TWI386616B - 用於冷卻系統中化學控制之改良方法 - Google Patents
用於冷卻系統中化學控制之改良方法 Download PDFInfo
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- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 title claims description 43
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 14
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 105
- 239000000498 cooling water Substances 0.000 claims description 82
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000001139 pH measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000003134 recirculating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000011010 flushing procedure Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 7
- 230000000153 supplemental effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- -1 Ca ++ and Mg ++ Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005341 cation exchange Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003795 desorption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011022 operating instruction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005554 pickling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013022 venting Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/008—Control or steering systems not provided for elsewhere in subclass C02F
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/42—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by ion-exchange
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
- F24F13/00—Details common to, or for air-conditioning, air-humidification, ventilation or use of air currents for screening
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28C—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT WITHOUT CHEMICAL INTERACTION
- F28C1/00—Direct-contact trickle coolers, e.g. cooling towers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/42—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by ion-exchange
- C02F2001/425—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by ion-exchange using cation exchangers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
- C02F2103/02—Non-contaminated water, e.g. for industrial water supply
- C02F2103/023—Water in cooling circuits
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2209/00—Controlling or monitoring parameters in water treatment
- C02F2209/005—Processes using a programmable logic controller [PLC]
- C02F2209/008—Processes using a programmable logic controller [PLC] comprising telecommunication features, e.g. modems or antennas
