TWI285549B - Therapeutic combinations of fatty acids - Google Patents
Therapeutic combinations of fatty acids Download PDFInfo
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- TWI285549B TWI285549B TW090116201A TW90116201A TWI285549B TW I285549 B TWI285549 B TW I285549B TW 090116201 A TW090116201 A TW 090116201A TW 90116201 A TW90116201 A TW 90116201A TW I285549 B TWI285549 B TW I285549B
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Classifications
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- A61K31/202—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having a carboxyl group bound to a chain of seven or more carbon atoms, e.g. stearic, palmitic, arachidic acids having three or more double bonds, e.g. linolenic
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Description
1285549 A7 Γ-—_____ B7 五、發明説明(彳) 在人類中有兩系列必需脂肪酸(EFas)。其之所以稱爲 ··必需’’乃因爲他們無法在哺乳類體内被重新合成。其代謝 途徑列於圖1中。這些脂肪酸可以在單一系列中相互轉換, 但ω -6 (η·6)系列無法轉換成ω ·3 (n-3)系列,且ω -3 (n-3) 系列亦無法轉換成ω _6 (n_6)系列。膳食中主要的以八3有 ω -6系列的亞麻油酸及ω -3系列的以-次亞麻油酸。然而, 爲了充分發揮其大部分的生物活性,這些”親代”EFAs必須 被代謝成圖1中其他的脂肪酸。每一種脂肪酸可能在體内擔 負著特殊的角色。n-6系列中特別重要者有二同·r _次亞麻 油酸(DGLA,20 : 3n-6)及二十碳四晞酸(AA,20 : 4n_6), n-3系列中特別重要者有二十碳五晞酸(epa,2〇 ·· 5n-3)及 二十二碳六缔酸(22 : 6n-3)。本專利説明書特別著重於aa 與EPA的組合。 AA是所有細胞膜的重要組成之一,尤其是神經細胞的細 胞膜。i疋沣多訊息傳導系統的重要成分,可藉由許多不 同形式的細胞刺激來活化之。AA通常是以磷脂質的形式存 在於細胞中。細胞的活化可形成活化態的磷脂酶,並以游 離的形式釋出AA。該游離酸本身即具有下列的作用,如 直接調節蛋白質激酶與其他酵素的作用、調節舞與其他離 子的作用、活化受體如過氧化體增殖活化受體(ppARs)、及 調節基因功能等。再者,AA可被轉換成許多更具活性的行 生物,一般稱之爲eicosanoids。其包括了前列腺素、丁 leukotrienes、凝血黃素、不同形式的羥酸、UpMin、s、 heP〇xlins以及許多其他的化合物。這些物質通常參與了發 -4-
