水及/或有機溶劑混溶。
調配物亦可包含意欲抑制在空氣中氧化之抗氧化劑,此藥劑係以選自由約0.005至約1%(w/v)及約0.01至約0.05%組成之範圍的比例存在。
適用於本發明之結晶抑制劑包括(但不限於):(a)聚乙烯吡咯啶酮、聚乙烯醇、乙酸乙烯酯與乙烯吡咯啶酮之共聚物、聚乙二醇、苄醇、甘露糖醇、甘油、山梨糖醇或聚氧乙烯化脫水山梨糖醇酯;卵磷脂或羧甲基纖維素鈉;或丙烯酸衍生物,諸如甲基丙烯酸酯及其他衍生物;(b)陰離子型界面活性劑,諸如鹼金屬硬脂酸鹽(例如硬脂酸鈉、硬脂酸鉀或硬脂酸銨);硬脂酸鈣或三乙醇胺硬脂酸酯;松脂酸鈉;烷基硫酸鹽、其包括(但不限於)月桂基硫酸鈉及鯨蠟基硫酸鈉;十二烷基苯磺酸鈉或二辛基磺基丁二酸鈉;或脂肪酸(例如可可油);(c)陽離子型界面活性劑,諸如式N+
R'R"R"'R""Y-
之水溶性第四銨鹽,其中R基團相同或不同且為視情況經羥基化之烴基且Y-
為強酸之陰離子,諸如鹵離子、硫酸根及磺酸根陰離子;鯨蠟基三甲基溴化銨為可使用之陽離子型界面活性劑之一;(d)式N+
R'R"R'"之胺鹽,其中R基團相同或不同且為視情況經羥基化之烴基;鹽酸十八烷基胺為可使用之陽離子型界面活性劑之一;(e)非離子型界面活性劑,諸如視情況經聚氧乙烯化之脫水山梨糖醇酯(例如聚山梨醇酯80)或聚氧乙烯化烷基酯;聚乙二醇硬脂酸酯、蓖麻油之聚氧乙烯化衍生物、聚甘油酯、聚氧乙烯化脂肪醇、聚氧乙烯化脂肪酸或環氧乙烷與環氧丙烷之共聚物;(f)兩性界面活性劑,諸如甜菜鹼之經取代月桂基化合物;或(g)上文(a)-(f)中列出之化合物中至少兩者之混合物。
在結晶抑制劑之一實施例中,可使用結晶抑制劑對。該等對包括(例如)聚合型成膜劑與表面活性劑之組合。此等藥劑可選自上文所述可用作結晶抑制劑之化合物。
在成膜劑之一實施例中,該等藥劑屬於聚合型,其包括(但不限於)各種等級之聚乙烯吡咯啶酮、聚乙烯醇及乙酸乙烯酯與乙烯吡咯啶酮之共聚物。
在表面活性劑之一實施例中,該等藥劑包括(但不限於)由非離子型界面活性劑組成之藥劑;在表面活性劑之另一實施例中,該藥劑為聚氧乙烯化之脫水山梨糖醇酯;且在表面活性劑之另一實施例中,該等藥劑包括各種等級之聚山梨醇酯,例如聚山梨醇酯80。
在本發明之另一實施例中,成膜劑及表面活性劑可以在別處提及之結晶抑制劑之總量範圍內的類似或相同量併入。
由此構成之藥劑對以顯著方式確保在皮毛上不存在結晶及保持皮膚或毛皮美觀之目標,亦即儘管存在高濃度之活性物質,但無黏附或黏性外觀之趨勢。
在抗氧化劑之一實施例中,該等藥劑為此項技術中習知之抗氧化劑且包括(但不限於)丁基化羥基苯甲醚、丁基化羥基甲苯、抗壞血酸、偏亞硫酸氫鈉、沒食子酸丙酯、硫代硫酸鈉或此等物質中至多兩者之混合物。
此項技術之專業人員熟知上文論述之調配物佐劑且其可購得或經由已知技術獲得。此等濃縮組合物通常可藉由將如上文所定義之組份簡單混合來製備;有利的為起始點為將活性物質混合於主要溶劑中且隨後添加其他成份或佐劑。
施用體積可為約0.3至約1 ml。在關於體積之一實施例中,視動物之體重而定,對於貓,體積為約0.5 ml,且對於犬,體積為約0.3至約3 ml。
在本發明之另一實施例中,當將溶液施用於哺乳動物或鳥類身上時,施用本發明之點塗調配物亦可提供持久且廣泛範圍之功效。點塗調配物提供濃縮溶液、懸浮液、微乳液或乳液之局部投藥,將其間歇施用於動物身上通常在兩肩之間之點處(點塗型溶液)。
對於點塗調配物而言,載劑可為如美國專利第6,426,333號(以引用的方式併入本文中)中所述之液體載劑媒劑,在點塗調配物之一實施例中,其包含溶劑及共溶劑,其中溶劑係選自由以下各物組成之群:丙酮、乙腈、苄醇、二乙二醇丁醚、二甲基乙醯胺、二甲基甲醯胺、二丙二醇正丁醚、乙醇、異丙醇、甲醇、乙二醇單乙醚、乙二醇單甲醚、單甲基乙醯胺、二丙二醇單甲醚、液體聚氧乙二醇、丙二醇、2-吡咯啶酮(例如N-甲基吡咯啶酮)、二乙二醇單乙醚、乙二醇、鄰苯二甲酸二乙酯、脂肪酸酯(諸如二乙酯)或己二酸二異丁酯,及此等溶劑中至少兩者之混合物,且共溶劑係選自由無水乙醇、異丙醇或甲醇組成之群。
液體載劑媒劑可視情況含有結晶抑制劑,其係選自由以下各物組成之群:陰離子型界面活性劑、陽離子型界面活性劑、非離子型界面活性劑、胺鹽、兩性界面活性劑或聚乙烯吡咯啶酮、聚乙烯醇、乙酸乙烯酯與乙烯吡咯啶酮之共聚物、聚乙二醇、苄醇、甘露糖醇、甘油、山梨糖醇、聚氧乙烯化脫水山梨糖醇酯、卵磷脂、羧甲基纖維素鈉及丙烯酸衍生物,或此等結晶抑制劑之混合物。
點塗調配物可藉由將活性成份溶解於醫藥學上或獸醫學上可接受之媒劑中來製備。或者,點塗調配物可藉由囊封活性成份來製備以在動物體表留下治療劑殘餘物。此等調配物之組合治療劑的重量視待治療之宿主動物之物種、感染之嚴重性及類型及宿主之體重而而改變。
劑型可含有約0.5 mg至約5 g之活性劑。在劑型之一實施例中,劑量為約1 mg至約500 mg之活性劑,通常為約25 mg、約50 mg、約100 mg、約200 mg、約300 mg、約400 mg、約500 mg、約600 mg、約800 mg或約1000 mg。
在本發明之一實施例中,活性劑係以約0.05至10%重量/體積之濃度存在於調配物中。在本發明之另一實施例中,活性劑係以約0.1至2%重量/體積之濃度存在於調配物中。在本發明之另一實施例中,活性劑係以約0.25至約1.5%重量/體積之濃度存在於調配物中。在本發明之另一實施例中,活性劑係以約1%重量/體積之濃度存在於調配物中。
式(I)化合物或其鹽可以原樣形式或以單獨或與其他殺蟲活性物質(諸如殺昆蟲劑、引誘劑、滅菌劑、殺蟎劑、殺線蟲劑、除草劑、殺真菌劑)及與安全劑、肥料及/或生長調節劑組合(例如為預混合物/現成混合物形式)之製劑(調配物)形式使用。
殺昆蟲劑包括(例如)磷酸酯、胺基甲酸酯、羧酸酯、氯化烴、苯基脲、由微生物製備之物質。
可視情況混合之殺昆蟲劑之實例包括(但不限於):磷酸酯,諸如益棉磷(azinphos-ethyl)、穀硫磷(azinphos-methyl)、α-1(4-氯苯基)-4-(O-乙基,S-丙基)磷醯氧基-吡唑、陶斯松(chlorpyrifoS)、蠅毒磷(coumaphos)、內吸磷(demeton)、滅賜松(demeton-S-methyl)、大利松(diazinon)、敵敵畏(dichlorvos)、大滅松(dimethoate)、艾斯松(ethoate)、普伏松(ethoprophos)、益多松(etrimfos)、殺螟硫磷(fenitrothion)、倍硫磷(fenthion)、飛達松(heptenophos)、對硫磷(parathion)、甲基對硫磷(parathion-methyl)、伏殺磷(phosalone)、巴賽松(phoxim)、嘧啶磷(pirimiphos-ethyl)、蟲蟎磷(pirimiphos-methyl)、丙溴磷(profenofos)、普硫松(prothiofos)、硫丙磷(sulfprofos)、三唑磷(triazophos)及敵百蟲(trichlorphon);胺基甲酸酯,諸如涕滅威(aldicarb)、免敵克(bendiocarb)、甲基胺基甲酸α-2-(1-甲基丙基)-苯酯、丁酮威(butocarboxim)、丁酮碸威(butoxycarboxim)、加保利(carbaryl)、加保扶(carbofuran)、丁基加保扶(carbosulfan)、除線威(cloethocarb)、滅必虱(isoprocarb)、納乃得(methomyl)、歐殺滅(oxamyl)、抗蚜威(pirimicarb)、猛殺威(promecarb)、殘殺威(propoxur)及硫雙威(thiodicarb);有機矽化合物,例如二甲基(苯基)矽烷基-甲基3-苯氧基苄基醚,諸如二甲基-(4-乙氧基苯基)-矽烷基甲基3-苯氧基苄基醚,或(二甲基苯基)-矽烷基-甲基2-苯氧基-6-吡啶基甲基醚,諸如二甲基-(9-乙氧基-苯基)-矽烷基甲基2-苯氧基-6-吡啶基甲基醚,或[(苯基)-3-(3-苯氧基苯基)-丙基[(二甲基)-矽烷,諸如(4-乙氧基苯基)-[3-(4-氟-3-苯氧基苯基-丙基]二甲基-矽烷、西拉福芬(silafluofen);擬除蟲菊酯(其拒斥性質亦有用,例如驅蚊),諸如丙烯除蟲菊酯(allethrin)、順式氯氰菊酯(alphamethrin)、生物苄呋菊酯(bioresmethrin)、畢芬寧(byfenthrin)、乙氰菊酯(cycloprothrin)、賽扶寧(cyfluthirin)、溴氰菊酯(decamethrin)、賽洛寧(cyhalothrin)、賽滅寧(cypermethrin)、第滅寧(deltamethrin)、2,2-二甲基-3-(2-氯-2-三氟-甲基乙烯基)環丙烷-甲酸α-氰基-3-苯基-2-甲基苄酯、芬普寧(fenpropathrin)、芬氟司林(fenfluthrin)、芬化利(fenvalerate)、護賽寧(flucythrinate)、氟氯苯氰菊酯(flumethrin)、氯氰胺菊酯(fluvalinate)、百滅寧(permethrin)、苄呋菊酯(resmethrin)及泰滅寧(tralomethrin);硝基亞胺及硝基亞甲基類,諸如1-[(6-氯-3-吡啶基)-甲基]-4,5-二氫-N-硝基-1H-咪唑-2-胺(益達胺(imidacloprid))、N-[(6-氯-3-吡啶基)-甲基]-N2
-氰基-N1
-甲基乙醯胺(NI-25);阿巴汀(abamectin)、AC 303、630(蟲蟎腈(chlorfenapyr))、歐殺松(acephate)、阿納寧(acrinathrin)、棉靈威(alanycarb)、涕滅碸威(aldoxycarb)、阿特靈(aldrin)、三亞蟎(amitraz)、甲基吡啶磷(azamethiphos)、蘇雲金桿菌(Bacillus thuringiensis
)、益滅松(phosmet)、福賜米松(phosphamidon)、磷化氫、炔丙菊酯(prallethrin)、丙蟲磷(propaphos)、撲達松(propetamphos)、飛克松(prothoate)、白克松(pyraclofos)、除蟲菊酯(pyrethrin)、噠蟎靈(pyridaben)、必芬松(pyridafenthion)、百利普芬(pyriproxyfen)、拜裕松(quinalphos)、RH-7988、魚藤酮(rotenone)、氟化鈉、六氟矽酸鈉、治螟磷(sulfotep)、硫醯氟、焦油、得福隆(teflubenzuron)、七氟菊酯(tefluthrin)、亞培松(temephos)、託福松(terbufos)、殺蟲畏(tetrachlorvinphos)、胺菊酯(tetramethrin)、O-2-第三丁基-嘧啶-5-基-鄰-異丙基硫代磷酸酯、殺蟲環(thiocyclam)、硫伐隆(thiofanox)、硫滅松(thiometon)、泰滅寧(tralomethrin)、殺蟲隆(triflumuron)、混滅威(trimethacarb)、繁米松(vamidothion)、蠟蚧輪枝菌(Verticillium Lacanii
)、XMC、滅殺威(xylylcarb)、本夫克(benfuracarb)、蟲蟎腈(bensultap)、畢芬寧(bifenthrin)、百亞列寧(bioallethrin)、MER百亞列寧(S)-環戊烯基異構體、溴磷松(bromophos)、乙基溴磷松(bromophos-ethyl)、布芬淨(buprofezin)、硫線磷(cadusafos)、多硫化鈣、卡波硫磷(carbophenothion)、殺螟丹(cartap)、滅蟎猛(quinomethionate)、可氯丹(chlordane)、氯芬磷(chlorfenvinphos)、克福隆(chlorfluazuron)、氯甲磷(chlormephos)、三氯硝甲烷(chloropicrin)、陶斯松、殺螟腈(cyanophos)、β-賽扶寧(beta-cyfluthrin)、α-賽滅寧(alphacypermethrin)、賽酚寧(cyphenothrin)、賽滅淨(cyromazine)、邁隆(dazomet)、DDT、甲基異內吸磷碸(demeton-S-methylsulphone)、汰芬隆(diafenthiuron)、得拉松(dialifos)、雙特松(dicrotophos)、二福隆(diflubenzuron)、特樂酚(dinoseb)、蔬果磷(dioxabenzofos)、得載克(diazacarb)、乙拌磷(disulfoton)、DNOC、益避寧(empenthrin)、安殺番(endosulfan)、EPN、益化利(esfenvalerate)、愛芬克(ethiofencarb)、乙硫磷(ethion)、依芬寧(etofenprox)、丁基滅必虱(fenobucarb)、雙氧威(fenoxycarb)、繁福松(fensulfothion)、氟蟲腈、氟環脲(flucycloxuron)、三氟醚菊酯(flufenprox)、氟芬隆(flufenoxuron)、地蟲磷(fonofos)、複滅蟎(formetanate)、福木松(formothion)、丁苯硫磷(fosmethilan)、呋線威(furathiocarb)、飛布達(heptachlor)、六伏隆(hexaflumuron)、伏蟻腙(hydramethylnon)、氰化氫、烯蟲乙酯(hydroprene)、IPSP、依殺松(isazofos)、亞芬松(isofenphos)、稻瘟靈(isoprothiolane)、異噁唑磷(isoxathion)、碘硫磷(iodfenphos)、克特寧(kadethrin)、靈丹(lindane)、馬拉松(malathion)、滅加松(mecarbam)、美福松(mephosfolan)、氯化亞汞、威百畝(metam)、綠僵菌(metarhizium anisopliae)、蟲蟎畏(methacrifos)、甲胺磷(methamidophos)、殺撲磷(methidathion)、滅蟲威(methiocarb)、美賜年(methoprene)、甲氧滴滴涕(methoxychlor)、異硫氰酸甲酯、速滅威(metholcarb)、速滅磷(mevinphos)、久效磷(monocrotophos)、乃力松(naled)、歐洲新松葉蜂(Neodiprion sertifer)NPV、煙鹼、毆滅松(omethoate)、滅多松(oxydemeton-methyl)、五氯酚、石油、苯醚菊酯(phenothrin)、賽達松(phenthoate)、甲拌磷(phorate)。
可視情況混合之其他殺昆蟲劑亦可來自美國專利第7,001,903號所述之化合物種類。
可視情況混合之殺真菌劑包括(但不限於):(1)三唑,其包括(但不限於):阿紮康唑(azaconazole)、普克利(propiconazole)、得克利(tebuconazole)、環克座(cyproconazole)、葉菌唑(metconazole)、胺基三唑(amitrole)、亞環錫(azocyclotin)、BAS 480F、比多農(bitertanol)、苯醚甲環唑(difenoconazole)、芬克座(fenbuconazole)、解草唑(fenchlorazole)、芬噻尼(fenethanil)、氟喹唑(fluquinconazole)、氟矽唑(flusilazole)、護汰芬(flutriafol)、易胺座(imibenconazole)、氯唑磷(isozofos)、邁克尼(myclobutanil)、巴克素(paclobutrazol)、(±)-順-l-(4-氯苯基)-2-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-1-基)-環庚醇、氟醚唑(tetraconazole)、三泰芬(triadimefon)、三泰隆(triadimenol)、抑芽唑(triapenthenol)、賽福座(triflumizole)、環菌唑(triticonazole)、烯效唑(uniconazole)及其金屬鹽及酸加合物。
(2)咪唑,其包括(但不限於):依滅列(imazalil)、稻瘟酯(pefurazoate)、撲克拉(prochloraz)、賽福座、2-(1-第三丁基)-1-(2-氯苯基)-3-(1,2,4-三唑-1-基)-丙-2-醇、噻唑甲醯苯胺(諸如2',6'-二溴-2-甲基-4-三氟甲氧基-4'-三氟甲基-1,3-噻唑-5-甲醯苯胺)、1-咪唑基-1-(4'-氯苯氧基)-3,3-二甲基丁-2-酮及其金屬鹽及酸加合物。
(3)"(E)-2-苯基-3-甲氧基丙烯酸甲酯"化合物,其包括(但不限於):(E)-2-[2-[6-(2-氰基苯氧基)嘧啶-4-基氧基]苯基]3-甲氧基丙烯酸甲酯,(E)-2-[2-[6-(2-硫代醯胺基苯氧基)嘧啶-4-基氧基]苯基]-3-甲氧基丙烯酸甲酯,(E)-2-[2-[6-(2-氟苯氧基)嘧啶-4-基氧基]苯基]-3-甲氧基丙烯酸甲酯,(E)-2-[2-[6-(2,6-二氟苯氧基)嘧啶-4-基氧基]苯基]-3-甲氧基丙烯酸甲酯,(E)-2-[2-[3-(嘧啶-2-基氧基)苯氧基]苯基]-3-甲氧基丙烯酸甲酯,(E)-2-[2-[3-(5-甲基嘧啶-2-基氧基)-苯氧基]苯基]-3-甲氧基丙烯酸甲酯,(E)-2-[2-[3-(苯基-磺醯氧基)苯氧基]苯基-3-甲氧基丙烯酸甲酯,(E)-2-[2-[3-(4-硝基苯氧基)苯氧基]苯基]-3-甲氧基丙烯酸甲酯,(E)-2-[2-苯氧基苯基]-3-甲氧基丙烯酸甲酯,(E)-2-[2-(3,5-二甲基-苯甲醯基)吡咯-1-基]-3-甲氧基丙烯酸甲酯,(E)-2-[2-(3-甲氧基苯氧基)苯基]-3-甲氧基丙烯酸甲酯,(E)-2[2-(2-苯基乙烯-1-基)-苯基]-3-甲氧基丙烯酸甲酯,(E)-2-[2-(3,5-二氯苯氧基)吡啶-3-基]-3-甲氧基丙烯酸甲酯,(E)-2-(2-(3-(1,1,2,2-四氟乙氧基)苯氧基)苯基)-3-甲氧基丙烯酸甲酯,(E)-2-(2-[3-(α-羥基苄基)苯氧基]苯基)-3-甲氧基丙烯酸甲酯,(E)-2-(2-(4-苯氧基吡啶-2-基氧基)苯基)-3-甲氧基丙烯酸甲酯,(E)-2-[2-(3-正丙基氧基苯氧基)苯基]3-甲氧基丙烯酸甲酯,(E)-2-[2-(3-異丙基氧基苯氧基)苯基]-3-甲氧基丙烯酸甲酯,(E)-2-[2-[3-(2-氟苯氧基)苯氧基]苯基]-3-甲氧基丙烯酸甲酯,(E)-2-[2-(3-乙氧基苯氧基)苯基]-3-甲氧基丙烯酸甲酯,(E)-2-[2-(4-第三丁基-吡啶-2-基氧基)苯基]-3-甲氧基丙烯酸甲酯,(E)-2-[2-[3-(3-氰基苯氧基)苯氧基]苯基]-3-甲氧基丙烯酸甲酯,(E)-2-[2-[(3-甲基吡啶-2-基氧基甲基)苯基]-3-甲氧基丙烯酸甲酯,(E)-2-[2-[6-(2-甲基苯氧基)嘧啶-4-基氧基]苯基]-3-甲氧基丙烯酸甲酯,(E)-2-[2-(5-溴-吡啶-2-基氧基甲基)苯基]-3-甲氧基丙烯酸甲酯,(E)-2-[2-(3-(3-碘吡啶-2-基氧基)苯氧基)苯基]-3-甲氧基丙烯酸甲酯,(E)-2-[2-[6-(2-氯吡啶-3-基氧基)嘧啶-4-基氧基]苯基]-3-甲氧基丙烯酸甲酯,(E),(E)-2-[2-(5,6-二-甲基吡嗪-2-基甲基羥亞胺基甲基)苯基]-3-甲氧基丙烯酸甲酯,(E)-2-{2-[6-(6-甲基吡啶-2-基氧基)嘧啶-4-基氧基]苯基}-3-甲氧基丙烯酸甲酯,(E),(E)-2-{2-(3-甲氧基苯基)甲基羥亞胺基甲基]-苯基}-3-甲氧基丙烯酸甲酯,(E)-2-{2-(6-(2-疊氮基苯氧基)-嘧啶-4-基氧基]苯基}-3-甲氧基丙烯酸甲酯,(E),(E)-2-{2-[6-苯基嘧啶-4-基)-甲基羥亞胺基甲基]苯基}-3-甲氧基丙烯酸甲酯,(E),(E)-2-{2-[(4-氯苯基)-甲基羥亞胺基甲基]-苯基}-3-甲氧基丙烯酸甲酯,(E)-2-{2-[6-(2-正丙基苯氧基)-1,3,5-三嗪-4-基氧基]苯基}-3-甲氧基丙烯酸甲酯,及(E),(E)-2-{2-[(3-硝基苯基)甲基羥亞胺基甲基]苯基}-3-甲氧基丙烯酸甲酯;(4)丁二酸酯脫氫酶抑制劑,其包括(但不限於):(a)甲呋醯胺(fenfuram)、二甲呋醯胺(furcarbanil)、環氟醯胺(cyclafluramid)、茂穀樂(furmecyclox)、拌種靈(seedvax)、噻菌胺(metsulfovax)、吡咯卡立特(pyrocarbolid)、氧化萎鏽靈(oxycarboxin)、氟啶胺(shirlan)、滅鏽胺(mebenil)(滅鏽胺(mepronil))、麥鏽靈(benodanil)、氟多寧(flutolanil)(Moncut);(b)萘衍生物,諸如特比萘芬(terbinafine)、萘替芬(naftifine)、布替萘芬(butenafine)、3-氯-7-(2-氮雜-2,7,7-三甲基-辛-3-烯-5-炔);(c)次磺醯胺,諸如益發靈(dichlofluanid)、益洛寧(tolylfluanid)、福爾培(folpet)、氟福爾培(fluorfolpet)、蓋普丹(captan)、四氯丹(captafol);(d)苯幷咪唑,諸如貝芬替(carbendazim)、苯菌靈(benomyl)、呋線威、麥穗靈(fuberidazole)、甲基多保淨(thiophonatmethyl)、噻苯咪唑(thiabendazole)或其鹽;(e)嗎啉衍生物,諸如粉鏽啉(fenpropimorph)、法立嗎啉(falimorph)、達滅芬(dimethomorph)、嗎菌靈(dodemorph)、阿迪嗎啉(aldimorph)、苯鏽啶(fenpropidine)及其芳基磺酸酯,諸如對甲苯磺酸酯及對十二烷基苯基磺酸酯;(f)二硫代胺基甲酸酯,硫雜靈(cufraneb)、福美鐵(ferbam)、代森錳銅(mancopper)、錳粉克(mancozeb)、錳乃浦(maneb)、威百畝、免得爛(metiram)、得恩地(thiram)、鋅乃浦(zineb)、益穗(ziram);(g)苯幷噻唑,諸如2-巰基苯幷噻唑;(h)苯甲醯胺,諸如2,6-二氯-N-(4-三氟甲基苄基)-苯甲醯胺;(i)硼化合物,諸如硼酸、硼酸酯、硼砂;(j)甲醛及釋放甲醛之化合物,諸如苄醇單-(聚)-半甲縮醛、噁唑啶、六氫-S-三嗪、N-羥甲基氯乙醯胺、聚甲醛、硝基比林(nitropyrin)、歐索林酸(oxolinic acid)、克枯爛(tecloftalam);(k)參-N-(環己基二氮烯鎓二氧基)-鋁、N-(環-己基二氮烯鎓二氧基)-三-丁基錫或K鹽、雙-N-(環己基二氮烯鎓二氧基)-銅、N-甲基異噻唑啉-3-酮、5-氯-N-甲基異噻唑啉-3-酮、4,5-二氯-N-辛基異噻唑啉-3-酮、N-辛基-異噻唑啉-3-酮、4,5-三亞甲基-異噻唑啉酮、4,5-苯幷異噻唑啉酮、N-羥甲基氯乙醯胺;(l)醛,諸如肉桂醛、甲醛、戊二醛、β-溴-肉桂醛;(m)硫氰酸酯,諸如硫氰氧基甲硫基苯幷噻唑、亞甲基雙硫氰酸酯及其類似物;(n)第四銨化合物,諸如苄基二甲基十四烷基氯化銨、苄基二甲基十二烷基氯化銨、二癸基二甲基氯化銨;(o)碘衍生物,諸如二碘甲基對甲苯基碸、3-碘-2-丙炔醇、4-氯苯基-3-碘炔丙基縮甲醛、乙基胺基甲酸3-溴-2,3-二碘-2-丙烯酯、2,3,3-三碘烯丙醇、3-溴-2,3-二碘-2-丙烯醇、正丁基胺基甲酸3-碘-2-丙炔酯、正己基胺基甲酸3-碘-2-丙炔酯、環己基-胺基甲酸3-碘-2-丙炔酯、苯基胺基甲酸3-碘-2-丙炔酯;(p)酚衍生物,諸如三溴酚、四氯酚、3-甲基-4-氯酚、3,5-二甲基-4-氯酚、苯氧基乙醇、二氯苯、鄰苯基苯酚、間苯基苯酚、對苯基苯酚、2-苄基-4-氯酚及其鹼金屬鹽及鹼土金屬鹽;(q)具有活性鹵素基團之殺微生物劑,諸如氯乙醯胺、溴硝醇(bronopol)、溴尼哆(bronidox)、得克它(tectamer),諸如2-溴-2-硝基-1,3-丙二醇、2-溴-4'-羥基苯乙酮、2,2-二溴-3-腈-丙醯胺、1,2-二溴-2,4-二氰基丁烷、β-溴-β-硝基苯乙烯;(r)吡啶,諸如1-羥基-2-吡啶硫酮(及其Na、Fe、Mn、Zn鹽)、四氯-4-甲基磺醯基吡啶、吡啶甲醇、滅派林(mepanipyrim)、雙吡硫翁(dipyrithion)、1-羥基-4-甲基-6-(2,4,4-三甲基戊基)-2(1H)-吡啶;(s)金屬皂,諸如環烷酸錫、環烷酸銅、環烷酸鋅、辛酸錫、辛酸銅、辛酸鋅、2-乙基己酸錫、2-乙基己酸銅、2-乙基己酸鋅、油酸錫、油酸銅、油酸鋅、磷酸錫、磷酸銅、磷酸鋅、苯甲酸錫、苯甲酸銅及苯甲酸鋅;(t)金屬鹽,諸如鹼式碳酸銅、重鉻酸鈉、重鉻酸鉀、鉻酸鉀、硫酸銅、氯化銅、硼酸銅、氟矽酸鋅、氟矽酸銅,及其與固定劑之混合物;(u)氧化物,諸如三丁基錫氧化物、Cu2
O、CuO、ZnO;(v)二烷基二硫代胺基甲酸鹽,諸如二烷基二硫代胺基甲酸Na鹽及Zn鹽,二硫化四甲基雙甲硫羰醯胺、N-甲基-二硫代胺基甲酸鉀;(w)腈,諸如2,4,5,6-四氯異間苯二甲腈、氰基-二硫代醯亞胺基-胺基甲酸二鈉;(x)喹啉,諸如8-羥基喹啉及其Cu鹽;(y)黏氯酸、5-羥基-2(5H)-呋喃酮;(z)4,5-二氯二噻唑啉酮、4,5-苯幷二噻唑啉酮、4,5-三亞甲基二噻唑啉酮、4,5-二氯-(3H)-1,2-二硫醇-3-酮、3,5-二甲基-四氫-1,3,5-噻二嗪-2-硫酮、N-(2-對氯苯甲醯基乙基)-氯化六銨、N-羥基甲基-N'-甲基-二硫代胺基甲酸鉀、2-側氧基-2-(4-羥基-苯基)乙羥肟酸氯化物、苯基-(2-氯-氰基-乙烯基)碸、苯基-(1,2-二氯-2-氰基-乙烯基)碸;及(aa)單獨或封入聚合物活性化合物中之含Ag、Zn或Cu之沸石,或(bb)一種以上上述殺真菌劑之混合物。
尤其有利之混合組份為(例如)以下化合物:殺真菌劑:
