TWI389881B - 製造醋酸之方法(三) - Google Patents
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- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 60
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 30
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 4
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 238000005810 carbonylation reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Gallium Chemical compound [Ga] GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 59
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M Propionate Chemical compound CCC([O-])=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 14
- KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid trimethyl ester Natural products COC(C)=O KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
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- INQOMBQAUSQDDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodomethane Chemical compound IC INQOMBQAUSQDDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
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- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 2
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- 125000002915 carbonyl group Chemical group [*:2]C([*:1])=O 0.000 description 4
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 3
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- KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N boric acid Chemical compound OB(O)O KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- -1 ruthenium-activated ruthenium Chemical class 0.000 description 3
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- XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphine Chemical compound P XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000007872 degassing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- DWRNSCDYNYYYHT-UHFFFAOYSA-K gallium(iii) iodide Chemical compound I[Ga](I)I DWRNSCDYNYYYHT-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 2
- HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium iodide Chemical compound [Li+].[I-] HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052762 osmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- 150000002923 oximes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- ZVYYAYJIGYODSD-LNTINUHCSA-K (z)-4-bis[[(z)-4-oxopent-2-en-2-yl]oxy]gallanyloxypent-3-en-2-one Chemical compound [Ga+3].C\C([O-])=C\C(C)=O.C\C([O-])=C\C(C)=O.C\C([O-])=C\C(C)=O ZVYYAYJIGYODSD-LNTINUHCSA-K 0.000 description 1
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- 206010036790 Productive cough Diseases 0.000 description 1