1285549 A7 B7 五、發明説明(2 ) 炎與凝血反應,且其完全謗發的效應通常被視爲有害的。 此種傷害肇因於靜脈内的A A通常具有的凝血效果而具致 死性,此外由於類固醇具有抗發炎效果而被廣泛的使用, 其具有阻斷A A因磷脂酶的作用而釋出的效果。再者,環氧 合酶抑制劑系列的藥品(包括阿司匹靈及許多其他已知的 化合物,具有抗凝血及抗發炎效果)會抑制AA轉換成前列 腺素及凝血黃素。 AA具有潛在毒性的概念業已建立。該領域中最優秀的組 織一脂肪酸與脂質研究國際協會(ISSFAL)與美國國家衛生 研究院於1 999年組織了一場研討會。研討會的主題乃針對 人類對必須脂肪酸的使用提出建議。與會者一本領域的領 導者一皆毫無疑問地同意AA所具有的傷害效應,並共同在 其最後的聲明中再強調之(AP Simopoulos et al·,Essentiality of and recommended dietary intakes for omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids,Nutrition and Metabolism 1999 ; 43 : 127-130) 。本研討會的ISSFAL時事通訊中聲明:n在眾多的討論之 後,與會者對降低膳食中ω -6多元不飽和脂肪酸(PUF As) 的重要性已達成共識,即使成人及新生兒膳食中的ω -3多 元不飽和脂肪酸含量必須增加以獲致最佳的腦部及心血管 功能。這是降低ΑΑ及其eicosanoid產品產生反效果所必須 的。,, 相對於對AA毒性的一般性觀點,ISSFAL及NIH的專家們-致力於推動n-3 EFAs的價値,特別是對人類健康有益的 EPA及DHA。此看法乃建立於EPA及DHA可置換存在於細胞 -5- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210X297公釐) 1285549 A7 B7 五、發明説明(3 ) 膜磷脂質中的AA,並降低從亞麻油酸合成的AA量。一般 認爲因EPA和/或DHA所降低的AA量對人類的健康具有廣 泛的好處。 本發明的出現乃肇因於發明者最近出乎意外的發現,其 認爲上述的觀點可能是錯誤的。相對於一般專家的看法, 目前已發現AA的需求性遠高於其不適用性,且AA與EP A的 並用將更具功效。本發明即提供此組合療法。 本發明提供一種醫藥調配物,係含有二十碳五晞酸或任 何適當的衍生物(在下文中皆指EPA的衍生物)及二十碳四 晞酸(AA),如下述申請專利範圍中所陳述者。可以一種或 多種AA的先質(DGLA或GLA)來取代AA。EPA與AA的比例 最好介於1 : 1與20 : 1間。 , EPA的使用劑量最好介於100毫克與10,000毫克/天間。該 配方可以爲含有100-10,000毫克£?八的單一製備物。或者其 上限可爲5,000毫克EPA。本發明的配方以含有1-4公克EPA 及0.1-2.0公克二十碳四晞酸(AA)較爲理想。含有1.5-3公克 EPA及0.2-1公克AA更爲理想。 該配方可以爲一種給予一劑上述攝取量或便利之分離劑 量的單一每日劑量製備物,譬如由四份軟明膠或其他膠囊 所構成之每曰劑量,每一劑含有適當形式500毫克的EPA及 150毫克的AA。 本發明第一個著眼在於藉由結合生物同化型EP A(其中-至少須含純度50%的EPA,至少含純度90%的EP A較爲理想) 及任何生物同化型二十碳四晞酸(AA)來製備組成物。起始 -6- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210X 297公釐) 1285549 A7 ___ B7 五、發明説明(4 ) 原料中必須含有足量的EPA。可以相同的方法來供應aA, 其中至少須含純度30%的EPA,至少含純度90%的ep A較爲 理想。 本發明配方之活性配料以必須含有完整之Ep A及aA或 AA先質較爲理想。在此狀況下,無明顯存在其他的EFAs 〇 可加入調味料或乳化劑增加製備物的可口性。亦可添加 其他傳統的添加物、填料及賦形藥。用來食入的製備物可 以爲膠囊、粉末、錠劑、油脂、乳化液或其他適當的形式 。膠囊可以爲硬質或軟質膠囊、洋菜膠囊、或其他適當的 膠囊。 · EPA最好是由純度50%或更純的三酸甘油酯或乙酯所組 成’純度高於9 0 %更爲理想。其他形式可能有用的脂肪酸 包括游離酸、鹽類、任何形式的g旨類、醯胺、單-、二-或 二故甘油S旨、嶙脂質或其他任何形式能夠將Epa送入身體 組織内者。於本發明中使用磷脂質時,應特別排除含有不 同脂肪酸的磷脂質,亦即同時含有EPA及AA(或AA先質)者 。然而,我們可在本發明配方中組合使用分別含有EP A的 嶙脂質與含有AA或AA先質的嶙脂質。 本發明的配方可以用來治療廣泛的疾病及症狀,包括: 精神病學的、神經學的或其他中樞或周圍神經系統的疾 病一特別是精神分裂症、抑鬱症、兩極症及腦部的變性疾 病包括阿茲罕默症及其他癡呆症及帕金森氏症; . 氣喘病及其他的呼吸道疾病; 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210X 297公釐) 1285549