-核酸合成抑制劑,其包括(但不限於)苯霜靈(benalaxyl)、苯霜靈-M、布瑞莫(bupirimate)、齊拉西(chiralaxyl)、克羅賴克(clozylacon)、甲菌定(dimethirimol)、乙菌啶(ethirimol)、呋霜靈(furalaxyl)、噁黴靈(hymexazol)、滅達樂(metalaxyl)、滅達樂-M、呋醯胺(ofurace)、歐殺斯(oxadixyl)、歐索林酸;-有絲分裂及細胞分裂之抑制劑,其包括(但不限於)苯菌靈、貝芬替、乙黴威(diethofencarb)、麥穗靈、賓克隆(pencycuron)、噻苯咪唑、甲基多保淨、氯苯醯胺(zoxamide);-呼吸鏈複合物I抑制劑,其包括(但不限於)二氟林(diflumetorim);-呼吸鏈複合物II抑制劑,其包括(但不限於)白克列(boscalid)、萎鏽靈(carboxin)、甲呋醯胺、氟多寧、福拉比(furametpyr)、滅鏽胺、氧化萎鏽靈、吡噻菌胺(penthiopyrad)、賽氟滅(thifluzamide);-呼吸鏈複合物III抑制劑,其包括(但不限於)亞托敏(azoxystrobin)、賽座滅(cyazofamid)、地莫菌胺(dimoxystrobin)、烯菌胺(enestrobin)、噁唑菌酮(famoxadone)、咪唑菌酮(fenamidone)、氟氧菌胺(fluoxastrobin)、克收欣(kresoxim-methyl)、苯氧菌胺(metominostrobin)、奧瑞菌胺(orysastrobin)、百克敏(pyraclostrobin)、啶氧菌胺(picoxystrobin);-去偶合劑,其包括(但不限於)白粉克(dinocap)、扶吉胺(fluazinam);-ATP產生抑制劑,其包括(但不限於)三苯醋錫、三苯基氯化錫、三苯基氫氧化錫、矽硫芬(silthiofam);-胺基酸生物合成及蛋白質生物合成之抑制劑,其包括(但不限於)安多瑞(andoprim)、保米黴素(blasticidin-S)、賽普洛(cyprodinil)、春日黴素(kasugamycin)、鹽酸春日黴素水合物、滅派林(mepanipyrim)、嘧黴胺(pyrimethanil);-信號轉導抑制劑,其包括(但不限於)拌種咯(fenpiclonil)、護汰寧(fludioxonil)、快諾芬(quinoxyfen);-脂質及膜合成抑制劑,其包括(但不限於)乙菌利(chlozolinate)、依普同(iprodione)、撲滅寧(procymidone)、免克寧(vinclozolin)、胺丙膦酸(ampropylfos)、胺丙膦酸鉀、護粒松(edifenphos)、丙基喜樂松(iprobenfos)(IBP)、稻瘟靈、白粉松(pyrazophos)、脫克松(tolclofos-methyl)、聯苯、碘多卡(iodocarb)、霜黴威(propamocarb)、鹽酸霜黴威;-麥角固醇生物合成抑制劑,其包括(但不限於)環醯菌胺(fenhexamid)、阿紮康唑、比多農、糠菌唑(bromuconazole)、環克座、苄氯三唑醇(diclobutrazole)、苯醚甲環唑(difenoconazole)、達克利(diniconazole)、達克利-M、氟環唑(epoxiconazole)、乙環唑(etaconazole)、芬克座(fenbuconazole)、氟喹唑(fluquinconazole)、氟矽唑(flusilazole)、護汰芬(flutriafol)、呋菌唑(furconazole)、順式呋菌唑、己唑醇(hexaconazole)、易胺座(imibenconazole)、依普克唑(ipconazole)、葉菌唑(metconazole)、邁克尼、巴克素、平克座(penconazole)、普克利(propiconazole)、丙硫醇克唑(prothioconazole)、矽氟唑(simeconazole)、得克利、氟醚唑(tetraconazole)、三泰芬(triadimefon)、三泰隆(triadimenol)、環菌唑、烯效唑、伏立康唑(voriconazole)、依滅列(imazalil)、硫酸依滅列、嗯咪唑(oxpoconazole)、芬瑞莫(fenarimol)、呋嘧醇(flurprimidol)、氟苯嘧啶醇(nuarimol)、比芬諾(pyrifenox)、賽福寧(triforine)、稻瘟酯、撲克拉、賽福座、烯霜苄唑(viniconazole)、阿迪嗎啉、嗎菌靈、乙酸嗎菌靈、粉鏽啉、三得芬(tridemorph)、苯鏽啶、螺環菌胺(spiroxamine)、萘替芬、稗草畏(pyributicarb)、特比萘芬;-細胞壁合成抑制劑,其包括(但不限於)苯噻菌胺(benthiavalicarb)、畢拉草(bialaphos)、達滅芬(dimethomorph)、氟嗎啉(flumorph)、纈黴威(iprovalicarb)、多氧菌素(polyoxin)、保粒黴素(polyoxorim)、維利黴素A(validamycin A);-黑色素生物合成抑制劑,其包括(但不限於)加普胺(capropamid)、二氯西莫(diclocymet)、禾草靈(fenoxanil)、苯酞(phthalid)、百快隆(pyroquilon)、三賽唑(tricyclazole);-抗性誘導劑,其包括(但不限於)酸化苯幷噻二唑-S-甲酯、噻菌靈(probenazole)、替丁尼(tiadinil);-多點藥劑,其包括(但不限於)四氯丹、蓋普丹、四氯異苯腈(chlorothalonil)、銅鹽(諸如氫氧化銅、環烷酸銅、氯氧化銅、硫酸銅、氧化銅、咢辛-銅及波爾多混合物(Bordeaux mixture))、益發靈、腈硫醌(dithianon)、多寧(dodine)、多寧游離鹼、福美鐵、福爾培、氟福爾培、雙胍鹽、雙胍辛乙酸鹽、雙胍辛胺(iminoctadine)、雙胍辛烷基苯磺酸鹽(iminoctadine albesilate)、雙胍辛胺乙酸鹽、代森錳銅、錳粉克、錳乃浦、免得爛、免得爛鋅、甲基鋅乃浦(propineb)、硫及含有多硫化鈣之硫製劑、得恩地、脫利福安尼(tolylfluanid)、鋅乃浦、益穗;-未知機制藥劑,其包括(但不限於)阿米溴多(amibromdol)、苯噻唑(benthiazol)、苯噻噁嗪(bethoxazin)、卡西黴素(capsimycin)、香芹酮(carvone)、滅蟎猛、三氯硝甲烷、硫雜靈、噻芬胺(cyflufenamid)、霜脲氰(cymoxanil)、邁隆、咪菌威(debacarb)、噠菌清(diclomezine)、雙氯酚(dichlorophen)、氯硝胺(dicloran)、苯敵快(difenzoquat)、苯敵快硫酸甲酯、二苯胺、乙噻博胺(ethaboxam)、嘧菌腙(ferimzone)、氟美醯胺(flumetover)、氟磺醯胺(flusulphamide)、氟吡菌胺(fluopicolide)、唑啶草(fluoroimide)、六氯苯、8-羥基喹啉硫酸酯、依馬黴素(irumamycin)、甲硫磷卡(methasulphocarb)、美曲芬諾(metrafenone)、異硫氰酸甲酯、滅粉黴素(mildiomycin)、遊黴素(natamycin)、二甲基二硫代胺基甲酸鎳、酞菌酯(nitrothal-isopropyl)、辛噻酮(octhilinone)、草胺威(oxamocarb)、氧芬辛(oxyfenthiin)、五氯酚及鹽、2-苯基苯酚及鹽、粉病靈(piperalin)、丙諾新鈉鹽(propanosine-sodium)、丙氧喹啉(proquinazid)、吡咯尼群(pyrrol nitrin)、奎脫辛(quintozene)、克枯爛、四氯硝基苯(tecnazene)、咪唑嗪(triazoxide)、水楊菌胺(trichlamide)、氰菌胺(zarilamid)及2,3,5,6-四氯-4-(甲基磺醯基)吡啶、N-(4-氯-2-硝基苯基)-N
-乙基-4-甲基苯磺醯胺、2-胺基-4-甲基-N
-苯基-5-噻唑甲醯胺、2-氯-N
-(2,3-二氫-1,1,3-三甲基-1H-茚-4-基)-3-吡啶甲醯胺、3-[5-(4-氯苯基)-2,3-二甲基異噁唑啶-3-基]吡啶、順-1-(4-氯苯基)-2-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-1-基)環庚醇、2,4-二氫-5-甲氧基-2-甲基-4-[[[[1-[3-(三氟甲基)苯基]亞乙基]胺基]氧基]甲基]苯基]-3H-1,2,3-三唑-3-酮(185336-79-2)、1-(2,3-二氫-2,2-二甲基-1H-茚-1-基)-1H-咪唑-5-甲酸甲酯、3,4,5-三氯-2,6-吡啶二甲腈、2-[[[環丙基[(4-甲氧基苯基)亞胺基]甲基]硫基]甲基]-α-(甲氧基亞甲基)苯乙酸甲酯、4-氯-α-丙炔氧基-N
-[2-[3-甲氧基-4-(2-丙炔氧基)苯基]乙基]苯乙醯胺、(2S)-N
-[2-[4-[[3-(4-氯苯基)-2-丙炔基]氧基]-3-甲氧基苯基]乙基]-3-甲基-2-[(甲基磺醯基)胺基]丁醯胺、5-氯-7-(4-甲基哌啶-1-基)-6-(2,4,6-三氟苯基)[1,2,4]三唑幷[1,5-a]嘧啶、5-氯-6-(2,4,6-三氟苯基)-N
-[(1R)-1,2,2-三甲基丙基]-[1,2,4]三唑幷[1,5-a]嘧啶-7-胺、5-氯-N
-[(1R)-1,2-二甲基丙基]-6-(2,4,6-三氟苯基)[1,2,4]三唑幷[1,5-a]嘧啶-7-胺、N
-[1-(5-溴-3-氯吡啶-2-基)乙基]-2,4-二氯煙鹼醯胺、N
-(5-溴-3-氯吡啶-2-基)甲基-2,4-二氯煙鹼醯胺、2-丁氧基-6-碘-3-丙基苯幷哌喃-4-酮、N
-{(Z)-[(環丙基甲氧基)亞胺基][6-(二氟甲氧基)-2,3-二氟苯基]甲基}-2-苯乙醯胺、N
-(3-乙基-3,5,5-三甲基環己基)-3-甲醯基胺基-2-羥基苯甲醯胺、2-[[[[1-[3(1-氟-2-苯基乙基)氧基]苯基]亞乙基]胺基]氧基]甲基]-α-(甲氧基亞胺基)-N
-甲基-αE-苯乙醯胺、N
-{2-[3-氯-5-(三氟甲基)吡啶-2-基]乙基}-2-(三氟甲基)苯甲醯胺、N
-(3',4'-二氯-5-氟聯苯-2-基)-3-(二氟甲基)-1-甲基-1H-吡唑-4-甲醯胺、N
-(6-甲氧基-3-吡啶基)環丙烷甲醯胺、1-[(4-甲氧基苯氧基)甲基]-2,2-二甲基丙基-1H-咪唑-1-甲酸、O-[1-[(4-甲氧基苯氧基)甲基]-2,2-二甲基丙基]-1H-咪唑-1-硫代碳酸、2-(2-{[6-(3-氯-2-甲基苯氧基)-5-氟嘧啶-4-基]氧基}苯基)-2-(甲氧基亞胺基)-N
-甲基乙醯胺;殺菌劑:
-其包括(但不限於)溴硝醇、雙氯酚、氯啶(nitrapyrin)、二甲基二硫代胺基甲酸鎳、春日黴素、辛噻酮、呋喃甲酸、土黴素(oxytetracycline)、噻菌靈、鏈黴素(streptomycin)、克枯爛、硫酸銅及其他銅製劑;殺昆蟲劑/殺蟎劑/殺線蟲劑:
-乙醯膽鹼酯酶(AChE)抑制劑;-胺基甲酸酯,其包括(但不限於)棉靈威、涕滅威、涕滅碸威、除害威(allyxycarb)、滅害威(aminocarb)、免敵克、本夫克、必克虱(bufencarb)、畜蟲威(butacarb)、丁酮威、丁酮碸威、加保利、加保扶、丁基加保扶、除線威、敵蠅威(dimetilan)、愛芬克、丁基滅必虱、芬硫克(fenothiocarb)、複滅蟎、呋線威、滅必虱、斯美地(metam-sodium)、滅蟲威、納乃得、治滅虱(metolcarb)、歐殺滅、抗蚜威、猛殺威、殘殺威、硫雙威、硫伐隆、混滅威、XMC、滅殺威、唑蚜威(triazamate);-有機磷酸酯,其包括(但不限於)歐殺松、甲基吡啶磷、穀硫磷、益棉磷、乙基溴磷松、溴芬磷(甲酯)(bromfenvinfos(-methyl))、丁硫磷(butathiofos)、硫線磷、卡波硫磷、氯氧磷(chlorethoxyfos)、氯芬磷、氯甲磷、(甲基/乙基)陶斯松、蠅毒磷、苯腈磷(cyanofenphos)、殺螟腈、氯芬磷、滅賜松、甲基異內吸磷碸、得拉松、大利松、除線磷(dichlofenthion)、敵敵畏/DDVP、雙特松、大滅松、二甲基毒蟲畏(dimethylvinphos)、蔬果磷、乙拌磷、EPN、乙硫磷、普伏松、益多松、伐滅磷(famphur)、芬滅松(fenamiphos)、殺螟硫磷、繁福松、倍硫磷、吡氟硫磷(flupyrazofos)、地蟲磷、福木松、丁苯硫磷、噻唑膦((fosthiazate)、飛達松、碘硫磷(iodofenphos)、丙基喜樂松、依殺松、亞芬松、O-水楊酸異丙酯、異噁唑磷、馬拉松、滅加松、蟲蟎畏、甲胺磷、殺撲磷、速滅磷、久效磷、乃力松、毆滅松、滅多松、(甲基/乙基)對硫磷、賽達松、甲拌磷、伏殺磷、益滅松、福賜米松、磷卡博(phosphocarb)、巴賽松、蟲蟎磷/嘧啶磷、丙溴磷、丙蟲磷、撲達松、普硫松、飛克松、白克松、必芬松(pyridaphenthion)、吡啶硫磷(pyridathion)、拜裕松、克線丹(sebufos)、沙芬替普(sulphotep)、硫丙磷、特比福司(tebupirimfos)、亞培松、託福松、殺蟲畏、硫滅松、三唑磷、三氯松(triclorfon)、繁米松;-鈉通道調節劑/電壓依賴性鈉通道阻斷劑;-擬除蟲菊酯,其包括(但不限於)阿納寧、丙烯除蟲菊酯(d-順-反,d-反)、β-賽扶甯、畢芬寧、百亞列寧、百亞列寧-S-環戊基異構體、生物乙醇菊酯(bioethanomethrin)、生物氯菊酯(biopermethrin)、生物苄呋菊酯、二氯炔戊菊酯(chlovaporthrin)、順式賽滅寧、順式苄呋菊酯、順式百滅寧、三氟氯氰菊酯(clocythrin)、乙氰菊酯(cycloprothrin)、賽扶寧、賽洛寧、(α-、β-、θ-、ζ-)賽滅寧、賽酚寧、第滅寧、益避寧(empenthrin)(1R異構體)、益化利、依芬寧、芬氟司林、芬普寧、吡氯氰菊酯(fenpyrithrin)、芬化利、溴氟菊酯(flubrocythrinate)、護賽寧、三氟醚菊酯、氟氯苯氰菊酯、氟氰胺菊酯(fluvalinate)、氟芬普司(fubfenprox)、γ-賽洛寧、依普寧(imiprothrin)、克特寧、λ-賽洛寧、甲氧苄氟菊酯(metofluthrin)、百滅寧(順,反)、苯醚菊酯(1R反式異構體)、炔丙菊酯、丙氟菊酯(profluthrin)、丙苯烴菊酯(protrifenbute)、吡瑞甲菊酯(pyresmethrin)、苄呋菊酯、RU 15525、西拉福芬、福化利(tau-fluvalinate)、七氟菊酯、環戊烯丙菊酯(terallethrin)、胺菊酯(1R異構體)、泰滅寧、四氟苯菊酯(transfluthrin)、ZXI 8901、除蟲菊酯(除蟲菊(pyrethrum));-DDT;-噁二嗪,其包括(但不限於)茚蟲威(indoxacarb);-半卡巴腙(Semicarbazone),其包括(但不限於)氰氟蟲胺(metaflumizone)(BAS3201);-乙醯膽鹼受體促效劑/拮抗劑,其包括(但不限於)氯煙醯基類,例如亞滅培(acetamiprid)、可尼丁(clothianidin)、呋蟲胺(dinotefuran)、益達胺、烯啶蟲胺(nitenpyram)、硝基亞秦(nithiazine)、噻蟲啉(thiacloprid)、氯噻啉(imidaclothiz)、AKD-1022、噻蟲嗪(thiamethoxam)、煙鹼、蟲蟎腈、殺螟丹;-乙醯膽鹼受體調節劑,其包括(但不限於)多殺菌素(spinosyn),例如賜諾殺(spinosad)、斯平托姆(spinetoram)(XDE-175);-GABA-控制型氯離子通道拮抗劑,其包括(但不限於)有機氯,例如毒殺芬(camphechlor)、可氯丹、安殺番、γ-HCH、HCH、飛布達、靈丹、甲氧滴滴涕;費普爾類(fiprol),例如乙醯普爾(acetoprole)、乙蟲清(ethiprole)、氟蟲腈、吡氟普羅(pyrafluprole)、皮瑞普(pyriprole)、範裏普(vaniliprole);-氯離子通道活化劑,其包括(但不限於)阿維菌素(avermectin)及米貝菌素(milbemycin)類,例如阿巴汀、因滅汀、苯甲酸因滅汀、伊維菌素(ivermectin)、雷匹美汀(lepimectin)、米貝菌素、米貝菌素肟、賽拉菌素(selamectin)、多拉克汀(doramectin)、第馬克丁(dimadectin)、莫昔克丁(moxidectin);-保幼激素模擬物,其實例包括(但不限於)狄奧諾蘭(diofenolan)、保幼醚(epofenonane)、雙氧威、烯蟲乙酯、烯蟲炔酯(kinoprene)、美賜年、蚊蟎醚(pyriproxifen)、烯蟲硫酯(triprene);-蛻皮激素促效劑/干擾劑,其包括(但不限於)二芳基肼,例如環蟲醯肼(chromafenozide)、氯蟲醯肼(halofenozide)、甲氧蟲醯肼(methoxyfenozide)、蟲醯肼(tebufenozide);-甲殼素生物合成抑制劑,其包括(但不限於)苯甲醯基脲,例如雙三氟蟲脲(bistrifluron)、克福隆、二福隆、氟佐隆(fluazuron)、氟環脲、氟芬隆、六伏隆、祿芬隆(lufenuron)、諾瓦隆(novaluron)、紐伏隆(noviflumuron)、氟幼脲(penfluron)、得福隆、殺蟲隆、布芬淨、賽滅淨;-氧化性磷酸化抑制劑、ATP干擾劑,其包括(但不限於)汰芬隆(diafenthiuron)、有機錫化合物(例如亞環錫(azocyclotin)、錫滿丹(cyhexatin)、芬布賜(fenbutatin-oxide));-藉由阻斷H質子梯度而起作用之氧化性磷酸化去偶合劑,其包括(但不限於)吡咯,例如蟲蟎腈;二硝基苯酚,例如百蟎克(binapacryl)、大脫蟎(dinobuton)、白粉克、DNOC;-位點I電子傳遞抑制劑,其包括(但不限於)METI,例如喹蟎醚(fenazaquin)、芬普蟎(fenpyroximate)、畢汰芬(pyrimidifen)、噠蟎靈、吡蟎胺(tebufenpyrad)、唑蟲醯胺(tolfenpyrad);伏蟻腙、大克蟎(dicofol);-位點II電子傳遞抑制劑,其包括(但不限於)魚藤酮;-位點III電子傳遞抑制劑,其包括(但不限於)亞醌蟎(acequinocyl)、嘧蟎酯(fluacrypyrim);-昆蟲消化道膜之微生物干擾劑;-蘇雲金桿菌菌株;-脂質合成抑制劑,其包括(但不限於)特窗酸(tetronic acid),例如螺蟎酯(spirodiclofen)、螺甲蟎酯(spiromesifen);特胺酸,例如螺泰曲美(spirotetramat);羧醯胺,例如氟尼胺(flonicamid);章魚胺能促效劑,例如三亞蟎;-鎂刺激ATP酶抑制劑,其包括(但不限於)克蟎特(propargite)、沙蠶毒素類似物(例如硫賜安(thiocyclam hydrogen oxalate)、殺蟲雙(thiosultap-sodium));-理阿諾鹼(Ryanodine)受體促效劑,其包括(但不限於)苯甲酸二羧醯胺,例如福本胺(flubendiamide);蒽酮醯胺(anthronilamide),例如瑞那西比(pynaxypyr)(3-溴-N
-{4-氯-2-甲基-6-[(甲基胺基)羰基]苯基}-1-(3-氯吡啶-2-基)-1H-吡唑-5-甲醯胺);-生物製劑、激素或信息素,其包括(但不限於)印楝素(azadirachtin)、芽胞桿菌種(Bacillus spec.)、白僵菌種(Beauveria spec.)、可得蒙(codlemone)、綠僵菌種(Metarrhizium spec.)、擬青黴菌種(Paecilomyces spec.)、蘇力菌素(thuringiensin)、輪枝菌種(Verticillium spec.);-作用機制未知或不確定之活性化合物,其包括(但不限於)薰蒸劑,例如磷化鋁、溴代甲烷、硫醯氟;拒食劑,例如冰晶石、氟尼胺(flonicamid)、吡蚜酮(pymetrozine);蟎生長抑制劑,例如克芬蟎(clofentezine)、乙蟎唑(etoxazole)、合賽多(hexythiazox);醯胺氟美(amidoflumet)、本克噻(benclothiaz)、西脫蟎(benzoximate)、聯苯肼酯(bifenazate)、新殺蟎(bromopropylate)、布芬淨、滅蟎猛、氯苯甲脒(chlordimeform)、乙酯殺蟎醇(chlorobenzilate)、三氯硝甲烷、氯噻唑苯(clothiazoben)、環戊二烯(cycloprene)、噻氟美芬(cyflumetofen)、地昔尼爾(dicyclanil)、芬諾克瑞(fenoxacrim)、芬群尼爾(fentrifanil)、氟蟎噻(flubenzimine)、氟芬林(flufenerim)、氟蟎嗪(flutenzin)、紅鈴蟲性誘劑(gossyplure)、伏蟻腙、金龜子性誘劑(japonilure)、噁蟲酮(metoxadiazone)、石油、胡椒基丁醚、油酸鉀、啶蟲丙醚(pyridalyl)、沙氟米得(sulphluramid)、得脫蟎(tetradifon)、殺蟎好(tetrasul)、苯蟎噻(triarathene)、增效炔醚(verbutin)。
文獻中已知且可提及之可與式(I)化合物組合之除草劑為(例如)以下活性物質(註釋:該等化合物係以根據國際標準化組織(International Organization for Standardization)(ISO)之常用名或使用化學名稱(適當時)以及常用編號來指定):乙草胺(acetochlor)、三氟羧草醚(鈉鹽)(acifluorfen(-sodium))、苯草醚(aclonifen)、AKH 7088(亦即[[[1-[5-[2-氯-4-(三氟甲基)苯氧基]-2-硝基苯基]-2-甲氧基亞乙基]胺基]氧基]乙酸及其甲酯)、甲草胺(alachlor)、亞汰草(鈉鹽)(alloxydim(-sodium))、莠滅淨(ametryn)、胺唑草酮(amicarbazone)、醯胺氯(amidochlor)、醯嘧磺隆(amidosulfuron)、殺草強(amitrol)、AMS(亦即胺基磺酸銨)、莎稗磷(anilofos)、亞速爛(asulam)、莠去津(atrazine)、唑啶草酮(azafenidin)、四唑嘧磺隆(azimsulfuron)(DPX-A8947)、疊氮津(aziprotryn)、燕麥靈(barban)、BAS 516H(亦即5-氟-2-苯基-4H-3,1-苯幷噁嗪-4-酮)、氟丁醯草胺(beflubutamid)、草除靈(乙酯)(benazolin(-ethyl))、倍尼芬(benfluralin)、呋草磺(benfuresate)、免速隆(甲酯)(bensulfuron(-methyl))、地散磷(bensulide)、本達隆(鈉鹽)(bentazone(-sodium))、苯幷雙環酮(benzobicyclone)、吡草酮(benzofenap)、氟草黃(benzofluor)、新燕靈(乙酯)(benzoylprop(-ethyl))、苯噻隆(benzthiazuron)、雙丙胺膦(bialaphos(bilanafos))、必芬諾(bifenox)、雙草醚(鈉鹽)(bispyribac(-sodium))、除草定(bromacil)、溴丁醯草胺(bromobutide)、溴酚肟(bromofenoxim)、溴苯腈(bromoxynil)、溴隆(bromuron)、布米納芬(buminafos)、羥草酮(busoxinone)、去草胺(butachlor)、氟丙嘧草酯(butafenacil)、抑草磷(butamifos)、丁烯草胺(butenachlor)、丁硫咪唑酮(buthidazole)、雙丁樂靈(butralin)、丁苯草酮(butroxydim)、蘇達滅(butylate)、唑草胺(cafenstrole)(CH-900)、卡草胺(carbetamide)、唑草酮(乙酯)(carfentrazone(-ethyl))、卡樂地(caloxydim)、CDAA(亦即2-氯-N,N-二-2-丙烯基乙醯胺)、CDEC(亦即二乙基二硫代胺基甲酸2-氯烯丙酯)、甲氧除草醚(chlomethoxyfen)、草滅平(chloramben)、氯拉寄普(丁酯)(chlorazifop-butyl)、氯溴隆(chlorbromuron)、氯炔靈(chlorbufam)、伐草克(chlorfenac)、整形醇(甲酯)(chlorflurenol-methyl)、氯草敏(chloridazon)、氯嘧磺隆(乙酯)(chlorimuron(-ethyl))、草枯醚(chlornitrofen)、綠麥隆(chlorotoluron)、氯草隆(chloroxuron)、氯普芬(chlorpropham)、氯磺隆(chlorsulfuron)、敵草索(二甲酯)(chlorthal-dimethyl)、氯硫胺(chlorthiamid)、綠麥隆(chlortoluron)、吲咪酮草酯(甲酯或乙酯)(cinidon(-methyl or-ethyl))、環庚草醚(cinmethylin)、醚磺隆(cinosulfuron)、克草同(clethodim)、克立氧定(clefoxydim)、炔草酸(clodinafop)及其酯衍生物(例如炔草酯(clodinafop-propargyl))、可滅蹤(clomazone)、稗草胺(clomeprop)、氯丙氧定(cloproxydim)、克草立特(clopyralid)、克草磺隆(甲酯)(clopyrasulfuron(-methyl))、氯酯磺草胺(甲酯)(cloransulam(-methyl))、克百威(cumyluron)(JC 940)、氰草津(cyanazine)、環草特(cycloate)、環丙嘧磺隆(cyclosulfamuron)(AC 104)、環殺草(cycloxydim)、環莠隆(cycluron)、賽伏草(cyhalofop)及其酯衍生物(例如丁酯,DEH-112)、牧草快(cyperquat)、環丙津(cyprazine)、三環噻草胺(cyprazole)、殺草隆(daimuron)、2,4-D、2,4-DB、茅草枯(dalapon)、邁隆、甜菜安(desmedipham)、敵草淨(desmetryn)、燕麥敵(di-allate)、麥草畏(dicamba)、敵草腈(dichlobenil)、(精)滴丙酸(dichlorprop(-P))、禾草靈(diclofop)及其酯(諸如禾草靈甲酯(diclofop-methyl))、雙氯磺草胺(diclosulam)、乙醯甲草胺(乙酯)(diethatyl(-ethyl))、枯莠隆(difenoxuron)、苯敵快(difenzoquat)、吡氟草胺(diflufenican)、氟吡草腙(diflufenzopyr)、噁唑隆(dimefuron)、哌草丹(dimepiperate)、二甲草胺(dimethachlor)、愛落殺(dimethametryn)、噻吩草胺(dimethenamid)(SAN-582H)、(精)噻吩草胺(dimethenamid(-P))、異噁草酮(dimethazone)、噻節因(dimethipin)、二甲三嗪(dimexyflam)、二甲磺隆(dimetrasulfuron)、撻乃安(dinitramine)、特樂酚(dinoseb)、特樂酯(dinoterb)、大芬滅(diphenamid)、異丙淨(dipropetryn)、敵草快(diquat)、氟硫草定(dithiopyr)、敵草隆(diuron)、DNOC、甘草津(乙酯)(eglinazine-ethyl)、EL 77(亦即5-氰基-1-(1,1-二甲基乙基)-N-甲基-1H-吡唑-4-甲醯胺)、草多索(endothal)、艾普丹(epoprodan)、EPTC、戊草丹(esprocarb)、乙丁烯氟靈(ethalfluralin)、胺苯磺隆(ethametsulfuron-methyl)、磺噻隆(ethidimuron)、乙嗪草酮(ethiozin)、乙呋草磺(ethofumesate)、氯氟草醚(ethoxyfen)及其酯(例如乙酯,HC-252)、乙氧嘧磺隆(ethoxysulfuron)、乙氧苯草胺(etobenzanid)(HW 52)、F5231(亦即N-[2-氯-4-氟-5-[4-(3-氟丙基)-4,5-二氫-5-側氧基-1H-四唑-1-基]-苯基]乙烷磺醯胺)、2-4-5涕丙酸(fenoprop)、非諾生(fenoxan)、噁唑禾草靈(fenoxaprop)及精噁唑禾草靈(fenoxaprop-P)及其酯(例如精噁唑禾草靈乙酯及噁唑禾草靈乙酯)、非諾定(fenoxydim)、四唑醯草胺(fentrazamide)、非草隆(fenuron)、麥草伏(甲酯或異丙酯或L-異丙酯)(flamprop(-methyl or-isopropyl or-isopropyl-L))、嘧啶磺隆(flazasulfuron)、雙氟磺草胺(florasulam)、伏寄普(fluazifop)及精伏寄普(fluazifop-P)及其酯(例如伏寄普丁酯及精伏寄普丁酯)、異丙吡草酯(fluazolate)、氟酮磺隆(鈉鹽)(flucarbazone(-sodium))、貝殺寧(fluchloralin)、氟噻草胺(flufenacet)(FOE 5043)、氟噠嗪草酯(flufenpyr)、唑嘧磺草胺(flumetsulam)、氟草隆(flumeturon)、氟胺草酸(戊酯)(flumiclorac(-pentyl))、丙炔氟草胺(flumioxazin)(S-482)、氟米丙平(flumipropyn)、可奪草(fluometuron)、氟咯草酮(fluorochloridone)、三氟硝草醚(fluorodifen)、乙羧氟草醚(乙酯)(fluoroglycofen(-ethyl))、氟胺草唑(flupoxam)(KNW-739)、氟普索(flupropacil)(UBIC-4243)、氟丙酯(fluproanate)、氟啶嘧磺隆(甲酯或鈉鹽)(flupyrsulfuron(-methyl or-sodium))、9-羥基-9-芴甲酸(丁酯)(flurenol(-butyl))、氟啶草酮(fluridone)、氟咯草酮(flurochloridone)、氟草煙(甲基庚酯)(fluroxypyr(-meptyl))、呋嘧醇(flurprimidol)、呋草酮(flurtamone)、噠草氟(甲酯)(fluthiacet(-methyl))、噻唑草醯胺(fluthiamide)(亦稱作氟噻草胺)、氟磺胺草醚(fomesafen)、甲醯嘧磺隆(foramsulfuron)、殺木膦(fosamine)、呋喃解草唑(furilazole)(MON 