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- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001516 alkali metal iodide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000005233 alkylalcohol group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000010953 base metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010923 batch production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth atom Chemical compound [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004566 building material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium atom Chemical compound [Cd] BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VGBWDOLBWVJTRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-K cerium(3+);triacetate Chemical compound [Ce+3].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O VGBWDOLBWVJTRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- XOYLJNJLGBYDTH-UHFFFAOYSA-M chlorogallium Chemical compound [Ga]Cl XOYLJNJLGBYDTH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000004587 chromatography analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- FYWVTSQYJIPZLW-UHFFFAOYSA-K diacetyloxygallanyl acetate Chemical compound [Ga+3].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O FYWVTSQYJIPZLW-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 238000004868 gas analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004817 gas chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005805 hydroxylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004694 iodide salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003456 ion exchange resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003303 ion-exchange polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- HLYTZTFNIRBLNA-LNTINUHCSA-K iridium(3+);(z)-4-oxopent-2-en-2-olate Chemical compound [Ir+3].C\C([O-])=C\C(C)=O.C\C([O-])=C\C(C)=O.C\C([O-])=C\C(C)=O HLYTZTFNIRBLNA-LNTINUHCSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 231100001231 less toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 description 1
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000073 phosphorus hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000024794 sputum Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
- C07C51/10—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by reaction with carbon monoxide
- C07C51/12—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by reaction with carbon monoxide on an oxygen-containing group in organic compounds, e.g. alcohols
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
- B01J23/54—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
- B01J23/56—Platinum group metals