發明説明(5 腸月返疾病包括發炎性腸道疾病及過敏性腸道疾病; 影響任何系統的發炎疾病; 心血管疾病; dyslipidaemia、任何型式的糖尿病或代謝疾病; 皮膚疾病; 腎臟或尿道疾病; 肝臟疾病; 男性或女性生殖器官的疾病,如胸腺或前列腺; 癌症或癌症惡病質; 頭部與頸部疾病、包括口腔與牙齒、眼睛或耳朵的疾病; 病毒、細菌、眞菌、原生動物或其他微生物的感染。 他們亦可當作一般的營養補充物來使用。 本發明進一步提供一種治療或避免前述疾病的方法,特 別疋對神經及精神病學症狀,特別是精神分裂症、抑鬱症 、兩極症及腦部的變性疾病包括阿茲罕默-症及其他癡呆症 及帕金森氏症。舉例來說,治療或避免的方法爲組合使用 EPA及AA ’其中EPA在食物療法中使用的劑量介於1〇〇毫克 與10,000¾克/天間,EPA對A A的比例介於1 : 1與2 0 ·· 1間 。可以使用AA的先質(選自DGLA及GLA)來取代AA。EPA 對AA(或其先質)的比例以介於1 : 1與5 ·· 1間較爲理想。 本發明再進一步提供一種治療或避免任何疾病的方法, 這些疾病包括: 氣喘病及其他的啤吸道疾病; 腸胃道疾病包括發炎性腸道疾病及過敏性腸道疾病; 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CMS) A4規格(210X297公爱) 1285549
1285549 A7 _B7 1、發明説明(7"")~— 可爲5,000毫克/天的脂肪酸。特別理想的含量爲含有1-4公 克EPA/天以及0.1-2.0公克二十碳四晞酸/天,或其中一種衍 生物如GLA或DGLA較爲理想。另一更爲理想的組成物含有 1.5-3公克EPA及0.2_1公克AA。舉例來説,本發明再提供一 種一天一劑的配方,其含有1.5-3公克EPA及0.1-2.0公克二 十碳四婦酸或其中一種衍生物。 EPA對ω -6脂肪酸的比例非常重要,因爲太多的EPA可能 會使ΑΑ自細胞膜上流失,而太多的ΑΑ可能會導致反效果 ,因爲會有過多的ΑΑ轉換成eicosanoid。因此.,ΕΡΑ對ΑΑ 或DGLA或GLA的比例應不低於1 : 1,並應介於20 ·· 1及1 :1間,介於5 : 1及1 : 1間更爲理想。這些組合將確保EPA 的效果能予以加強及維持,即使在相當高的EPA劑量下亦 然,因爲AA及其先質的供應能夠避免過多EPA單獨使用時 所造成AA的裂解。. 在腸道收吸的過程中及體内,EPA部分可完整地從一種 化學形式轉換成另一種。單純酯類如乙酯或甲酯可直接經 酯酶裂解之,然後游離的脂肪酸可結合於白蛋白或其他的 結合或運輸蛋白或加入複合脂質内,如磷脂質、膽固醇酯 或甘油酯。因此本發明配方中的脂肪酸可以任何形式來投 與,如甘油酯、酯類、游離酸、鹽類、磷脂質、醯胺、或 其他任何形式能夠將其納入血液或細胞膜内者。 可以從任何適當來源取得EPA、AA、DGLA或GLA,包 括植物種子油脂、來自藻類或眞菌之微生物油脂或來自魚 或其他海洋動物之海洋油脂。若這些油脂符合起始原料的 ___—_ - 10-__ 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210X 297公釐) 1285549 A7 _ B7 五、發明説明(8 ) 純度要求,可直接以天然油脂的形式使用之,或者可以純 4匕之,得到含有 30%、40%、 50%、60%、70%、 80%、90% 或者更多脂肪酸的產品。特別有用的EPA爲敘述於以初步 之英國檔案990 1 809.5爲基礎之專利檔案中高度純化甲酯 。