13900)、呋氧草醚(furyloxyfen)、草銨膦(銨)(glufosinate(-ammonium))、草甘膦(異丙銨)(glyphosate(-isopropylammonium))、鹵索芬(halosafen)、氯吡醚磺隆(甲酯)(halosulfuron(-methyl))及其酯(例如甲酯,NC-319)、吡氟氯禾靈(haloxyfop)及其酯、精吡氟氯禾靈(haloxyfop-P)(=合氯氟(R-haloxyfop))及其酯、HC-252(二苯醚)、環嗪酮(hexazinone)、咪草酸(甲酯)(imazamethabenz(-methyl))、依滅美殺(imazamethapyr)、甲氧咪草煙(imazamox)、甲基咪草煙(imazapic)、滅草煙(imazapyr)、滅草喹(imazaquin)及鹽(諸如銨鹽)、依噻滅殺(imazethamethapyr)、咪草煙(imazethapyr)、唑吡嘧磺隆(imazosulfuron)、茚草酮(indanofan)、(甲基)碘磺隆(鈉鹽)(iodosulfuron-(methyl)-(sodium))、碘苯腈(ioxynil)、草特靈(isocarbamid)、異樂靈(isopropalin)、異丙隆(isoproturon)、異噁隆(isouron)、異噁草胺(isoxaben)、異噁氯草酮(isoxachlortole)、異噁唑草酮(isoxaflutole)、異噁草醚(isoxapyrifop)、卡草靈(karbutilate)、乳氟禾草靈(lactofen)、環草定(lenacil)、利穀隆(linuron)、MCPA、MCPB、2-甲-4-氯丙酸(mecoprop)、苯噻醯草胺(mefenacet)、氟草磺(mefluidid)、甲磺胺磺隆(甲酯)(mesosulfuron(-methyl))、甲基磺草酮(mesotrione)、威百畝、噁唑醯草胺(metamifop)、苯嗪草酮(metamitron)、吡草胺(metazachlor)、甲基苯噻隆(methabenzthiazuron)、滅草唑(methazole)、去草酮(methoxyphenone)、甲基殺草隆(methyldymron)、吡喃隆(metobenzuron)、溴穀隆(metobromuron)、(精)異丙甲草胺((S-)metolachlor)、磺草唑胺(metosulam)(XRD 511)、甲氧隆(metoxuron)、賽克津(metribuzin)、甲磺隆(metsulfuron methyl)、MK-616、得草滅(molinate)、庚醯草胺(monalide)、硫酸二氫單脲、綠穀隆(monolinuron)、滅草隆(monuron)、MT 128(亦即6-氯-N-(3-氯-2-丙烯基)-5-甲基-N-苯基-3-噠嗪胺)、MT 5950(亦即N-[3-氯-4-(1-甲基乙基)-苯基]-2-甲基戊醯胺)、萘丙胺(naproanilide)、萘氧丙草胺(napropamide)、鈉得爛(naptalam)、NC 310(亦即4-(2,4-二氯苯甲醯基)-1-甲基-5-苄氧基吡唑)、草不隆(neburon)、煙嘧磺隆(nicosulfuron)、尼平拉芬(nipyraclophen)、滅殺草(nitralin)、除草醚(nitrofen)、硝基氟草芬(nitrofluorfen)、氟草敏(norflurazon)、坪草丹(orbencarb)、安磺靈(oryzalin)、丙炔噁草酮(oxadiargyl)(RP-020630)、噁草酮(oxadiazone)、環氧嘧磺隆(oxasulfuron)、噁嗪草酮(oxaziclomefone)、乙氧氟草醚(oxyfluorfen)、百草枯(paraquat)、克草敵(pebulate)、壬酸、二甲戊樂靈(pendimethalin)、豆磺隆(penoxulam)、蔬草滅(pentanochlor)、環戊噁草酮(pentoxazone)、氟草磺胺(perfluidone)、烯草胺(pethoxamid)、棉胺寧(phenisopham)、甜菜寧(phenmedipham)、畢克爛(picloram)、氟吡草胺(picolinafen)、哌草磷(piperophos)、稗草畏、丁基吡瑞非諾(pirifenop-butyl)、丙草胺(pretilachlor)、氟嘧磺隆(甲酯)(primisulfuron(-methyl))、丙苯磺隆(鈉鹽)(procarbazone(-sodium))、丙噻嗪(procyazine)、苯胺靈(prodiamine)、氟唑草胺(profluazol)、環丙氟靈(profluralin)、甘撲津(乙酯)(proglinazine(-ethyl))、撲滅通(prometon)、撲草淨(prometryn)、毒草安(propachlor)、除草寧(propanil)、普拔草(propaquizafop)、撲滅津(propazine)、苯胺靈(propham)、異丙草胺(propisochlor)、丙氧磺隆(鈉鹽)(propoxycarbazone(-sodium))、戊炔草胺(propyzamide)、甲硫磺樂靈(prosulfa1in)、苄草丹(prosulfocarb)、氟磺隆(prosulfuron)(CGA-152005)、丙炔草胺(prynachlor)、雙唑草腈(pyraclonil)、吡草醚(乙酯)(pyraflufen(-ethyl))、卡草唑(pyrazolinate)、殺草敏(pyrazon)、吡嘧磺隆(乙酯)(pyrazosulfuron(-ethyl))、苄草唑(pyrazoxyfen)、嘧啶肟草醚(pyribenzoxim)、稗草畏、吡啶達醇(pyridafol)、噠草特(pyridate)、環酯草醚(pyriftalid)、嘧草醚(甲酯)(pyriminobac(methyl))、嘧硫草醚(鈉鹽)(pyrithiobac(-sodium))(KIH-2031)、吡咯禾靈(pyroxofop)及其酯(例如炔丙酯)、二氯喹啉酸(quinclorac)、喹草酸(quinmerac)、莫克草(quinoclamine)、禾草克(quinofop)及其酯衍生物、喹禾靈(quizalofop)及精喹禾靈(quizalofop-P)及其酯衍生物(例如喹禾靈乙酯、精喹禾靈糠酯及乙酯)、雷力隆(renriduron)、碸嘧磺隆(rimsulfuron)(DPX-E 9636)、S 275(亦即2-[4-氯-2-氟-5-(2-丙炔氧基)苯基]-4,5,6,7-四氫-2H-吲唑)、密草通(secbumeton)、西殺草(sethoxydim)、環草隆(siduron)、西瑪津(simazine)、西草淨(simetryn)、SN 106279(亦即2-[[7-[2-氯-4-(三氟甲基)苯氧基]-2-萘基]氧基]丙酸及其甲酯)、磺草酮(sulcotrione)、甲磺草胺(sulfentrazone)(FMC-97285、F-6285)、磺胺隆(sulfazuron)、甲嘧磺隆(甲酯)(sulfometuron(-methyl))、草硫磷(sulfosate)(ICI-A0224)、磺嘧磺隆(sulfosulfuron)、TCA、胺草磷(tebutam)(GCP-5544)、丁噻隆(tebuthiuron)、得殺草(tepraloxydim)、特草定(terbacil)、芽根靈(terbucarb)、特丁草胺(terbuchlor)、甲氧去草淨(terbumeton)、特丁津(terbuthylazine)、去草淨(terbutryn)、TFH 450(亦即N,N-二乙基-3-[(2-乙基-6-甲基苯基)磺醯基]-1H-1,2,4-三唑-1-甲醯胺)、甲氧噻草胺(thenylchlor)(NSK-850)、噻氟醯胺(thiafluamide)、噻氟隆(thiazafluron)、噻草啶(thiazopyr)(Mon-13200)、噻得滅(thidiazimin)(SN 24085)、噻吩磺隆(甲酯)(thifensulfuron(-methyl))、殺丹(thiobencarb)、仲草丹(tiocarbazil)、苯草酮(tralkoxydim)、野麥畏(tri-allate)、醚苯磺隆(triasulfuron)、三嗪氟草胺(triaziflam)、三唑芬醯胺(triazofenamide)、苯磺隆(甲酯)(tribenuron(-methyl))、2,3,6-三氯苯甲酸(2,3,6-TBA)、綠草定(triclopyr)、滅草環(tridiphane)、草達津(trietazine)、三氟啶磺隆(鈉鹽)(trifloxysulfuron(-sodium))、氟樂靈(trifluralin)、氟胺磺隆(triflusulfuron)及酯(例如甲酯,DPX-66037)、三甲隆(trimeturon)、三氟甲磺隆(tritosulfuron)、替司得伏(tsitodef)、滅草猛(vernolate)、WL 110547(亦即5-苯氧基-1-[3-(三氟甲基)苯基]-lH-四唑)、UBH-509、D-489、LS 82-556、KPP-300、NC-324、NC-330、KH-218、DPX-N8189、SC-0774、DOWCO-535、DK-8910、V-53482、PP-600、MBH-001、KIH-9201、ET-751、KIH-6127、KIH-2023及KIH5996。
適當除草劑安全劑包括(但不限於)解草酮(benoxacor)、解毒喹(cloquintocet)、解草胺腈(cyometrinil)、環丙磺胺(cyprosulfamide)、二氯丙烯胺(dichlormid)、迪賽隆(dicyclonon)、迪斯松(dietholate)、解草唑(fenchlorazole)、解草啶(fenclorim)、解草安(flurazole)、肟草安(fluxofenim)、呋喃解草唑(furilazole)、雙苯噁唑酸(isoxadifen)、吡唑解草酯(mefenpyr)、甲苯諾(mephenate)、萘酸酐及解草腈(oxabetrinil)。
可用於混合調配物中作為本發明之活性物質之組份(例如已知活性化合物)係基於(例如)乙醯乳酸合成酶、乙醯輔酶A羧化酶、PS I、PS II、HPPDO、八氫番茄紅素去飽和酶、原卟啉原氧化酶、麩醯胺酸合成酶、纖維素生物合成、5-烯醇式丙酮基莽草酸-3-磷酸酯合成酶之抑制作用。該等化合物以及可使用之其他化合物(其作用機制在一定程度上未知或不同)描述於(例如)Weed Research 26,441-445(1986)或"The Pesticide Manual",第12版,2000(在下文中亦縮寫為"PM"),The British Crop Protection Council and the Royal Soc.of Chemistry(編者)及其中所引用之文獻中。
視主要生物學及/或化學-物理參數而定,式(I)化合物可以各種方式調配。適合之可能調配物之實例為:可濕潤粉末(WP)、水溶性粉末(SP)、水溶性濃縮物、可乳化濃縮物(EC)、乳液(EW)(諸如水包油乳液及油包水乳液)、可噴霧溶液、懸浮液濃縮物(SC)、油基或水基分散液、可與油混溶之溶液、膠囊懸浮液(CS)、粉塵(DP)、浸種產品、用於播撒及土壤施用之顆粒、微粒形式之顆粒(GR)、噴霧顆粒、包衣顆粒及吸附顆粒、水分散性顆粒(WG)、水溶性顆粒(SG)、ULV調配物、微膠囊及蠟。
所提及之調配物可以本身已知之方式,例如藉由將活性化合物與至少一種溶劑或稀釋劑、乳化劑、分散劑及/或黏合劑或固定劑、拒水劑及可選之乾燥劑、UV穩定劑、著色劑、顏料及其他加工助劑中之一或多者混合來製備。
此等個別調配物類型大體上已知且描述於(例如):Winnacker-Kchler,"Chemische Technologie"[Chemical Technology],第7卷,C.Hauser Verlag,Munich,第4版,1986;Wade van Valkenburg,"Pesticide Formulations",Marcel Dekker,N.Y.,1973;K.Martens,"Spray Drying Handbook",第3版,1979,G.Goodwin Ltd.London中。
諸如惰性物質、界面活性劑、溶劑及其他添加劑之必需調配物助劑亦已知且描述於(例如):Watkins,"Handbook of Insecticide Dust Diluents and Carriers",第2版,Darland Books,Caldwell N.J.;H.v.Olphen,"Introduction to Clay Colloid Chemistry",第2版,J.Wiley & Sons,N.Y.;C.Marsden,"Solvents Guide",第2版,Interscience,N.Y.1963;McCutcheon之"Detergents and Emulsifiers Annual",MC Publ.Corp.,Ridgewood N.J.;Sisley及Wood,"Encyclopedia of Surface Active Agents",Chem.Publ.Co.Inc.,N.Y.1964;Schnfeldt,"Grenzflchenaktivethylenoxidaddukte"[Surface-active ethylene oxide adducts],Wiss.Verlagsgesell.,Stuttgart 1976;Winnacker-Kchler,"Chemische Technologie"[Chemical Technology],第7卷,C.Hauser Verlag,Munich,第4版,1986中。
可濕潤粉末為可均一分散於水中之製劑且除式(I)化合物之外,其亦包含離子型及/或非離子型界面活性劑(濕潤劑、分散劑),例如聚氧乙基化烷基酚、聚氧乙基化脂肪醇、聚氧乙基化脂肪胺、脂肪醇聚乙二醇醚硫酸酯、烷磺酸鹽或烷基苯磺酸鹽、木質素磺酸鈉、2,2'-二萘基甲烷-6,6'-二磺酸鈉、二丁基萘磺酸鈉或者油醯基甲基牛黃酸鈉,以及稀釋劑或惰性物質。為製備可濕潤粉末,將式(I)化合物(例如)於習知裝置(諸如錘磨機、吹風式研磨機及空氣噴射研磨機)中精細研磨且與此同時或其後與調配物助劑混合。
可乳化濃縮物係(例如)藉由在添加一或多種離子型及/或非離子型界面活性劑(乳化劑)之情況下,將式(I)化合物溶解於有機溶劑(例如丁醇、環己酮、二甲基甲醯胺、二甲苯或者高沸點芳族化合物或烴或此等物質之混合物)中來製備。可使用之乳化劑為(例如):烷基芳基磺酸之鈣鹽,諸如十二烷基苯磺酸鈣;或非離子性乳化劑,諸如脂肪酸聚乙二醇酯、烷基芳基聚乙二醇醚、脂肪醇聚乙二醇醚、氧化丙烯/氧化乙烯縮合物、烷基聚醚、脫水山梨糖醇酯(諸如脫水山梨糖醇脂肪酸酯)或聚氧乙烯脫水山梨糖醇酯(諸如聚氧乙烯脫水山梨糖醇脂肪酸酯)。
粉塵係藉由將活性物質與細粉狀固體物質(例如滑石或天然黏土,諸如高嶺土、膨潤土或葉蠟石,或矽藻土)一起研磨而獲得。
懸浮液濃縮物可為水基或油基濃縮物。其可藉由(例如)適當時在添加界面活性劑(如其已例如在其他調配物類型之情況下在上文提及)之情況下,藉助於市售球磨機濕式研磨來製備。
乳液(例如水包油乳液(EW))可使用水性有機溶劑及(適當時)界面活性劑(如其已例如在其他調配物類型之情況下在上文提及)(例如)藉助於攪拌器、膠體研磨機及/或靜態混合器來製備。
顆粒可藉助於黏合劑(例如聚乙烯醇、聚丙烯酸鈉或者礦物油)藉由將式(I)化合物噴霧於吸附性顆粒狀惰性物質上或將活性物質濃縮物塗覆於載體(諸如砂粒、高嶺土)或顆粒狀惰性物質之表面上來製備。亦可將適合活性物質以製備肥料顆粒之習知方式(必要時)以與肥料之混合物形式粒化。
水分散性顆粒通常係藉由常用方法,諸如噴霧乾燥、流化床造粒、盤式造粒、於高速混合器中混合及擠壓無需固體惰性物質來製備。對於製備盤式、流化床、擠壓機及噴霧顆粒,可參見(例如)"Spray-Drying Handbook"第3版,1979,G.Goodwin Ltd.,London;J.E.Browning,"Agglomeration",Chemical and Engineering 1967,第147頁及以下部分;"Perry's Chemical Engineer's Handbook",第5版,McGraw-Hill,New York 1973,第8-57頁中之方法。
一般而言,農業化學製劑包含選自由約0.1重量至約99重量%及約0.1重量至約95重量%組成之群之範圍的式(I)化合物。
可濕潤粉末中式(I)化合物之濃度為(例如)約10重量至約90重量%,達成100重量%之剩餘物由常用調配物組份組成。在可乳化濃縮物之情況下,式(I)化合物之濃度可為選自由約1重量至約90重量%及約5重量至約80重量%組成之群的範圍。粉塵形式之調配物通常包含選自由約1重量至約30重量%及約5重量至約20重量%組成之群之範圍的式(I)化合物。對於可噴霧溶液而言,其包含選自由約0.05重量至約80重量%及約2重量至約50重量%組成之群之範圍的式(I)化合物。在水分散性顆粒之情況下,式(I)化合物之含量部分上取決於式(I)化合物為液體形式還是固體形式以及使用何種造粒助劑、填料及其類似物。水分散性顆粒(例如)包含選自由介於約1重量%與約95重量%之間及介於約10重量%與約80重量%之間組成之群之範圍的式(I)化合物。
另外,所提及之式(I)化合物之調配物亦包含(適當時)黏著劑、濕潤劑、分散劑、乳化劑、滲透劑、防腐劑、防凍劑、溶劑、填料、載劑、著色劑、消泡劑、蒸發抑制劑、pH值調節劑及黏度調節劑,其在各情況下均為習知的。
本發明之混合物可在發芽前或發芽後經由土壤施用。本發明之混合物亦可經由葉施用。本發明之混合物可用於浸種。亦可灌溉系統,例如經由用於灌溉之水來施用根據本發明之混合物。
此外,當用作殺昆蟲劑時,本發明之活性化合物可以其市售調配物形式及由此等調配物製備之使用形式(如與增效劑之混合物形式)存在。增效劑為增加活性化合物之作用的化合物,所添加之增效劑無需自身具有活性。
此外,當用作殺昆蟲劑時,本發明之活性化合物可以其市售調配物形式及由此等調配物製備之使用形式(如與抑制劑之混合物形式)存在,抑制劑可降低活性化合物在用於植物環境中、植物部分之表面上或植物組織中後之降解。
由市售調配物製備之使用形式之活性化合物含量可在廣泛範圍內改變。使用形式之活性化合物濃度可為約0.00000001重量至約95重量%之活性化合物,較佳介於約0.00001重量%與約1重量%之間。
活性化合物可以適用於使用形式之常用方式使用。所有植物及植物部分均可根據本發明進行處理。在本文中植物應理解為意謂所有植物及植物群體,諸如所需及非所需之野生植物或作物(包括天然存在之作物)。作物可為可藉由習知植物育種及優化方法或藉由生物技術及基因工程方法或藉由此等方法之組合而獲得之植物,其包括轉殖基因植物且包括受植物育種者之權利保護或不受其保護之植物栽培品種。植物部分應理解為意謂地面上及地面下之所有植物部分及器官,諸如芽、葉、花及根,可提及之實例為葉、針葉、柄、莖、花、子實體、果實、種子、根、塊莖及根莖。植物部分亦包括已收穫材料,及無性繁殖及有性繁殖材料,例如插條、塊莖、根莖、分枝及種子。
以活性化合物對植物及植物部分進行本發明之處理可藉由常用處理方法(例如藉由浸漬、噴霧、蒸發、霧化、散布、塗抹、注射,且在繁殖材料之情況下,尤其在種子之情況下,亦藉由塗覆一或多個塗層)直接或藉由使化合物作用於環境、生境或儲存場所來進行。
本發明之活性化合物尤其適用於處理種子。在此,上文提及為較佳或尤其較佳之本發明之活性化合物仍可提及為較佳的。因此,大部分由害蟲對作物造成之損害早在當種子在儲存期間受到侵擾時及在種子進入土壤中之後,在植物發芽期間及在剛發芽之後發生。此階段尤其關鍵,因為生長植物之根及芽特別敏感且甚至較小傷害亦可能導致整株植物死亡。因此,藉由使用適合活性化合物來保護種子及發芽植物尤其受到極大關注。
藉由處理植物種子來防治害蟲長時間以來係已知的且為持續改進之主題。然而,種子處理帶來一系列通常不能以令人滿意之方式解決之問題。因此,需要研發在播種或植物發芽後無需另外施用作物保護劑之保護種子及發芽植物之方法。此外,需要以一定方式優化所使用之活性化合物之量以便對種子及發芽植物提供免受害蟲侵擾之最大保護,但所使用之活性化合物對植物本身不造成傷害。詳言之,處理種子之方法亦應考慮轉殖基因植物之固有殺昆蟲性質以在使用最少作物保護劑之情況下達到對種子及發芽植物的最佳保護。
因此,本發明尤其亦係關於一種藉由用本發明之活性化合物處理種子以保護種子及發芽植物免受害蟲侵擾之方法。本發明亦係關於本發明之活性化合物用於處理種子以保護種子及所得植物免受害蟲侵擾之用途。此外,本發明係關於已經提供免受害蟲侵擾之保護作用之本發明之活性化合物處理之種子。
本發明之一優點在於本發明之活性化合物之獨特系統性質意謂以此等活性化合物處理種子不僅保護種子本身,而且亦保護發芽後所得植物免受害蟲侵擾。以此方式,可省卻在播種時或其後不久對作物的立即處理。
此外,應認為有利的為本發明之活性化合物亦可尤其用於轉殖基因種子,由此種子產生之植物能夠表現對抗害蟲之蛋白質。藉由用本發明之活性化合物處理該種子,某些害蟲可僅由(例如)殺昆蟲蛋白質之表現得到防治且額外由本發明之活性化合物來保護免於傷害。
本發明之活性化合物適用於保護在農業中、溫室中、森林中或園藝中使用之如上文所述之任何植物種類之種子。詳言之,此種子表現為玉米、花生、卡諾拉(canola)油菜、油菜、罌粟、大豆、棉花、甜菜(例如糖用甜菜及飼料甜菜)、稻、高粱及粟、小麥、大麥、燕麥、黑麥、向日葵、煙草、馬鈴薯或蔬菜(例如番茄、甘藍植物)種子之形式。本發明之活性化合物亦適用於處理如上文所述之果樹及蔬菜之種子。處理玉米、大豆、棉花、小麥及卡諾拉油菜或油菜之種子具有特別重要性。
如上文所述,用本發明之活性化合物處理轉殖基因種子亦具有特別重要性。此種子表現為通常包含至少一種控制尤其具有殺昆蟲性質之多肽之表現之異源基因的植物之種子之形式。在此情形中,轉殖基因種子中之異源基因可來源於諸如桿菌(Bacillus
)、根瘤菌(Rhizobium
)、假單胞菌(Pseudomonas
)、沙雷氏菌(Serratia
)、木黴菌(Trichoderma
)、棒形桿菌(Clavibacter
)、球囊黴菌(Glomus
)或黏帚黴菌(Gliocladium
)之微生物。本發明尤其適用於處理包含至少一種來源於桿菌屬之異源基因且其基因產物展示抗歐洲玉米螟及/或玉米根蟲之活性的轉殖基因種子。尤其較佳為來源於蘇雲金桿菌之異源基因。
在本發明之範圍中,將本發明之活性化合物單獨或於適合調配物中施用於種子。較佳地,種子係以足夠穩定以避免在處理期間損傷之狀態下經處理。一般而言,種子可在收穫與播種之間的任何時間點經處理。通常使用之種子已與植物分離且已除去穗軸、殼、柄、表皮、毛狀物或果肉。
當處理種子時,通常必須注意以不有害影響種子發芽或不損害所得植物之方式選擇施用於種子之本發明之活性化合物之量及/或其他添加劑之量。必須牢記此點,尤其在某些施用率下可具有植物毒性效應之活性化合物的情況下。
如上文所述,根據本發明可處理所有植物及其部分。在一較佳實施例中,處理野生植物物種及植物栽培品種或藉由習知生物育種方法(諸如雜交或原生質體融合)獲得之植物及其部分。在另一較佳實施例中,處理藉由(適當時)與習知方法組合之基因工程方法獲得之轉殖基因植物及植物栽培品種(經遺傳修飾生物體)及其部分。術語"部分"、"植物之部分"及"植物部分"已在上文中說明。
尤其較佳地,根據本發明處理在各情況下可購得或通用之植物栽培品種之植物。植物栽培品種應理解為意謂藉由習知育種、突變或重組DNA技術獲得之具有新穎性質("特性")之植物。此等植物可為栽培品種、生物型或基因型。
視植物物種或植物栽培品種、其位置及生長條件(土壤、氣候、生長期、肥料)而定,本發明之處理亦可產生超加性("增效")效應。因此,例如,可達成降低之施用率及/或活性範圍之加寬及/或可根據本發明使用之活性化合物及組合物之活性的增加、更佳植物生長、增加之對高溫或低溫之耐受性、增加之對乾旱或對水或土壤鹽含量之耐受性、增加之開花品質表現、更易收穫、加速成熟、更高收穫產量、收穫產物之更高品質及/或更高營養價值、收穫產物之更佳儲存穩定性及/或可加工性,其超過實際預期之效果。
較佳根據本發明進行處理之轉殖基因植物或植物栽培品種(藉由基因工程獲得)包括藉助於基因修飾接受向此等植物賦予尤其有利、有用之特性之遺傳物質的所有植物。該等特性之實例為更佳植物生長、增加之對高溫或低溫之耐受性、增加之對乾旱或對水或土壤鹽含量之耐受性、增加之開花品質表現、更易收穫、加速成熟、更高收穫產量、收穫產物之更高品質及/或更高營養價值、收穫產物之更佳儲存穩定性及/或可加工性。該等特性之其他及尤其應強調之實例為植物對動物及微生物害蟲(諸如抗昆蟲、蟎、植物病原性真菌、細菌及/或病毒)之更佳防禦,以及植物對某些除草活性化合物之增加之耐受性。可提及之轉殖基因植物之實例為重要作物,諸如穀類(小麥、稻)、玉米、大豆、馬鈴薯、糖用甜菜、番茄、豌豆及其他蔬菜種類、棉花、煙草、油菜以及果樹(果實為蘋果、梨、柑桔類水果及葡萄),且特別應強調玉米、大豆、馬鈴薯、棉花、煙草及油菜。應強調之特性尤其為藉助於在植物中形成之毒素,尤其是由來自蘇雲金桿菌之遺傳物質(例如由基因CryIA(a)、CryIA(b)、CryIA(c)、CryIIA、CryIIIA、CryIIIB2、Cry9c、Cry2Ab、Cry3Bb及CryIF以及其組合)在植物(在下文中稱作"Bt植物")中形成之毒素,植物對昆蟲、節肢動物、線蟲及蛞蝓及蝸牛之增加之防禦。亦尤其應強調之特性為植物藉由系統獲得抗性(SAR)、系統素、植物抗毒素、激發子及抗性基因及相應表現蛋白及毒素對真菌、細菌及病毒之增加之防禦。此外,尤其應強調之特性為植物對某些除草活性化合物(例如咪唑啉酮、磺醯脲、草甘膦或膦基麥黃酮)之增加之耐受性(例如"PAT"基因)。賦予所論述之所需特性之基因亦可彼此組合存在於轉殖基因植物中。可提及之"Bt植物"之實例為以如下商品名銷售之玉米變種、棉花變種、大豆變種及馬鈴薯變種:YIELD GARD(例如玉米、棉花、大豆)、KnockOut(例如玉米)、StarLink(例如玉米)、Bollgard(棉花)、Nucotn(棉花)及NewLeaf(馬鈴薯)。可提及之除草劑耐受性植物之實例為以如下商品名銷售之玉米變種、棉花變種及大豆變種:Roundup Ready(耐草甘膦,例如玉米、棉花、大豆)、Liberty Link(耐膦基麥黃酮,例如油菜)、IMI(耐咪唑啉酮)及STS(耐磺醯脲,例如玉米)。可提及之抗除草劑植物(以習知方式培育以耐受除草劑之植物)包括以名稱Clearfield(例如玉米)銷售之變種。當然,此等敍述亦適用於具有此等遺傳特性或仍待研發之遺傳特性之植物栽培品種,此等植物栽培品種將在未來研發及/或銷售。
所列舉之植物可根據本發明以尤其有利之方式用本發明之通式I之活性化合物進行處理。關於活性化合物之上述較佳範圍亦適用於此等植物處理。尤其應強調用本文中特定提及之活性化合物來處理植物。
在家用殺昆蟲劑方面,本發明之活性化合物可單獨或與其他適合活性化合物(諸如磷酸酯、胺基甲酸酯、擬除蟲菊酯、新煙鹼類似物、生長調節劑或來自其他已知殺昆蟲劑種類之活性化合物)組合使用。
此外,已發現本發明之活性化合物亦對破壞工業材料之昆蟲具有強殺昆蟲作用。
以下昆蟲可作為實例提及且為較佳的,但並不具有任何限制性:甲蟲,諸如北美家天牛(Hylotrupes bajulus
)、多毛天牛(chlorophorus pilosis
)、傢具竊蠹(Anobium punctatum
)、粉茶柱蟲(Xestobium rufovillosum
)、櫛角竊蠹(Ptilinus pecticornis
)、Dendrobium pertinex
、松樹皮粉蠹(Ernobius mollis
)、地毯粉蠹(Priobium carpini
)、褐粉蠹(Lyctus brunneus
)、非洲粉蠹(Lyctus africanus
)、南方粉蠹(Lyctus planicollis
)、歐洲粉蠹(Lyctus linearis
)、毛粉蠹(Lyctus pubescens
)、Trogoxylon aequale
、鱗毛粉蠹(Minthea rugicollis
)、小蠹種(Xyleborus spec.
)、Tryptodendron spec.
、咖啡黑長蠹(Apate monachus
)、槲長蠹(Bostrychus capucins
)、棕異翅長蠹(Heterobostrychus brunneus
)、雙棘長蠹種(Sinoxylon spec.