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2209/00—Controlling or monitoring parameters in water treatment
- C02F2209/05—Conductivity or salinity
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2209/00—Controlling or monitoring parameters in water treatment
- C02F2209/06—Controlling or monitoring parameters in water treatment pH
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2209/00—Controlling or monitoring parameters in water treatment
- C02F2209/42—Liquid level
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B30/00—Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]
- Y02B30/70—Efficient control or regulation technologies, e.g. for control of refrigerant flow, motor or heating
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Treatment Of Water By Ion Exchange (AREA)
- Control Of Non-Electrical Variables (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Water, Waste Water Or Sewage (AREA)
- Treating Waste Gases (AREA)
- Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
Description
本發明係有關於冷卻系統的領域。本發明具體而言係有關於一種冷卻系統,其中敘述了一種用於控制冷卻水塔的方法。
冷卻水塔系統在操作期間受制於應力。冷卻水塔系統中兩種應力為礦物水垢的增長以及冷卻水系統中的pH值變化。具體而言,當冷卻系統中的水因為蒸發而將熱散逸出去時,剩餘水中的礦物水垢成分變得濃度更高,而導致礦物水垢沉積在冷卻水塔系統的內部,進而產生操作上的問題。另外一個問題,就是二氧化碳的脫附,會導致pH值的增加。
通常會使用一種電導計來監控冷卻水塔系統中礦物水垢增長的趨勢。當冷卻水塔系統循環時,諸如Ca++
和Mg++
之離子濃度會增加。為了對抗這些應力,冷卻水塔系統被沖放(blown down)並將補充水添加回該系統之中。
冷卻水塔系統中,水的pH值通常是由注入強酸來加以控制,如此降低對於pH值很敏感的礦物水垢飽和的程度。雖然添加強酸很便宜且容易,但是這種方法具有許多缺點,包括以下:(1)控制器的故障會導致酸的過量,而產生酸性水,這樣會使得該系統遭受到嚴重的腐蝕受損;(2)添加強酸會導致酸中的相對離子增加,如此會形成其他形式的水垢,並且產生腐蝕;(3)操作pH值控
制系統需要管理強酸,諸如危險的礦酸;以及(4)同樣會形成水垢的陽離子,諸如Ca++
和Mg++
,沒有從該系統中移除。
因此,我們需要一種有效控制冷卻系統的協定來處理pH值和礦物水垢增長。
本發明提供一種用於控制冷卻水塔的方法,其包括:(a)提供一種冷卻水塔系統,其包括重覆循環之蒸發冷卻水流、補充水的來源、蒸發冷卻元件、熱交換器、洩放線路、以及與該洩放線路相通之洩放閥;(b)提供複數個導管,讓該補充水透過該導管流進該蒸發冷卻水流之中,其中至少有一個包含了弱酸陽離子離子交換管柱之第一導管,以及不包含弱酸離子交換管柱之第二導管,而其中每一個導管均具有至少一個導管閥;(c)在該冷卻水塔系統中,選擇pH值和導電性設定值、以及在該設定值以上和以下的不感帶值(deadband value);(d)利用一個或多個pH計來量測該蒸發冷卻水流的pH值,以及利用一個或多個電導計來量測該蒸發冷卻水流的導電性;(e)執行對該導電性量測與pH值量測的反應:(i)如果該導電性為C1而pH值為P1,則該洩放閥為開啟而水從該冷卻水塔被沖放,直到該蒸發冷卻水流到達一個第一預先決定之水位,並且將補充水透過該第一導管添加至該蒸發冷卻水流中,直到該蒸發冷卻水流達到一個第二預先決定之水位;
或者是(ii)如果該導電性為C1而pH值為P2,則該洩放閥為開啟而水從該冷卻水塔被沖放,直到該蒸發冷卻水流到達一個第一預先決定之水位,並且將補充水透過該第二導管添加至該蒸發冷卻水流中,直到該蒸發冷卻水流達到一個第二預先決定之水位;或者是(iii)如果該導電性為C1而pH值為P3,則該洩放閥為開啟而水從該冷卻水塔被沖放,直到該蒸發冷卻水流到達一個第一預先決定之水位,並且將補充水透過該第二導管添加至該蒸發冷卻水流中,直到該蒸發冷卻水流達到一個第二預先決定之水位;或者是(iv)如果該導電性為C2而pH值為P1,則當該導電性從C1降下來時洩放閥為開啟,而水從該冷卻水塔被沖放,直到該蒸發冷卻水流達到一個第一預先決定之水位,並且將補充水透過該第一導管添加至該蒸發冷卻水流中,直到該蒸發冷卻水流達到一個第二預先決定之水位;或者是(v)如果該導電性為C2而pH值為P2,則當該導電性從C1降下來時洩放閥為開啟,而水從該冷卻水塔被沖放,直到該蒸發冷卻水流達到一個第一預先決定之水位,並且將補充水透過該第二導管添加至該蒸發冷卻水流中,直到該蒸發冷卻水流達到一個第二預先決定之水位;或者是(vi)如果該導電性為C2而pH值為P3,則當該導電性從C1降下來時洩放閥為開啟,而水從該冷卻水塔被沖放,直到該蒸發冷卻水流達到一個第一預先決定之水位,並且將補充水透過該第二導管添加至該蒸發冷卻水流中,直到該蒸發冷卻水流達到一個第二預先決定之水位;