經由合成途徑得到的脂肪酸亦可使用,但目前並不符合 實際經濟效益。 一旦取得含有單一脂肪酸的油脂並進行純化後,可調合 起始原料使其具有如上述理想之EPA對AA、DGLA或GLA 之比例。 然後將經調合的脂肪酸組成物組成任何適當的劑量形式 用以口服、腸道、非經腸道、直腸、陰道、皮膚、或其他 路徑投與。軟質或硬質明膠膠囊、調味油脂調合物、乳化 劑或其他脂質形式、微膠囊化粉末或其他乾粉形式賦形物 皆爲投與產品的適當方法。 配方實例 (a) 軟質或硬質明膠膠囊,每一個膠囊内含500毫克或1000 毫克之含有10份純度95%乙基-EPA與2份純度95 %AA 的混合物; (b) 如(a)所述,但其中的AA及EPA乙酯以任何其他適當之 生物可同化形式的脂肪酸來取代,如游離酸、三-、二-或單甘油酯、其他酯類、鹽類如鈉、鉀或鋰鹽、醯胺 、磷脂質或其他任何適當的衍生物; (c) 如(a)或(b)所述,但其中EPA或EPA衍生物的純度爲50% 、60%、70%、80%或90%,其中AA或AA衍生物的純度 -11 - 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210 X 297公釐) 1285549 A7 B7 五、發明説明(9 ) 爲 3 0%、40%、5 0%、60%、70°/〇、80%或 90% ; (d) 如(a)-(c)所述,但其中EPA對AA的比例範圍介於1 : 1 至20 : 1間; (e) 如(a)-(d)所述,但其中所使用的材料爲微膠囊化的粉末 ,可以粉末態使用之或壓製成錠劑。可由熟習此項技 藝者所知道的各種技術來製備該粉末; (f) 如(a)-(d)所述,但其中的配方爲一液體或乳化液、經適 當調味提高其可口性用以口服投與; (g) 如(a)-(d)所述,但其中的材料乃配製成適合做爲一般應 用於鮮乳油或軟膏的材料; (h) 如(a)-(g)所述,但其·中所使用的AA由其其中一種先質 所取代,如GLA或DGLA。 附圖簡述 圖1 ·兩種系列之必需脂肪酸的代謝途徑。 實驗數據 … 本實驗乃針對同時服用抗精神分裂藥物clozapine之精神 分裂症病患來進行,實驗分成四組分別投與安慰劑及三種 不同劑量之EPA,1公克、2公克及4公克/天。先導實驗的結 果顯示EPA應具有理想的效果,並可預期EPa的劑量愈高, 其效果應該更好。有3 1位病患參與這項爲期12週的實驗。 以記量精神分裂症病患之正負症狀分數(PANSS)來評估他 們在基準點及12週後的狀況。相較於基準點的改善百分比 列於表1中。安慰劑可提供少許的效果,1公克/天者則提供 幸父大的效果,相較於同分數僅投與治療精神分裂症藥物時 -12- 紙張尺度適财s S家標準(CNS) A4規格(21GX 297公爱)" --- 1285549 A7 B7 五、發明説明(10 ) 所產生的改善效果15-20%來説,2公克/天者可提供最大的 效果26.0%。雖然我們預期4公克/天者應可提供最佳的效果 ,但事實並非如此。實際上,4公克/天者的效果低於2公克 /天者,但相當於1公克/天者。 表1.以記量精神分裂症之正負症狀分數(PANSS)評估投與 安慰劑及1公克/天、2公克/天或4公克/天乙基二十碳五晞酸 之病患在基準點至12週後的改善百分比 安慰劑 1公克 2公克 4公克 n 7 9 9 6 改善率 6.0% 18.3% 26.0% 16.3% 在開始治療前及1 2週後,測量這些病患及另一批病患之 人類紅色細胞中的DGLA、AA、EPA及DHA的含量。其結 果有部分符合預期,但有部分則令人感到驚訝,列於表2 中。如預期者,EPA的效果具有劑量相關的上升趨勢,亦 即劑量愈高效果愈強。我們預期AA會有逐漸下降的趨勢, 即EPA的劑量愈高,AA下降的趨勢愈大。然而事實並非如 此。實際上,1公克EPA/天者會使AA些微上升,而2公克/ 天者則造成較大的提升。4公克EPA/天者則如預期造成AA 的下降。 表2·四組分別投與安慰劑或1公克/天、2公克/天或4公克/ 天乙基-EPA之精神分裂症病患其紅色細胞内二十碳五烯 酸(EPA)濃度及紅血球内之二十碳四烯酸(AA)濃度在基準 -13- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210 X 297公釐) 1285549