- B01J23/62—Platinum group metals with gallium, indium, thallium, germanium, tin or lead
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
- C07C51/10—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by reaction with carbon monoxide
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
- Y02P20/582—Recycling of unreacted starting or intermediate materials
Description
本發明係有關於一種製造醋酸之方法,且更詳細地係有關於一種藉在經促效銥觸媒存在下使甲醇及/或其反應性衍生物進行羰基化反應而製造醋酸之方法。
該藉在銥觸媒及促進劑,諸如釕,之存在下使甲醇進行羰基化反應而製造醋酸的方法係描述在,例如EP-A-0752406、EP-A-0849248、EP-A-0849249,及EP-A-1002785中。
EP-A-0643034描述在醋酸、銥觸媒、碘甲烷、至少一有限濃度之水、醋酸甲酯及一選自釕及鋨之促進劑的存在下使甲醇及/或其反應性衍生物進行羰基化反應之方法。
EP-A-0749948描述在銥觸媒、鹵烷、水及至少一選自鎘、汞、鋅、鎵、銦及鎢之促進劑、視需要選用之選自釕、鋨及錸的輔促進劑之存在下,使烷基醇,諸如甲醇及/或其反應性衍生物,進行羰基化反應以產生對應羧酸及/或酯之方法。
在使用經釕促效之銥觸媒的羰基化方法中,業經發現該促進劑之濃度愈高,反應之速率愈快。然而,亦業經發現於特定條件下,該觸媒系統會沉澱。
因此仍有需要一種可減輕上述缺點之經銥催化促效的羰基化方法。
本發明可藉使用非釕促效之銥觸媒系統而解決上述技術問題,其中該觸媒系統包含銥、硼及鎵。
因此,本發明提供一種製造醋酸之方法,其係藉在至少一含有液體反應組成物之羥基化反應區內使用一氧化碳羰基化甲醇及/或其反應性衍生物,其中該液體反應組成物包含銥羰基化反應觸媒、碘甲烷輔觸媒、限制濃度之水、醋酸、醋酸甲酯,及作為促進劑之硼與鎵。
現在業經發現藉使用經硼及鎵促效之銥觸媒系統,可避免對於釕促進劑之需求且可維持令人滿意的羰基化反應速率。此外,與經釕促效的觸媒系統比較,用於本發明之該硼/鎵/銥觸媒系統的成本較低。
而且,由於本發明觸媒系統之毒性低於經釕促效的銥觸媒,所以其具有相關之環境效益。
在本發明該方法中,甲醇之合適反應性衍生物包括醋酸甲酯、二甲醚及碘甲烷。甲醇及其反應性衍生物之混合物可作為本發明方法之反應物。需要水作為醚或酯反應物之共反應物。甲醇及/或醋酸甲酯較佳作為反應物。
藉與羧酸產物或溶劑反應,在該液體反應組成物中該甲醇及/或其反應性衍生物之至少一部份可轉化成醋酸甲酯且因此以醋酸甲酯表示。該液體反應組成物中之醋酸甲酯濃度較佳在1至70重量%範圍內,更佳2至50重量%,最佳3至35重量%。
例如藉甲醇反應物與醋酸產物之酯化反應,水可以當
場在該液體反應組成物中形成。水可以與該液體反應組成物之其它組份一起或分別導入該羰基化反應區內。水可以自取自該反應區之液體反應組成物的其它組份分離且可以以受控量再循環以維持該液體反應組成物內之所需水濃度。該液體反應組成物中之水濃度較佳在0.1至20重量%範圍內,更佳1至15重量%,又更佳1至10重量%。
該液體反應組成物中之碘甲烷輔觸媒的濃度較佳在1至20重量%範圍內,更佳2至16重量%。
該液體反應組成物中之銥觸媒可包含可溶於該液體反應組成物中之任何含銥化合物。該銥觸媒可以以可溶於該液體反應組成物或可轉化成可溶形式之任何合適形式添加至該液體反應組成物中。該銥較佳可作為無氯化物之化合物,諸如醋酸鹽,其可溶於一或多種該液體反應組成物組份,例如水及/或醋酸,因此可以以溶液形式添加至該反應中。可添加至該液體反應組成物之合適含銥化合物實例包括IrCl3、IrI3、IrBr3、[Ir(CO)2I]2、[Ir(CO)2Cl]2、[Ir(CO)2Br]2、[Ir(CO)4I2]-H+、[Ir(CO)2Br2]-H+、[Ir(CO)2I2]-H+、[Ir(CH3)I3(CO)2]-H+、Ir4(CO)12、IrCl3.4H2O、IrBr3.4H2O、Ir3(CO)12、銥金屬、Ir2O3、IrO2、Ir(acac)(CO)2、Ir(acac)3、醋酸銥、[Ir3O(OAc)6(H2O)3][OAc],及六氯銥酸H2[IrCl6],較佳為銥之無氯化物錯合物,諸如醋酸鹽、草酸鹽及乙醯醋酸鹽。
該液體反應組成物中之銥觸媒濃度較佳在100至6000 ppm重量份銥之範圍內。
該液體反應組成物可另外包含硼及鎵促進劑。該等促進劑可以以可溶於該液體反應組成物或可轉化成可溶形式之任何形式添加至該液體反應組成物以進行羰基化反應。
可使用之合適的含鎵化合物實例包括乙醯丙酮鎵、醋酸鎵、GaCl3、GaBr3、GaI3、Ga2Cl4及Ga(OH)3。
可使用之合適的含硼化合物實例包括硼酸、BCl3及BI3。
各促進劑較佳以高至其可溶於該液體反應組成物及/或自醋酸回收階段再循環至該羰基反應器之任何液態製程物料流中的極限之有效量存在。各促進劑最好以[大於0至15]:1之促進劑對銥的莫耳比,諸如在[1至10]:1之範圍內,存在於該液體反應組成物中。各促進劑最好以小於8000 ppm之濃度存在於該液體反應組成物中。
該銥:硼:鎵之莫耳比最好可以在1:[大於0至15]:[大於0至15]之範圍內,諸如1:[1至10]:[1至10]。
該等含銥、硼及鎵之化合物較佳不含能當場提供或產生可抑制該反應之離子碘化物的雜質,例如鹼或鹼土金屬或其它金屬鹽。
應該使該液體反應組成物中之離子污染物,例如(a)腐蝕金屬,特別為鎳、鐵及鉻,及(b)可當場季鹼化之膦或含氮之化合物或配位體,一直保持最低量,因為這等污染物會藉在該液體反應組成物中產生對反應速率有不利影響之I-而對該反應產生不利影響。一些腐蝕金屬污染物,諸如鉬,業經發現最不容易產生I-。可藉使用合適的抗蝕性營