)、竹蠹(Dinoderus minutus
);膜翅目昆蟲(Hymenopteron),諸如藍黑樹蜂(Sirex juvencus
)、大樹蜂(Urocerus gigas
)、泰加大樹蜂(Urocerus gigas taignus
)、樹蜂(Urocerus augur
);白蟻,諸如歐洲木白蟻(Kalotermes flavicollis
)、麻頭砂白蟻(Cryptotermes brevis
)、印巴結構木異白蟻(Heterotermes indicola
)、黃肢散白蟻(Reticulitermes flavipes
)、桑特散白蟻(Reticulitermes santonensis
)、歐洲散白蟻(Reticulitermes lucifugus
)、達爾文澳白蟻(Mastotermes darwiniensis
)、內華達動白蟻(Zootermopsis nevadensis
)、臺灣乳白蟻(Coptotermes formosanus
);衣魚,諸如普通衣魚(Lepisma saccharina
)。
此情形中之工業材料應理解為意謂無生命材料,諸如較佳為塑料、黏著劑、膠料、紙張及紙板、皮革、木材及經加工木製品及塗料組合物。
即用組合物可(適當時)包含其他殺昆蟲劑及(適當時)一或多種殺真菌劑。
本發明之活性化合物可用於氣溶膠、無壓力噴霧產品(例如泵及噴霧器噴霧)、自動霧化系統、霧化器、泡沫、凝膠、具有由纖維素或聚合物製成之蒸發器錠劑之蒸發器產品、液體蒸發器、凝膠及膜蒸發器、螺旋槳驅動蒸發器、無能量或被動式蒸發系統、蛾紙、蛾袋及蛾凝膠中,以顆粒或粉塵形式使用,用於撒布之誘餌或誘餌台中。
亦可將額外殺蟲或獸醫活性成份(其包括但不限於殺蟎劑、驅蟲劑、抗寄生蟲劑及殺昆蟲劑)添加至本發明之組合物中。抗寄生蟲劑可包括殺體外寄生蟲劑與殺體內寄生蟲劑。此項技術中熟知此等藥劑(例如參見Plumb' Veterinary Drug Handbook
,第5版,Donald C.Plumb編,Blackwell Publishing,(2005)或The Merck Veterinary Manual
,第9版,(January 2005))且其包括(但不限於)阿卡波糖(acarbose)、順丁烯二酸乙醯丙嗪(acepromazine maleate)、乙醯胺苯酚(acetaminophen)、乙醯唑胺(acetazolamide)、乙醯唑胺鈉、乙酸、乙異羥肟酸(acetohydroxamic acid)、乙醯半胱胺酸、阿曲汀(acitretin)、無環鳥苷(acyclovir)、阿苯達唑(albendazole)、硫酸舒喘寧(albuterol sulfate)、鹽酸阿芬太尼(alfentanil HCl)、別嘌呤醇(allopurinol)、阿普唑侖(alprazolam)、烯丙孕素(altrenogest)、鹽酸金剛胺(amantadine HCl)、硫酸阿米卡星(amikacin sulfate)、胺基己酸、胺戊醯胺硫酸氫鹽、胺茶鹼/茶鹼、鹽酸乙胺碘呋酮(amiodarone HCl)、三亞蟎、鹽酸阿米替林(amitriptyline HCl)、苯磺酸胺氯地平(amlodipine besylate)、氯化銨、鉬酸銨、阿莫西林(amoxicillin)、棒酸鉀、兩性黴素B脫氧膽酸鹽(amphotericin B desoxycholate)、脂質基兩性黴素B、安比西林(ampicillin)、鹽酸安普羅銨(amprolium HCl)、抗酸劑(經口)、抗蛇毒素、鹽酸阿撲嗎啡(apomorphine HCl)、硫酸安痢黴素(apramycin sulfate)、抗壞血酸、天冬醯胺酶、阿司匹林(aspiring)、阿替洛爾(atenolol)、鹽酸阿替美唑(atipamezole HCl)、苯磺酸阿曲庫銨(atracurium besylate)、硫酸阿托品(atropine sulfate)、金諾芬(auranofin)、金硫葡糖(aurothioglucose)、阿紮哌隆(azaperone)、硫唑嘌呤(azathioprine)、阿奇黴素(azithromycin)、巴氯芬(baclofen)、巴比妥酸鹽(barbituate)、鹽酸貝那普利(benazepril HCl)、倍他米松(betamethasone)、氯貝膽鹼(bethanechol chloride)、比沙可啶(bisacodyl)、鹼式水楊酸鉍、硫酸博來黴素(bleomycin sulfate)、十一碳烯酸勃地酮(boldenone undecylenate)、溴化物、甲磺酸溴隱亭(bromocriptine mesylate)、布地奈德(budesonide)、鹽酸丁丙諾啡(buprenorphine HCl)、鹽酸丁螺環酮(buspirone HCl)、白消安(busulfan)、酒石酸布托啡喏(butorphanol tartrate)、卡麥角林(cabergoline)、鮭魚抑鈣素(calcitonin salmon)、鈣三醇(calcitrol)、鈣鹽、卡托普利(captopril)、卡茚西林鈉(carbenicillin indanyl sodium)、卡比馬唑(carbimazole)、卡波鉑(carboplatin)、肉毒鹼(carnitine)、卡洛芬(carprofen)、卡維地洛(carvedilol)、頭孢羥胺苄(cefadroxil)、頭孢唑林鈉(cefazolin sodium)、頭孢克肟(cefixime)、頭孢哌酮鈉(cefoperazone sodium)、頭孢噻肟鈉(cefotaxime sodium)、頭孢替坦二鈉(cefotetan disodium)、頭孢噻吩鈉(cefoxitin sodium)、頭孢泊肟酯(cefpodoxime proxetil)、頭孢他啶(ceftazidime)、頭孢噻呋鈉(ceftiofur sodium)、鹽酸頭孢噻呋(ceftiofur HCl)、頭孢曲松鈉(ceftiaxone sodium)、頭孢胺苄(cephalexin)、頭孢菌素(cephalosporins)、頭孢匹林(cephapirin)、木炭(活性)、苯丁酸氮芥(chlorambucil)、氯黴素(chloramphenicol)、氯二氮環氧化物(chlordiazepoxide)、氯二氮環氧化物+/-克利溴銨(clidinium bromide)、氯噻嗪(chlorothiazide)、順丁烯二酸氯芬尼拉明(chlorpheniramine maleate)、鹽酸氯丙嗪(chlorpromazine HCl)、氯磺丙脲(chlorpropamide)、金黴素(chlortetracycline)、絨毛膜促性腺素(HCG)、鉻、甲腈咪胍(cimetidine)、環丙沙星(ciprofloxacin)、西沙必利(cisapride)、順鉑(cisplatin)、檸檬酸鹽、克拉黴素(clarithromycin)、反丁烯二酸氯馬斯汀(clemastine fumarate)、鹽酸克侖特羅(clenbuterol HCl)、氯林可黴素(clindamycin)、氯法齊明(clofazimine)、鹽酸氯米帕明(clomipramine HCl)、氯硝西泮(clonazepam)、可樂定(clonidine)、氯前列醇鈉(cloprostenol sodium)、氯氮平酸二鉀(clorazepate dipotassium)、氯舒隆(clorsulon)、氯唑西林(cloxacillin)、磷酸可待因(codeine phosphate)、秋水仙素、促腎上腺皮質素(ACTH)、替可克肽(cosyntropin)、環磷醯胺、環孢素(cyclosporine)、鹽酸賽庚啶(cyproheptadine HCl)、阿糖胞苷(cytarabine)、達卡巴嗪(dacarbazine)、放線菌素/放射菌素D(dactinomycin/actinomycin D)、達肝素鈉(dalteparin sodium)、達那唑(danazol)、丹曲林鈉(dantrolene sodium)、胺苯碸(dapsone)、地考喹酯(decoquinate)、甲磺酸去鐵胺(deferoxamine mesylate)、德拉昔布(deracoxib)、乙酸地洛瑞林(deslorelin acetate)、乙酸去胺加壓素、特戊酸脫氧皮質酮、鹽酸地托咪定(detomidine HCl)、地塞米松(dexamethasone)、右泛醇(dexpanthenol)、右雷佐生(dexrazoxane)、葡聚糖、地西泮(diazepam)、二氮嗪(diazoxide)(經口)、雙氯非那胺(dichlorphenamide)、敵敵畏、雙氯苯胺苯乙酸鈉(diclofenac sodium)、雙氯西林(dicloxacillin)、枸櫞酸乙胺嗪(diethylcarbamazine citrate)、己烯雌酚(diethylstilbestrol)(DES)、鹽酸二氟沙星(difloxacin HCl)、地高辛(digoxin)、雙氫速甾醇(DHT)、鹽酸硫氮酮(diltiazem HCl)、茶苯海明(dimenhydrinate)、二巰丙醇(dimercaprol)/BAL、二甲亞碸、地諾前列素緩血酸胺(dinoprost tromethamine)、鹽酸苯海拉明(diphenylhydramine HCl)、磷酸雙異丙吡胺(disopyramide phosphate)、鹽酸多巴酚丁胺(dobutamine HCl)、多庫酯(docusate)/DSS、甲磺酸多拉司瓊(dolasetron mesylate)、多潘立酮(domperidone)、鹽酸多巴胺(dopamine HCl)、多拉克汀、鹽酸多沙普侖(doxapram HCl)、鹽酸多塞平(doxepin HCl)、鹽酸阿黴素(doxorubicin HCl)、多西環素(doxycycline)、乙二胺四乙酸鈣二鈉(edetate calcium disodium)、乙二胺四乙酸鈣(calcium EDTA)、依酚氯銨(edrophonium chloride)、依那普利(enalapril)/依那普利拉(enalaprilat)、依諾肝素鈉(enoxaparin sodium)、恩氟沙星(enrofloxacin)、硫酸麻黃鹼(ephedrine sulfate)、腎上腺素、促紅血球生成素(epoetin)/紅血球生成素、依立諾克丁(eprinomectin)、依西太爾(epsiprantel)、紅黴素(erythromycin)、鹽酸艾司洛爾(esmolol HCl)、環戊丙酸雌二醇、依他尼酸/依他尼酸鈉、乙醇(醇)、依替膦酸鹽鈉、依託度酸(etodolac)、依託咪酯(etomidate)、安樂死劑w/戊巴比妥(pentobarbital)、法莫替丁(famotidine)、脂肪酸(必需/Ω)、非爾胺酯(felbamate)、芬苯達唑(fenbendazole)、芬太尼(fentanyl)、硫酸亞鐵、非格司亭(filgrastim)、非那雄安(finasteride)、氟蟲腈、氟苯尼考(florfenicol)、氟康唑(fluconazole)、氟胞嘧啶、乙酸氟氫可的松(fludrocortisone acetate)、氟馬西尼(flumazenil)、氟美松(flumethasone)、氟尼辛葡甲胺(flunixinmeglumine)、氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)、氟西汀(fluoxetine)、丙酸氟替卡松(fluticasone propionate)、順丁烯二酸氟伏沙明(fluvoxamine maleate)、甲吡唑(fomepizole)(4-MP)、呋喃唑酮、呋喃苯胺酸(furosemide)、加巴噴丁(gabapentin)、鹽酸吉西他濱(gemcitabine HCL)、硫酸慶大黴素(gentamicin sulfate)、格列美脲(glimepiride)、格列吡嗪(glipizide)、胰高血糖素、糖皮質素劑、葡糖胺/硫酸軟骨素、麩醯胺酸、格列本脲(glyburide)、甘油(經口)、格隆溴銨(glycopyrrolate)、戈那瑞林(gonadorelin)、灰黃黴素(grisseofulvin)、愈創甘油醚(guaifenesin)、氟烷(halothane)、血紅蛋白麩胺酸基團-200(oxyglobin)、肝素、羥乙基澱粉(hetastarch)、透明質酸鹽鈉、鹽酸肼屈嗪(hydralazine HCl)、雙氫氯噻嗪、二酒石酸氫可酮、氫化可的松(hydrocortisone)、氫嗎啡酮(hydromorphone)、羥基脲、羥嗪、異環磷醯胺(ifosfamide)、益達胺、二丙酸咪多卡(imidocarb dipropinate)、亞胺培南(imipenem)-西司他丁鈉(cilastatin sodium)、丙咪唑(imipramine)、乳酸依那力農(inamrinone lactate)、胰島素、干擾素α-2a(人類重組子)、碘化物(鈉/鉀)、吐根(ipecac)(糖漿)、碘泊酸鈉(ipodate sodium)、右旋糖酐鐵、異氟烷(isoflurane)、鹽酸異丙基腎上腺素(isoproterenol HCl)、異維甲酸(isotretinoin)、鹽酸異克舒令(isoxsuprine HCl)、伊曲康唑(itraconazole)、伊維菌素、高嶺土/果膠、鹽酸氯胺酮(ketamine HCl)、酮康唑(ketoconazole)、酮基布洛芬(ketoprofen)、酮咯酸緩血酸胺(ketorolac tromethamine)、乳果糖(lactulose)、亮丙立德(leuprolide)、左旋咪唑(levamisole)、左乙拉西坦(levetiracetam)、左甲狀腺素鈉、鹽酸利多卡因(lidocaine HCl)、鹽酸林可黴素(lincomycin HCl)、碘塞羅寧鈉(liothyronine sodium)、賴諾普利(lisinopril)、洛莫司汀(lomustine)(CCNU)、祿芬隆、離胺酸、鎂、甘露糖醇、馬波沙星(marbofloxacin)、鹽酸氮芥(mechlorethamine HCl)、鹽酸美克利嗪(meclizine HCl)、甲氯芬那酸(meclofenamic acid)、鹽酸美托咪定(medetomidine HCl)、中鏈甘油三酯、乙酸甲羥孕酮、乙酸甲地孕酮、美拉索明(melarsomine)、褪黑激素、美洛昔康(meloxicam)、苯丙胺酸氮芥(melphalan)、鹽酸哌替啶(meperidine HCl)、巰基嘌呤、美羅培南(meropenem)、鹽酸二甲雙胍(metformin HCl)、鹽酸美沙酮(methadone HCl)、醋甲唑胺(methazolamide)、杏仁酸/馬尿酸烏洛托品(methenamine mandelate/hippurate)、甲巰咪唑(methimazole)、甲硫胺酸(methionine)、美索巴莫(methocarbamol)、烯丙炔巴比妥鈉(methohexital sodium)、胺甲蝶呤(methotrexate)、甲氧氟烷、亞甲基藍、哌甲酯(methylphenidate)、甲潑尼龍(methylprednisolone)、鹽酸甲氧氯普胺(metoclopramide HCl)、美托洛爾(metoprolol)、甲硝唑(metronidazole)、鹽酸美西律(mexiletine HCl)、米勃酮(mibolerone)、鹽酸咪達唑侖(midazolam HCl)、米貝菌素肟、礦物油、鹽酸二甲胺四環素(minocycline HCl)、米索前列醇(misoprostol)、米托坦(mitotane)、鹽酸米托蒽醌(mitoxantrone HCl)、酒石酸莫侖太爾(morantel tartrate)、硫酸嗎啡(morphine sulfate)、莫昔克丁(moxidectin)、鹽酸納洛酮(naloxone HCl)、癸酸諾龍(nandrolone decanoate)、萘普生(naproxen)、麻醉劑(鴉片劑)促效劑止痛劑、硫酸新黴素(neomycin sulfate)、新斯的明(neostigmine)、煙鹼醯胺、硝唑尼特(nitazoxanide)、烯啶蟲胺、硝化呋喃妥因(nitrofurantoin)、硝酸甘油、硝普鹽鈉(nitroprusside sodium)、尼紮替丁(nizatidine)、新生黴素鈉(novobiocin sodium)、製黴菌素(nystatin)、乙酸奧曲肽(octreotide acetate)、奧色拉秦鈉(olsalazine sodium)、奧美拉唑(omeprozole)、昂丹司瓊(ondansetron)、鴉片劑止瀉藥、奧比沙星(orbifloxacin)、苯唑西林鈉(oxacillin sodium)、奧沙西泮(oxazepam)、奧芬達唑(oxfendazole)、氯化奧昔布寧(oxibutynin chloride)、鹽酸羥嗎啡酮(oxymorphone HCl)、土黴素、催產素、帕米膦酸二鈉(pamidronate disodium)、胰脂肟酶、泮庫溴銨(pancuronium bromide)、硫酸巴龍黴素(paromomycin sulfate)、鹽酸帕羅西汀(parozetine HCl)、青黴胺(penicillamine)、一般資訊青黴素(penicillin)、青黴素G、青黴素V鉀、戊唑星(pentazocine)、戊巴比妥鈉(pentobarbital sodium)、聚戊糖聚硫酸鈉、配妥西菲林(pentoxifylline)、甲磺酸培高利特(pergolide mesylate)、苯巴比妥(phenobarbital)、鹽酸酚苄明(phenoxybenzamine HCl)、苯基丁氮酮(phenylbutazone)、鹽酸苯腎上腺素、鹽酸苯丙醇胺、苯妥英鈉(phenytoin sodium)、信息素、非經腸磷酸酯、葉綠醌(phytonadione)/維生素K-1、匹莫苯(pimobendan)、哌嗪、鹽酸吡利黴素(pirlimycin HCL)、吡羅昔康(piroxicam)、聚硫酸化糖胺聚糖、帕托珠利(ponazuril)、氯化鉀、氯解磷定(pralidoxime chloride)、吡喹酮(praziquantel)、鹽酸哌唑嗪(prazosin HCl)、潑尼松龍(prednisolone)/潑尼松(prednisone)、撲米酮(primidone)、鹽酸普魯卡因胺(procainamide HCl)、鹽酸丙卡巴肼(procarbazine HCl)、丙氯拉嗪(prochlorperazine)、溴化丙胺太林(propantheline bromide)、瘡皰丙酸桿菌(propionibacteriumacnes
)注射劑、丙泊酚(propofol)、鹽酸普萘洛爾(propranolol HCl)、硫酸魚精蛋白、鹽酸偽麻黃鹼(pseudoephedrine HCl)、歐車前親水膠(psyllium hydrophilic mucilloid)、雙羥萘酸喹嘧啶(pyrantel pamoate)、溴吡斯的明(pyridostigmine bromide)、順丁烯二酸吡拉明(pyrilamine maleate)、乙胺嘧啶(pyrimethamine)、鹽酸喹吖因(quinacrine HCl)、奎尼定(quinidine)、鹽酸雷尼替丁(ranitidine HCl)、利福平(rifampin)、S-腺苷-甲硫胺酸(SAMe)、生理食鹽水/高滲輕瀉劑、賽拉菌素(selamectin)、鹽酸司來吉蘭(selegiline HCL)/I-丙炔苯丙胺(deprenyl)、鹽酸舍曲林(sertraline HCl)、鹽酸司維拉姆(sevelamer HCl)、七氟烷(sevoflurane)、水飛薊素(silymarin)/水飛薊(milk thistle)、碳酸氫鈉、聚苯乙烯磺酸鈉、葡萄糖酸銻鈉(sodium stibogluconate)、硫酸鈉、硫代硫酸鈉、生長素、鹽酸索他洛爾(sotalol HCl)、鹽酸壯觀黴素(spectinomycin HCl)、螺內酯、司坦唑醇(stanozolol)、鏈激酶、鏈佐星(streptozocin)、二巰丁二酸(succimer)、氯化琥珀醯膽鹼、硫糖鋁(sucralfate)、檸檬酸舒芬太尼(sufentanil citrate)、磺胺氯達嗪鈉(sulfachlorpyridazine sodium)、磺胺密啶(sulfadiazine)/甲氧苄啶(trimethoprim)、磺胺甲噁唑(sulfamethoxazole)/甲氧苄啶(trimethoprim)、磺胺地索辛(sulfadimethoxine)、磺胺地索辛/奧美普林(ormetoprim)、柳氮磺吡啶(sulfasalazine)、牛磺酸(taurine)、替泊沙林(tepoxalin)、鹽酸特比萘芬(terbinafine HCl)、硫酸特布他林(terbutaline sulfate)、睾酮、鹽酸四環素(tetracycline HCl)、噻苯咪唑(thiabendazole)、硫胂胺鈉(thiacetarsamide sodium)、鹽酸硫胺(thiamine HCl)、硫鳥嘌呤、硫噴妥鈉(thiopental sodium)、塞替派(thiotepa)、促甲狀腺素、素妙菌素(tiamulin)、替卡西林二鈉(ticarcillin disodium)、鹽酸替來他明(tiletamine HCl)/鹽酸唑拉西泮(zolazepam HCl)、替莫辛(tilmocsin)、硫普羅寧(tiopronin)、硫酸妥布黴素(tobramycin sulfate)、鹽酸妥卡尼(tocainide HCl)、鹽酸妥拉唑林(tolazoline HCl)、托芬那酸(telfenamic acid)、托吡酯(topiramate)、鹽酸曲馬多(tramadol HCl)、曲安奈德(triamcinolone acetonide)、鹽酸曲恩汀(trientine HCl)、曲洛司坦(trilostane)、酒石酸美丙嗪(trimepraxine tartrate)w/潑尼松龍、鹽酸曲吡那明(tripelennamine HCl)、泰樂菌素(tylosin)、優杜西醇(urdosiol)、丙戊酸、釩、鹽酸萬古黴素(vancomycin HCl)、升壓素、維庫溴銨(vecuronium bromide)、鹽酸異搏定(verapamil HCl)、硫酸長春鹼(vinblastine sulfate)、硫酸長春新鹼(vincristine sulfate)、維生素E/硒、華法林鈉(warfarin sodium)、鹽酸甲苯噻嗪(xylazine HCl)、鹽酸育亨賓(yohimbine HCl)、紮魯司特(zafirlukast)、齊多夫定(zidovudine)(AZT)、乙酸鋅/硫酸鋅、唑尼沙胺(zonisamide)及其混合物。
在本發明之一實施例中,如上文背景中所述之其他芳基吡唑化合物(諸如苯基吡唑)(例如氟蟲腈)在此項技術中係已知的且適於與本發明之1-芳基-5-烷基吡唑化合物組合。該等芳基吡唑化合物之實例包括(但不限於)美國專利第6,001,384號、第6,010,710號、第6,083,519號、第6,096,329號、第6,174,540號、第6,685,954號及第6,998,131號中所述之化合物,其中該等專利之各者均讓渡給Merial,Ltd.,Duluth,GA。
在本發明之另一實施例中,可將諾杜裏酸(nodulisporic acid)及其衍生物(一類已知殺蟎劑、驅蟲劑、抗寄生蟲劑及殺昆蟲劑)添加至本發明之組合物中。此等化合物係用於治療或預防人類及動物之感染且已描述於(例如)美國專利第5,399,582號及第5,962,499號中。組合物可包括一或多種此項技術中已知之諾杜裏酸衍生物(包括所有立體異構體),諸如上文引用之文獻中描述之衍生物。
在本發明之另一實施例中,可將一或多種用作殺蟎劑、驅蟲劑及殺昆蟲劑之巨環內酯添加至本發明之組合物中。大環內酯在此項技術中係熟知的(例如參見由Bryskier等人編,由Arnette Blackwell出版之Macrolides-Chemistry,pharmacology and clinical uses
,(1993))且包括(但不限於)12員環大環內酯(例如酒黴素(methymycin)、新酒黴素(neomethymycin)、YC-17、雨濱蛙肽(litorin))、14員環大環內酯(例如紅黴素A-F、竹桃黴素(oleandomycin)、斯孢黴素(sporeamicin)、羅紅黴素(roxithromycin)、地紅黴素(dirithromycin)、氟紅黴素(flurithromycin)、克拉黴素、環酯紅黴素(davercin))、15員環大環內酯(例如阿奇黴素(azithromycin))、16員環大環內酯(例如交沙黴素(josamycin)、北裏黴素(kitasamycin)、螺旋黴素(spiramycin)、麥迪黴素(midecamycin)、羅他黴素(rokitamycin)、米卡黴素(miokamicin))及17員環大環內酯(例如蘭卡黴素(lankadicin))。
巨環內酯亦包括(但不限於)阿維菌素,諸如阿巴汀、地馬待克丁(dimasdectin)、多拉克汀、因滅汀、依立諾克丁(eprinomectin)、伊維菌素、拉替可丁(latidectin)、雷匹美汀(lepimectin)、賽拉菌素;及米貝菌素,諸如密滅汀(milbemectin)、米貝菌素D、莫昔克丁(moxidectin)及奈馬克丁(nemadectin)。亦包括該等阿維菌素及米貝菌素之5-側氧基及5-肟衍生物。芳基吡唑化合物與巨環內酯之組合之實例包括(但不限於)美國專利第6,426,333號、第6,482,425號、第6,962,713號及第6,998,131號中描述之組合,其中該等專利之各者均讓渡給Merial,Ltd.,Duluth,GA。
巨環內酯化合物在此項技術中係已知的且可易於購得或經由此項技術中已知之合成技術獲得。可參考廣泛可用之技術及商業文獻。關於阿維菌素、伊維菌素及阿巴汀,可參考(例如)由Springer Verlag.出版之M.H.Fischer及H.Mrozik、William C.Campbell之著作"Ivermectin and Abamectin",1989或Albers-Schnberg等人,(1981),"Avermectins Structure Determination",J.Am.Chem.Soc.,103,4216-4221。關於多拉克汀,可參考"Veterinary Parasitology",第49卷,第1期,1993年7月,5-15。關於米貝菌素,可尤其參考Davies H.G.等人,1986,"Avermectins and Milbemycins",Nat.Prod.Rep.,3,87-121;Mrozik H.等人,1983,Synthesis of Milbemycins from Avermectins,Tetrahedron Lett.,24,5333-5336;美國專利第4,134,973號及EP 0 677 054。
巨環內酯為天然產物或其半合成衍生物。阿維菌素與米貝菌素之結構密切相關,例如其均具有複雜16-員巨環內酯環;米貝菌素缺乏阿維菌素之醣苷部分。天然產物阿維菌素揭示於Albers-Schnberg等人之美國專利第4,310,519號中,且22,23-二氫阿維菌素化合物揭示於Chabala等人,美國專利第4,199,569號中。亦可尤其參考Kitano,美國專利第4,468,390號;Beuvry等人,美國專利第5,824,653號;EP 0 007 812 A1;英國專利說明書1 390 336;EP 0 002 916;及Ancare新西蘭專利第237 086號。天然存在之米貝菌素描述於Aoki等人,美國專利第3,950,360號以及"The Merck Index",第12版,S.Budavari編,Merck & Co.,Inc.Whitehouse Station,New Jersey(1996)中引用之各種參考文獻中。拉替可丁描述於"International Nonproprietary Names for Pharmaceutical Substances(INN)",WHO Drug Information
,第17卷,第4期,第263-286頁,(2003)中。此等種類化合物之半合成衍生物在此項技術中係熟知的且描述於(例如)美國專利第5,077,308號、美國專利第4,859,657號、美國專利第4,963,582號、美國專利第4,855,317號、美國專利第4,871,719號、美國專利第4,874,749號、美國專利第4,427,663號、美國專利第4,310,519號、美國專利第4,199,569號、美國專利第5,055,596號、美國專利第4,973,711號、美國專利第4,978,677號、美國專利第4,920,148號及EP 0 667 054中。
在本發明之另一實施例中,亦可將稱作昆蟲生長調節劑(IGR)之種類的殺蟎劑或殺昆蟲劑添加至本發明之組合物中。屬於此群組之化合物為專業人員所熟知且代表廣泛範圍之不同化學種類。此等化合物均係藉由干擾昆蟲害蟲之發育或生長而起作用。昆蟲生長調節劑描述於(例如)美國專利第3,748,356號、美國專利第3,818,047號、美國專利第4,225,598號、美國專利第4,798,837號、美國專利第4,751,225號、EP 0 179 022或U.K.2 140 010以及美國專利第6,096,329號及第6,685,954號(兩者均讓渡給Merial Ltd.,Duluth,GA)中。適用之IGR之實例包括(但不限於)美賜年、百利普芬、烯蟲乙酯、賽滅淨、氟佐隆、祿芬隆、諾瓦隆、擬除蟲菊酯、甲脒及1-(2,6-二氟苯甲醯基)-3-(2-氟-4-(三氟甲基)苯基脲。
可與本發明之化合物組合形成組合物之驅蟲劑可為苯二磺醯胺化合物,其包括(但不限於)氯舒隆;或殺條蟲劑,其包括(但不限於)吡喹酮、喹嘧啶或莫侖太爾。
可與本發明之化合物組合形成組合物之抗寄生蟲劑可為生物活性肽或蛋白(包括但不限於縮肽),其係藉由刺激屬於分泌受體家族之突觸前受體作用於神經肌肉接點而導致寄生蟲麻痹及死亡。在縮肽之一實施例中,縮肽為依姆縮肽(emodepside)。
可與本發明之化合物組合形成組合物之殺昆蟲劑可為多殺菌素(例如賜諾殺)或經取代吡啶基甲基衍生物化合物(諸如益達胺)。此類藥劑已描述於上文中及(例如)美國專利第4,742,060號或EP 0 892 060中。確定何種個別化合物可用於本發明之調配物中用以治療特定昆蟲感染在專業人員之技能範圍內。
可與本發明之化合物組合形成組合物之殺昆蟲劑可為半卡巴腙,諸如氰氟蟲胺(BAS3201)。氰氟蟲胺為對多種鱗翅目(Lepidoptera)作物害蟲物種具有已知活性之相對安全之化合物(經口LD50
>5,000 mg/kg)。
適當時,驅蟲劑、抗寄生蟲劑及殺昆蟲劑亦可選自適用於農業化學用途之上述化合物之群。
一般而言,包括介於約0.1 μg與約10 mg之間之劑量的其他殺蟲劑。在本發明之一實施例中,包括介於約1 μg與約10 mg之間之劑量的其他殺蟲劑。在本發明之另一實施例中,包括每公斤動物體重約5 μg至約200 μg之劑量的其他殺蟲劑。在本發明之另一實施例中,包括介於每公斤動物體重約0.1 mg至約10 mg之間之劑量的其他殺蟲劑。在本發明之另一實施例中,包括介於約0.5 mg/kg至50 mg/kg之間之劑量的其他殺蟲劑。
1-芳基-5-烷基吡唑化合物與其他殺蟲劑之重量比為(例如)介於約5/1與約10,000/1之間。然而,一般技術者應能夠選擇用於預期宿主及其用途之1-芳基-5-烷基吡唑化合物與其他殺蟲劑的適當比率。
式(I)化合物可藉由應用或修改已知方法(亦即以前使用或化學文獻中描述之方法):通常為吡唑環形成,接著(必要時)改變取代基;或WO 98/28278(美國專利第6,350,771號)、WO 87/03781(美國專利第5,232,940號)及EP 780 378(美國專利第5,817,688號)中一或多者中描述之方法來製備。熟習此項技術者應瞭解,在所述方法之態樣中,所使用之合成步驟之順序可改變且尤其視以下因素而定:諸如特定基質中存在之其他官能基之性質、關鍵中間物之可用性及待採用之保護基策略(若存在)(參見例如"Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis(第3版)",Greene及Wuts編,Wiley-Interscience,(1999))。無疑,該等因素亦會影響適用於該等合成步驟之試劑的選擇。
在本發明之一實施例中,其中R3
為鹵甲基之式(I)化合物係由其中R3
為羥基甲基之相應式(I)化合物與鹵化試劑,更特定言之溴化試劑(諸如溴或N-溴代丁二醯亞胺與三苯膦之混合物、氫溴酸)或氟化試劑(諸如二甲基胺基三氟化硫、二乙基胺基三氟化硫(DASTTM
)或雙(2-甲氧基乙基)胺基三氟化硫(DeoxofluorTM
))之反應形成。該反應通常係於諸如二氯甲烷、氯仿之溶劑中且通常在介於-100℃與40℃之間的溫度下進行。該等方法之概述可見於Comprehensive Organic Transformations,VCH Publishers,1989,R.C.Larock,第353-360頁中。
在本發明之另一實施例中,其中R3
為甲基之式(I)化合物係由其中R3
為鹵甲基之相應式(I)化合物與諸如二異丁基氫化鋁(DIBAL-H)、氫化鋰鋁、硼氫化鈉或三-第二丁基硼氫化鋰(L-SelectrideTM
)之還原試劑之反應形成。在該方法之一實施例中,還原劑為L-SelectrideTM
。該反應通常係於諸如二烷基醚(例如乙醚)、四氫呋喃(THF)之溶劑中且通常在介於約-100℃與約40℃之間的溫度下進行。該等方法之概述可見於Comprehensive Organic Transformations,VCH Publishers,1989,R.C.Larock,第18-21頁中。
根據化學文獻及EP 780 378中提及之方法,其中R3
為羥基甲基之式(I)之中間物係由其中R3
為甲醯基之相應式(I)化合物與諸如二異丁基氫化鋁(DIBAL-H)、氫化鋰鋁、硼氫化鈉或三-第二丁基硼氫化鋰(L-SelectrideTM
)之氫化物試劑之反應形成。在該方法之一實施例中,氫化物試劑為硼氫化鈉。該反應可於諸如二烷基醚(例如乙醚)、四氫呋喃(THF)或烴(例如己烷或甲苯)或其混合物之溶劑中形成。通常使用約-100℃至約溶劑系統之回流溫度的溫度。在該方法之一實施例中,溫度係介於約0℃至約室溫之間。該等方法之概述可見於Comprehensive Organic Transformations,VCH Publishers,1989,R.C.Larock,第527-535頁中。其中R3
為羥基甲基之式(I)化合物為新穎化合物(特別當此式(I)中之Z為C-F時),且構成本發明之另一實施例。
根據EP 780 378中描述之方法,其中R3
為甲醯基之式(I)之中間物係藉由式(II)化合物,
其中RA
係選自烷基羰基、烷氧基羰基、氰基及硝基之烯烴部分之氧化性裂解以形成式(IIa)之化合物來形成:
在該方法之另一實施例中,RA
係選自C1
-C4
烷基羰基、C1
-C4
烷氧基羰基、氰基及硝基。熟習此項技術者熟知此轉化且其可(例如)使用臭氧、過錳酸鉀、偏過碘酸鈉來實現。該方法可視情況於諸如二氯甲烷、乙醚、氯仿之溶劑中且通常在介於約-100℃與約100℃之間的溫度下進行。該等方法之概述可見於Comprehensive Organic Transformations,VCH Publishers,1989,R.C.Larock,第595-596頁中。
式(II)化合物可藉由式(III)化合物之去鹵化氫反應來製備,其中"鹵基"表示鹵素。
此可藉由式(III)化合物與諸如三乙胺、氫氧化鈉、氫氧化鉀、二異丙基醯胺鋰或1,8-二氮雜雙環-[5.4.0]-十一-7-烯(DBU)之鹼之反應來實現。在該方法之一實施例中,鹼為DBU。該反應視情況使用諸如二氯甲烷、乙醚、四氫呋喃或甲苯之有機溶劑且視所使用之鹼而定通常在介於約-100℃與約100℃之間的溫度下進行。該等方法之概述可見於Comprehensive Organic Transformations,VCH Publishers,1989,R.C.Larock,第131-132頁中。
某些式(II)及式(III)之化合物為新穎化合物(特別當彼等式(II)及(III)中之Z為C-F時),且因此構成本發明之另一實施例。式(III)化合物可由其中R3
為NH2
之式(I)化合物(式(V)):
與式(IV)之烯烴來製備:
例如如J.Org.Chem.
,1977,42
(14),2431中所述,該方法係在亞硝酸烷酯與鹵化銅(II)存在下,藉由其中R3
由NH2
取代之式(I)化合物之反應來實現。熟習此項技術者應瞭解此為如Org.React.
,1976,24
,225-259中所述之Meerwein芳基化反應。該方法通常係於烯烴與常用有機溶劑(諸如乙腈)之混合物中且在約-50℃至約100℃之溫度下進行。在該方法之一實施例中,溫度為約室溫。
其中R3
由NH2
取代之式(I)化合物可藉由以下專利WO 94/21606、WO 93/06089、WO 87/03781、EP 295 117、EP 234 119、美國專利第5,232,940號中一或多者中所述之方法;或藉由熟習此項技術者已知之方法來製備。某些其中R3
為NH2
之式(I)化合物為新穎化合物(特別當此式(I)中之Z為C-F時),且因此構成本發明之另一實施例。
較高氧化態之式(I)化合物(亦即其中m為1或2之化合物)之合成可藉由使用此項技術中已知之習知氧化劑使其中m為0或1之相應式(Ibis)之前驅物化合物氧化來達成。
在本發明之一實施例中,用於合成式(I)化合物之一般反應流程流程可描述如下:
在本發明之一實施例中,其中R3
為乙基之式(I)化合物可在氫源(例如氫氣、氫化鈉、氫化鋰鋁或硼氫化鈉)及一或多種催化金屬(諸如鈷、鎳、鈀、鉑、釕及銠)存在下,藉由催化氫化反應由其中R3
由乙烯基取代之相應式(I)化合物之反應來製備。該反應通常係於諸如醇(例如乙醇或甲醇)之溶劑中且在介於約-100℃與約200℃之間的溫度下進行。該等方法之概述可見於Comprehensive Organic Transformations,VCH Publishers,1989,R.C.Larock,第6-8頁中。
其中R3
由乙烯基取代之式(I)化合物可在有或無鹼(例如氟化銫或碳酸銫)存在下且使用諸如肆(三苯膦)鈀之鈀催化劑,藉由其中R3
由鹵素(例如氯、碘或溴)取代之相應式(I)化合物與乙烯基三丁基錫之反應來製備。該反應通常係於諸如醇(例如乙醇)、二烷基醚(例如乙醚)、四氫呋喃(THF)或二噁烷之溶劑中且在介於約10℃與約300℃之間的溫度下進行。該反應可於密封管中於微波中加熱。此轉化稱為Stille交叉偶合反應且該等方法之概述可見於T.N.Mitchell之"Metal-Catalyzed Cross Coupling Reactions",Wiley-VCH publishers,1998,F.Diedrich及P.J.Stang,第4章中。
本發明之第二態樣之另一實施例提供一種製造式(I)之1-芳基-5-烷基吡唑化合物之方法:
其中:R1
為氫、氰基、鹵素、R8
、甲醯基、-C(O)R8
、-C(O)OR8
、-C(O)NR9
R10
或-C(S)NH2
;R2
為R8
或-S(O)m
R11
;R3
為甲基、乙基或C1
-C4
鹵烷基;R4
、R5
及R7
獨立地為氫、鹵素、烷基、鹵烷基、氰基或硝基;R6
為鹵素、烷基、鹵烷基、烷氧基、鹵烷氧基、氰基、硝基、-C(O)R12
、-S(O)n
R12
或SF5
;Z為氮原子或C-R13
;R8
為烷基、鹵烷基、環烷基或鹵環烷基;R9
為氫、烷基、鹵烷基或烷氧基;R10
為氫、烷基、鹵烷基或烷氧基;R11
為烷基、鹵烷基、烯基、鹵烯基、炔基、鹵炔基或環烷基;R12
為烷基或鹵烷基;R13
為氫、鹵素、氰基、硝基、烷基、鹵烷基、烷氧基或鹵烷氧基;m為0、1或2;且n為0、1或2;或其鹽,其包含:(i)使式(II)化合物:
與式R2
-Y之化合物反應以產生式(III)化合物:
其中Ra
為R8
、-O-R8
或NR9
R10
,R2
、R3
、R8
、R9
及R10
係如上文所定義,且Y為離去基,諸如鹵素,(式(II)及式(III)之二酮基化合物亦可以其烯醇形式存在);(ii)使式(III)化合物與式(Va)化合物或其鹽:
反應以產生式(VI)化合物:
其中Ra
、R2
、R3
、R4
、R5
、R6
、R7
及Z係如下文所定義;及(iii)使式(VI)(其中Ra
等於O-R8
且R8
係如上文所定義)之酯部分藉由鹼催化之水解去酯化且隨後酸化以形成對應於式(VIa)之化合物:
(iv)衍化式(VIa)化合物以產生式(I)化合物。
在本發明之第二態樣之第一實施例中,步驟(iv)係選自由以下各步驟組成之群:(a)脫羧基步驟;(b)使式(VIa)或式(VI)之化合物(其中Ra
等於鹵素,諸如氯)與HNR9
R10
(其中R9
及R10
係如上文所定義)反應;(c)(i)使-CO2
H部分還原為-CH2
OH;(ii)氧化步驟以形成-CHO;(iii)與格林納(Grignard)試劑(R8
-Mg-鹵素)反應;(iv)額外氧化步驟;或(ia)使(VIa)之-CO2
H部分與試劑反應以形成相應N-甲氧基-N
-甲基醯胺(Weinreb醯胺);及(iia)與格林納試劑(R8
-Mg-鹵素)或有機鋰試劑(R8
-Li)反應。
一般自Weinreb醯胺形成酮之方法描述於March's Advanced Organic Chemistry
-Reactions,Mechanisms and Structure(第6版),Michael B.Smith及Jerry March編,Wiley Interscience(John Wiley & Sons,Inc.),第1448頁,(2007)中。
在本發明之第二態樣之第二實施例中,步驟(iv)為使式(IIa)化合物脫羧基以形成式(I)化合物(其中R1
為氫)。
在本發明之第二態樣之第三實施例中,步驟(iv)為脫羧基步驟接著鹵化步驟以產生式(I)化合物(其中R1
為鹵素)。脫羧基接著鹵化之一般方法之實例為Morimoto等人,"Synthesis of Halosulfuron-methyl via Selective Chlorination at 3-and/or 5-position of Pyrazole-4-carboxylates",J.Het.Chem.