點至12週後的改變情形 支慰齊[ 1公多 -0.6 -12.6 + 2.4 + 2.7 4公克 + 33.7 + 49.0 + 29.4 ---____ -26.5 歹文果似乎高於EPA改變
EPA
AA 啊思木進行測試,其中PANSS 的改善率與所有主要之必需脂肪酸的改變有關。相關係數^ 値乃列於表3中’顯示其關聯之統計顯著性。以直丨·〇表示兩 參數間具完美的關聯性,· 00則表示其間無任何關聯性。 表3 ·總PANS S分數在基準點至丨2週間的改變情形與在基 準點至1 2週後間紅色細胞内不同必需脂胺酸濃度之改變情 形間的相關性。r,根據線性回歸分析得糾之相關係數。p 爲關聯之統計顯著性。 脂肪酸 相關係#x 顯荖性13 = 二同-r-次亞麻油酸(DGLA) -0.51 0.09 二十碳四烯酸(AA) -0.81 0.001 二十碳五烯酸(EPA) -0.07 0.84 二十二碳五#酸(DPA) -0.12 0.76 二十二碳六晞酸(DHA) -0.35 0.13 -—-—--—_______一— 從表中的結果可清楚地得知AA具有最強 的相關性, -14- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210X297公釐) 1285549 A7 B7 五、發明説明(12 ) DOL·A居次。這兩種月旨肪酸的增加與精神分裂症的改善效果 具極強的關連性,PANSS分數下降使結果呈現負相關。反 之,EPA幾乎不具關連性,因爲高劑量的EPA通常伴隨著紅 色細胞中AA含量的下降及喪失臨床效果等現象。 這些結果完全超乎預期。EP A本身似乎不是細胞膜上最 理想的脂肪酸,AA及DGL A似乎更爲有用。其最可能的解 釋爲當AA仍保留在細胞膜磷脂質中且未轉換成具潛在危 險的eicosanoids時是理想的。EPA的效果可能在於抑制嶙脂 酶並將AA維持在磷脂質的結構内。然而極高劑量的EPA會 置換AA並喪失其治療效果。 一項先導實驗可以支持該解釋,在該實驗中乃將AA單獨 投與五位患有精神分裂症的患者。原本預期其應有改善的 效果,但實際上其狀況惡化。在無EPA抑制磷脂酶的狀況 下,AA的投與可能會增加eicosanoids形成的機會,而非使 AA加入磷脂質中。 ~ 由這些實驗可得到下述的結論:EPA之所以具有效果並 非源自於其本身,而是因爲它可以增加細胞膜磷脂質中A A 的含量。高劑量EPA本身似乎不具有價値,甚至具有不良 的影響,因爲它們會導致過量的AA自膜上流失。爲了避開 此種結果並有效提升EPA的效果,必須使EPA維持在相當低 的劑量,但藉由同時投與EPA及AA或其其中一種先質如 DGLA或r -亞麻油酸GLA來提升AA的含量。當將劑量1公 克/天的AA投與兩位已服用劑量2公克/天EPA 3個月的病患 時,他們的情形獲致進一步的改善,且沒有單獨給予A A時 -15- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210X297公釐) 1285549 A7 B7 五、發明説明(13 所見的惡化情形發生。 美國專利4,977,187提供了一種用來治療精神分裂症、含 有n-3脂肪酸及n-6脂肪酸及維生素E的組合物。然而該專利 並未特別針對本專利説明書中所敘述之AA或EPA、或EPA 與AA或其先質的特殊組合、或EPA及AA間的特殊劑量及比 例做直接的説明。在美國專利4,977,187及相關專利中可以 任何的比例來組合n-6脂肪酸與n-3脂肪酸。 經由文獻回顧可得知此處所敘述的現象不僅只適用於精 神分裂症,EPA對數種病症亦具治療效果。許多研究皆敘 述了含低劑量EPA的產品對心血管疾病、發炎疾病及其他 病症所具有的價値。然而當研究者使用了較高的劑量時, 將失去這些理想的治療效果。舉兩個例子··高劑量的EPA 完全無法提供對冠狀血管疾病進行血管造影術之病患、或 者患有發炎性腸道疾病之病患有效的幫助,即使在早期的 研究中曾有強烈的證據顯示較少量的EPA‘量是具有助益 的。該作者並未眞正對實驗失敗的原因做解釋,且不認爲 AA過量的消耗是其可能的原因。 本發明配方的使用範圍是非常廣泛的。 -16- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210X 297公釐)