或者是(vii)如果該導電性為C3而pH值為P1,則該洩放閥為開啟,而水從該冷卻水塔被沖放,直到該蒸發冷卻水流達到一個第一預先決定之水位,並且將補充水透過該第一導管添加至該蒸發冷卻水流中,直到該蒸發冷卻水流達到一個第二預先決定之水位;(viii)如果該導電性為C3而pH值為P2,則該洩放閥為關閉;或者是(ix)如果該導電性為C3而pH值為P3,則該洩放閥為關閉。
定義:
C1係為當導電性大於設定值與不感帶值之總合時的導電性值。
C2係為當導電性小於設定值與不感帶值之總合並且大於該設定值減不感帶值時的導電性值。
C3係為當導電性小於設定值減不感帶值的導電性值。
P1係為當pH值大於設定值與不感帶值之總合時的pH值。
P2係為當pH值小於設定值與不感帶值之總合的pH值並且大於該設定值減不感帶值時的pH值。
P3係為當pH值小於設定值減不感帶值的pH值。
每一種冷卻水塔系統的最理想操作條件都不同。更具體的說,冷卻水塔之最理想的pH值和導電性範圍係取決
於冷卻水塔系統的種類以及該冷卻水塔系統的用途。本發明之方法需要選擇pH值和導電性之設定值和不感帶值,以使得該冷卻水塔系統可以盡可能地有效且實際運作。
可以各種不同的方式,調整一個或多個pH計和電導計的關係,來量測這些在冷卻水塔系統中的參數,這對於所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者而言為習知的。舉例而言,可以從該系統中取出側流,並且可以利用一種流量槽來量測pH值和導電性。
本發明係使用一種弱酸陽離子離子交換管柱,來控制pH值以及水垢形成。對於所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者而言,有各種不同種類的弱酸陽離子離子交換管柱可以運用在本發明中。在一個具體態樣中,包含弱酸陽離子交換管柱之第一導管,可以吸收Ca++
和Mg++
。可以依照需求來再生或取代該離子交換管柱。
已經建立起一組操作指南來處理冷卻水塔系統中之系統pH值和導電性的變化。這組操作指南包括了以下的參數:(i)如果該導電性為C1而pH值為P1,則該洩放閥為開啟而水從該冷卻水塔被沖放,直到該蒸發冷卻水流到達一個第一預先決定之水位,並且將補充水透過該第一導管添加至該蒸發冷卻水流中,直到該蒸發冷卻水流達到一個第二預先決定之水位;或者是(ii)如果該導電性為C1而pH值為P2,則該洩放閥為開啟而水從該冷卻水塔被沖放,直到該蒸發冷卻水流到達
一個第一預先決定之水位,並且將補充水透過該第二導管添加至該蒸發冷卻水流中,直到該蒸發冷卻水流達到一個第二預先決定之水位;或者是(iii)如果該導電性為C1而pH值為P3,則該洩放閥為開啟而水從該冷卻水塔被沖放,直到該蒸發冷卻水流到達一個第一預先決定之水位,並且將補充水透過該第二導管添加至該蒸發冷卻水流中,直到該蒸發冷卻水流達到一個第二預先決定之水位;或者是(iv)如果該導電性為C2而pH值為P1,則當該導電性從C1降下來時洩放閥為開啟,而水從該冷卻水塔被沖放,直到該蒸發冷卻水流達到一個第一預先決定之水位,並且將補充水透過該第一導管添加至該蒸發冷卻水流中,直到該蒸發冷卻水流達到一個第二預先決定之水位;或者是(v)如果該導電性為C2而pH值為P2,則當該導電性從C1降下來時洩放閥為開啟,而水從該冷卻水塔被沖放,直到該蒸發冷卻水流達到一個第一預先決定之水位,並且將補充水透過該第二導管添加至該蒸發冷卻水流中,直到該蒸發冷卻水流達到一個第二預先決定之水位;或者是(vi)如果該導電性為C2而pH值為P3,則當該導電性從C1降下來時洩放閥為開啟,而水從該冷卻水塔被沖放,直到該蒸發冷卻水流達到一個第一預先決定之水位,並且將補充水透過該第二導管添加至該蒸發冷卻水流中,直到該蒸發冷卻水流達到一個第二預先決定之水位;或者是(vii)如果該導電性為C3而pH值為P1,則該洩放閥為
開啟,而水從該冷卻水塔被沖放,直到該蒸發冷卻水流達到一個第一預先決定之水位,並且將補充水透過該第一導管添加至該蒸發冷卻水流中,直到該蒸發冷卻水流達到一個第二預先決定之水位;(viii)如果該導電性為C3而pH值為P2,則該洩放閥為關閉;或者是(ix)如果該導電性為C3而pH值為P3,則該洩放閥為關閉。
當發生沖放時,該洩放閥為開啟,且水從該蒸發冷卻水流釋放出來,直到蒸發冷卻水流中的水位達到某種程度,即第一預先決定之水位。此機制可以利用一種浮閥來加以控制。
在水從該系統中被沖放之後,則需要將補充水添加回該蒸發冷卻水流之中。補充水透過一個或多個導管進入至冷卻水塔系統之中。至少一個導管包含了弱酸陽離子離子交換管柱,且至少一個導管不包含。關於配管系統,可以將複數個導管的方位排成一系列的方式,這對於所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者而言為習知的。將閥連接在這些導管上,使得可以透過適當的導管來控制水的通過。可以在這些閥上連接一個螺線管,使得該系統可以根據冷卻水塔系統操作指南加以致動。
為了要讓監控過程自動化或者是讓方法變成線上製程,使用了一種控制器。在一個具體態樣中,將一個或多個控制器與一個或多個pH計和電導計相連通,其中該控
制器係經程式化來執行對該pH值量測和導電性量測的反應。於更進一步之具體態樣中,將該控制器與複數個導管相連接。於另一個具體態樣中,將該控制器與該第一導管及/或第二導管相連接。
可以將一個或多個螺線管與一個或多個複數導管相連接,並且將該控制器與該螺線管相連接。舉例而言,可以將一個訊號傳送到一個或多個螺線管中,強迫補充水透過該弱酸洗劑離子交換管柱進入至蒸發冷卻水系統之中。
該控制器可以是以網路為基礎的,如此可以由遠端觀看數據及/或由遠端來改變控制邏輯。
Claims (7)