,34:537-540(1997)。
在本發明之第二態樣之第四實施例中,步驟(iv)包含在偶合劑(諸如二環己基碳化二醯亞胺及其類似物)存在下,使式(VIa)化合物與HNR9
R10
(其中R9
及R10
係如上文所定義)反應以形成式(I)化合物(其中R1
為CONR9
R10
)。此轉化之一般說明描述於March's Advanced Organic Chemistry
-Reactions,Mechanisms and Structure(第6版),Michael B.Smith及Jerry March編,Wiley Interscience(John Wiley & Sons,Inc.),第1430-1434頁(16-74-Acylation of Amines by Carboxylic Acids-Amino-de-hydroxylation),(2007)中。
在本發明之第二態樣之第五實施例中,步驟(iv)包含使其中Ra
等於鹵素(諸如氯)之式(VI)化合物與HNR9
R10
(其中R9
及R10
係如上文所定義)反應以形成其中R1
為CONR9
R10
之式(I)化合物。此轉化之一般說明描述於March's Advanced Organic Chemistry
-Reactions,Mechanisms and Structure(第6版),Michael B.Smith及Jerry March編,Wiley Interscience(John Wiley & Sons,Inc.),第1427-1429頁(16-72-Acylation of Amines by Acyl Halides-Amino-de-halogenation),(2007)中。
在本發明之第二態樣之第六實施例中,步驟(iv)包含使其中Ra
等於鹵素(諸如氯)之式(VIa)或式(VI)之化合物與HNR9
R10
(其中R9
與R1o
均為氫)反應以形成其中R1
為CoNR9
R10
之式(I)化合物,且使其進一步與諸如亞硫醯氯、乙二醯氯及其類似物之脫水劑反應以形成其中R1
為氰基之式(I)化合物。此轉化之一般說明描述於March's Advanced Organic Chemistry
-Reactions,Mechanisms and Structure(第6版),Michael B.Smith及Jerry March編,Wiley Interscience(John Wiley & Sons,Inc.),第1549-1550頁(17-30-Dehydration of Unsubstituted Amides-N,N
-dihydro-C
-oxo-bielimination),(2007)中。
在本發明之第二態樣之第七實施例中,步驟(iv)包含使其中Ra
等於HNR9
R10
且如上文R9
與R10
均為氫之式(VI)之醯胺與2,4-雙(4-甲氧基苯基)-1,3,2,4-二硫雜二磷雜環丁烷-2,4-二硫醚(稱作勞森試劑(Lawesson's reagent
))及相關試劑反應以形成其中R1
為C(S)NH2
之式(I)之硫代醯胺。此轉化之一般說明描述於March's Advanced Organic Chemistry
-Reactions,Mechanisms and Structure(第6版),Michael B.Smith及Jerry March編,Wiley Interscience(John Wiley & Sons,Inc.),第1277-1278頁(16-11-The Addition of H2
S and Thiols to Carbonyl Compounds-O
-Hydro-C-mercapto-addition),(2007)中。
在本發明之第二態樣之第八實施例中,步驟(iv)包含:(i)使式(VIa)化合物中之-CO2
H部分還原為-CH2
OH;(ii)氧化-CH2
OH部分以形成式(IIa)化合物中之-CHO部分;(iii)使-CHO部分與格林納試劑(R8
-Mg-鹵素)或有機鋰試劑反應;及(iv)額外氧化步驟。
在本發明之第二態樣之第九實施例中,步驟(iv)包含:(i)使式(VIa)化合物中之-CO2
H部分還原為-CH2
OH;(ii)氧化-CH2
OH部分以形成式(IIa)化合物中之-CHO部分;(iii)使-CHO部分與格林納試劑(R8
-Mg-鹵素)或有機鋰試劑反應;及(iv)羥基部分之額外還原步驟以產生其中R1
為R8
之式(I)化合物。
用於製造式(I)之1-芳基-5-烷基吡唑化合物之替代性方法與上述方法之不同之處在於後一方法衍化芳基吡唑化合物以在R3
處形成烷基部分。然而,替代性方法係針對已連接R3
之烷基部分之吡唑環的形成。後續製程步驟包括R1
位置處之部分的衍化。所述本發明為一種使用較少需要處理較大芳基吡唑結構之製程步驟之更佳方法,亦即衍化主要係藉由對較小尺寸化合物進行操作來達成,該等化合物隨後組合形成較大芳基吡唑結構。
或者,本發明之第二態樣之第十實施例提供一種製造式(I)之1-芳基-3,4,5-三取代吡唑化合物之方法:
(i)使式(III)化合物與肼或其鹽反應以形成式(IV)化合物:
其中Ra
、R2
及R3
具有上述含義;及(iii)使式(IV)化合物與式(Vb)化合物(其中L為離去基)反應以形成式(VI)化合物:
其中Ra
、R2
、R3
、R4
、R5
、R6
、R7
及Z具有上述含義且L為離去基(適合離去基包括但不限於鹵素、三氟甲烷磺醯基、甲烷磺醯基、甲苯磺醯基及其類似基團);(iv)視情況使式(VI)化合物經歷-C(=O)Ra
部分之官能基改質。
在本發明之第二態樣之第十一實施例中,用於製備式(I)之1-芳基-3,4,5-三取代吡唑之方法產生高產率。在本發明之第三態樣之一實施例中,產率為約55至約95%(對於本發明之兩種替代性方法而言)。
本發明之第二態樣之第十二實施例為提供一種具有優良區位選擇性之自1,3-二酮製備1-芳基-3,4,5-三取代吡唑之方法。在本發明之第四態樣之一實施例中,自式(III)化合物形成式(VI)化合物之區位選擇性為約70至約+99%。
本發明之第二態樣之第十三實施例為藉由官能基轉化來進一步衍化式(I)化合物。
在本發明之第二態樣之第十四實施例中,官能基轉化對應於本發明之第一態樣之步驟(iv)。
在本發明之第二態樣之第十五實施例中,R1
為-C(O)OR8
,使其經由四步驟方法進一步衍化以形成CN形式之R1
,其中步驟1包含使式(VIb)化合物與鹼反應且隨後酸化以形成式(VIa)化合物,步驟2包含使式(VIa)化合物與鹵化劑反應以形成式(VIc)化合物,步驟3包含使式(VIc)化合物與胺基鹼反應以形成式(VId)化合物且步驟4包含使式(VId)化合物與諸如SOCl2
之脫水劑反應以形成式(I)化合物。此轉化之一實例描述於以下反應流程中:
在本發明之第二態樣之第十六實施例中,R2
為-S(O)m
R11
且m為0或1,使硫氧化以形成-S(O)m
R7
,其中m分別為1及2。
本發明之第十七態樣為藉由使式(II)化合物與化合物R2
-Y反應以形成式(III)化合物來製備1,3-二羰基化合物-參見以下方程式:
其中Ra
、R2
、R3
及Z具有上述含義。(式(II)及式(III)之二酮基化合物亦可以其烯醇形式存在)。有利地,R2
為-S(O)m
R11
。
本發明之第十八態樣為藉由使式(III)化合物與肼反應以形成式(IV)化合物來製備式(IV)化合物-參見以下方程式:
其中Ra
、R2
及R3
具有上述含義。
一般技術者清楚瞭解本發明中所使用之酸、鹼及溶劑及個別製程步驟(諸如烷基化、格林納反應/試劑、鹵化及氧化)(例如Vogel's Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry
(第5版),Furniss等人,Longman Scientific & Technical(1989);Protective Groupsin Organic Synthesis
(第3版),Greene及Wuts,Wiley Interscience(1999);March's Advanced Organic Chemistry:Reactions,Mechanisms,and Structure
(第6版),March及Smith,Wiley,(2007);Advanced Organic Chemistry(Part A-Structure and Mechanisms-第4版)
,Carey及Sundberg,Springer Science(2000);Advanced Organic Chemistry(Part B-Reaction and Synthesis-第4版)
,Carey及Sundberg,Springer Science(2001);Strategic Applications of Named Reactions in Organic Synthesis
,Kurti及Czako,Academic Press(2005))。
適用於使式(II)化合物與式R2
-Z之化合物反應以形成式(III)化合物之方法的溶劑包括(但不限於)四氫呋喃、二甲基甲醯胺、鹵代烴或其混合物。
適用於使式(II)化合物與式R2
-Z之化合物反應以形成式(III)化合物之方法的鹼包括(但不限於)金屬氫化物、雙(三甲基矽烷基)醯胺金屬鹽、烷基胺(諸如三烷基胺)、氫氧化物(諸如金屬氫氧化物)及醇鹽(諸如金屬醇鹽)。
適用於使式(II)化合物與式R2
-Z之化合物反應以形成式(III)化合物之方法的溫度在約-50℃至約50℃之範圍內。
適用於使式(IV)化合物與式(V)化合物或其鹽反應以形成式(I)化合物之方法的溶劑包括(但不限於)醇,諸如甲醇、乙醇、丙醇、異丙醇、丁醇;水;四氫呋喃;二甲基胺基甲酸酯;鹵代烴或其混合物。
適用於使式(IV)化合物與式(V)化合物或其鹽反應以形成式(I)化合物之方法的添加劑包括(但不限於)酸性化合物,諸如鹵化氫、硫酸、硝酸及羧酸。
適用於使式(IV)化合物與式(V)化合物或其鹽反應以形成式(I)化合物之方法的溫度在約-20℃至約100℃之範圍內。
本發明亦係針對一種藉由投予殺體外寄生蟲有效量之本發明之組合物來治療動物(例如哺乳動物或鳥類)抵抗外寄生性感染之方法。可治療之哺乳動物包括(但不限於)人類、貓、犬、牛、雞、乳牛、鹿、山羊、馬、駱馬、豬、綿羊及犛牛。在本發明之一實施例中,經治療之哺乳動物為人類、貓或犬。
在防治體外寄生蟲之另一實施例中,體外寄生蟲為一或多種昆蟲或節肢動物,包括櫛首蚤屬、扇頭蜱屬、革蜱屬、硬蜱屬、牛蜱屬、花蜱屬、血蜱屬(Haemaphysalis
)、璃眼蜱屬(Hyalomma
)、疥蟎屬、癢蟎屬(Psoroptes
)、耳癢蟎屬、足癢蟎屬(Chorioptes
)、皮蠅屬、毛虱屬(Damalinia
)、顎虱屬、血虱屬(Haematopinus
)、管虱屬(Solenoptes
)、齧毛虱屬(Trichodectes
)及貓毛虱屬(Felicola
)之昆蟲或節肢動物。
在防治體外寄生蟲之另一實施例中,體外寄生蟲來自櫛首蚤屬、扇頭蜱屬、革蜱屬、硬蜱屬及/或牛蜱屬。所治療之體外寄生蟲包括(但不限於)蚤、蜱、蟎、蚊、蠅、虱、玻璃蠅及其組合。特定實例包括(但不限於)貓蚤及犬蚤(貓蚤、櫛首蚤屬及其類似物)、蜱(扇頭蜱屬、蠅蜱屬、革蜱屬、花蜱屬及其類似物)及蟎(蠕形蟎屬、疥蟎屬、耳癢蟎屬及其類似物)、虱(毛虱屬、姬螯蟎屬、顎虱屬、及其類似物)、蚊(伊蚊屬(Aedes
sp.)、庫蚊屬(Culex
sp.)、瘧蚊屬(Anopheles
sp.)及其類似物)及蠅(角蠅屬、家蠅屬、螯蠅屬、膚蠅屬、錐蠅屬及其類似物)。在防治體外寄生蟲之另一實施例中,體外寄生蟲為蚤及/或蜱。
體外寄生蟲之其他實例包括(但不限於)牛蜱屬之蜱,尤其微小牛蜱種(牛蜱)、藍蜱種及具環方頭蜱種之蜱;蠅蛆,諸如人膚蠅(在巴西稱作伯爾尼)及螺旋蠅(綠蠅);綿羊蠅蛆,諸如絲光綠蠅、銅綠蠅(在澳洲、新西蘭及南非稱作玻璃蠅蛆)。真蠅(亦即其成蟲構成寄生蟲之蠅),諸如騷擾角蠅(角蠅);虱,諸如牛顎虱等;及蟎,諸如疥蟎及羊癢蟎。以上清單並不詳盡且此項技術中熟知危害動物及人類之其他其他體外寄生蟲。此等體外寄生蟲包括(例如)遷飛性雙翅類幼蟲。
當將驅蟲劑添加至本發明之組合物中時,該組合物亦可用於防治體內寄生蟲,諸如選自由以下各物組成之群之彼等蠕蟲:裸頭絛蟲(Anaplocephala
)、鉤蟲(Ancylostoma
)、美洲鉤蟲(Anecator
)、蛔蟲(Ascaris
)、毛細線蟲(Capillaria
)、庫柏毛樣線蟲(Cooperia
)、絛蟲(Dipylidium
)、心絲蟲(Dirofilaria
)、胞蟲(Echinococcus
)、蟯蟲(Enterobius
)、肝吸蟲(Fasciola
)、胃蟲(Haemonchus
)、結節線蟲(Oesophagostumum
)、牛胃絲蟲(Ostertagia
)、弓首線蟲(Toxocara
)、擬圓蟲(Strongyloides
)、弓蛔蟲(Toxascaris
)、旋毛蟲(Trichinella
)、鞭蟲(Trichuris
)及毛樣線蟲(Trichostrongylus
)。
另外,在添加或不添加其他殺蟲劑至組合物中之情況下,本發明亦可用於防治其他害蟲,其包括(但不限於)以下害蟲:(1)等足目(order Isopoda),例如壁潮蟲(Oniscus asellus)、鼠婦(Armadillidium vulgare)及球鼠婦(Porcellio scaber);(2)倍足目(order Diplopoda),例如白千足蟲(Blaniulus guttulatus);(3)唇足目(order Chilopoda),例如地蜈蚣(Geophilus carpophagus)及蚰蜓屬(Scutigera spp.);(4)綜合目(order Symphyla),例如無斑點麼蚰(Scutigerella immaculata);(5)總尾目(order Thysanura),例如普通衣魚;(6)彈尾目(order Collembola),例如棘跳蟲(Onychiurus armatus);(7)直翅目(order Orthoptera),例如美洲蟋蟀(Acheta domesticus)、螻蛄屬(Gryllotalpa spp.)、非洲飛蝗(Locusta migratoria migratorioides)、黑蝗屬(Melanoplus spp.)及沙漠飛蝗(Schistocerca gregaria);(8)蜚蠊目(order Blattaria),例如東方蜚蠊(Blatta orientalis)、美洲大蠊(Periplaneta americana)、馬德拉蜚蠊(Leucophaea maderae)及德國小蠊(Blattella germanica);(9)革翅目(order Dermaptera),例如歐洲球螋(Forficula auricularia);(10)等翅目(order Isoptera),例如散白蟻屬(Reticulitermes spp.);(11)虱目(order Phthiraptera),例如人體虱(Pediculus humanus corporis)、血虱屬、顎虱屬、齧毛虱屬及毛虱屬;(12)纓翅目(order Thysanoptera),例如溫室薊馬(Hercinothrips femoralis)、煙薊馬(Thrips tabaci)、南黃薊馬(Thrips palmi)及西花薊馬(Frankliniella accidentalis);(13)異翅目(order Heteroptera),例如扁盾蝽屬(Eurygaster spp.)、棉椿(Dysdercus intermedius)、甜菜撿網蝽(Piesma quadrata)、溫帶臭蟲(Cimex lectularius)、長紅錐蝽(Rhodnius prolixus)及錐蝽屬(Triatoma spp.);(14)同翅目(order Homoptera),例如粉虱(Aleurodes brassicae)、煙粉虱(Bemisia tabaci)、溫室白粉虱(Trialeurodes vaporariorum)、棉蚜(Aphis gossypii)、甘藍蚜(Brevicoryne brassicae)、茶藨隱瘤額蚜(Cryptomyzus ribis)、蠶豆蚜(Aphis fabae)、蘋果蚜(Aphis pomi)、蘋果綿蚜(Eriosoma lanigerum)、桃粉蚜(Hyalopterus arundinis)、葡萄根瘤蚜(Phylloxera vastatrix)、癭綿蚜屬(Pemphigus spp.)、麥長管蚜(Macrosiphum avenae)、瘤蚜屬(Myzus spp.)、蛇麻疣額蚜(Phorodon humuli)、禾穀縊管蚜(Rhopalosiphum padi)、小綠葉蟬屬(Empoasca spp.)、雙葉殃葉蟬(Euscelis bilobatus)、稻黑尾葉蟬(Nephotettix cincticeps)、歐洲水果介殼蟲(Lecanium corni)、工脊硬介殼蟲(Saissetia oleae)、灰飛虱(Laodelphax striatellus)、褐飛虱(Nilaparvata lugens)、紅圓蚧(Aonidiella aurantii)、常春藤蚧(Aspidiotus hederae)、粉蚧屬(Pseudococcus spp.)及木虱屬(Psylla spp.);(15)鱗翅目,例如紅鈴蟲(Pectinophora gossypiella)、松樹尺蠖(Bupalus piniarius)、小冬蛾(Cheimatobia brumata)、斑點幕形潛葉蛾(Lithocolletis blancardella)、蘋果巢蛾(Hyponomeuta padella)、小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella)、天幕毛蟲(Malacosoma neustria)、黃毒蛾(Euproctis chrysorrhoea)、毒蛾屬(Lymantria spp.)、棉潛蛾(Bucculatrix thurberiella)、橘細潛蛾(Phyllocnistis citrella)、地老虎屬(Agrotis spp.)、切根夜蛾屬(Euxoa spp.)、髒切葉蛾屬(Feltia spp.)、埃及金剛鑽(Earias insulana)、實夜蛾屬(Heliothis spp.)、鈴夜蛾屬(Helicoverpa spp.)、甘藍夜蛾(Mamestra brassicae)、冬夜蛾(Panolis flammea)、灰翅夜蛾屬(Spodoptera spp.)、粉紋夜蛾(Trichoplusiani)、蘋果蠹蛾(Carpocapsa pomonella)、粉蝶屬(Pieris spp.)、禾草螟屬(Chilo spp.)、玉米螟(Pyrausta nubilalis)、地中海螟(Ephestia kuehniella)、蠟螟(Galleria mellonella)、幕穀蛾(Tineola bisselliella)、袋衣蛾(Tinea pellionella)、褐織蛾(Hofmannophila pseudospretella)、黃尾卷葉蛾(Cacoecia podana)、棉褐帶卷蛾(Capua reticulana)、雲杉卷葉蛾(Choristoneura fumiferana)、葡萄果蠹蛾(Clysia ambiguella)、茶長卷葉蛾(Homona magnanima)、櫟綠卷葉蛾(Tortrix viridana)及稻縱卷葉螟屬(Cnaphalocerus spp.);(16)鞘翅目(order Coleoptera),例如傢具竊蠹、穀蠹(Rhizopertha dominica)、菜錐胸豆象(Bruchidius obtectus)、菜豆象(Acanthoscelides obtectus)、北美家天牛、楊毛臀螢葉甲(Agelastica alni)、馬鈴薯甲蟲(Leptinotarsa decemlineata)、芥菜甲蟲(Phaedon cochleariae)、根螢葉甲屬(Diabrotica spp.)、油菜蚤跳甲(Psylliodes chrysocephala)、墨西哥豆瓢蟲(Epilachna varivestis)、隱食甲屬(Atomaria spp.)、鋸穀盜(Oryzaephilus surinamensis)、花象屬(Anthonomus spp.)、米象屬(Sitophilus spp.)、黑葡萄耳象(Otiorrhynchus sulcatus)、香蕉球莖象鼻蟲(Cosmopolites sordidus)、甘藍莢象甲(Ceuthorrhynchus assimilis)、苜蓿葉象甲(Hypera postica)、皮蠹屬(Dermestes spp.)、斑皮蠹屬(Trogoderma spp.)、圓皮蠹屬(Anthrenus spp.)、毛皮蠹屬(Attagenus spp.)、粉蠹屬(Lyctus spp.)、油菜露尾甲(Meligethes aeneus)、蛛甲屬(Ptinus spp.)、黃蛛甲(Niptus hololeucus)、裸蛛甲(Gibbium psylloides)、擬穀盜屬、黃粉蟲(Tenebrio molitor)、錐尾扣甲屬(Agriotes spp.)、單葉扣甲屬(Conoderus spp.)、西方五月鰓金龜(Melolontha melolontha)、馬鈴薯鰓金龜(Amphimallon solstitialis)及新西蘭肋翅腮金龜(Costelytra zealandica);(17)膜翅目(order Hymenoptera),例如松葉蜂屬(Diprion spp.)、實葉蜂屬(Hoplocampa spp.)、毛蟻屬(Lasius spp.)、廚蟻(Monomorium pharaonis)及胡蜂屬(Vespa spp.);(18)雙翅目(order Diptera),例如伊蚊屬、按蚊屬、庫蚊屬、果蠅(Drosophila melanogaster)、家蠅屬、廁蠅屬(Fannia spp.)、紅頭麗蠅(Calliphora erythrocephala)、綠蠅屬(Lucilia spp.)、金蠅屬(Chrysomyia spp.)、黃蠅屬(Cuterebra spp.)、胃蠅屬(Gastrophilus spp.)、虱蠅屬(Hyppobosca spp.)、螯蠅屬、狂蠅屬(Oestrus spp.)、牛皮蠅屬、虻屬(Tabanus spp.)、Tannia spp.、全北毛蚊(Bibio hortulanus)、瑞典稈蠅(Oscinella frit)、草種蠅屬(Phorbia spp.)、甜菜潛葉蠅(Pegomyia hyoscyami)、地中海實蠅(Ceratitis capitata)、油橄欖實蠅(Dacus oleae)、歐洲大蚊(Tipula paludosa)、種蠅屬(Hylemyia spp.)及斑潛蠅屬(Liriomyza spp.);(l9)蚤目(order Siphonaptera),例如印度鼠蚤(Xenopsylla cheopis)及角葉蚤屬(Ceratophyllus spp.);(20)節肢動物綱,例如中東金蠍(Scorpio maurus)、黑寡婦蜘蛛(Latrodectus mactans)、粗腳粉蟎(Acarus siro)、銳緣蜱屬(Argas spp.)、鈍緣蜱屬(Ornithodoros spp.)、雞皮刺蟎(Dermanyssus gallinae)、茶藨癭蟎(Eriophyes ribis)、柑桔鏽蜱(Phyllocoptruta oleivora)、牛蜱屬、扇頭蜱屬、花蜱屬、璃眼蜱屬、硬蜱屬、癢蟎屬、足癢蟎屬、疥蟎屬、跗線蟎屬(Tarsonemus spp.)、苜蓿苔蟎(Bryobia praetiosa)、全爪蟎屬(Panonychus spp.)、葉蟎屬(Tetranychus spp.)、茶半跗線蟎屬(Hemitarsonemus spp.)及短鬚蟎屬(Brevipalpus spp.);及(21)植物寄生線蟲,例如根腐線蟲屬(Pratylenchus spp.)、穿孔線蟲(Radopholus similis)、玉米莖線蟲(Ditylenchus dipsaci)、柑桔線蟲(Tylenchulus semipenetrans)、胞囊線蟲屬(Heterodera spp.)、球胞囊線蟲屬(Globodera spp.)、根結線蟲屬(Meloidogyne spp.)、滑刃線蟲屬(Aphelenchoides spp.)、長針線蟲屬(Longidorus spp.)、劍線蟲屬(Xiphinema spp.)、毛刺屬(Trichodorus spp.)及傘滑刃線蟲屬(Bursaphelenchus spp)。
同時具有良好植物耐受性及對溫血動物之有利毒性且環境耐受良好之本發明之活性化合物適用於保護植物及植物器官、增加收穫產量、改良收穫物品質及防治動物害蟲,尤其是在農業、園藝、動物飼養、森林、花園及休閒設施中,在儲存產品及材料之保護中及在衛生部門中所遭遇之昆蟲、節肢動物、蠕蟲、線蟲及軟體動物。其可較佳用作植物保護劑。其具有防治通常敏感性及抵抗性物種及防治所有或某些發育階段之活性。上述害蟲包括:虱目(Anoplura/Phthiraptera),例如毛虱屬、血虱屬、顎虱屬、人虱屬(Pediculus
spp.)、毛虱屬。
節肢動物綱,例如粗腳粉蟎、柑橘瘤癭蟎(Aceria sheldoni
)、刺皮癭蟎屬(Aculops
spp.)、刺癭蟎屬(Aculus
spp.)花蜱屬、銳緣蜱屬、牛蜱屬、短鬚蟎屬、苜蓿苔蟎、足癢蟎屬、雞皮刺蟎、始葉蟎屬(Eotetranychus
spp.)、梨葉鏽癭蟎(Epitrimerus pyri
)、真葉蟎屬(Eutetranychus
spp.)、癭蟎屬(Eriophyes
spp.)、茶半跗線蟎屬、璃眼蜱屬、硬蜱屬、黑寡婦蜘蛛、紅葉蟎屬(Metatetranychus
spp.)、小爪蟎屬(Oligonychus
spp.)、鈍緣蜱屬、全爪蟎屬、柑桔鏽蜱、側多食跗線蟎(Polyphagotarsonemus latus
)、癢蟎屬、扇頭蜱屬、根蟎屬(Rhizoglyphus
spp.)、疥蟎屬、中東金蠍、狹跗線蟎屬(Stenotarsonemus
spp.)、跗線蟎屬、葉蟎屬、番茄斜背癭瘤蟎(Vasates lycopersici
)。
雙殼綱,例如貽貝屬(Dreissena
spp.)。
唇足目,例如地蜈蚣屬及蚰蜓屬。
鞘翅目,例如菜豆象、麗金龜屬(Adoretus
spp.)、楊毛臀螢葉甲、錐尾扣甲屬、馬鈴薯鰓金龜、傢具竊蠹、星天牛屬(Anoplophora
spp.)、花象屬、圓皮蠹屬、甘蔗金龜屬(Apogonia
spp.)、隱食甲屬、毛皮蠹屬、菜錐胸豆象、豆象屬(Bruchus
spp.)、油菜根象屬(Ceuthorhynchus
spp.)、甜菜根象(Cleonus mendicus
)、單葉扣甲屬、根頸象屬(Cosmopolites
spp.)、新西蘭肋翅腮金龜(Costelytra zealandica
)、象蟲屬(Curculio
spp.)、楊幹象(Cryptorhynchus lapathi
)、皮蠹屬、根螢葉甲屬、食植瓢蟲屬(Epilachna
spp.)、古巴象鼻蟲(Faustinus cubae
)、裸蛛甲、非洲獨角蟲(Heteronychus arator
)、金龜甲(Hylamorpha elegans
)、北美家天牛、苜蓿葉象甲、果小蠹屬(Hypothenemus
spp.)、白蠐螬(Lachnosterna consanguinea
)、馬鈴薯甲蟲、稻水象甲(Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus
)、筒喙象屬(Lixus
spp.)、粉蠹屬、油菜露尾甲、西方五月鰓金龜、Migdolus
spp.、墨天牛屬(Monochamus
spp.)、南美果樹甲蟲(Naupactus xanthographus
)、黃蛛甲、椰蛀犀金龜(Oryctes rhinoceros
)、鋸穀盜、黑葡萄耳象、小青花金龜(Oxycetonia jucunda
)、芥菜甲蟲、食葉鰓金龜屬(Phyllophaga
spp.)、日本麗金龜(Popillia japonica
)、安第斯馬鈴薯象屬(Premnotrypes
spp.)、油菜蚤跳甲、蛛甲屬、Rhizobius ventralis
、穀蠹、米象屬、尖隱喙象屬(Sphenophorus
spp.)、豆象甲屬(Sternechus
spp.)、Symphyletes
spp.、黃粉蟲、擬穀盜屬、斑皮蠹屬、籽象屬(Tychius
spp.)、脊虎天牛屬(Xylotrechus
spp.)、距步甲屬(Zabrus
spp.)。
彈尾目,例如棘跳蟲。
革翅目,例如歐洲球螋。
倍足目,例如白千足蟲。
雙翅目,例如伊蚊屬、瘧蚊屬、全北毛蚊、紅頭麗蠅、地中海實蠅、金蠅屬、錐蠅屬、嗜人瘤蠅蛆(Cordylobia anthropophaga
)、庫蚊屬、、黃蠅屬、油橄欖實蠅、人膚蠅、果蠅屬、廁蠅屬、胃蠅屬、種蠅屬、虱蠅屬、皮蠅屬、斑潛蠅屬、綠蠅屬、家蠅屬、綠蝽屬(Nezara
spp.)、狂蠅屬、瑞典稈蠅、甜菜潛葉蠅、草種蠅屬、螯蠅屬、虻屬、Tannia
spp.、歐洲大蚊、汙蠅屬(Wohlfahrtia
spp.)。
腹足綱(Gastropoda),例如圓背蛞蝓屬(Arion
spp.)、雙臍螺屬(Biomphalaria spp.)、泡螺屬(Bulinus
spp.)、野蛞蝓屬(Deroceras
spp.)、土蝸屬(Galba
spp.)、椎實螺屬(Lymnaea
spp.)、釘螺屬(Oncomelania
spp.)、琥珀螺屬(Succinea
spp.)。
蠕蟲綱,例如十二指腸鉤口線蟲(Ancylostoma duodenale
)、錫蘭鉤口線蟲(Ancylostoma ceylanicum
)、犬鉤蟲(Ancylostoma braziliensis
)、鉤蟲屬(Ancylostoma
spp.)、似蚓蛔線蟲(Ascaris lubricoides
)、蛔線蟲屬(Ascaris
spp.)、馬來絲蟲(Brugia malayi
)、帝坎布魯線蟲(Brugia timori
)、仰口屬(Bunostomum
spp.)、夏柏特屬(Chabertia
spp.)、支睾屬(Clonorchis
spp.)、古柏屬(Cooperia
spp.)、雙腔屬(Dicrocoelium
spp)、絲狀網尾線蟲(Dictyocaulus filaria
)、闊節裂頭絛蟲(Diphyllobothrium latum
)、麥地那龍線蟲(Dracunculus medinensis
)、細粒棘球絛蟲(Echinococcus granulosus
)、多房棘球絛蟲(Echinococcus multilocularis
)、蟯蟲(Enterobius vermicularis
)、片吸蟲屬(Fasciola
spp.)、血矛線蟲屬(Haemonchus
spp.)、異刺線蟲屬(Heterakis
spp.)、微小膜殼絛蟲(Hymenolepis nana
)、豬圓線蟲屬(Hyostrongulus
spp.)、羅阿絲蟲(Loa Loa
)、細頸線蟲屬(Nematodirus
spp.)、食道口線蟲屬(Oesophagostomum
spp.)、後睾屬(Opisthorchis
spp.)、旋盤尾絲蟲(Onchocerca volvulus
)、奧斯特線蟲屬(Ostertagia
spp.)、並殖吸蟲屬(Paragonimus
spp.)、住血吸蟲屬(Schistosomen
spp.)、福氏類圓線蟲(Strongyloides fuelleborni
)、糞類圓線蟲(Strongyloides stercoralis
)、圓線蟲屬(Strongyloides
spp.)、肥胖帶絛蟲(Taenia saginata
)、鏈狀帶絛蟲(Taenia solium
)、旋毛形線蟲(Trichinella spiralis
)、本地毛形線蟲(Trichinella nativa
)、布氏毛形線蟲(Trichinella britovi
)、南方旋毛蟲(Trichinella nelsoni
)、擬旋毛形線蟲(Trichinella pseudospiralis
)、毛樣線蟲屬(Trichostrongylus
spp.)、鞭形線蟲(Trichuris trichuria
)、班氏絲蟲(Wuchereria bancrofti
)。
此外,可防治原生動物,諸如艾美耳球蟲(Eimeria
)。
異翅目,例如南瓜緣蝽(Anasa tristis
)、麗蝽屬(Antestiopsis
spp.)、土長蝽屬(Blissus
spp.)、俊盲蝽屬(Calocoris
spp.)、大微刺盲蝽(Campylomma livida
)、長蝽屬(Cavelerius
spp.)、臭蟲屬(Cimex
spp.)、綠盲蝽(Creontiades dilutus
)、辣椒蝽象(Dasynus piperis
)、Dichelops furcatus
、辣椒網蝽(Diconocoris hewetti
)、棉紅蝽屬(Dysdercus
spp.)、美洲蝽屬(Euschistus
spp.)、扁盾蝽屬、角盲蝽屬(Heliopeltis
spp.)、棉鈴蟲(Horcias nobilellus
)、稻緣蝽屬(Leptocorisa
spp.)、葉足緣蝽(Leptoglossus phyllopus
)、草盲蝽屬(Lygus
spp.)、巨股長蝽(Macropes excavatus
)、盲蝽科(Miridae
)、綠蝽屬(Nezara
spp.)、稻綠蝽屬(Oebalus
spp.)、蝽科(Pentatomidae
)、甜菜檢網蝽(Piesma quadrata
)、壁蝽屬(Piezodorus
spp.)、棉偽斑腿盲蝽(Psallus seriatus
)、南美梨網蝽(Pseudacysta perseae
)、紅獵蝽屬(Rhodnius
spp.)、可可斑褐盲蝽(Sahlbergella singularis
)、黑蝽屬(Scotinophora
spp.)、梨冠網蝽(Stephanitis nashi
)、稻莖蝽屬(Tibraca
spp.)、錐蝽屬。
同翅目,例如無網管蚜屬(Acyrthosiphon
spp.)、沫蟬屬(Aeneolamia
spp.)、隆脈木虱屬(Agonoscena
spp.)、粉虱屬(Aleurodes
spp.)、白粉虱(Aleurolobus barodensis
)、毛粉虱屬(Aleurothrixus
spp.)、綠小葉蟬屬(Amrasca
spp.)、小圓尾蚜(Anuraphis cardui
)、腎盾蚧屬(Aonidiella
spp.)、梨瘤蚜(Aphanostigma piri
)、蚜屬(Aphis
spp.)、葡萄浮塵子(Arboridia apicalis
)、圓盾蚧屬(Aspidiella
spp.)、圃盾蚧屬(Aspidiotus
spp.)、Atanus
spp.、馬鈴薯長鬚蚜(Aulacorthum solani
)、伯粉虱屬(Bemisia
spp.)、圓尾蚜(Brachycaudus helichrysi
)、微管蚜屬(Brachycolus
spp.)、甘藍蚜、灰稻虱(Calligypona marginata
)、紅頭翅葉蟬(Carneocephala fulgida
)、甘蔗綿蚜(Ceratovacuna lanigera
)、沫蟬科(Cercopidae
)、蠟蚧屬(Ceroplastes
spp.)、草莓毛管蚜(Chaetosiphon fragaefolii
)、甘蔗盾蚧(Chionaspis tegalensis
)、茶小綠葉蟬(Chlorita onukii
)、核桃黑斑蚜(Chromaphis juglandicola
)、褐圓介殼蟲(Chrysomphalus ficus
)、玉米葉蟬(Cicadulina mbila
)、Coccomytilus halli
、尖軟蠟蚧屬(Coccus
spp.)、茶藨隱瘤額蚜、玉米黃翅葉蟬屬(Dalbulus
spp.)、雙孔粉虱屬(Dialeurodes
spp.)、木虱屬(Diaphorina
spp.)、盾蚧屬(Diaspis
spp.)、Doralis
spp.、草履蚧屬(Drosicha
spp.)、西圓尾蚜屬(Dysaphis
spp.)、灰粉蚧屬(Dysmicoccus
spp.)、小綠葉蟬屬、綿蚜屬(Eriosoma
spp.)、斑葉蟬屬(Erythroneura
spp.)、雙葉殃葉蟬、咖啡荒粉蚧(Geococcus coffeae
)、琉璃葉蟬(Homalodisca coagulata
)、桃大尾蚜(Hyalopterus arundinis
)、吹綿碩蚧屬(Icerya
spp.)、片角葉蟬屬(Idiocerus
spp.)、扁喙葉蟬屬(Idioscopus
spp.)、灰飛虱、蠟蚧屬(Lecanium
spp.)、牡蠣蚧屬(Lepidosaphes
spp.)、菜縊管蚜(Lipaphis erysimi
)、長管蚜屬(Macrosiphum
spp.)、甘蔗根沫蟬(Mahanarva fimbriolata
)、黍蚜(Melanaphis sacchari
)、新熱帶角蟬屬(Metcalfiella
spp.)、麥無網長管蚜(Metopolophium dirhodum
)、花斑平翅斑蚜(Monellia costalis
)、黃美洲山核桃蚜(Monelliopsis pecanis
)、瘤蚜屬、萵苣蚜(Nasonovia ribisnigri
)、黑尾葉蟬(Nephotettix
spp.)、褐飛虱、Oncometopia
spp.、柑桔介殼蟲(Orthezia praelonga