Claims (1)
1285149 弟的0116201號專利申請案 _ 土文申請專利範圍替施本(92年12月)g 申請專利範圍 煩 請 委 員 明 示 , 本 f ? I I Μ 1 % 内 容 A8 B8 ,,丨.,«•«卿圓義爾, ,修正 ------— 一種用於治療精神病學的、神經學的或其他中樞或周圍 神經系統的疾病醫藥組合物,其包含a)具至少9〇%純度之 生物同化型二十碳五烯酸(EPA)& b)至少9〇%純度之生 物同化型二十碳四烯酸(AA)或其先質之組合。 2·根據申請專利範圍第1項之醫藥組合物,其中EPA與aa 或其先質的比例介於1 : 1至2〇 : 1間。 3·根據申請專利範圍第1項之醫藥組合物,其中Epa的使用 劑量介於100毫克至1〇,〇00亳克/天間。 4·根據申請專利範圍第1項之醫藥調配物,係含有1至4公克 的ΕΡΑ及0· 1至2·〇公克的二十碳四烯酸(ΑΑ)。 5·根據申請專利範圍第丨項之醫藥組合物,其包含15至3公 克的EPA及0.1至2.0公克的(AA或其先質)。 6.根據申請專利範圍第丨項之醫藥組合物,其實質上由epa 及A A所組成。 7·根據申請專利範圍第1項之醫藥組合物,其中aa先質為 DGLA的形式。 8. 根據申請專利範圍第1項之醫藥組合物,其中aA先質為 GLA形式。 9. 根據申請專利範圍第1項之醫藥組合物,其中該aa先質 係選自DGLA及GLA之群,及EPA的使用劑量介於1〇〇亳 克至10,000亳克/天間,EPA與AA先質的比例介於1 : 1至 20 : 1 間。 1〇·根據申請專利範圍第1項之醫藥組合物,另包含調味料或 乳化劑。 O:\71\71896-921226.DOC 5 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210 X 297公釐) 1285549 A8 B8
-2- 11·根據申請專利範圍第1 甘、、“+ 乐項之醫樂組合物,其中ΕΡΑ為三酸 甘油酯或乙酯形式。 夂 α根據申請專㈣圍第w之醫藥組合物 神分裂、注t撖— /、干该疾病為精 罕默广極症及腦部的變性疾病包括阿茲 干默症及其他癡呆症及帕金森氏症。 •於治療選自下列任一種疾病群組之醫藥組合物, 氣%病及其他的呼吸道疾病; 腸胃道疾病包括發炎性腸道疾病及過敏性腸道疾病; 衫響任何系統的發炎疾病; 心血管疾病; 任何型式的dyslipidaemia、任何型式的糖尿病或任何 型式的代謝疾病; 任何型式的皮膚疾病; 任何型式的腎臟或尿道疾病; 任何型式的肝臟疾病; 任何型式的男性或女性生殖系統或相關之第二性徵器 官如胸腺或前列腺之疾病; 任何型式的癌症或癌症惡病質; 任何型式的頭部與頸部疾病、包括口腔與牙齒、眼睛 或耳朵的疾病;以及 任何型式的病毒、細菌、真菌、原生動物或其他微生 物的感染; 其包含a)具至少90%純度之生物同化型二十碳五烯酸 (EPA)及b)至少90%純度之生物同化型二十碳四烯酸 O:\71\71896-921226.DOC 5 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) Α4規格(210X297公酱)
η
8 8 8 8 A B c D 1285549 々、申請專利範圍 (AA)或其先質之組合。 14.根據申請專利範圍第1項之醫藥組合物,其中其主要活性 成份實質上由(a)及(b)之組合組成。 O:\71\71896-921226.DOC5 - 3 - 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210 X 297公釐)
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