- 一種用於控制冷卻水塔的方法,其包括:a.提供一種冷卻水塔系統,其包括重覆循環之蒸發冷卻水流、補充水的來源、蒸發冷卻元件、熱交換器、洩放線路、以及與該洩放線路相通之洩放閥;b.提供複數個導管,讓該補充水透過該導管流進該蒸發冷卻水流之中,其中至少有一個包含了弱酸陽離子離子交換管柱之第一導管以及不包含弱酸離子交換管柱之第二導管,且其中每一個導管均具有至少一個導管閥;c.在該冷卻水塔系統中,選擇pH值和導電性設定值,以及在該設定值以上和以下的不感帶值(deadband value);d.利用一個或多個pH計來量測該蒸發冷卻水流的pH值,以及利用一個或多個電導計來量測該蒸發冷卻水流的導電性;e.執行下列對該導電性量測與pH值量測的反應:(i)如果該導電性為C1而pH值為P1,則該洩放閥為開啟而水從該冷卻水塔被沖放,直到該蒸發冷卻水流到達一個第一預先決定之水位,並且將補充水透過該第一導管添加至該蒸發冷卻水流中,直到該蒸發冷卻水流達到一個第二預先決定之水位;或者是(ii)如果該導電性為C1而pH值為P2,則該洩放閥為開啟而水從該冷卻水塔被沖放,直到該蒸發冷卻水流到達一個第一預先決定之水位,並且將補充水透過該第二導管添加至該蒸發冷卻水流中,直到該蒸發冷卻水流達到一 個第二預先決定之水位;或者是(iii)如果該導電性為C1而pH值為P3,則該洩放閥為開啟而水從該冷卻水塔被沖放,直到該蒸發冷卻水流到達一個第一預先決定之水位,並且將補充水透過該第二導管添加至該蒸發冷卻水流中,直到該蒸發冷卻水流達到一個第二預先決定之水位;或者是(iv)如果該導電性為C2而pH值為P1,則當該導電性從C1降下來時洩放閥為開啟,而水從該冷卻水塔被沖放,直到該蒸發冷卻水流達到一個第一預先決定之水位,並且將補充水透過該第一導管添加至該蒸發冷卻水流中,直到該蒸發冷卻水流達到一個第二預先決定之水位;或者是(v)如果該導電性為C2而pH值為P2,則當該導電性從C1降下來時洩放閥為開啟,而水從該冷卻水塔被沖放,直到該蒸發冷卻水流達到一個第一預先決定之水位,並且將補充水透過該第二導管添加至該蒸發冷卻水流中,直到該蒸發冷卻水流達到一個第二預先決定之水位;或者是(vi)如果該導電性為C2而pH值為P3,則當該導電性從C1降下來時洩放閥為開啟,而水從該冷卻水塔被沖放,直到該蒸發冷卻水流達到一個第一預先決定之水位,並且將補充水透過該第二導管添加至該蒸發冷卻水流中,直到該蒸發冷卻水流達到一個第二預先決定之水位;或者是 (vii)如果該導電性為C3而pH值為P1,則該洩放閥為開啟而水從該冷卻水塔被沖放,直到該蒸發冷卻水流達到一個第一預先決定之水位,並且將補充水透過該第一導管添加至該蒸發冷卻水流中,直到該蒸發冷卻水流達到一個第二預先決定之水位;(viii)如果該導電性為C3而pH值為P2,則該洩放閥為關閉;或者是(ix)如果該導電性為C3而pH值為P3,則該洩放閥為關閉。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1項之方法,其進一步包括一個或多個控制器,該控制器係與該pH計和該電導計互相連通,其中該控制器係經程式化來執行對pH值量測與導電性量測的反應。
- 根據申請專利範圍第2項之方法,其中該控制器為以網路為基礎的。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1項之方法,其中該第一導管能夠吸收Ca++ 和Mg++ 。
- 根據申請專利範圍第2項之方法,其中該第一導管具有一個連接於其上的第一閥,而該第二導管具有一個連接於其上的第二閥。
- 根據申請專利範圍第5項之方法,其中該第一閥及/或該第二閥具有一個接收來自該控制器之輸入並且根據該程式化控制器執行反應的螺線管。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1項之方法,其中該第一預先 決定之水位與該第二預先決定之水位係藉由浮閥加以控制。
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ZA200903037B (en) | 2010-03-31 |
EP2081873B1 (en) | 2012-06-13 |
NZ577228A (en) | 2011-01-28 |
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AU2007317560B2 (en) | 2012-02-02 |
CA2668093A1 (en) | 2008-05-15 |
RU2451640C2 (ru) | 2012-05-27 |
KR20090091736A (ko) | 2009-08-28 |
CN101528610A (zh) | 2009-09-09 |
CA2668093C (en) | 2014-07-08 |
WO2008057801A3 (en) | 2009-04-09 |
NO20091770L (no) | 2009-05-05 |
EP2081873A2 (en) | 2009-07-29 |
BRPI0716363A2 (pt) | 2014-08-05 |
AU2007317560A1 (en) | 2008-05-15 |
WO2008057801A2 (en) | 2008-05-15 |
RU2009116794A (ru) | 2010-12-10 |
TW200848681A (en) | 2008-12-16 |
CN101528610B (zh) | 2012-07-04 |
ES2389315T3 (es) | 2012-10-25 |
US20080105621A1 (en) | 2008-05-08 |
EP2081873A4 (en) | 2011-02-02 |
US7632412B2 (en) | 2009-12-15 |
MX2009004744A (es) | 2009-05-21 |
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