)、楊梅粉虱(Parabemisia myricae
)、準個木虱屬(Paratrioza
spp.)、片盾蚧屬(Parlatoria
spp.)、癭綿蚜屬、玉米飛虱(Peregrinus maidis
)、綿粉蚧屬(Phenacoccus
spp.)、楊平翅綿蚜(Phloeomyzus passerinii
)、忽布疣額蚜(Phorodon humuli
)、根瘤蚜屬(Phylloxera
spp.)、蘇鐵福點盾蚧(Pinnaspis aspidistrae
)、臀紋粉蚧屬(Planococcus
spp.)、厚綠原綿介殼蟲(Protopu1vinaria pyriformis
)、桑白盾蚧(Pseudaulacaspis pentagona
)、粉蚧屬、木虱屬、金小蜂屬(Pteromalus
spp.)、甘蔗葉蟬屬(Pyrilla
spp.)、誇圓蚧屬(Quadraspidiotus
spp.)、巨鳴暮蟬(Quesada gigas
)、平刺粉蚧屬(Rastrococcus
spp.)、縊管蚜屬(Rhopalosiphum
spp.)、盔蚧屬(Saissetia
spp.)、葡萄帶葉蟬(Scaphoideus titanus
)、麥二叉蚜(Schizaphis graminum
)、刺盾蚧(Selenaspidus articulatus
)、白背飛虱屬(Sogata
spp.)、白背飛虱(Sogatella furcifera
)、帶背飛虱屬(Sogatodes
spp.)、Stictocephala festina
、Tenalaphara malayensis
、黑美洲山核桃蚜(Tinocallis caryaefoliae
)、沫蟬屬(Tomaspis
spp.)、聲蚜屬(Toxoptera
spp.)、溫室白粉虱(Trialeurodes vaporariorum
)、個木虱屬(Trioza
spp.)、小葉蟬屬(Typhlocyba
spp.)、矢尖蚧屬(Unaspis
spp.)、葡萄根瘤蚜(Viteus vitifolii
)。
膜翅目,例如松葉蜂屬、實葉蜂屬、毛蟻屬、廚蟻及胡蜂屬。
等足目,例如鼠婦、壁潮蟲、球鼠婦。
等翅目,例如散白蟻屬、土白蟻屬(Odontotermes
spp.)。
鱗翅目,例如桑夜蛾(Acronicta major
)、白斑煩夜蛾(Aedia leucomelas
)、地老虎屬、加州木棉蟲(Alabama argillacea
)、幹煞夜蛾屬(Anticarsia
spp.)、甘藍夜蛾(Barathra brassicae
)、棉潛蛾、松樹尺蠖、黃尾卷葉蛾、棉褐帶卷蛾、蘋果蠹蛾、小冬蛾、禾草螟屬、雲杉卷葉蛾、葡萄果蠹蛾、稻縱卷葉螟屬(Cnaphalocerus
spp.)、埃及金剛鑽、地中海螟、黃毒蛾、切根夜蛾屬、髒切葉蛾屬、蠟螟、鈴夜蛾屬、實夜蛾屬、褐織蛾、茶長卷葉蛾、蘋果巢蛾、貪夜蛾屬(Laphygma
spp.)、斑點幕形潛葉蛾(Lithocolletis blancardella
)、灰夜蛾(Lithophane antennata
)、西方豆夜蛾(Loxagrotis albicosta
)、毒蛾屬、天幕毛蟲、甘藍夜蛾、波紋夜蛾(Mocis repanda
)、黏蟲(Mythimna separata
)、Oria
spp.、稻負泥蟲(Oulema oryzae
)、冬夜蛾、紅鈴蟲、橘細潛蛾、粉蝶屬、小菜蛾、斜紋夜蛾屬(Prodenia
spp.)、黏蟲屬(Pseudaletia
spp.)、大豆夜蛾(Pseudoplusia includens
)、玉米螟、灰翅夜蛾屬、黎豆蛾(Thermesia gemmatalis
)、袋衣蛾、幕穀蛾、櫟綠卷葉蛾、粉夜蛾屬(Trichoplusia
spp.)。
直翅目,例如美洲蟋蟀、東方蜚蠊、德國小蠊、螻蛄屬、馬德拉蜚蠊、飛蝗屬(Locusta
spp.)、黑蝗屬(Melanoplus
spp.)、美洲大蠊、沙漠飛蝗。
蚤目,例如角葉蚤屬、印度鼠蚤。
綜合目,例如無斑點麼蚰。
纓翅目,例如稻薊馬(Baliothrips biformis
)、豌豆薊馬(Enneothrips flavens
)、花薊馬屬(Frankliniella
spp.)、陽薊馬屬(Heliothrips
spp.)、溫室薊馬(Hercinothrips femoralis
)、卡薊馬屬(Kakothrips
spp.)、腹鉤薊馬(Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus
)、跳薊馬屬(Scirtothrips
spp.)、豆蔻薊馬(Taeniothrips cardamoni
)、薊馬屬(Thrips
spp.)。
總尾目,例如普通衣魚。
植物寄生性線蟲包括(例如)粒線蟲屬(Anguina
spp.)、滑刃線蟲屬、Belonoaimus
spp.、傘滑刃線蟲屬、玉米莖線蟲、球胞囊線蟲屬、螺旋墊刃線蟲屬(Heliocotylenchus
spp.)、胞囊線蟲屬、長針線蟲屬、根結線蟲屬、根腐線蟲屬、穿孔線蟲屬、螺旋線蟲屬(Rotylenchus
spp.)、毛刺屬、矮化線蟲屬(Tylenchorhynchus
spp.)、柑橘墊刃線蟲屬(Tylenchulus
spp.)、柑桔線蟲(Tylenchulus semipenetrans
)、劍線蟲屬。
適當時,亦可以特定濃度或施用率使用本發明之化合物作為除草劑、安全劑、生長調節劑或改良植物性質之藥劑,或作為殺微生物劑,例如作為殺真菌劑、抗黴劑、殺菌劑、殺病毒劑(包括抗類病毒之藥劑)或作為抗MLO(類支原體生物體)及RLO(類立克次體生物體)之藥劑。適當時,其亦可用作用於合成其他活性化合物之中間物或前驅物。
在本發明之此態樣之另一實施例中,本發明之化合物及組合物適用於防治害蟲,諸如選自由德國小蠊、美洲煙葉蛾(Heliothis virescens
)、馬鈴薯甲蟲、鋪道蟻(Tetramorium caespitum
)及其組合組成之群的昆蟲。
在本發明之各態樣中,可施用本發明之化合物及組合物用以防治單一害蟲或其組合。
含有本發明之1-芳基-5-烷基吡唑之組合物可藉由已知方法連續投予用於治療或預防目的。一般而言,在1至5天之時期內以單次給藥或分次給藥提供每公斤體重約0.001 mg至約50 mg之劑量可令人滿意,但當然可存在其中指定較高或較低劑量範圍之實例,且該等劑量在本發明之範疇內。確定對於特定宿主及寄生蟲之特定給藥方案在專業人員之常規技能範圍內。
在一治療實施例中,進行治療以向動物一次投予含有介於約0.001 mg/kg與約100 mg/kg之間之劑量的1-芳基-5-烷基吡唑化合物或介於約0.1 μg/kg與約200 μg/kg或約100 μg之間之劑量的化合物。在另一治療實施例中,治療係經由諸如糊狀物、傾塗、即用、點塗等類型調配物之直接局部投藥。較高量可在動物體內或身體上提供極長時間之釋放。在另一治療實施例中,用於體形較小之鳥類及動物之1-芳基-5-烷基吡唑化合物的量大於約0.01 mg,且在治療小體形鳥類及動物之另一實施例中,1-芳基-5-烷基吡唑化合物之量介於每公斤動物體重約1 mg與約100 mg之間。
本發明之溶液可使用本身已知之任何方法,例如使用施料槍或計量燒瓶來施用。
此方法用以藉由清除動物身上存在之寄生蟲以及其殘餘物及糞便來清潔動物之皮毛。此舉之結果在於使動物不再受寄生蟲及其叮咬之折磨,此(例如)對其生長及其食物定量配給之食用具有積極影響。
在一實施例中,當將本發明之直接傾塗皮膚調配物(例如)在沿脊背之一或多個點處施用於動物背部時,該溶液可提供持久且廣泛範圍之功效。
根據投予直接傾塗調配物之第一實施例,該方法包含將溶液施用於動物,每月或每兩個月重複施用。
根據投予直接傾塗調配物之第二實施例,該方法包含在動物到達飼養場之前將溶液施用於家畜動物,此施用可為宰殺動物前之最後步驟。
顯然,該方法亦可為將此等兩個實施例組合,亦即首先進行第一實施例,接著進行第二實施例。
在另一實施例中,本發明之化合物係以點塗調配物形式投予。儘管不希望受理論限制,但據信此等調配物係藉由使劑量溶解於宿主皮膚、毛皮或羽毛之天然油中來發揮作用。自彼處,活性劑經由皮膚之皮脂腺分布遍及宿主身體。治療劑亦殘留於皮脂腺中。因此,腺體提供了活性劑之天然儲集器,其使得自毛囊排出之藥劑可自身再次施用於皮毛。此繼而提供較長之施用間期並且消除在宿主因淋雨、洗浴等遇濕之後再次投予劑量之需要。本發明之調配物具有不會直接沈積於皮膚或毛皮上(其中自我清整動物可經口攝取治療劑),由此生病或可能與經口投予之其他治療劑相互作用之另一優點。
在投藥位置之一實施例中,可將含有大體上呈液體之載劑中之活性劑且為使得有可能單次施用或重複較少次數施用之形式的單一調配物在動物之局部區域(例如兩肩之間)上投予動物。在本發明之一實施例中,局部區域具有約10 cm2
或更大之表面積。在本發明之另一實施例中,局部區域具有介於約5 cm2
與約10 cm2
之間的表面積。
本發明另外由進一步說明本發明之以下非限制性實例描述,且並非意欲且不應將其理解為限制本發明之範疇。
所有溫度均係以攝氏度給出,室溫意謂20℃至25℃。試劑係購自商業來源或遵循文獻程序製備。
除非另外指出,否則逆相管柱層析純化係藉由將粗殘餘物溶解於小體積之DMSO中且經由0.45微米(耐綸盤)注射筒過濾器過濾來進行。隨後使用50 mm Varian Dynamax HPLC 21.4 mm Microsorb Guard-8 C8管柱於由ChromeleonTM
軟體控制之HPLC純化系統上純化溶液。選定適用於目標化合物之初始MeOH:H2
O溶劑混合物。將此初始混合物保持0.5分鐘,隨後經5分鐘以線性梯度變為100% MeOH之最終濃度。將100% MeOH再保持2分鐘。總運作時間為8分鐘。分析所得溶離份,適當時進行組合,且隨後蒸發以提供經純化物質。
質子及氟磁共振(分別為1H NMR及19F NMR)光譜係於Varian INOVA NMR光譜儀[400 MHz(1H)及377 MHz(19F)]上記錄。所有光譜均係於指示溶劑中測定。化學位移係參考1H NMR之各別溶劑峰之殘餘質子峰以四甲基矽烷(TMS)之ppm低磁場報導。質子間偶合常數係以赫茲(Hz)報導。LC-MS光譜係使用Thermofinnigan AQA MS ESI儀器,使用Phenomenex Aqua 5微米C18 125A 50×4.60 mm管柱及經3分鐘自55% MeOH:1% H2
O中之CH3
CN至100% MeOH之線性梯度來獲得。將100% MeOH保持2分鐘。熔點係使用Thomas Hoover毛細管熔點測定器來測定且未經校正。
實例1. 3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯基)-5-甲基-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑(化合物No 1)
在-78℃下將L-Selectride之溶液(14.2 mL,1 M於THF中)添加至5-溴甲基-3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯基)-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑(6.75 g)於THF中之溶液中。經1小時在攪拌下使反應混合物升溫至室溫,且隨後添加過氧化氫(2.6 mL,30% w/v),接著添加水及乙酸乙酯。將有機層分離、經無水硫酸鎂乾燥、過濾且減壓濃縮。藉由層析(SiO2
,庚烷/EA)純化粗產物以得到呈白色固體狀之標題化合物(3.67 g,65%)。MS(ES):M/Z[M+NH4
]=437。1H NMR:(400 MHz,DMSO-d6
):2.30(s,3H)及8.39(s,2H)。19F NMR(376 MHz,DMSO-d6
):-44.03(s,3F)及-61.98(s,3F)。
起始物質5-溴甲基-3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯基)-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑係如下製備:a.將如EP-A-0 295 117中所述製備之5-胺基-3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯基)-4-三氟-甲基硫代吡唑(87.5 g)之溶液逐滴添加至亞硝酸第三丁酯(32 mL)、丙烯酸甲酯(149 mL)及溴化銅(55.6 g)於乙腈中之懸浮液中。將反應混合物攪拌隔夜。將所得混合物以乙醚稀釋且以水洗滌。將有機層經無水硫酸鎂乾燥、過濾且減壓濃縮。自乙酸乙酯及庚烷研磨殘餘物得到呈棕褐色固體狀之5-(2'-溴-2'-甲氧羰基)乙基-3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基-苯基)-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑(73.7 g,78%)。
b.將1,8-二氮雜雙環-[5.4.0]-十一-7-烯(4.4 mL)添加至5-(2'-溴-2'-甲氧羰基)乙基-3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯基)-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑(15.1 g)溶解於甲苯中之溶液中。在攪拌40分鐘後,將混合物以乙酸乙酯稀釋,以水、10%鹽酸水溶液及水洗滌。將有機相經無水硫酸鎂乾燥、過濾且減壓濃縮以得到呈白色固體狀之3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯基)-5-(E-2-甲氧基羰基乙烯基)-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑(11.0 g,85%)。
c.在-78℃下使臭氧經由3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯基)-5-(E-2-甲氧基羰基-乙烯基)-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑(4.8 g)於二氯甲烷及甲醇中之溶液鼓泡3小時。3小時後,將深藍色溶液用氧氣脫色,且隨後在-78℃下以甲硫醚處理。使此反應混合物升溫至室溫,其後以10%硫酸氫鈉水溶液洗滌混合物。以乙酸乙酯萃取所得混合物。將有機層經無水硫酸鎂乾燥、過濾且減壓濃縮以得到呈白色固體狀之3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯基)-5-甲醯基-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑(4.2 g)。
d.將3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯基)-5-甲醯基-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑(4.2 g)溶解於無水乙醇中且在0℃下分批添加硼氫化鈉(0.61 g)。攪拌此反應混合物且使其經2小時升溫至室溫,其後添加水。以乙酸乙酯萃取所得混合物。將有機層經無水硫酸鎂乾燥、過濾且減壓濃縮以得到殘餘物,將其層析(SiO2
,庚烷/EA)純化以得到呈白色固體狀之3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯基)-5-羥基甲基-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑(4.03 g,94%)。
e.將溴(2.8 mL)緩慢添加至三苯膦(12 g)於二氯甲烷中之溶液中。攪拌30分鐘之後,經由注射器將其轉移至3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯基)-5-羥基甲基-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑(9 g)於二氯甲烷中之溶液中。攪拌2小時之後,減壓蒸發溶劑。藉由層析(SiO2
,庚烷/EA)純化殘餘物以得到呈淺黃色固體狀之5-溴甲基-3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯基)-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑(9.9 g,96%)。
實例2. 1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基-5-甲基-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑(化合物No 7)
除自5-胺基-3-氰基-1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-4-三氟-甲基硫代吡唑起始之外,使用類似於實例1中所述之程序,分離得呈白色固體狀之標題化合物。1H NMR:(400 MHz,DMSO-d6
):2.34(s,3H)及8.27(m,2H)。19F NMR(376 MHz,DMSO-d6
):-43.96(s,3F),-62.08(s,3F)及-115.04(s,1F)。
5-胺基-3-氰基-1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-4-三氟-甲基硫代吡唑係如下製備:a.於氮下將N-氯代丁二醯亞胺(4.1 g)添加至2-氟-4-三氟甲基苯胺於乙腈中之溶液中,且將混合物加熱至75℃隔夜。將混合物濃縮,以醚稀釋,以水、碳酸氫鈉飽和溶液及鹽水洗滌。將有機層經無水硫酸鎂乾燥、過濾且減壓濃縮以得到呈液體狀之2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯胺(5.9 g)。Rf
=0.6(2:8 EA/庚烷);1H NMR:(400 MHz,CDCl3
)4.41(bs,2H);7.20(dd,1H,J=10.5,1.5 Hz)及7.36(s,1H)。19F NMR(376 MHz,CDCl3
):-130.78(s,1F)及-61.98(s,3F)。
b.在15℃下將2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯胺(5 g)於乙酸中之溶液逐滴添加至亞硝醯基硫酸(11.2 g)於乙酸中之懸浮液中。攪拌1小時之後,在7℃下將此反應混合物逐滴添加至1,2-二氰基-3-羥基丙-2-烯鉀鹽(10 g)及三水合乙酸鈉(32 g)於乙酸鈉與水之混合物中之懸浮液中。攪拌1小時之後,將此反應混合物以水稀釋且以二氯甲烷萃取。將有機層與30%氫氧化銨溶液一起劇烈攪拌10分鐘,分離、經無水硫酸鎂乾燥、過濾且減壓濃縮以得到殘餘物,將其層析(SiO2
,庚烷/EA)純化以得到呈黃橙色固體狀之5-胺基-1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基吡唑(5.1 g,71%)。Rf
=0.25(3:7 EA/庚烷);1H NMR(400 MHz,DMSO-d6
):5.94(s,1H),6.14(s,2H)及8.06-8.10(m,2H)。19F NMR(376,DMSO-d6
):-61.98(s,3F)及-114.38(s,1F)。
1,2-二氰基-3-羥基丙-2-烯鉀鹽係如下製備:在5℃下將第三丁氧化鉀(29 g)於第三丁醇中之溶液逐滴添加至丁二腈(20 g)及甲酸乙酯(22.7 g)於甲苯與第三丁醇之5:1混合物中之溶液中。攪拌6小時之後,將固體濾出,以乙醇洗滌一次且以甲基第三丁基醚洗滌三次,且隨後在55℃下於真空烘箱中乾燥隔夜以得到呈棕褐色固體狀之1,2-二氰基-3-羥基丙-2-烯鉀鹽(35 g,96%)。
c.在0℃下攪拌5-胺基-1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基吡唑(3 g)於二氯甲烷中之溶液且在1小時內以三氟甲基次磺醯氯(2 g)於二氯甲烷中之溶液逐滴處理。在室溫下攪拌隔夜後,使氮經由溶液鼓泡5分鐘。隨後將混合物以水、碳酸氫鈉飽和溶液及鹽水洗滌。將有機層經無水硫酸鎂乾燥、過濾且減壓濃縮以得到殘餘物,將其層析(SiO2
,庚烷/EA)純化以得到呈白色固體狀之5-胺基-1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑(3.5 g,86%)。Rf
=0.4(3:7 EA/庚烷);1H NMR(400 MHz,DMSO-d6
)7.21(bs,2H)及8.10-8.14(m,2H)。19F NMR(376 MHz,DMSO-d6
):-45.33(s,3F),-62.08(s,3F)及-114.62(s,1F)。
實例3. 3-氰基-1-(2-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-5-甲基-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑(化合物No 13)
除自5-胺基-3-氰基-1-(2-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑起始之外,使用類似於實例1中所述之程序,分離得呈白色固體狀之標題化合物。1H NMR:(400 MHz,DMSO-d6
):2.38(s,3H),7.89(d,1H),8.05(t,1H)及8.16-8.19(m,1H)。19F NMR(376 MHz,DMSO-d6
):-43.68(s,3F),-61.86(s,3F)及-119.69(m,1F)。
起始物質5-胺基-3-氰基-1-(2-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-4-三氟-甲基硫代吡唑係根據實例2步驟b、c中所述程序之類似程序自2-氟-4-三氟甲基苯胺來製備。
實例4A. 1-(2-氰-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基-4-二氯氟甲硫基-5-甲基吡唑(化合物No 26)
除自5-胺基-1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基-4-二氯氟甲基硫代吡唑起始之外,使用類似於實例1中所述之程序,分離得呈白色固體狀之標題化合物。MS(ES):M/Z[M+H+CH3
OH]=468。1H NMR:(400 MHz,CDCl3
):2.34(s,3H),7.57(dd,J
=8.3,1.4 Hz 1H)及7.74(bs,1H)。19F NMR(376 MHz,CDCl3
):-21.10(s,1F),-63.78(s,3F)及-113.47(d,J
=8.3 Hz,1F)。
起始物質5-胺基-1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基-4-二氯氟甲基硫代吡唑係藉由以下程序來製備:a.在10℃下將一氯化硫(0.78 g)添加至實例2步驟b中所述之5-胺基-1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基吡唑(3.54 g)之二氯甲烷溶液中。在室溫下攪拌隔夜後,使氮經由溶液鼓泡5分鐘。將固體沈澱物濾出,以二氯甲烷、庚烷洗滌且減壓乾燥以得到呈淺黃色固體狀之5-胺基-1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基吡唑-4-基二硫醚(2.8 g,72%)。Rf
=0.3(4:6 EA/庚烷)。
b.在15℃下在攪拌下將連二亞硫酸鈉(6.2 g)、磷酸氫二鈉(4.3 g)及氟三氯甲烷(5.2 g)添加至5-胺基-1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基吡唑-4-基二硫醚(5.15 g)於N,N-二甲基甲醯胺與水之2:1混合物中之溶液中。攪拌1小時之後,將混合物傾入冰中且攪拌30分鐘。將固體濾出,以水洗滌且乾燥以得到呈白色固體狀之5-胺基-1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基-4-二氯氟甲基硫代吡唑(4.1 g,64%)。Rf
=0.4(3:7 EA/庚烷)。
實例4B. 1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基-4-二氯氟甲硫基-5-甲基吡唑(化合物No 26--替代性方法)
a.將氫氧化鈉(1.65 M,250 mL)添加至1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-乙氧基羰基-5-甲基-4-氟二氯甲基硫代吡唑(66.0 g)於乙醇(750 mL)及THF(100 mL)中之溶液中。攪拌60分鐘之後,緩慢添加6 N鹽酸水溶液(70 mL)。將混合物濃縮且將殘餘物溶解於500 mL乙酸乙酯中且以碳酸氫鈉飽和溶液、水及隨後以鹽水洗滌。將有機相經無水硫酸鈉乾燥、過濾且減壓濃縮以得到淺黃色固體殘餘物,其未經進一步純化即用於下一步驟。MS(ES):M/Z[M+H]=455。1H NMR(400 MHz,CDCl3
):7.79(s,2H),6.66(s,1H)及2.18(s,3H)。19F NMR(376 MHz,CDCl3
):-20.35(s,1F),-63.74(s,3F)及-113.34(d,J
=7.9 Hz,1F)。
b.將乙二醯氯(35 mL)逐滴添加至在冰浴中冷卻之上述殘餘物於二氯甲烷(350 mL)中之混合物中。添加3滴N,N-二甲基甲醯胺且將混合物自冰浴中移除。攪拌2小時之後,減壓蒸發溶劑以得到固體殘餘物,將其溶解於二氯甲烷中且冷卻至0℃。使乾燥氨氣經由反應混合物鼓泡5分鐘,其後使反應混合物升溫至室溫。攪拌1小時之後,將混合物濃縮得到粗固體,將其以水洗滌且乾燥以得到奶白色固體殘餘物,其未經進一步純化即用於下一步驟。Rf
=0.25(3:7 EA/庚烷)。1H NMR(400 MHz,CDCl3
):7.72(s,1H),7.54(d,J
=8.0 Hz,1H)及2.36(s,3H)。19F NMR(376 MHz,CDCl3
):-20.35(s,1F),-63.74(s,3F)及-113.32(d,J
=7.9 Hz,1F)。
c.在0℃下將乙二醯氯(42 mL)逐滴添加至N,N-二甲基甲醯胺(36 mL)於乙腈(500 mL)中之經攪拌溶液中。攪拌10分鐘之後,逐滴添加上述殘餘物於乙腈(400 mL)及N,N-二甲基甲醯胺(20 mL)中之溶液且將反應混合物攪拌1小時而使其升溫至室溫。將反應混合物迅速傾入攪拌之冰水中且將所得固體濾出、以水洗滌且乾燥以得到呈白色固體狀之標題化合物(57.0 g,96%)。Rf
=0.75(3:7 EA/庚烷)。MS(ES):M/Z[M+H]=436。元素分析:計算值:C,35.76,H,1.15,N,9.62,S,7.34,Cl,24.36及F,21.76;實驗值:C,35.88,H,1.15,N,9.53,S,7.39,Cl,24.29及F,21.80。1H NMR(500 MHz,CD2
Cl2
):7.77(s,1H),7.60(d,J
=8.3 Hz,1H)及2.34(s,3H)。19F NMR(470 MHz,CD2
Cl2
):-21.43(s,1F),-64.17(s,3F)及-114.35(d,J
=8.4 Hz,1F)。13C NMR(126 MHz,CD2
Cl2
):159.04(d,J
=259.9 Hz,1C),151.10(s,1C),135.90(s,1C),135.51(qd,J
=34.9,8.8 Hz,1C),134.21(s,1C),128.00(d,J
=15.2 Hz,1C),124.18(q,J
=3.3 Hz,1C),122.60(qd,J
=273.5,3.0 Hz,1C),121.58(d,J
=334.1 Hz,1C),114.09(dq,J
=23.0,3.6 Hz,1C),112.14(s,1C),110.75(s,1C),10.81(s,1C)。
起始物質1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-乙氧基羰基-4-二氯氟甲硫基-5-甲基吡唑係如下製備:將鹽酸之1.1 N乙醇溶液(115 mL)添加至在冰浴中冷卻之2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基肼(24 g)於200 mL乙醇中之溶液中。添加3-二氯氟甲硫基-2,4-二側氧基戊酸乙酯(38.4 g)且將所得混合物攪拌隔夜而使其升溫至室溫。藉由移除150 mL乙醇使混合物濃縮,將其於冰浴中冷卻至約0℃且將固體沈澱物濾出且以冷乙醇洗滌以得到呈白色固體狀之1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-乙氧基羰基-5-甲基-吡唑(34.5 g,68%)。Rf
=0.65(3:7 EA/庚烷)。MS(ES):M/Z[M+H]=483。1H NMR(400 MHz,CDCl3
):7.70(s,1H),7.52(dd,J
=8.3,1.7 Hz,1H),4.47(m,2H),2.33(s,3H)及1.42(t,J
=7.1 Hz,3H)。19F NMR(376 MHz,CDCl3
):-20.36(s,1F),-63.74(s,3F)及113.24(d,J
=8.6 Hz,1F)。
上文所使用之3-二氯氟甲硫基-2,4-二側氧基戊酸乙酯係如下製備:在0℃下將三乙胺(5.5 mL,4.0 g)添加至2,4-二側氧基戊酸乙酯(5 mL,5.6 g)於125 mL二氯甲烷中之溶液中。攪拌10分鐘之後,在0℃下逐滴添加二氯氟甲基次磺醯氯(4 mL,6.8 g,來自Marshallton,King,North Carolina-USA)於30 mL二氯甲烷中之溶液。在約0℃下攪拌30分鐘後,將混合物在室溫下攪拌隔夜且隨後減壓濃縮、溶解於乙酸乙酯中、過濾且濃縮以得到油狀殘餘物,將其層析(SiO2
,庚烷/EA)純化以得到呈淺黃色液體狀之3-二氯氟甲硫基-2,4-二側氧基戊酸乙酯(7.5 g,81%)。1H NMR(400 MHz,CD2
Cl2
):4.35(q,J
=7.2 Hz,2H),2.51(s,3H)及1.34(t,J
=7.1 Hz,3H)。19FNMR(376MHz,CD2C12):-21.67(s,1F)。
可使用另一替代性程序來製備1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-乙氧基羰基-4-二氯氟甲硫基-5-甲基吡唑:將碳酸鉀(100 mg)以固體形式添加至4-二氯氟甲硫基-3-乙氧基羰基-5-甲基-1-H-吡唑(100 mg)及3-氯-4,5-二氟三氟甲苯(110)於N
-甲基吡咯啶酮(2 mL)中之溶液中。用微波合成系統(CEM,Matthews,North Carolina-USA)將密封管中之混合物加熱至100℃歷時10分鐘,隨後冷卻至室溫且經矽藻土墊過濾。將濾液減壓濃縮以得到殘餘物,將其層析(SiO2
,庚烷/EA)純化以得到呈白色固體狀之1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-乙氧基羰基-5-甲基-吡唑(51 mg,30%)。
上文所使用之4-二氯氟甲硫基-3-乙氧基羰基-5-甲基-1-H-吡唑之製備描述如下。
將鹽酸之1.1 N乙醇溶液(32 mL)添加至在冰浴中冷卻之肼(1.25 g,1.23 mL)於100 mL乙醇中之溶液中。添加3-二氯氟甲硫基-2,4-二側氧基戊酸乙酯(9.3 g)且將所得混合物攪拌隔夜而使其升溫至室溫。濃縮混合物且將殘餘物溶解於乙酸乙酯中,以碳酸氫鈉飽和溶液及隨後以鹽水洗滌。將有機層經無水硫酸鈉乾燥、過濾且減壓濃縮以得到殘餘物,將其層析(SiO2
,庚烷/EA)純化以得到呈白色固體狀之4-二氯氟甲硫基-3-乙氧基羰基-5-甲基-1-H-吡唑(8.0 g,87%)。Rf
=0.5(1:1 EA/庚烷)。1H NMR(400 MHz,CDCl3
):12.64(br s,1H),4.43(q,2H),2.50(s,3H)及1.39(t,3H,CH3
)。1H NMR(400 MHz,DMSO-d6
):13.92(br s,1H),4.28(q,2H),2.53(s,3H)及1.28(t,3H)。19F NMR(376 MHz,DMSO-d6
):-153.31(s,1F)。
實例5. 3-氰基-4-二氯氟甲硫基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯基)-5-甲基吡唑(化合物No 15)
除自5-胺基-3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯基)-4-二氯氟甲基硫代吡唑起始之外,使用類似於實例中所述之程序,分離得呈白色固體狀之標題化合物。MS(ES):M/Z[M+H+CH3
OH]=485。1H NMR:(400 MHz,DMSO-d6
):2.31(s,3H)及8.39(s,2H)。19F NMR(376 MHz,DMSO-d6
):-20.88(s,1F)及-61.97(s,3F)。
起始物質5-胺基-3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯基)-4-二氯氟甲基硫代吡唑係根據實例4步驟a、b中所述程序之類似程序自5-胺基-3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯基)吡唑來製備,其中5-胺基-3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯基)吡唑自身係使用實例2步驟b、c中所述程序之類似程序自2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯胺來製備。
實例6. 3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲氧基苯基)-5-甲基-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑(化合物No 17)
除自EP-A-0 295 117中所述之5-胺基-3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲氧基苯基)-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑起始之外,使用類似於實例1中所述之程序,分離得呈白色固體狀之標題化合物。MS(ES):M/Z[M+H]=436。1H NMR:(400 MHz,DMSO-d6
):2.29(s,3H)及8.08(s,2H)。19F NMR(376 MHz,DMSO-d6
):-44.09(s,3F)及-57.41(s,3F)。
實例7. 3-氰基-4-二氯氟甲硫基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲氧基苯基)-5-甲基吡唑(化合物No 23)
除自5-胺基-3-氰基-4-二氯氟甲硫基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲氧基苯基)吡唑起始之外,使用類似於實例1中所述之程序,分離得呈白色固體狀之標題化合物。MS(ES):M/Z[M+NH4
]=485。1H NMR:(400 MHz,CDCl3
):2.30(s,3H)及7.44(s,2H)。19F NMR(376 MHz,CDCl3
):-20.99(s,1F)及-58.28(s,3F)。
起始物質5-胺基-3-氰基-4-二氯氟甲硫基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲氧基苯基)吡唑係根據實例4步驟a、b中所述程序之類似程序自5-胺基-3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲氧基苯基)吡唑來製備,其中5-胺基-3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲氧基苯基)吡唑自身係使用實例2步驟b、c中所述程序之類似程序自2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲氧基苯胺來製備。
實例8. 1-(2-氯-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基-4-二氯氟甲硫基-5-甲基吡唑(化合物No 27)
除自5-胺基-1-(2-氯-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基-4-二氯氟甲基硫代吡唑起始之外,使用類似於實例1中所述之程序,分離得呈白色固體狀之標題化合物。1H NMR:(400 MHz,CDCl3
):2.35(s,3H),7.63(d,J
=8.2 Hz,1H),7.78(dd,J
=8.2,1.4 Hz,1H)及7.91(d,J
=1.5 Hz,1H)。19F NMR(376 MHz,CDCl3