建材料而使對反應速率有不利影響之腐蝕金屬的使用量減至最少。同樣,應該使,諸如鹼金屬碘化物(例如碘化鋰)之污染物一直保持最低量。可藉使用合適離子交換樹脂床以處理該反應組成物或較佳使用觸媒再循環物料流而減少腐蝕金屬及其它離子雜質。較佳將離子污染物控制在其可在該液體反應組成物中產生500 ppm I-,較佳小於250 ppm I-之濃度以下。
用於羰基化反應之該一氧化碳可基本上是純化或可含有惰性雜質,諸如二氧化碳、甲烷、氮、惰性氣體、水及C1至C4石蠟烴。較佳將存於一氧化碳中且藉水煤氣轉移反應而當場產生之氫保持低含量,例如小於1巴分壓,因為其存在會導致氫化產物之形成。該一氧化碳之分壓適合在1至70巴之範圍內,較佳1至35巴且更佳1至15巴。
該羰基化反應之總壓力適合在1.0至20.0 Mpag(10至200 barg)之範圍內,較佳1.0至10.0 Mpag(10至100 barg),更佳1.5至5.0 Mpag(15至50 barg)。該羰基化反應溫度較佳在150至220℃之範圍內。
本發明該方法可以以分批或連續方法進行,較佳以連續方法進行。
可以自羰基反應區移除該醋酸產物,其係藉取出液體反應組成物並藉一或多項驟沸及/或分餾階段而使該醋酸產物與該液體反應組成物之其它組份(諸如銥觸媒、硼及鎵促進劑、碘甲烷、水及可再循環至該羰基反應區以維持彼等在該液體反應組成物中之濃度的未消耗反應物)分離。
本發明該方法可以在單一反應區內進行或可以在2或多反應區內進行。若使用2或多反應區,各反應區內之該液體反應組成物及反應條件可相同或不同。
本發明現在可僅參考以下實例而藉實例闡明。
所有實驗係在配備攪拌器及液體注射設備之300立方厘米鋯熱壓器內進行。在氮下以最低30 barg進行該熱壓器之壓力測試,然後以至高3 barg之一氧化碳沖洗3次。將由醋酸甲酯、醋酸、碘甲烷、水及促進劑組成之進料放在該熱壓器內並將少量一氧化碳放在該加料上面。將過壓之一氧化碳裝入鎮流容器內。
在攪拌(1500 rpm)下將該熱壓器加熱至190℃。以醋酸銥溶液(約5%銥、26%水、62.7%醋酸)及醋酸起動該觸媒注射系統並經一氧化碳注射以使該熱壓器壓力達28barg。
藉自該鎮流容器之一氧化碳壓力的下降而監測反應速率。在該反應從頭至尾於190℃恆溫及28 barg壓力下維持該熱壓器。已停止自該鎮流容器吸收一氧化碳後,使該熱壓器自氣體供應源隔離並冷卻。冷卻後,取出氣體分析試樣並排放熱壓器。卸載該等液體組份並藉已知之確定氣體層析法而分析其液體副產物。藉整合相對於內標準之該等組份尖峰而定量經檢測組份並以每百萬份(ppm)重量比表示。各羰基比實驗中所獲得之主要產物為醋酸。
使用反應操件中於特定時間下之氣體吸收速率以計算
羰基化反應速率,亦即於一特定反應器組成物(以冷除氣體積為基準計之總反應器組成物)下以每小時每升冷除氣反應器組成物所消耗之反應物莫耳數(mol/l/h)表示。
在自該起始組成物進行反應之過程中計算該醋酸甲酯之濃度,其假定每消耗一莫耳一氧化碳可消耗一莫耳醋酸甲酯。並不考慮該熱壓機之上部空間的有機組份。使用測定該冷上部空間氣體之習知氣體層析法以進行該等氣體副產物之分析,且就甲烷及CO2而言,分別根據醋酸甲酯及CO之消耗量,以選擇率%表示分析結果。
使用已裝填醋酸銥溶液及醋酸釕溶液(5%釕、18%水及72%醋酸)之熱壓器進行基線實驗。該熱壓器內該等組份之裝填量係示於下表1中。於含有12%醋酸甲酯之經計算反應組成物下,該反應速率係示於表2中。
除了該熱壓器係裝填碘化鎵溶液以取代釕溶液不同外,重複實驗A。該熱壓器內各該組份之裝填量係示於表1中且實驗之結果示於表2中。
除了該熱壓器係裝填硼酸溶液以取代釕溶液不同外,重複實驗A。該熱壓器內各該組份之裝填量係示於表1中且實驗之結果示於表2中。
除了該熱壓器係裝填硼酸及碘化鎵溶液以取代釕溶液不同外,重複實例A。該熱壓器內各該組份之裝填量係示於表1中且實驗之結果示於表2中。
表2中之該等結果顯示硼及鎵之組合可促進經銥催化之甲醇羰基化方法且對羰基化反應速率無顯著損害。
Claims (15)
- 一種製造醋酸之方法,其係藉由在至少一含有液體反應組成物之羰基化反應區內使用一氧化碳羰基化甲醇及/或其反應性衍生物,該液體反應組成物包含銥羰基化反應觸媒、碘甲烷輔觸媒、有限濃度之水、醋酸、醋酸甲酯及作為促進劑之硼與鎵。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之方法,其中該硼促進劑及鎵促進劑各以[大於0至15]:1之促進劑對銥的莫耳比存在於該液體反應組成物中。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之方法,其中該銥:硼:鎵之莫耳比在1:[1至10]:[1至10]之範圍內。
- 如申請專利範圍第1至3項中任一項之方法,其中該液體反應組成物中之各促進劑濃度小於8000 ppm。
- 如申請專利範圍第1至3項中任一項之方法,其中該液體反應組成物中之銥濃度在100至6000 ppm之範圍內。
- 如申請專利範圍第1至3項中任一項之方法,其中該水係以0.1至20重量%範圍內之濃度存在於該液體反應組成物內。
- 如申請專利範圍第6項之方法,其中該水濃度在1至15重量%之範圍內。
- 如申請專利範圍第7項之方法,其中該水濃度在1至10重量%之範圍內。
- 如申請專利範圍第1至3項中任一項之方法,其中該醋酸甲酯係以1至70重量%範圍內之濃度存在於該液體反應 組成物內。
- 如申請專利範圍第1至3項中任一項之方法,其中該碘甲烷係以1至20重量%範圍內之濃度存在於該液體反應組成物內。
- 如申請專利範圍第1至3項中任一項之方法,其中該羰基化反應係於1至20 Mpag範圍內之總壓力下進行。
- 如申請專利範圍第1至3項中任一項之方法,其中該羰基化反應係於150至220℃範圍內之溫度下進行。
- 如申請專利範圍第1至3項中任一項之方法,其中該羰基化反應係在單一羰基化反應區內進行。
- 如申請專利範圍第1至3項中任一項之方法,其中該羰基化反應係在至少兩個羰基化反應區內進行。
- 如申請專利範圍第1至3項中任一項之方法,其中該方法係以連續方法進行。
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