):-21.10(s,1F),-63.78(s,3F)及-113.47(d,J
=8.3Hz,1F)。
起始物質5-胺基-1-(2-氯-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基-4-二氯氟甲基硫代吡唑係根據實例4步驟a、b中所述程序之類似程序自5-胺基-1-(2-氯-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基吡唑來製備,其中5-胺基-1-(2-氯-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基吡唑自身係使用實例2步驟b、c中所述程序之類似程序自2-氯-4-三氟甲基苯胺來製備。
實例9. 3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-五氟苯硫基)-5-甲基-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑(化合物No 34)
除自5-胺基-3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-五氟苯硫基)-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑起始之外,使用類似於實例1中所述之程序,分離得呈白色固體狀之標題化合物。1H NMR:(400 MHz,CDCl3
):2.31(s,3H)及7.96(s,2H)。19F NMR(376 MHz,CDCl3
):-44.10(s,3F),62.68(d,J
=152 Hz,4F)及78.16-79.77(五重峰,J
=154 Hz,1F)。
5-胺基-3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-五氟苯硫基)-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑係根據實例2步驟a、b、c中所述程序之類似程序自4-五氟硫苯胺來製備,例外為在步驟a中使用2.2當量之N-氯代丁二醯亞胺。
實例10. 4-氯二氟甲硫基-1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基-5-甲基吡唑(化合物No 36)
除自5-胺基-1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-4-氯二氟甲硫基-3-氰基吡唑起始之外,使用類似於實例1中所述之程序,分離得呈白色固體狀之標題化合物。MS(ES):M/Z[M+NH4
]437。1H NMR:(400 MHz,CDCl3
):2.33(s,3H),7.56(dd,J
=8.3,1.4 Hz1H)及7.74(bs,1H)。19F NMR(376 MHz,CDCl3
):-63.79(s,3F),-113.48(d,J
=8.4 Hz,1F)及-161.99(s,2F)。
起始物質5-胺基-1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-4-氯二氟甲硫基-3-氰基吡唑係根據與實例4步驟a、b中所述程序相同之程序來製備,例外為在步驟b中使用溴氯二氟甲烷而非氟三氯甲烷。
實例11. 3-氰基-4-二氯氟甲硫基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-五氟苯硫基)-5-甲基吡唑(化合物No 42)
除自5-胺基-3-氰基-4-二氯氟甲硫基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-五氟苯硫基)吡唑起始之外,使用類似於實例1中所述之程序,分離得呈白色固體狀之標題化合物。1H NMR:(400 MHz,CDCl3
):2.31(s,3H)及7.96(s,2H)。19F NMR(376 MHz,CDCl3
):-21.03(s,1F),62.70(d,J
=152 Hz,4F)及78.19-79.81(五重峰,J
=154 Hz,1F)。
起始物質5-胺基-3-氰基-4-二氯氟甲硫基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-五氟苯硫基)吡唑係根據實例4步驟a、b中所述程序之類似程序自5-胺基-3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-五氟苯硫基)吡唑來製備,其中5-胺基-3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-五氟苯硫基)吡唑自身係使用實例2步驟a、b中所述程序之類似程序自4-五氟硫苯胺來製備,例外為在步驟a中使用2.2當量之N-氯代丁二醯亞胺。
實例12. 3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-5-甲基-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑(化合物No 6)
將氟化銫(2.7 g)添加至3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯基)-5-甲基-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑(0.7 g)於N-甲基吡咯啶酮中之溶液中。在100℃下將反應混合物加熱隔夜。隨後將反應混合物冷卻至室溫且添加水。以乙酸乙酯萃取所得混合物。將有機層經無水硫酸鎂乾燥、過濾且減壓濃縮以得到殘餘物,將其層析(SiO2
,庚烷/EA)純化以得到呈白色固體狀之標題化合物(0.38 g,59%)。1H NMR:(400 MHz,CDCl3
):2.38(s,3H)及7.49(d,J
=8 Hz,2H)。19F NMR(376 MHz,CDCl3
):-43.83(s,3F),-63.91(s,3F)及-113.98(d,J
=7 Hz,2F)。
3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯基)-5-甲基-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑之製備描述於實例1中。
實例13. 1-(2-氯-6-甲基-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基-5-甲基-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑(化合物No 43)
在130℃下於10 ml密封Pyrex玻璃管中將三甲基烷基硼氧烷(83 mg)、參(二亞苄基丙酮)二鈀(10 mg)、Xantphos(18 mg)、碳酸鉀(165 mg)及3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯基)-5-甲基-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑(250 mg)於二噁烷中之溶液在微波中加熱20分鐘。將反應混合物冷卻至室溫,隨後以乙酸乙酯稀釋且經矽藻土過濾。將有機濾液以水洗滌、經無水硫酸鎂乾燥、過濾且減壓濃縮以得到殘餘物,將其層析(SiO2
,庚烷/EA)純化以得到呈白色固體狀之標題化合物。MS(ES):M/Z[M+NH4
]=417。1H NMR:(400 MHz,CDCl3
):2.13(s,3H),2.26(s,3H),7.60(bs,1H)及7.73(bs,1H)。19F NMR(376 MHz,CDCl3
):-44.25(s,3F)及-63.63(s,3F)。
3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯基)-5-甲基-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑之製備描述於實例1中。
實例14. 3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯基)-5-甲基-4-三氟甲基亞磺醯基吡唑(化合物No 5)
將30重量%過氧化氫水溶液(29 μL)添加至實例1中所述之3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯基)-5-甲基-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑(116 mg)之三氟乙酸溶液中。將反應混合物攪拌隔夜,其後減壓蒸發溶劑以得到殘餘物,將其層析(SiO2
,庚烷/EA)純化以得到呈白色固體狀之標題化合物(l00 mg,83%)。MS(ES):M/Z[M+NH4
]=453。1H NMR:(400 MHz,DMSO-d6
):2.35(s,3H)及8.41(s,2H)。19F NMR(376 MHz,DMSO-d6
):-62.01(s,3F)及-74.18(s,3F)。
實例15. 1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基-5-甲基-4-三氟甲基亞磺醯基吡唑(化合物No 9)
除自實例2中所述之1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基-5-甲基-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑起始之外,使用類似於實例14中所述之程序,分離得呈白色固體狀之標題化合物。1H NMR:(400 MHz,CDCl3
):2.45(bs,3H),7.59(d,J
=8.3 Hz,1H)及7.76(s,1H)。19F NMR(376 MHz,CDCl3
):-63.84(s,3F),-73.85(d,3F)及-113.29(dd,1F)。
實例16. 3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-5-甲基-4-三氟甲基亞磺醯基吡唑(化合物No 12)
除自實例12中所述之3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-5-甲基-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑起始之外,使用類似於實例14中所述之程序,分離得呈白色固體狀之標題化合物。1H NMR:(400 MHz,CDCl3
):2.50(s,3H)及7.51(d,2H)。19F NMR(376 MHz,CDCl3
):-63.96(s,3F),-73.63(s,3F)及-114.52至-114.76(d,2F)。
實例17. 3-氰基-1-(2-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-5-甲基-4-三氟甲基亞磺醯基吡唑(化合物No 14)
除自實例3中所述之3-氰基-1-(2-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-5-甲基-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑起始之外,使用類似於實例14中所述之程序,分離得呈白色固體狀之標題化合物。
實例18. 3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲氧基苯基)-5-甲基-4-三氟甲基亞磺醯基吡唑(化合物No 19)
除自實例6中所述之3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲氧基苯基)-5-甲基-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑起始之外,使用類似於實例14中所述之程序,分離得呈白色固體狀之標題化合物。MS(ES):M/Z[M+H]452。1H NMR:(400 MHz,DMSO-d6
):2.34(s,3H)及8.10(m,2H)。19F NMR(376 MHz,DMSO-d6
):-57.40(s,3F)及-74.24(s,3F)。
實例19. 3-氰基-4-二氯氟甲基亞磺醯基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯基)-5-甲基吡唑(化合物No 20)
除自實例5中所述之3-氰基-4-二氯氟甲硫基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯基)-5-甲基吡唑起始之外,使用類似於實例14中所述之程序,分離得呈白色固體狀之標題化合物。MS(ES):M/Z[M+NH4
]485。1H NMR:(400 MHz,DMSO-d6
):2.39(s,3H)及8.40(s,2H)。19F NMR(376 MHz,DMSO-d6
):-61.99(s,3F)及-64.05(s,1F)。
實例20. 3-氰基-4-二氯氟甲基亞磺醯基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲氧基苯基)-5-甲基吡唑(化合物No 24)
除自實例7中所述之3-氰基-4-二氯氟甲硫基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲氧基苯基)-5-甲基吡唑起始之外,使用類似於實例14中所述之程序,分離得呈白色固體狀之標題化合物。MS(ES):M/Z[M+NH4
]501。1H NMR:(400 MHz,CDCl3
):2.43(s,3H)及7.45(s,2H)。19F NMR(376 MHz,CDCl3
):-58.25(s,3F)及-63.02(s,1F)。
實例21. 1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基-4-二氯氟甲基亞磺醯基-5-甲基吡唑(化合物No 29)
除自實例4中所述之1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基-4-二氯氟甲硫基-5-甲基吡唑起始之外,使用類似於實例14中所述之程序,分離得呈白色固體狀之標題化合物。MS(ES):M/Z[M+NH4
]469。1H NMR:(400 MHz,CDCl3
):2.39(s,3H),7.51(d,1H)及7.68(s,1H)。19F NMR(376 MHz,CDCl3
):-63.00至-63.06(d,1F),-63.82(s,3F)及-113.01至-113.30(m,1F)。
實例22. 1-(2-氯-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基-4-二氯氟甲基亞磺醯基-5-甲基吡唑(化合物No 30)
除自實例8中所述之4-氯二氟甲硫基-1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基-5-氟甲基吡唑起始之外,使用類似於實例14中所述之程序,分離得呈白色固體狀之標題化合物。1H NMR:(400 MHz,CDCl3
):2.47(s,3H),7.63(d,1H),7.80(d,1H)及7.93(s,1H)。19F NMR(376 MHz,CDCl3
):-62.97(bs,1F),-63.54(s,3F)。
實例23. 4-氯二氟甲基亞磺醯基-1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基-5-甲基吡唑(化合物No 37)
除自實例10中所述之4-氯二氟甲硫基-1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基-5-甲基吡唑起始之外,使用類似於實例14中所述之程序,分離得呈白色固體狀之標題化合物。MS(ES):M/Z[M+NH4
]453。1H NMR:(400 MHz,CDCl3
):2.46(s,3H),7.59(dd,J
=8.3,1.5 Hz1H)及7.76(bs,1H)。19F NMR(376 MHz,CDCl3
):-60.68至-62.28(m,2F),-63.83(s,3F)及-112.99至113.31(m,1F)。
實例24. 1-(2-氯-6-甲基-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基-5-甲基-4-三氟甲基亞磺醯基吡唑(化合物No 44)
除自實例13中所述之1-(2-氯-6-甲基-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基-5-甲基-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑起始之外,使用類似於實例14中所述之程序,分離得呈白色固體狀之標題化合物。MS(ES):M/Z[M+NH4
]433。1H NMR:(400 MHz,CDCl3
):2.15(s,3H),2.38(s,3H),7.63(bs,1H)及7.74(bs,1H)。19F NMR(376 MHz,CDCl3
):-63.67(s,3F)及-73.96(s,3F)。
實例25. 3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯基)-5-甲基-4-三氟甲基磺醯基吡唑(化合物No 4)
將過碘酸鈉(20 mg)及氯化釕(3 mg)添加至實例1中所述之3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯基)-5-甲基-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑(100 mg)於乙腈-水(4:1)混合物中之溶液中。將反應混合物攪拌隔夜,其後將混合物以乙酸乙酯稀釋且經矽膠過濾。將有機濾液以水洗滌、經無水硫酸鎂乾燥、經矽藻土過濾且減壓濃縮以得到呈白色固體狀之標題化合物(73 mg,68%)。MS(ES):M/Z[M+H]=452。1H NMR:(400 MHz,DMSO-d6
):2.46(s,3H)及7.87(s,2H)。19F NMR(376 MHz,DMSO-d6
):-63.77(s,3F)及-79.83(s,3F)。
實例26. 1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基-4-二氯氟甲基磺醯基-5-甲基吡唑(化合物No 31)
除自實例4中所述之1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基-4-二氯氟甲硫基-5-甲基吡唑起始之外,使用類似於實例25中所述之程序,分離得呈白色固體狀之標題化合物。1H NMR:(400 MHz,CDCl3
):2.50(bs,3H),7.61(d,J
=8.3 Hz,1H)及7.78(bs,1H)。19F NMR(376 MHz,CDCl3
):-63.77(bs,1F),-63.84(s,3F)及-112.96(bs,1F)。
實例27. 4-氯二氟甲基磺醯基-1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基-5-甲基吡唑(化合物No 39)
除自實例10中所述之4-氯二氟甲硫基-1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基-5-甲基吡唑起始之外,使用類似於實例25中所述之程序,分離得呈白色固體狀之標題化合物。MS(ES):M/Z[M+NH4
]469。1H NMR:(400 MHz,CDCl3
):2.49(s,3H),7.60-7.63(m,1H)及7.78(bs,1H)。19F NMR(376 MHz,CDCl3
):-63.86(s,3F),-64.87(s,2F)及-112.92(m,1F)。
實例28. 3-氰基-4-二氯氟甲基磺醯基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯基)-5-甲基吡唑(化合物No 41)
除自實例5中所述之3-氰基-4-二氯氟甲硫基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯基)-5-甲基吡唑起始之外,使用類似於實例25中所述之程序,分離得呈白色固體狀之標題化合物。MS(ES):M/Z[M+NH4
]501。1H NMR:(400 MHz,DMSO-d6
):2.50(s,3H)及8.44(s,2H)。19F NMR(376 MHz,DMSO-d6
):-62.04(s,3F)及-65.19(s,1F)。
以下反應流程描述應用一般反應流程來合成實例1、14及25之化合物。
實例29. 3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯基)-5-乙基-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑(化合物No 2)
將3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯基)-5-(2-乙烯基)-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑(120 mg)於乙醇中之溶液與催化量之鈀/木炭一起饋入50 psi氫壓力下之鋼製壓力容器中且加熱至80℃隔夜。在冷卻至室溫之後,將混合物經矽藻土過濾,且減壓濃縮以得到殘餘物,將其逆相管柱層析純化以得到呈白色固體狀之標題化合物(39 mg,32%)。MS(ES):M/Z[M+H+CH3
OH]=466。1H NMR:(400 MHz,CDCl3
):1.11(t,3H),2.71(四重峰,2H)及7.82(s,2H)。19F NMR(376 MHz,CDCl3
):-43.92(s,3F)及-63.68(s,3F)。
起始物質3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯基)-5-(2-乙烯基)-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑係如下製備:a.經由注射器將如EP-A-0 295 117中所述製備之5-溴-3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯基)-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑(100 mg)之二噁烷溶液轉移至預先饋入氟化銫(30 mg)、肆(三苯膦)鈀(11 mg)及乙烯基三丁基錫(0.07 mL)之10 ml密封Pyrex玻璃管中。在180℃下將玻璃管在微波中加熱10分鐘。在冷卻至室溫之後,將混合物經矽藻土過濾、以乙酸乙酯稀釋、以水及鹽水洗滌。將有機相經無水硫酸鎂乾燥、過濾且減壓濃縮以得到殘餘物,將其逆相管柱層析純化以得到呈白色固體狀之3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯基)-5-(2-乙烯基)-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑(24 mg,28%)。1H NMR:(400 MHz,DMSO-d6
):5.80-6.02(m,2H),6.54-6.61(mt,1H)及8.39(s,2H)。19F NMR(376 MHz,DMSO-d6
):-43.65(s,3F)及-61.99(s,3F)。
以下反應流程描述應用此方法來製備實例29中所述之化合物:
實例30. 3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯基)-5-氟甲基-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑(化合物No 3)
將二甲基胺基三氟化硫(2.27 mL)添加至3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯基)-5-羥基甲基-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑(2.9 g)於二氯甲烷中之溶液中。攪拌3小時之後,添加水,接著添加二氯甲烷。將有機相以碳酸氫鈉飽和水溶液洗滌、經無水硫酸鎂乾燥、過濾且減壓濃縮以得到殘餘物,將其層析(SiO2
,庚烷/EA)純化以得到呈白色固體狀之標題化合物(2.45 g,84%)。1H NMR:(400 MHz,CDCl3
):5.38(d,J
=47.5 Hz,2H)及7.83(s,2H)。19F NMR(376 MHz,CDCl3
):-43.83(s,3F),-63.76(s,3F)及-84.12(t,J
=47.5 Hz,1F)。
起始物質3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯基)-5-羥基甲基-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑如下所述來製備:a.將如EP-A-0 295 117中所述製備之5-胺基-3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯基)-4-三氟-甲基硫代吡唑(87.5 g)之溶液逐滴添加至亞硝酸第三丁酯(32 mL)、丙烯酸甲酯(149 mL)及溴化銅(55.6 g)於乙腈中之懸浮液中。將反應混合物攪拌隔夜。將所得混合物以乙醚稀釋且以水洗滌。將有機層經無水硫酸鎂乾燥、過濾且減壓濃縮。自乙酸乙酯及庚烷研磨殘餘物得到呈棕褐色固體狀之5-(2'-溴-2'-甲氧羰基)乙基-3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基-苯基)-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑(73.7 g,78%)。
b.將1,8-二氮雜雙環-[5.4.0]-十一-7-烯(4.4 mL)添加至5-(2'-溴-2'-甲氧羰基)乙基-3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯基)-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑(15.1 g)溶解於甲苯中之溶液中。攪拌40分鐘之後,將混合物以乙酸乙酯稀釋,以水、10%鹽酸水溶液及水洗滌。將有機相經無水硫酸鎂乾燥、過濾且減壓濃縮以得到呈白色固體狀之3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯基)-5-(E-2-甲氧基羰基乙烯基)-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑(11.0 g,85%)。
c.在-78℃下使臭氧經由3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯基)-5-(E-2-甲氧基羰基-乙烯基)-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑(4.8 g)於二氯甲烷及甲醇中之溶液鼓泡3小時。3小時後,將深藍色溶液用氧氣脫色,且隨後在-78℃下以甲硫醚處理。使此反應混合物升溫至室溫,其後以10%硫酸氫鈉水溶液洗滌混合物。以乙酸乙酯萃取所得混合物。將有機層經無水硫酸鎂乾燥、過濾且減壓濃縮以得到呈白色固體狀之3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯基)-5-甲醯基-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑(4.2 g)。
d.將3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯基)-5-甲醯基-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑(4.2 g)溶解於無水乙醇中且在0℃下分批添加硼氫化鈉(0.61 g)。攪拌此反應混合物且使其經2小時升溫至室溫,其後添加水。以乙酸乙酯萃取所得混合物。將有機層經無水硫酸鎂乾燥、過濾且減壓濃縮以得到殘餘物,將其層析(SiO2
,庚烷/EA)純化以得到呈白色固體狀之3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯基)-5-羥基甲基-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑(4.03 g,94%)。
實例31. 1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基-5-氟甲基-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑(化合物No 8)
除自1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基-5-羥基甲基-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑起始之外,使用類似於實例30中所述之程序,分離得呈白色固體狀之標題化合物。1H NMR:(400 MHz,DMSO-d6
):5.46-5.67(m,2H)及8.41(m,2H)。19F NMR(376 MHz,DMSO-d6
):-43.57(s,3F),-62.14(s,3F),-82.55(t,J
=47 Hz,1F)及-114.79(m,1F)。
起始物質1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基-5-羥基甲基-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑係根據實例30步驟a、b、c、d中所述程序之類似程序自5-胺基-1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑來製備,其中5-胺基-1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑係如下製備:a.於氮下將N-氯代丁二醯亞胺(4.1 g)添加至2-氟-4-三氟甲基苯胺於乙腈中之溶液中且將混合物加熱至75℃隔夜。將混合物濃縮,以醚稀釋,以水、碳酸氫鈉飽和溶液及鹽水洗滌。將有機層經無水硫酸鎂乾燥、過濾且減壓濃縮以得到呈液體狀之2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯胺(5.9 g)。Rf
=0.6(2:8 EA/庚烷);1H NMR:(400 MHz,CDCl3
)4.41(bs,2H);7.20(dd,1H,J=10.5,1.5 Hz)及7.36(s,1H)。19F NMR(376 MHz,CDCl3
):-130.78(s,1F)及-61.98(s,3F)。
b.在15℃下將2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯胺(5 g)於乙酸中之溶液逐滴添加至亞硝醯基硫酸(11.2 g)於乙酸中之懸浮液中。攪拌1小時之後,在7℃下將此反應混合物逐滴添加至1,2-二氰基-3-羥基丙-2-烯鉀鹽(10 g)及三水合乙酸鈉(32 g)於乙酸鈉與水之混合物中之懸浮液中。攪拌1小時之後,將此反應混合物以水稀釋且以二氯甲烷萃取。將有機層與30%氫氧化銨溶液一起劇烈攪拌10分鐘,分離、經無水硫酸鎂乾燥、過濾且減壓濃縮以得到殘餘物,將其層析(SiO2
,庚烷/EA)純化以得到呈黃橙色固體狀之5-胺基-1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基吡唑(5.1 g,71%)。Rf
=0.25(3:7EA/庚烷);1H NMR(400 MHz,DMSO-d6
):5.94(s,1H),6.14(s,2H)及8.06-8.10(m,2H)。19F NMR(376,DMSO-d6
):-61.98(s,3F)及-114.38(s,1F)。
1,2-二氰基-3-羥基丙-2-烯鉀鹽係如下製備:在5℃下將第三丁氧化鉀(29 g)於第三丁醇中之溶液逐滴添加至丁二腈(20 g)及甲酸乙酯(22.7 g)於甲苯與第三丁醇之5:1混合物中之溶液中。攪拌6小時之後,將固體濾出,以乙醇洗滌一次且以甲基第三丁基醚洗滌三次且隨後在55℃下於真空烘箱中乾燥隔夜以得到呈棕褐色固體狀之1,2-二氰基-3-羥基丙-2-烯鉀鹽(35 g,96%)。
c.在0℃下攪拌5-胺基-1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基吡唑(3 g)於二氯甲烷中之溶液且在1小時內以三氟甲基次磺醯氯(2 g)於二氯甲烷中之溶液逐滴處理。在室溫下攪拌隔夜後,使氮經由溶液鼓泡5分鐘。隨後將混合物以水、碳酸氫鈉飽和溶液及鹽水洗滌。將有機層經無水硫酸鎂乾燥、過濾且減壓濃縮以得到殘餘物,將其層析(SiO2
,庚烷/EA)純化以得到呈白色固體狀之5-胺基-1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑(3.5 g,86%)。Rf
=0.4(3:7 EA/庚烷);1H NMR(400 MHz,DMSO-d6
)7.21(bs,2H)及8.10-8.14(m,2H)。19F NMR(376 MHz,DMSO-d6
):-45.33(s,3F),-62.08(s,3F)及-114.62(s,1F)。
實例32. 3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲氧基苯基)-5-氟甲基-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑(化合物No 16)
除自3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲氧基苯基)-5-羥基甲基-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑起始之外,使用類似於實例30中所述之程序,分離得呈白色固體狀之標題化合物。MS(ES):M/Z[M+H]454。1H NMR:(400 MHz,DMSO-d6
):5.47(d,J
=46 Hz,2H)及8.09(s,2H)。19F NMR(376 MHz,DMSO-d6
):-43.67(s,3F),-57.37(s,3F)及-82.82(t,J
=45 Hz,1F)。
起始物質3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲氧基苯基)-5-羥基甲基-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑係根據實例30步驟a、b、c、d中所述程序之類似程序自EP-A-0 295 117中所述之5-胺基-3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲氧基苯基)-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑來製備。
實例33. 1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基-4-二氯氟甲硫基-5-氟甲基吡唑(化合物No 25)
除自1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基-4-二氯氟甲硫基-5-羥基甲基吡唑起始之外,使用類似於實例30中所述之程序,分離得呈白色固體狀之標題化合物。1H NMR:(400 MHz,CDCl3
):5.29-5.54(m,2H),7.57(dd,J
=8,1.5 Hz,1H)及7.74(bs,1H)。19F NMR(376 MHz,CDCl3
):-21.99(s,1F),-37.00(t,J
=47 Hz,1F),-63.81(s,3F)及-113.28(bs,1F)。
起始物質1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基-4-二氯氟甲硫基-5-羥基甲基吡唑係根據實例30步驟a、b、c、d中所述程序之類似程序自5-胺基-1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基-4-二氯氟甲基硫代吡唑來製備,其中5-胺基-1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基-4-二氯氟甲基硫代吡唑係如下製備:a.在10℃下將一氯化硫(0.78 g)添加至實例31步驟b中所述之5-胺基-1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基吡唑(3.54 g)之二氯甲烷溶液中。在室溫下攪拌隔夜後,使氮經由溶液鼓泡5分鐘。將固體沈澱物濾出,以二氯甲烷、庚烷洗滌且減壓乾燥以得到呈淺黃色固體狀之5-胺基-1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基吡唑-4-基二硫醚(2.8 g,72%)。Rf
=0.3(4:6 EA/庚烷)。
b.在15℃下在攪拌下將連二亞硫酸鈉(6.2 g)、磷酸氫二鈉(4.3 g)及氟三氯甲烷(5.2 g)添加至5-胺基-1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基吡唑-4-基二硫醚(5.15 g)於N,N-二甲基甲醯胺與水之2:1混合物中之溶液中。攪拌1小時之後,將混合物傾入冰中且攪拌30分鐘。將固體濾出、以水洗滌且乾燥以得到呈白色固體狀之5-胺基-1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基-4-二氯氟甲基硫代吡唑(4.1 g,64%)。Rf
=0.4(3:7 EA/庚烷)。
實例34. 3-氰基-4-二氯氟甲硫基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲氧基苯基)-5-氟甲基吡唑(化合物No 21)
除自3-氰基-4-二氯氟甲硫基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲氧基苯基)-5-羥基甲基吡唑起始之外,使用類似於實例30中所述之程序,分離得呈白色固體狀之標題化合物。1H NMR:(400 MHz,DMSO-d6
):5.59(d,J
=46 Hz,2H)及8.10(s,2H)。19F NMR(376 MHz,DMSO-d6
):-21.31(s,1F),-57.36(s,3F)及-83.08(t,J
=45 Hz,1F)。
起始物質3-氰基-4-二氯氟甲硫基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲氧基苯基)-5-羥基甲基吡唑係根據實例30步驟a、b、c、d中所述程序之類似程序自5-胺基-3-氰基-4-二氯氟甲硫基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲氧基苯基)吡唑來製備,其中5-胺基-3-氰基-4-二氯氟甲硫基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲氧基苯基)吡唑係根據實例33步驟a、b中所述程序之類似程序自5-胺基-3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲氧基苯基)吡唑來製備,其中5-胺基-3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲氧基苯基)吡唑自身係使用實例31步驟b、c中所述程序之類似程序自2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲氧基苯胺來製備。
實例35. 3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-五氟苯硫基)-5-氟甲基-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑(化合物No 33)
除自3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-五氟苯硫基)-5-羥基甲基-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑起始之外,使用類似於實例30中所述之程序,分離得呈白色固體狀之標題化合物。1H NMR:(400 MHz,CDCl3
):5.39(d,J
=47 Hz,2H)及7.96(s,2H)。19FNMR(376 MHz,CDCl3
):-43.76(s,3F),62.68(d,J
=151 Hz,4F)及78.84(五重峰,J
=150 Hz,1F)。
起始物質3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-五氟苯硫基)-5-羥基甲基-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑係根據實例30步驟a、b、c、d中所述程序之類似程序自5-胺基-3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-五氟苯硫基)-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑來製備,其中5-胺基-3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-五氟苯硫基)-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑係根據實例31步驟a、b、c中所述程序之類似程序自4-五氟硫苯胺來製備,例外為在步驟a中使用2.2當量之N-氯代丁二醯亞胺。
實例36. 4-氯二氟甲硫基-1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基-5-氟甲基吡唑(化合物No 35)
除自4-氯二氟甲硫基-1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基-5-羥基甲基吡唑起始之外,使用類似於實例30中所述之程序,分離得呈白色固體狀之標題化合物。MS(ES):M/Z[M-H]436。1H NMR:(400 MHz,CDCl3
):5.29-5.54(m,2H),7.57(dd,J
=8,3,1.5 Hz,1H)及7.74(bs,1H)。19F NMR(376 MHz,CDCl3
):-63.83(s,3F),-84.17(t,J
=47 Hz,1F),-113.31(s,1F)及-162.04(s,2F)。
起始物質4-氯二氟甲硫基-1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基-5-羥基甲基吡唑係根據實例30步驟a、b、c、d中所述程序之類似程序自5-胺基-4-氯二氟甲硫基-1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基吡唑來製備,其中5-胺基-4-氯二氟甲硫基-1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基吡唑係根據與實例33步驟a、b中所述程序相同之程序來製備,例外為在步驟b中使用溴氯二氟甲烷而非氟三氯甲烷。
實例37. 3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯基)-5-氟甲基-4-三氟甲基亞磺醯基吡唑(化合物No 10)
將30重量%過氧化氫水溶液(50 μL)添加至如實例30中所述製備之3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯基)-5-氟甲基-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑(205 mg)之三氟乙酸溶液中。將反應混合物攪拌6小時,其後減壓蒸發溶劑以得到殘餘物,將其層析(SiO2
,庚烷/DCM)純化以得到呈白色固體狀之標題化合物(66.5 mg,32%)。MS(ES):M/Z[M-H]452。1H NMR:(400 MHz,DMSO-d6
):5.48-5.75(m,2H)及8.41(s,2H)。19F NMR(376 MHz,DMSO-d6
):-62.05(s,3F),-73.68(d,3F)及-82.41(m,1F)。
實例38. 1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基-5-氟甲基-4-三氟甲基亞磺醯基吡唑(化合物No 11)
除自實例31中所述之1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基-5-氟甲基-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑起始之外,使用類似於實例37中所述之程序,分離得呈白色固體狀之標題化合物。MS(ES):M/Z[M+H]438。1H NMR:(400 MHz,DMSO-d6
):5.48-5.77(m,2H)及8.26(m,2H)。19F NMR(376 MHz,DMSO-d6
):-62.17(s,3F),-73.63(bs,3F),-82.18(m,1F)及-114.50至-114.84(m,1F)。
實例39. 3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲氧基苯基)-5-氟甲基-4-三氟甲基亞磺醯基吡唑(化合物No 18)
除自實例32中所述之3-氰基-l-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲氧基苯基)-5-氟甲基-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑起始之外,使用類似於實例37中所述之程序,分離得呈白色固體狀之標題化合物。MS(ES):M/Z[M+H]470。1H NMR:(400 MHz,DMSO-d6
):5.46-5.74(m,2H)及8.10(m,2H)。19F NMR(376 MHz,DMSO-d6
):-57.37(s,3F),-73.72(s,3F)及-82.46(t,J
=46 Hz,1F)。
實例40. 3-氰基-4-二氯氟甲基亞磺醯基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲氧基苯基)-5-氟甲基吡唑(化合物No 22)
除自實例33中所述之3-氰基-4-二氯氟甲硫基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲氧基苯基)-5-氟甲基吡唑起始之外,使用類似於實例37中所述之程序,分離得呈白色固體狀之標題化合物。MS(ES):M/Z[M+NH4
]519。1H NMR:(400 MHz,CDCl3
):5.50-5.72(m,2H)及7.44(s,2H)。19F NMR(376 MHz,CDCl3
):-58.25(s,3F),-63.63(s,1F)及-85.23(t,1F)。
實例41. 1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基-4-二氯氟甲基亞磺醯基-5-氟甲基吡唑(化合物No 28)
除自實例34中所述之1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基-4-二氯氟甲硫基-5-氟甲基吡唑起始之外,使用類似於實例37中所述之程序,分離得呈白色固體狀之標題化合物。MS(ES):M/Z[M+NH4
]487。1H NMR:(400 MHz,CDCl3
):5.20-5.87(m,2H),7.58(d,1H)及7.74(s,1H)。19F NMR(376 MHz,CDCl3
):-63.59至-63.69(d,1F),-63.83(s,3F)及-112.95至-113.38(m,1F)。
實例42. 4-氯二氟甲基亞磺醯基-1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基-5-氟甲基吡唑(化合物No 38)
除自實例35中所述之4-氯二氟甲硫基-1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基-5-氟甲基吡唑起始之外,使用類似於實例37中所述之程序,分離得呈白色固體狀之標題化合物。MS(ES):M/Z[M+NH4
]471。1H NMR:(400 MHz,CDCl3
):5.45-5.82(m,2H),7.57(d,J
=8,2 Hz,1H)及7.74(s,1H)。19F NMR(376 MHz,CDCl3
):-8.59至-8.91(m,1F),-60.81至-62.41(m,2F),-63.84(s,3F)及-112.99至-113.35(m,1F)。
實例43. 1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基-4-二氯氟甲基磺醯基-5-氟甲基吡唑(化合物No 32)
將過碘酸鈉(100 mg)及氯化釕(3 mg)添加至如實例33中所述製備之1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基-4-二氯氟甲硫基-5-氟甲基吡唑(100 mg)於乙腈-水(2:1)混合物中之溶液中。將反應混合物攪拌隔夜,其後將混合物以乙酸乙酯及碳酸氫鈉飽和水溶液稀釋。將有機萃取物分離、經矽藻土過濾且減壓濃縮以得到呈白色固體狀之標題化合物。MS(ES):M/Z[M+NH4
]503。1H NMR:(400 MHz,CDCl3
):5.48-5.77(m,2H),7.60(dd,J
=8.3,1.4 Hz,1H)及7.77(bs,1H)。19F NMR(376 MHz,CDCl3
):-63.77(bs,1F),-63.86(s,3F),-87.74至-87.99(m,1F)及-113.09(m,1F)。
實例44. 4-氯二氟甲基磺醯基-1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基-5-氟甲基吡唑(化合物No 40)
除自實例36中所述之4-氯二氟甲硫基-1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基-5-氟甲基吡唑起始之外,使用類似於實例43中所述之程序,分離得呈白色固體狀之標題化合物。MS(ES):M/Z[M+NH4
]487。1H NMR:(400 MHz,CDCl3
):5.46-5.74(m,2H),7.61(dd,J
=8.3,1.6 Hz,1H)及7.77(bs,1H)。19F NMR(376 MHz,CDCl3
):-10.69(t,J
=47 Hz,1F),-63.87(bs,3F),-64.56(s,2F)及-113.04(m,1F)。
以下反應流程描述應用一般反應流程來合成實例30、37及43之化合物。
實例45. 1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基-4-二氯氟甲硫基-5-二氟甲基吡唑(化合物No 45)
將1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基-4-二氯氟甲硫基-5-甲醯基吡唑(450 mg)及[雙(2-甲氧基乙基)胺基]三氟化硫(660 mg)於二氯甲烷中之混合物加熱至回流歷時6小時,隨後冷卻至室溫且蒸發。藉由層析(SiO2
,庚烷/DCM)純化殘餘物以得到呈白色固體狀之標題化合物(210 mg,44%)。1H NMR:(400 MHz,CDCl3
):6.88(t,J
=51.5 Hz,1H),7.55(dd,J
=8.3,1.6 Hz,1H),7.72(s,1H)。19F NMR:(376 MHz,CDCl3
):-20.6(s,1F),-63.8(s,3F),-112.8(s,1H),-115.9至-118.0(m,2F)。
起始物質1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基-4-二氯氟甲硫基-5-甲醯基吡唑係使用類似於實例30部分a、b及c中所述之程序自如實例31部分a、b及c中所述製備之5-胺基-1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基-4-三氟甲基硫代吡唑來製備。
實例46. 1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基-4-二氯氟甲基亞磺醯基-5-二氟甲基吡唑(化合物No 46)
除自實例45中所述之1-(2-氯-6-氟-4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-氰基-4-二氯氟甲硫基-5-二氟甲基吡唑起始之外,使用類似於實例37中所述之程序,分離得呈白色固體狀之標題化合物。1H NMR:(400 MHz,CDCl3
):7.40(dd,J
=51.9,8.0 Hz,1H),7.56(dd,J
=8,1.5Hz,1H),7.73(d,J
=1.5Hz,1H)。19F NMR:(376 MHz,CDCl3
):-63.3(d,J
=39Hz,1F),-63.9(s,3F),-112.1至-112.8(m,1F),-116.2至-116.7(m,2F)。
以下反應流程描述應用此方法來合成實例45及46之化合物:
實例47. 1-[3-氯-5-(三氟甲基)-2-吡啶基]-3-氰基-4-二氯氟甲硫基-5-甲基吡唑(化合物47)
將30重量%氫氧化銨水溶液(50 mL)添加至1-[3-氯-5-(三氟甲基)-2-吡啶基]-4-二氯氟甲硫基-3-乙氧基羰基-5-甲基吡唑(9.0 g)之乙醇溶液(150 mL)中。在室溫下攪拌一週後,減壓蒸發溶劑以得到固體殘餘物,將其溶解於甲醇(40 mL)中且再以氫氧化銨溶液(30%水溶液,12 mL)處理。3天後,減壓移除部分溶劑以得到含有固體之混合物,將固體濾出。將所收集之固體以水洗滌且乾燥以得到白色固體,其未經進一步純化即用於下一步驟(6.25 g,74%)。Rf
=0.2(3:7 EA/庚烷)。1H NMR(400 MHz,CDCl3
):8.82(d,J
=1.3 Hz,1H),8.26(d,J
=2.0 Hz,1H),6.80(br s,1H),5.77(br s,1H)及2.46(s,3H)。19F NMR(376 MHz,CDCl3
):-62.69(s,3F)及-153.47(s,1F)。
在0℃下將乙二醯氯(4.3 mL)逐滴添加至N,N-二甲基甲醯胺(3.7 mL)於乙腈(150 mL)中之經攪拌溶液中。攪拌10分鐘之後,逐滴添加上述白色固體於乙腈(60 mL)中之溶液且將反應混合物攪拌1小時而使其升溫至室溫。將反應混合物迅速傾入攪拌之冰水中,攪拌30分鐘且將所得固體濾出、以水洗滌且乾燥以得到呈白色固體狀之標題化合物(5.35 g,93%)。Rf
=0.6(3:7 EA/庚烷)。MS(ES):M/Z[M+H]=419。1H NMR(400 MHz,CDCl3
):8.82(d,J
=1.3 Hz,1H),8.28(d,J
=2.0 Hz,1H)及2.47(s,3H)。19F NMR(376 MHz,CDCl3
):-21.25(s,1F)及-62.69(s,3F)。
起始物質1-[3-氯-5-(三氟甲基)-2-吡啶基]-4-二氯氟甲硫基-3-乙氧基羰基-5-甲基吡唑係如下製備:將碳酸鉀(7.0 g)以固體形式添加至4-二氯氟甲硫基-3-乙氧基羰基-5-甲基-1-H-吡唑(7.25 g)及2,3-二氯-5-(三氟甲基)吡啶(5.9 g)於二甲氧基乙烷(100 mL)中之溶液中。將混合物加熱至回流隔夜,冷卻至室溫且經矽藻土墊過濾。將濾液減壓濃縮以得到殘餘物,將其層析(SiO2
,庚烷/EA)純化以得到呈白色固體狀之1-[3-氯-5-(三氟甲基)-2-吡啶基]-4-二氯氟甲硫基-3-乙氧基羰基-5-甲基吡唑(9.0 g,76%)。Rf
=0.8(1:1 EA/庚烷)。1H NMR(400 MHz,CDCl3
):8.82(d,1H),8.23(d,J
=1.7 Hz,1H),4.47(q,J
=7.1 Hz,2H),2.45(s,3H)及1.42(t,J
=7.1 Hz,3H)。19F NMR(376 MHz,CDCl3
):-20.43(s,1F)及-62.70(s,3F)。
實例48. 1-(6-氯-4-三氟甲基吡啶-2-基)-3-氰基-4-二氯氟甲基亞磺醯基-5-甲基吡唑(化合物No.48)
將30重量%過氧化氫水溶液(550 μL)添加至1-(6-氯-4-三氟甲基-吡啶-2-基)-3-氰基-5-甲基-4-氟二氯甲基硫代吡唑(9.0 g)於三氟乙酸(15 mL)及二氯甲烷(30 mL)中之溶液中且在室溫下攪拌隔夜。添加水(50 mL),接著添加碳酸鈉直至達到中性pH值。以二氯甲烷(100 mL)萃取混合物。將有機層以硫代硫酸鈉飽和溶液及隨後以水洗滌、經無水硫酸鈉乾燥、過濾且減壓濃縮以得到殘餘物,將其層析(SiO2
,庚烷/EA)純化以得到呈白色固體狀之1-(6-氯-4-三氟甲基吡啶-2-基)-3-氰基-4-二氯氟甲基亞磺醯基-5-甲基吡唑(1.15 g,55%)。MS(ES):M/Z[M+NH4
]=452。1H NMR(400 MHz,CDCl3
):8.84(s,1H),8.30(1,1H)及2.57(s,3H)。19F NMR(376 MHz,CDCl3
):-62.74(s,3F)及-62.85(s,1F)。
可藉由本發明之方法製備其他1-芳基-5-烷基吡唑及1-芳基-3,4,5-吡唑化合物。該等化合物之例示性實施例描述於下表1中。
方法A:測試化合物防治蜱之接觸活性之篩檢方法
使用測試化合物之溶液塗覆玻璃小瓶之內壁及處理兩張濾紙。在乾燥後,將一張濾紙置於小瓶之蓋中且將另一張置於小瓶底部。將各經處理之小瓶用10隻棕色犬壁虱(Rhipicephalus sanguineus
)成蟲侵擾。藉由將小瓶保持於受控環境(24℃,90-95%相對濕度)中誘使蜱與殘餘物接觸且在施用後24小時、48小時與未經處理之對照組相比較來進行評估。在25 ppm或更小之測試濃度下,編號為1、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、14、15、16、17、18、19、20、22、24、25、26、28、29、31、32、33、34、35、36、37、38、39、40、43及44之化合物在48小時評估時得到至少80%之血紅扇頭蜱防治率,且在48小時評估時具有低於6 ppm之LD50
值。
方法B:測試化合物防治蚤之接觸活性之篩檢方法
使用吸管將測試化合物之溶液分配至置於玻璃小瓶中之濾紙上。使濾紙乾燥,其後用10隻貓蚤成蟲侵擾各小瓶。將經處理貓蚤保持於受控環境(24℃,90-95%相對濕度)中且在施用後24小時、48小時及72小時與未經處理之對照組相比較來進行評估。在25 ppm或更小之測試濃度下,編號為1、6、7、15、20、21、23、25、26、28、29、31、32、33、34、35、36、37、39、40及42之化合物在72小時評估時得到至少80%之防治率,且在72小時評估時具有低於12 ppm之LD50
值。作為比較,用作陽性對照之氟蟲腈(用於防治蚤之已知產品Frontline中之活性成份)在72小時評估時具有約20 ppm之LD50
值。
方法C:測試化合物經攝取後防治蚤之活性之篩檢方法
向圓柱形測試容器中放入10隻貓蚤成蟲。將圓柱形套管之一端用自密封可撓性膜封閉且置於測試容器之上,置放位置使得蚤可刺破該膜且食用圓柱體中之內含物。隨後將測試化合物溶液吸入牛血液中且添加至套管中。將具有貓蚤之容器部分保持在20℃-22℃及40%-60%相對濕度下,同時將含有經處理血液之套管部分保持在37℃及40%-60%相對濕度下。在施用後72小時與未經處理之對照組相比較來進行評估。在2.5 ppm或更小之測試濃度下,編號為1、5、6、7、9、15、20、25、26、28、29、31、32、33、34、41及42之化合物得到至少80%之防治率,且在72小時評估時具有低於1.5 ppm之LD50
值。
方法D:測試化合物防治美洲煙葉蛾之活性之篩檢方法
將實驗化合物稀釋於丙酮中。使用注射器,將1 μl測試溶液施用於敏感性三齡美洲煙葉蛾幼蟲之胸部上。隨後將幼蟲置於人造食物上且保持在27℃及50%-70%相對濕度下。評估5天時期內之死亡率。以僅經丙酮處理之幼蟲充當對照物。在5天評估時,在每公克昆蟲260微克活性成份之測試濃度下,編號為26及29之化合物得到至少50%之美洲煙葉蛾防治率。
方法E:測試化合物防治馬鈴薯甲蟲之活性之篩檢方法
將實驗化合物稀釋於含有5% DMSO及0.1% Triton X100之水性調配物中。自馬鈴薯(Solanum tuberosum
)之葉上切下具有3 cm直徑之葉圓片且將其浸入調配物中。在乾燥後,將兩片經處理之葉圓片置於含有2%水瓊脂之測試盤中。以經5% DMSO、0.1% Triton X100處理之圓片充當對照物。隨後將10隻敏感性馬鈴薯甲蟲成蟲添加至各測試盤中。隨後將測試盤在27℃下保持24小時,在此期間評估馬鈴薯甲蟲之擊倒率、死亡率及葉消耗量。在0.03%活性成份(w/v)之測試濃度下,編號為26及29之化合物得到至少50%之馬鈴薯甲蟲防治率。
方法F:測試化合物防治德國小蠊之活性之篩檢方法
將實驗化合物稀釋於含有5% DMSO及0.1% Triton X100之水性調配物中且均勻撒布於測試盤之內表面上。在盤乾燥後,將10隻雄性德國小蠊成蟲添加至各測試盤中。30分鐘後,將昆蟲自經處理表面移除且轉移至含有水飽和之牙科棉芯之潔淨盤中。隨後將盤在27℃下保持24小時,在此期間觀測德國小蠊之擊倒率及死亡率。以經5% DMSO及0.1% Triton X100處理之盤充當對照物。在每平方公分3微克活性成份之測試濃度下,編號為26及29之化合物得到至少50%之德國小蠊防治率。
方法G:測試化合物防治黃肢散白蟻及鋪道蟻之活性之篩檢方法
將實驗化合物稀釋於含有5% DMSO及0.1% Triton X100之水性調配物中且均勻撒布於測試盤之內表面上。在盤乾燥後,將12-15隻黃肢散白蟻或鋪道蟻工蟻添加至各測試盤中。30分鐘後,將昆蟲自經處理表面移除且轉移至含有水飽和之牙科棉芯之潔淨盤中。隨後將盤在27℃下保持24小時,在此期間觀測昆蟲之擊倒率及死亡率。以經5% DMSO及0.1% Triton X100處理之盤充當對照物。編號為26及29之化合物在每平方公分3微克活性成份之測試濃度下得到至少50%之黃肢散白蟻防治率,且在每平方公分0.3微克活性成份之測試濃度下得到至少50%之鋪道蟻防治率。
方法H:芥菜甲蟲測試(噴霧施用)
溶劑:78 重量份丙酮1.5 重量份二甲基甲醯胺乳化劑:0.5 重量份烷基芳基聚乙二醇醚
為製備活性化合物之適合製劑,將1重量份活性化合物與所述量之溶劑及乳化劑混合,且用含有乳化劑之水將濃縮物稀釋至所需濃度。
用所需濃度之活性成份之製劑對大白菜(Brassica pekinesis
)葉圓片噴霧。乾燥後,用芥菜甲蟲幼蟲侵擾葉圓片。
在指定時期之後,測定以%計之死亡率。100%意謂所有甲蟲幼蟲均被殺死且0%意謂無甲蟲幼蟲被殺死。在此測試中,例如製備實例中之化合物1-32及34-46在500 g/ha之濃度下展示80%之活性。
方法I:草地黏蟲( Spodoptera frugiperda )測試(噴霧施用)
溶劑:78 重量份丙酮1.5 重量份二甲基甲醯胺濕潤劑 0.5 重量份烷基芳基聚乙二醇醚
為製備活性化合物之適合製劑,將1重量份活性化合物與所述量之溶劑及乳化劑混合,且用含有乳化劑之水將濃縮物稀釋至所需濃度。
用所需濃度之活性成份之製劑對玉米(Zea mais
)葉切片噴霧。乾燥後,用草地黏蟲幼蟲侵擾葉切片。
在指定時期之後,測定以%計之死亡率。100%意謂所有毛蟲均被殺死且0%意謂無毛蟲被殺死。
在此測試中,例如製備實例中之以下化合物5、10、15、20、22、23、24、27、28、30、34、42、46在500 g/ha之濃度下展示80%之活性。
方法J:桃蚜( Myzus persicae )測試(噴霧施用)
溶劑:78 重量份丙酮1.5 重量份二甲基甲醯胺濕潤劑:0.5 重量份烷基芳基聚乙二醇醚
為製備活性化合物之適合製劑,將1重量份活性化合物與所述量之溶劑及乳化劑混合,且用含有乳化劑之水將濃縮物稀釋至所需濃度。
用所需濃度之活性成份之製劑對受所有齡期之桃蚜侵擾之大白菜葉圓片噴霧。
在指定時期之後,測定以%計之死亡率。100%意謂所有蚜蟲均被殺死,0%意謂無蚜蟲被殺死。
在此測試中,例如製備實例中之以下化合物1-12、14、15-32、34-40及42-46在500 g/ha之濃度下展示80%之活性。
方法K:二斑葉蟎( Tetranychus urticae )測試;OP抗性(噴霧施用)
溶劑:78 重量份丙酮1.5 重量份二甲基甲醯胺濕潤劑:0.5 重量份烷基芳基聚乙二醇醚
為製備活性化合物之適合製劑,將1重量份活性化合物與所述量之溶劑及乳化劑混合,且用含有乳化劑之水將濃縮物稀釋至所需濃度。
用所需濃度之活性成份之製劑對受所有階段之二斑葉蟎嚴重侵擾之菜豆(Phaseolus vulgaris
)噴霧。
在指定時期之後,測定以%計之死亡率。100%意謂所有葉蟎均被殺死且0%意謂無葉蟎被殺死。
在此測試中,例如製備實例中之以下化合物14、20、24、25、26、27、28、29、30、31、32、34、37、38、39、40、42、46在100 g/ha之濃度下展示80%之活性。
方法L:西花薊馬( Frankliniella occidentalis )測試(噴霧施用)
溶劑:78 重量份丙酮1.5 重量份二甲基甲醯胺乳化劑:0.5 重量份烷基芳基聚乙二醇醚
為製備活性化合物之適合製劑,將1重量份活性化合物與所述量之溶劑及乳化劑混合,且用含有乳化劑之水將濃縮物稀釋至所需濃度。
用含有所需濃度之活性成份之測試溶液對菜豆葉圓片噴霧。乾燥後,用西花薊馬侵擾葉圓片。
在指定時期之後,測定以%計之死亡率。100%意謂所有薊馬均被殺死,0%意謂無薊馬被殺死。
在此測試中,例如製備實例中之以下化合物1-10、12、16、19-22、25、26、28、29、31、32、34-36、38-40、42、44-46在500 g/ha之濃度下展示80%之活性。
方法M:非洲菊斑潛蠅( Liriomyza trifolii )測試(噴霧施用)
溶劑:78 重量份丙酮1.5 重量份二甲基甲醯胺乳化劑:0.5 重量份烷基芳基聚乙二醇醚
為製備活性化合物之適合製劑,將1重量份活性化合物與所述量之溶劑及乳化劑混合,且用含有乳化劑之水將濃縮物稀釋至所需濃度。
用含有所需濃度之活性成份之測試溶液對受非洲菊斑潛蠅幼蟲侵擾之菜豆葉圓片噴霧。
在指定時期之後,測定以%計之死亡率。100%意謂所有潛葉蠅均被殺死,0%意謂無潛葉蠅被殺死。
在此測試中,例如製備實例中之以下化合物10、15、34在500 g/ha之濃度下展示80%之活性。
雖然已如此詳細描述本發明之各種實施例,但應瞭解由以上段落所定義之本發明並不限於在以上說明中所述之特定細節,因為不悖離本發明之精神或範疇的情況下明顯可對其進行許多修改。
Claims (31)
- 一種式(I)之1-芳基-5-烷基吡唑化合物:
- 如請求項1之化合物,其中:R3 為甲基或乙基;及 R5 及R7 為氫。
- 如請求項1之化合物,其中:R3 為-CH2 F、-CHF2 或CF3 ;及R5 及R7 係氫。
- 如請求項1之化合物,其中:R5 、R7 為氫;R6 為C1 -C4 鹵烷基、C1 -C4 鹵烷氧基或SF5 ;且R11 為CF3 、-CCl2 F或-CF2 Cl。
- 如請求項1之化合物,其中:R1 為氰基;R3 為甲基或乙基;R5 及R7 為氫;R6 為-CF3 、-OCF3 或-SF5 ;及R11 為-CF3 、-CClF2 或-CCl2 F。
- 如請求項1之化合物,其中:R1 為氰基;R3 為-CF3 、-CH2 F或-CHF2 ;R5 與R7 均為氫;R6 為-CF3 、-OCF3 或-SF5 ;及R11 為-CF3 、-CClF2 或-CCl2 F。
- 如請求項1之化合物,其中:R1 為氰基;R3 為甲基或乙基;R5 及R7 為氫; R6 為CF3 ;及R11 為-CF3 、-CClF2 或-CCl2 F。
- 如請求項1之化合物,其中:R1 為氰基;R3 為CF3 、-CH2 F或-CHF2 ;R5 及R7 為氫;R6 為-CF3 ;及R11 為-CF3 、-CClF2 或-CCl2 F。
- 如請求項1之化合物,其中:R1 為-C(S)NH2 ;R5 與R7 均為氫;R6 為-CF3 、-OCF3 或-SF5 ;及R11 為-CF3 、-CClF2 或-CCl2 F。
- 如請求項1之化合物,其中:R1 為氰基;R3 為甲基或乙基;R5 及R7 為氫;R4 為氯;R6 為-CF3 、-OCF3 或-SF5 ;及R13 為氯。
- 如請求項1之化合物,其中:R1 為氰基;R3 為-CF3 、-CH2 F或-CHF2 ;R4 為氟; R5 與R7 均為氫;R6 為-CF3 、-OCF3 或SF5 ;及R13 為氯。
- 如請求項1之化合物,其中:R1 為氰基;R3 為-CF3 、-CH2 F或-CHF2 ;R4 為Cl;R5 與R7 均為氫;R6 為-CF3 ;R11 為-CF3 、-CClF2 或-CCl2 F;R13 為氯或氟;且m 為0或1。
- 一種用於治療動物以防治體外寄生蟲之組合物,其包含如請求項1-12中任一項之化合物及可接受之載劑。
- 如請求項13之組合物,其中該組合物為局部、經皮或皮下調配物。
- 如請求項13之組合物,其中該組合物為微乳液、糊狀物、傾塗調配物、即用調配物、點塗調配物、經口溶液、乳液、可注射溶液、懸浮液或腸調配物。
- 如請求項13之組合物,其進一步包含額外殺蟲活性成份。
- 如請求項16之組合物,其中該額外殺蟲活性成份係選自由以下各物組成之群:芳基吡唑、諾杜裏酸(nodulisporic acid)或其衍生物、巨環內酯、甲脒、擬除 蟲菊酯、昆蟲生長調節劑、苯二磺醯胺化合物、殺條蟲劑、吡啶基甲基衍生物、縮肽、氰氟蟲胺(metaflumazone)及其混合物。
- 一種如請求項13-17中任一項之組合物之用途,其係用於製造用於動物防治體外寄生蟲及/或體內寄生蟲之治療性及/或預防性治療之藥物。
- 如請求項18之用途,其中該治療係防治選自由節肢動物、蜱蟎目動物及其混合物組成之群的體外寄生蟲。
- 如請求項18之用途,其中該體外寄生蟲係選自由蚤、蠅、虱、蟎及蜱組成之群。
- 如請求項18之用途,其中該治療係防治體內寄生蟲。
- 一種殺昆蟲組合物,其包含如請求項1至12中一或多項之式I化合物及可接受之載劑。
- 一種如請求項1至12中任一項之式(I)化合物之用途,其係用於製造用於防治害蟲之組合物。
- 一種用於製備殺蟲組合物之方法,其特徵在於將如請求項1至12中任一項之式(I)化合物與增量劑及/或表面活性物質混合。
- 一種用於農業中、森林中、保護儲存產品或材料中或衛生部門中防治害蟲之非治療方法,其中使如請求項1至12中任一項之式(I)化合物或如請求項22之組合物作用於該等害蟲及/或其環境或作用於植物、植物部分、種子、土壤、區域、材料或空間以清除該等害蟲。
- 一種如請求項1至12中任一項之式(I)化合物或如請求項 22之組合物之用途,其係用於農業中、森林中、保護儲存產品或材料中或衛生部門中防治害蟲。
- 一種如請求項1至12中任一項之式(I)化合物或如請求項22之組合物之用途,其係用於處理轉殖基因植物。
- 一種用於製備式(I)化合物之方法,
- 一種用於製備式(I)化合物之方法,
- 如請求項29之方法,其中步驟(iv)係選自由以下各步驟組成之群:(a)脫羧基步驟;(b)使該式(VIa)之化合物與HNR9 R10 反應;(c)(i)使-CO2 H部分還原為-CH2 OH;(ii)氧化該-CH2 OH基團以形成-CHO;(iii)使該-CHO基團與格林納(Grignard)試劑R8 -Mg-鹵素反應;(iv)使該化合物經歷額外氧化步驟;及(d)(i)使(VIa)之該-CO2 H部分與反應試劑反應以形成相應N -甲氧基-N -甲基醯胺;及(ii)使該N -甲氧基-N -甲基醯胺與格林納試劑R8 -Mg-鹵素或有機鋰試劑R8 -Li反應。
- 一種用於製備式(I)化合物之方法,
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US11/825,050 US7759381B2 (en) | 2006-07-05 | 2007-07-03 | 1-aryl-5-alkyl pyrazole derivative compounds, processes of making and methods of using thereof |
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CN (2) | CN101511795B (zh) |
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US6083519A (en) * | 1996-03-29 | 2000-07-04 | Merial | N-phenylpyrazole-based anti-flea and anti-tick collar for cats and dogs |
US6096329A (en) * | 1996-03-29 | 2000-08-01 | Merial | Insecticidal combination to control mammal fleas, in particular fleas on cats and dogs |
WO1998028277A1 (en) * | 1996-12-24 | 1998-07-02 | Rhone-Poulenc Agrochimie | Pesticidal 1-arylpyrazoles |
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